Microwave oven - Knowledge

247: 238: 354: 633:, for example, only about 5% of households owned a microwave oven in 2013, well behind refrigerators at 31% ownership. However, microwave ovens are gaining popularity. In Russia, for example, the number of households with a microwave oven grew from almost 24% in 2002 to almost 40% in 2008. Almost twice as many households in South Africa owned microwave ovens in 2008 (38.7%) as in 2002 (19.8%). Microwave oven ownership in Vietnam in 2008 was at 16% of households, versus 30% ownership of refrigerators; this rate was up significantly from 6.7% microwave oven ownership in 2002, with 14% ownership for refrigerators that year. 1251:

drier surrounding bread and cannot dissipate the heat due to the low thermal conductivity of the bread. Often this results in overheating the berries relative to the rest of the food. "Defrost" oven settings either use low power levels or repeatedly turn the power off and on – intended to allow time for heat to be conducted within frozen foods from areas that absorb heat more readily to those which heat more slowly. In turntable-equipped ovens, more even heating can take place by placing food off-center on the turntable tray instead of exactly in the center, as this results in more even heating of the food throughout.

618:. By 1986, roughly 25% of households in the U.S. owned a microwave oven, up from only about 1% in 1971; the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that over 90% of American households owned a microwave oven in 1997. In Australia, a 2008 market research study found that 95% of kitchens contained a microwave oven and that 83% of them were used daily. In Canada, fewer than 5% of households had a microwave oven in 1979, but more than 88% of households owned one by 1998. In France, 40% of households owned a microwave oven in 1994, but that number had increased to 65% by 2004. 800:. These molecules have a partial positive charge at one end and a partial negative charge at the other. In an alternating electric field, they will constantly spin around as they continually try to align themselves with the electric field. This can happen over a wide range of frequencies. The electric field's energy is absorbed by the dipole molecules as rotational energy. Then they hit non-dipole molecules, making them move faster as well. This energy is shared deeper into the substance as molecular rotations, vibrations or other movement signifying an increase in the 580: 1123:. It allows food to be cooked quickly, yet come out browned or crisped, as from a convection oven. Convection microwave ovens are more expensive than conventional microwave ovens. Some convection microwave ovens—those with exposed heating elements—can produce smoke and burning odors as food spatter from earlier microwave-only use is burned off the heating elements. Some ovens use high speed air; these are known as impingement ovens and are designed to cook food quickly in restaurants, but cost more and consume more power. 909:

deposition of heat energy inside a food can exceed that on its surface. This can also occur if the inner layer has a lower heat capacity than the outer layer causing it to reach a higher temperature, or even if the inner layer is more thermally conductive than the outer layer making it feel hotter despite having a lower temperature. In most cases, however, with uniformly structured or reasonably homogeneous food item, microwaves are absorbed in the outer layers of the item at a similar level to that of the inner layers.

1462: 507: 40: 1201: 1724: 698: 1567: 1790:, as with other reheating methods. While microwave ovens can destroy bacteria as well as conventional ovens can, they cook rapidly and may not cook as evenly, similar to frying or grilling, leading to a risk of some food regions failing to reach recommended temperatures. Therefore, a standing period after cooking to allow temperatures in the food to equalize is recommended, as well as the use of a food thermometer to verify internal temperatures. 456: 566:'s Franklin Manufacturing assets, which had been manufacturing magnetrons and building and selling microwave ovens similar to the Radarange. Litton developed a new configuration of the microwave oven: the short, wide shape that is now common. The magnetron feed was also unique. This resulted in an oven that could survive a no-load condition: an empty microwave oven where there is nothing to absorb the microwaves. The new oven was shown at a 1822: 2156: 1453:. Intact fresh egg yolks outside the shell also explode as a result of superheating. Insulating plastic foams of all types generally contain closed air pockets, and are generally not recommended for use in a microwave oven, as the air pockets explode and the foam (which can be toxic if consumed) may melt. Not all plastics are microwave-safe, and some plastics absorb microwaves to the point that they may become dangerously hot. 1372:. Microwave radiation also penetrates deeper than direct heat, so that the food is heated by its own internal water content. In contrast, direct heat can burn the surface while the inside is still cold. Pre-heating the food in a microwave oven before putting it into the grill or pan reduces the time needed to heat up the food and reduces the formation of carcinogenic char. Unlike frying and baking, microwaving does not produce 592:

capability in the conventional oven cavity. Such ranges were attractive to consumers since both microwave energy and conventional heating elements could be used simultaneously to speed cooking, and there was no loss of countertop space. The proposition was also attractive to manufacturers as the additional component cost could better be absorbed compared with countertop units where pricing was increasingly market-sensitive.

1579: 957: 2162: 965: 600: 721: 729: 782:(MHz) – 32.8 centimetres (12.9 in). Among other differences, the longer wavelength of a commercial microwave oven allows the initial heating effects to begin deeper within the food or liquid, and therefore become evenly spread within its bulk sooner, as well as raising the temperature deep within the food more quickly. 1714:

There are, however, a few cases where people have been exposed to direct microwave radiation, either from appliance malfunction or deliberate action. This exposure generally results in physical burns to the body, as human tissue, particularly the outer fat and muscle layers, has a similar composition

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with thin metal films can also be destroyed or damaged by microwaving. Aluminium foil is thick enough to be used in microwave ovens as a shield against heating parts of food items, if the foil is not badly warped. When wrinkled, aluminium foil is generally unsafe in microwaves, as manipulation of the

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Food and cookware taken out of a microwave oven are rarely much hotter than 100 °C (212 °F). Cookware used in a microwave oven is often much cooler than the food because the cookware is transparent to microwaves; the microwaves heat the food directly and the cookware is indirectly heated by

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in 1952. Under contract to Whirlpool, Westinghouse, and other major appliance manufacturers looking to add matching microwave ovens to their conventional oven line, Tappan produced several variations of their built-in model from roughly 1955 to 1960. Due to maintenance (some units were water-cooled),

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To verify his finding, Spencer created a high-density electromagnetic field by feeding microwave power from a magnetron into a metal box from which it had no way to escape. When food was placed in the box with the microwave energy, the temperature of the food rose rapidly. On 8 October 1945, Raytheon

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This invention relates to heating systems for dielectric materials and the object of the invention is to heat such materials uniformly and substantially simultaneously throughout their mass. ... It has been proposed therefore to heat such materials simultaneously throughout their mass by means of the

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Microwave ovens have a limited role in professional cooking, because the boiling-range temperatures of a microwave oven do not produce the flavorful chemical reactions that frying, browning, or baking at a higher temperature produces. However, such high heat sources can be added to microwave ovens in

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are specifically designed to resist radiation from microwaves. Products may use the term "microwave safe", may carry a microwave symbol (three lines of waves, one above the other) or simply provide instructions for proper microwave oven use. Any of these is an indication that a product is suitable

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Microwaves generated in microwave ovens cease to exist once the electrical power is turned off. They do not remain in the food when the power is turned off, any more than light from an electric lamp remains in the walls and furnishings of a room when the lamp is turned off. They do not make the food

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from an active to inactive form; the amount of conversion depends on the temperature reached, as well as the cooking time. Boiled food reaches a maximum of 100 °C (212 °F) (the boiling point of water), whereas microwaved food can get internally hotter than this, leading to faster breakdown

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Microwave ovens produce heat directly within the food, but despite the common misconception that microwaved food cooks from the inside out, 2.45 GHz microwaves can only penetrate approximately 1 centimeter (0.39 in) into most foods. The inside portions of thicker foods are mainly heated by

1141:(IR) radiation, browning surfaces as in a conventional oven. The food browns while also being heated by the microwave radiation and heated through conduction through contact with heated air. The IR energy which is delivered to the outer surface of food by the lamps is sufficient to initiate browning 1062:

2) while 2.45 GHz is available worldwide. Three additional ISM bands exist in the microwave frequencies, but are not used for microwave cooking. Two of them are centered on 5.8 GHz and 24.125 GHz, but are not used for microwave cooking because of the very high cost of power generation

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Another misconception is that microwave ovens cook food "from the inside out", meaning from the center of the entire mass of food outwards. This idea arises from heating behavior seen if an absorbent layer of water lies beneath a less absorbent drier layer at the surface of a food; in this case, the

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By 1972, Litton (Litton Atherton Division, Minneapolis) introduced two new microwave ovens, priced at $ 349 and $ 399, to tap into the market estimated at $ 750 million by 1976, according to Robert I Bruder, president of the division. While prices remained high, new features continued to be added to

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Due to this phenomenon, microwave ovens set at too-high power levels may even start to cook the edges of frozen food while the inside of the food remains frozen. Another case of uneven heating can be observed in baked goods containing berries. In these items, the berries absorb more energy than the

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or vacuum fluorescent display, buttons for entering the cook time and a power level selection feature. A defrost option is typically offered, as either a power level or a separate function. Some models include pre-programmed settings for different food types, typically taking weight as input. In

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In most ovens, the magnetron is driven by a linear transformer which can only feasibly be switched completely on or off. (One variant of the GE Spacemaker had two taps on the transformer primary, for high and low power modes.) Usually choice of power level does not affect intensity of the microwave

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in Chicago, and helped begin a rapid growth of the market for home microwave ovens. Sales volume of 40,000 units for the U.S. industry in 1970 grew to one million by 1975. Market penetration was even faster in Japan, due to a less expensive re-engineered magnetron. Several other companies joined in

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In 1947, Raytheon built the "Radarange", the first commercially available microwave oven. It was almost 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) tall, weighed 340 kilograms (750 lb) and cost about US$ 5,000 ($ 68,000 in 2023 dollars) each. It consumed 3 kilowatts, about three times as much as today's

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Direct microwave exposure is not generally possible, as microwaves emitted by the source in a microwave oven are confined in the oven by the material out of which the oven is constructed. Furthermore, ovens are equipped with redundant safety interlocks, which remove power from the magnetron if the

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common in vegetables, but the key variables are how much water is used in the cooking, how long the food is cooked, and at what temperature. Nutrients are primarily lost by leaching into cooking water, which tends to make microwave cooking effective, given the shorter cooking times it requires and

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Power settings are commonly implemented not by actually varying the power output, but by switching the emission of microwave energy off and on at intervals. The highest setting thus represents continuous power. Defrost might represent power for two seconds followed by no power for five seconds. To

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in the packaging or included on a small paper tray. The metal film absorbs microwave energy efficiently and consequently becomes extremely hot and radiates in the infrared, concentrating the heating of oil for popcorn or even browning surfaces of frozen foods. Heating packages or trays containing

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on the door edges act like metal-to-metal contact, at the frequency of the microwaves, to prevent leakage. The oven door usually has a window for easy viewing, with a layer of conductive mesh some distance from the outer panel to maintain the shielding. Because the size of the perforations in the

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in some materials with low thermal conductivity which also have dielectric constants that increase with temperature. An example is glass, which can exhibit thermal runaway in a microwave oven to the point of melting if preheated. Additionally, microwaves can melt certain types of rocks, producing

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It is a common misconception that microwave ovens heat food by operating at a special resonance of water molecules in the food. Instead, microwave ovens heat by causing molecules to spin under the influence of a constantly changing electric field, usually in the microwave frequencies range, and a

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that describes freely propagating light and microwaves suitably far from their source. Nevertheless, the primary heating effect of all types of electromagnetic fields at both radio and microwave frequencies occurs via the dielectric heating effect, as polarized molecules are affected by a rapidly

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in the oven: When the water-saturated paper is subjected to the microwave radiation it becomes hot enough to cause the dye to be darkened which can provide a visual representation of the microwaves. If multiple layers of paper are constructed in the oven with a sufficient distance between them a

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The effect is most often noticed by consumers from unexpected damage to plastic containers when microwaving foods high in sugar, starch, or fat generates higher temperatures. Foods high in water content and with little oil rarely exceed the boiling temperature of water and do not damage plastic.

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Although fats and sugar typically absorb energy less efficiently than water, paradoxically their temperatures rise faster and higher than water when cooking: Fats and oils require less energy delivered per gram of material to raise their temperature by 1 °C than does water (they have lower

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While uncommon today, combination microwave-ranges were offered by major appliance manufacturers through much of the 1970s as a natural progression of the technology. Both Tappan and General Electric offered units that appeared to be conventional stove top/oven ranges, but included microwave

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Microwaving an individual smooth metal object without pointed ends, for example, a spoon or shallow metal pan, usually does not produce sparking. Thick metal wire racks can be part of the interior design in microwave ovens (see illustration). In a similar way, the interior wall plates with

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forms. The energy is reflected back and forth between the tube and the cooking chamber. This may cause the tube to overload and burn out. High reflected power may also cause magnetron arcing, possibly resulting in primary power fuse failure, though such a causal relationship is not easily

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Microwave heating is more efficient on liquid water than on frozen water, where the movement of molecules is more restricted. Defrosting is done at a low power setting, allowing time for conduction to carry heat to still frozen parts of food. Dielectric heating of liquid water is also

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The size of household microwave ovens can vary, but usually have an internal volume of around 20 liters (1,200 cu in; 0.71 cu ft), and external dimensions of approximately 45–60 cm (1 ft 6 in – 2 ft 0 in) wide, 35–40 cm (1 ft

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began manufacturing microwave ovens in 1961. Between 1964 and 1966, Sharp introduced the first microwave oven with a turntable, an alternative means to promote more even heating of food. In 1965, Raytheon, looking to expand their Radarange technology into the home market, acquired

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microwave radiation even with chronic exposure levels (i.e. large fraction of life span) far larger than humans are likely to encounter from any leaking ovens. However, with the oven door open, the radiation may cause damage by heating. Microwave ovens are sold with a protective

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Uneven heating in microwaved food can be partly due to the uneven distribution of microwave energy inside the oven, and partly due to the different rates of energy absorption in different parts of the food. The first problem is reduced by a stirrer, a type of fan that

734: 733: 730: 1810:, particularly at close range. Conventional transformer ovens do not operate continuously over the mains cycle, but can cause significant slowdowns for many metres around the oven, whereas inverter-based ovens can stop nearby networking entirely while operating. 735: 1361:

the food. Food and cookware from a conventional oven, on the other hand, are the same temperature as the rest of the oven; a typical cooking temperature is 180 °C (356 °F). That means that conventional stoves and ovens can cause more serious burns.

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door is opened. This safety mechanism is required by United States federal regulations. Tests have shown confinement of the microwaves in commercially available ovens to be so nearly universal as to make routine testing unnecessary. According to the

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in foods primarily made up of protein. These reactions in food produce a texture and taste similar to that typically expected of conventional oven cooking rather than the bland boiled and steamed taste that microwave-only cooking tends to create.

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Domestic microwave ovens are typically marked with the microwave-safe symbol, next to the device's approximate IEC 60705 output power rating, in watts (typically either: 600W, 700W, 800W, 900W, 1000W), and a voluntary Heating Category (A-E).

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at these frequencies. The third, centered on 433.92 MHz, is a narrow band that would require expensive equipment to generate sufficient power without creating interference outside the band, and is only available in some countries.

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An inverter type, however, can sustain lower temperatures for a lengthy duration without having to switch itself off and on repeatedly. Apart from offering superior cooking ability, these microwaves are generally more energy-efficient.

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leaching into the food, or the plastics chemically reacting to microwave energy, with by-products leaching into the food, suggesting that even plastic containers marked "microwavable" may still leach plastic by-products into the food.

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when heated in a microwave oven in a container with a smooth surface. That is, the liquid reaches a temperature slightly above its normal boiling point without bubbles of vapour forming inside the liquid. The boiling process can start

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Because they are used fairly infrequently, the average residential microwave oven consumes only 72 kWh per year. Globally, microwave ovens used an estimated 77 TWh per year in 2018, or 0.3% of global electricity generation.

1667:'s Center for Devices and Radiological Health, a U.S. Federal Standard limits the amount of microwaves that can leak from an oven throughout its lifetime to 5 milliwatts of microwave radiation per square centimeter at approximately 1217:

microwave energy to different parts of the oven as it rotates, or by a turntable or carousel that turns the food; turntables, however, may still leave spots, such as the center of the oven, which receive uneven energy distribution.

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In use, microwave ovens can be as low as 50% efficient at converting electricity into microwaves, but energy efficient models can exceed 64% efficiency. Stovetop cooking is 40-90% efficient depending on the type of appliance used.

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or aluminium flakes, which are designed to absorb microwaves and heat up, which aids in baking or crust preparation by depositing more energy shallowly in these areas. The technical term for such a microwave-absorbing patch is a

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Consumer household microwave ovens usually come with a cooking power of between 600 and 1200 watts. Microwave cooking power, also referred to as output wattage, is lower than its input wattage, which is the manufacturer's listed

1598:(particularly the factory pressed type). The microwaves induce electric currents in the metal film, which heats up, melting the plastic in the disc and leaving a visible pattern of concentric and radial scars. Similarly, 607:. By the late 1970s, technological advances led to rapidly falling prices. Often called "electronic ovens" in the 1960s, the name "microwave oven" later gained currency, and they are now informally called "microwaves". 206:

and are popular for reheating previously cooked foods and cooking a variety of foods. They rapidly heat foods which can easily burn or turn lumpy if cooked in conventional pans, such as hot butter, fats, chocolate, or

334:(wavelength 30 to 15 meters, respectively). Heating from microwaves that have a wavelength that is small relative to the cavity (as in a modern microwave oven) is due to "far-field" effects that are due to classical 1491:

when the liquid is disturbed, such as when the user takes hold of the container to remove it from the oven or while adding solid ingredients such as powdered creamer or sugar. This can result in spontaneous boiling

1904:, which for most substances is lower than water. For a practical example, milk heats slightly faster than water in a microwave oven, but only because milk solids have less heat capacity than the water they replace. 550:

to provide more manufacturing capability. In 1967, they introduced the first popular home model, the countertop Radarange, at a price of US$ 495 ($ 5,000 in 2023 dollars). Unlike the Sharp models, a motor driven

4906: 1555:, which is visible as a spark. The plasma and the tines may then form a conductive loop, which may be a more effective antenna, resulting in a longer lived spark. When dielectric breakdown occurs in air, some 1899:

Here "efficient" means that more energy is deposited and temperature rises faster, not necessarily that the temperature rises to a higher maximum. The maximum temperature is also a function of the material's

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Products that are heated for too long can catch fire. Though this is inherent to any form of cooking, the rapid cooking and unattended nature of the use of microwave ovens results in additional hazard.

1272:. Such ceramic patches affixed to cardboard are positioned next to the food, and are typically smokey blue or gray in colour, usually making them easily identifiable; the cardboard sleeves included with 483:

filed a United States patent application for Spencer's microwave cooking process, and an oven that heated food using microwave energy from a magnetron was soon placed in a Boston restaurant for testing.

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to provide effectively continuous heating at reduced power settings, so that foods are heated more evenly at a given power level and can be heated more quickly without being damaged by uneven heating.

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microwave ovens, and was water-cooled. The name was the winning entry in an employee contest. An early Radarange was installed (and remains) in the galley of the nuclear-powered passenger/cargo ship

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small quantities of molten rock. Some ceramics can also be melted, and may even become clear upon cooling. Thermal runaway is more typical of electrically conductive liquids such as salty water.

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higher. This can induce temperatures in oil or fatty foods like bacon far above the boiling point of water, and high enough to induce some browning reactions, much in the manner of conventional

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recommends that aluminium foil used as a partial food shield in microwave oven cooking cover no more than one quarter of a food object, and be carefully smoothed to eliminate sparking hazards.

1276:, which have a silver surface on the inside, are a good example of such packaging. Microwavable cardboard packaging may also contain overhead ceramic patches which function in the same way. 443:

in September 1940. The cavity magnetron was later described by American historian James Phinney Baxter III as "he most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores". Contracts were awarded to

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Contrary to popular assumptions, metal objects can be safely used in a microwave oven, but with some restrictions. Any metal or conductive object placed into the microwave oven acts as an

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The lower temperature of cooking (the boiling point of water) is a significant safety benefit compared with baking in the oven or frying, because it eliminates the formation of tars and

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must be transparent to microwaves. Conductive cookware, such as metal pots, reflects microwaves, and prevents the microwaves from reaching the food. Cookware made of materials with high

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home models. Amana introduced automatic defrost in 1974 on their RR-4D model, and was the first to offer a microprocessor controlled digital control panel in 1975 with their RR-6 model.

529:. An early commercial model introduced in 1954 consumed 1.6 kilowatts and sold for US$ 2,000 to US$ 3,000 ($ 23,000 to $ 34,000 in 2023 dollars). Raytheon licensed its technology to the 804:

of the food. Once the electrical field's energy is initially absorbed, heat will gradually spread through the object similarly to any other heat transfer by contact with a hotter body.

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Watanabe, Fumio; Abe, Katsuo; Fujita, Tomoyuki; Goto, Mashahiro; Hiemori, Miki; Nakano, Yoshihisa (January 1998). "Effects of microwave heating on the loss of vitamin B(12) in foods".

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Lovelock JE, Smith AU (1956). "Studies on Golden Hamsters during Cooling to and Rewarming from Body Temperatures below 0 degrees C. III. Biophysical Aspects and General Discussion".

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or the oven radioactive. In contrast with conventional cooking, the nutritional content of some foods may be altered differently, but generally in a positive way by preserving more

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In addition to their use in heating food, microwave ovens are widely used for heating in industrial processes. A microwave tunnel oven for softening plastic rods prior to extrusion.

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the market, and for a time most systems were built by defence contractors, who were most familiar with the magnetron. Litton was particularly well known in the restaurant business.

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traveled to the US in late September 1940 to offer Britain's most valuable technical secrets including the cavity magnetron in exchange for US financial and industrial support (see

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The second problem is due to food composition and geometry, and must be addressed by the cook, by arranging the food so that it absorbs energy evenly, and periodically testing and

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Frei, MR; Berger, RE; Dusch, SJ; Guel, V; Jauchem, JR; Merritt, JH; Stedham, MA (1998). "Chronic exposure of cancer-prone mice to low-level 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation".

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Frei, MR; Jauchem, JR; Dusch, SJ; Merritt, JH; Berger, RE; Stedham, MA (1998). "Chronic, low-level (1.0 W/kg) exposure of mice prone to mammary cancer to 2450 MHz microwaves".

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when cooked in a microwave oven; when boiled, it loses about 77%, leaching nutrients into the cooking water. Bacon cooked by microwave oven has significantly lower levels of

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Boiling potatoes and microwaving whole potatoes with skin on, to make "microwaved baked potatoes", does not produce acrylamide.⁽¹⁾ (Footnote (1): Based on FDA studies.)

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Microwave ovens, although shielded for safety purposes, still emit low levels of microwave radiation. This is not harmful to humans, but can sometimes cause interference to

215:. Exceptions occur in cases where the oven is used to heat frying-oil and other oily items (such as bacon), which attain far higher temperatures than that of boiling water. 2737: 887:

is a common type of cookware that will heat in a microwave oven, reducing the effectiveness of the microwave oven and creating a hazard from burns or shattered cookware.

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set aside for unlicensed purposes. For household purposes, 2.45 GHz has the advantage over 915 MHz in that 915 MHz is only an ISM band in some countries (

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to some foods that are typically cooked in microwave ovens and so experiences similar dielectric heating effects when exposed to microwave electromagnetic radiation.

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perforating holes which allow light and air into the oven, and allow interior-viewing through the oven door, are all made of conductive metal formed in a safe shape.

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indicate cooking has completed, an audible warning such as a bell or a beeper is usually present, and/or "End" usually appears on the display of a digital microwave.

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he had in his pocket. The first food deliberately cooked by Spencer was popcorn, and the second was an egg, which exploded in the face of one of the experimenters.

1747:, although it is unclear whether other plastic components present a toxicity risk. Other issues include melting and flammability. An alleged issue of release of 648:

Microwaves can be turntable or flatbed. Turntable ovens include a glass plate or tray. Flatbed ones do not include a plate, so they have a flat and wider cavity.

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A variant of the conventional microwave oven is the convection microwave oven. A convection microwave oven is a combination of a standard microwave oven and a

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around the world, and prices fell rapidly during the 1980s. In addition to cooking food, microwave ovens are used for heating in many industrial processes.

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Taché, J.; Carpentier, B. (January 2014). "Hygiene in the home kitchen: Changes in behaviour and impact of key microbiological hazard control measures".

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There are microwave ovens on the market that allow full-power defrosting. They do this by exploiting the properties of the electromagnetic radiation

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mesh is much less than the microwaves' wavelength (12.2 cm for the usual 2.45 GHz), microwave radiation cannot pass through the door, while

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The microwave frequencies used in microwave ovens are chosen based on regulatory and cost constraints. The first is that they should be in one of the

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and coworkers, for the British and American military radar installations in World War II. A higher-powered microwave generator that worked at shorter

4062:"Effects of microwave blanching vs. boiling water blanching on retention of selected water-soluble vitamins in turnips, foods, and greens using HPLC" 5009: 3861: 4393: 1543:

of the fork respond to the electric field by producing high concentrations of electric charge at the tips. This has the effect of exceeding the

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than conventionally cooked bacon. Steamed vegetables tend to maintain more nutrients when microwaved than when cooked on a stovetop. Microwave

1137:", "Lightwave" and "Optimawave" to emphasize their ability to cook food rapidly and with good browning. The bulbs heat the food's surface with 778:

of 12.2 centimetres (4.80 in) in the 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz ISM band – while large industrial / commercial ovens often use 915

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Depending on water content, the depth of initial heat deposition may be several centimetres or more with microwave ovens, in contrast with

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Another hazard is the resonance of the magnetron tube itself. If the microwave oven is run without an object to absorb the radiation, a

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to prevent the waves from coming out of the oven. Even though there is no continuous metal-to-metal contact around the rim of the door,

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Formerly found only in large industrial applications, microwave ovens increasingly became a standard fixture of residential kitchens in

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introduced the first microwave oven with a turntable between 1964 and 1966. The countertop microwave oven was introduced in 1967 by the

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higher wattage power of the microwave oven results in faster cooking times. Typically, consumer ovens work around a nominal 2.45

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Microwave heating can be deliberately uneven by design. Some microwavable packages (notably pies) may include materials that contain

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out of a conventional oven, one's arms are exposed to the very hot walls of the oven. A microwave oven does not pose this problem.

3242: 1671:(2 in) from the surface of the oven. This is far below the exposure level currently considered to be harmful to human health. 1637:

novelty cups) or cups with metal lining. If any bit of the metal is exposed, all the outer shell can burst off the object or melt.

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in potatoes, however unlike deep-frying at high-temperatures, it is of only limited effectiveness in reducing glycoalkaloid (i.e.,

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three-dimensional map can be created. Many store receipts are printed on thermal paper which allows this to be easily done at home.

916:(infrared) or convection heating methods which thinly deposit heat at the food surface. Penetration depth of microwaves depends on 4659: 3607: 211:. Microwave ovens usually do not directly brown or caramelize food, since they rarely attain the necessary temperature to produce 195:. After microwave ovens became affordable for residential use in the late 1970s, their use spread into commercial and residential 4436: 4086: 2803:, Cleveland, Ohio: The Freedonia Group, January 2006, TABLE VI-5: FRANCE COOKING APPLIANCES SUPPLY & DEMAND (million dollars) 1604: 1535:(though some foil used in microwave ovens is safe, see below), twist-ties containing metal wire, the metal wire carry-handles in 440: 3424: 1539:, or almost any metal formed into a poorly conductive foil or thin wire, or into a pointed shape. Forks are a good example: the 1111:

Microwave control panels are often considered awkward to use and are frequently employed as examples for user interface design.

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As of 2020, the majority of countertop microwave ovens (regardless of brand) sold in the United States were manufactured by the

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A traditional microwave only has two power output levels, fully on and fully off. Intermediate heat settings are achieved using

4490: 2746: 852:) and they begin cooling off by "boiling" only after reaching a higher temperature than water (the temperature they require to 604: 5026: 4773: 4559: 3684: 1427:

A 2017 study was less affirmative: About 60% of the germs were killed but the remaining ones quickly re-colonized the sponge.

4752: 4718: 3555: 3296: 3217: 2603: 1986: 1840: 1619:, or food wrapped in metal which does not arc, is problematic for overload reasons, without necessarily being a fire hazard. 1104:

the 1990s, brands such as Panasonic and GE began offering models with a scrolling-text display showing cooking instructions.

937: 5554: 4104: 2287: 2221: 944:

when not being used, which would total approximately 26 kWh per year. New efficiency standards imposed in 2016 by the

4962: 3808: 2037: 298:. The Westinghouse team, led by I. F. Mouromtseff, found that foods like steaks and potatoes could be cooked in minutes. 4941: 2814: 948:

require less than 1 watt, or approximately 9 kWh per year, of standby power for most types of microwave ovens.

3398: 1674:

The radiation produced by a microwave oven is non-ionizing. It therefore does not have the cancer risks associated with

4431: 4378: 3814: 945: 652: 3448:"Environmental assessment of microwaves and the effect of European energy efficiency and waste management legislation" 2405: 817:

is greatest at a field frequency of about 10 GHz, and for higher water temperatures at higher field frequencies.

4858: 4742: 4359: 3306: 2783:

Microwaves have been adopted even more avidly: in 1979, less than 5% of households had one, but by 1998 over 88% did.

2657: 2559: 288: 4708: 5559: 2631: 3995: 3929: 1644:

or neon glow-bulb inside the cooking chamber, creating glowing plasma inside the low-pressure bulb of the device.

1319:

is 3–4 times more effective than boiled-water blanching for retaining of the water-soluble vitamins, folate,

4685: 2617: 4130: 3844: 3186: 421:

that could produce pulses of microwave radio energy at a wavelength of 10 cm, an unprecedented discovery.

4511: 3835:

Risman, P. (2009). "Advanced topics in microwave heating uniformity". In Lorence, M.W.; Pesheck, P.S. (eds.).

3572: 2343:"Resuscitation of Hamsters after Supercooling or Partial Crystallization at Body Temperatures Below 0 °C" 645:

2 in – 1 ft 4 in) deep and 25–35 cm (9.8 in – 1 ft 1.8 in) tall.

5539: 5190: 5064: 4315: 3149: 246: 148: 17: 4174:

Egert, Markus; Schnell, Sylvia; Lueders, Tillmann; Kaiser, Dominik; Cardinale, Massimiliano (19 July 2017).

1520:

element. This effect varies with the object's shape and composition, and is sometimes utilized for cooking.

5544: 5014: 4937: 4537: 4112: 3745: 3330: 3281: 1247:. Under certain conditions, glass can exhibit thermal runaway in a microwave oven to the point of melting. 1022: 432: 2975: 1392:

which have been thoroughly wetted. A 2006 study found that microwaving wet sponges for 2 minutes (at

1222:

The location of dead spots and hot spots in a microwave oven can be mapped out by placing a damp piece of

158:

in the United Kingdom made possible the production of electromagnetic waves of a small enough wavelength (

5334: 4280: 4243: 3352: 1166: 1092: 1039:

radiation; instead, the magnetron is cycled on and off every few seconds, thus altering the large scale

5549: 4807:"Phthalates and attributable mortality: A population-based longitudinal cohort study and cost analysis" 3892: 3795: 2310: 1850: 140:. Microwave ovens heat foods quickly and efficiently because excitation is fairly uniform in the outer 3711: 3360:. 14th International Conference on Microwave and High Frequency Heating, AMPERE-2013. Nottingham, UK. 2797:

World Major Household Appliances: World Industry Study with Forecasts to 2009 & 2014 (Study #2015)

2322: 237: 4401: 1687: 1255: 751: 475:

at the time, he noticed that microwaves from an active radar set he was working on started to melt a

335: 255:

Demonstration by Westinghouse of cooking sandwiches with a 60 MHz shortwave radio transmitter at the

4440: 4176:"Microbiome analysis and confocal microscopy of used kitchen sponges reveal massive colonization by 4061: 1345:

Microwave ovens heat food without getting hot themselves. Taking a pot off a stove, unless it is an

1071: 5564: 5057: 1640:

The high electrical fields generated inside a microwave oven often can be illustrated by placing a

840:. Microwave heating is less efficient on fats and sugars than on water because they have a smaller 410: 402: 370: 362: 118: 3067: 5354: 2872: 2550:

The complete microwave oven service handbook: operation, maintenance, troubleshooting, and repair

1855: 1696: 1154: 984: 883:

will absorb microwaves, resulting in the cookware heating rather than the food. Cookware made of

841: 801: 306:

dielectric loss produced in them when they are subjected to a high voltage, high frequency field.

291:

demonstrated the cooking of foods between two metal plates attached to a 10 kW, 60 MHz

5021: 4933: 4374:"Cooking with Microwave Ovens: What containers and wraps are safe to use in the microwave oven?" 2771: 1782:, and bacterial contamination may not be repressed if the microwave oven is used improperly. If 1626:. Prolonged arcing from food carries similar risks to arcing from other sources as noted above. 678:

and switch between full power and off every few seconds, with more time on for higher settings.

5475: 5465: 5038: 4275: 3925: 3124: 2847: 1901: 1048: 849: 748: 625:, as households with disposable income concentrate on more important household appliances like 353: 2581:

Chapter link is hosted at the Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communication and Computation;

1496:) which may be violent enough to eject the boiling liquid from the container and cause severe 5470: 5299: 5222: 4991: 4466: 4284: 4065: 3776: 2901: 2713: 1170: 920:

and the frequency, with lower microwave frequencies (longer wavelengths) penetrating deeper.

880: 876: 611:

The late 1970s saw an explosion of low-cost countertop models from many major manufacturers.

1133:

to their convection microwave oven models, marketing them under names such as "Speedcook", "

4604: 4268: 4199: 3876: 3535: 3459: 2976:"Thawing in a microwave cavity: Comprehensive understanding of inverter and cycled heating" 2795: 2469:"Reanimation of rats from body temperatures between 0 and 1 °C by microwave diathermy" 2417: 2354: 2079: 1544: 1236: 1214: 1096: 382: 2846:, Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2009, archived from 2220:

Willshaw, W. E.; L. Rushforth; A. G. Stainsby; R. Latham; A. W. Balls; A. H. King (1946).

856:

is higher), so inside microwave ovens they normally reach higher temperatures – sometimes

486:

Another early discovery of microwave oven technology was by British scientists, including

463:

In 1945, the heating effect of a high-power microwave beam was accidentally discovered by

8: 5513: 5237: 5178: 2528: 1865: 1860: 1513: 1316: 1258:. LSM full-power defrosting may actually achieve more even results than slow defrosting. 1240: 744: 284: 256: 163: 4608: 4269:

Mike P.; Alcir Grohmann; Darin Wagner; Richard E. Barrans Jr; Vince Calder (2001–2002).

4203: 3957: 3880: 3463: 3380: 3250: 2421: 2358: 2325:, Spencer, Percy L., "Method of treating foodstuffs", issued 1950-January-24 2083: 1479: 739:

Simulation of the electric field inside a microwave oven for the first 8 ns of operation

538:

in-built requirement, and cost—US$ 1,295 ($ 15,000 in 2023 dollars)—sales were limited.

330:

of the electromagnetic field. This patent proposed radio frequency heating, at 10 to 20

5428: 5369: 5252: 4831: 4806: 4620: 4337: 4220: 4175: 4042: 3962: 3689: 3516: 3223: 3045: 2501: 2468: 2449: 2429: 2386: 2119: 2103: 1925: 1870: 1711:. There is no indication of detrimental health issues associated with microwaved food. 1675: 1657: 1342:

All microwave ovens use a timer to switch off the oven at the end of the cooking time.

1292:

that the water heated is in the food. Like other heating methods, microwaving converts

797: 715: 622: 547: 393:). The cavity magnetron was a crucial component in the development of short wavelength 323: 311: 177:

technology developed during the war. Named the "RadaRange", it was first sold in 1947.

137: 4787: 4297:(from the U.S. Dept. of Energy "Ask A Scientist" series's "Chemistry Archive" 2001315) 4090: 3862:"An alternate method for measuring the heating potential of microwave susceptor films" 5386: 5329: 5141: 5124: 4836: 4748: 4714: 4663: 4628: 4225: 4034: 3840: 3551: 3520: 3475: 3302: 3213: 3153: 3079: 3049: 3037: 2995: 2951: 2943: 2636: 2582: 2565: 2555: 2548: 2506: 2488: 2441: 2433: 2378: 2370: 2241: 2111: 2095: 2019: 2015: 1982: 1845: 1807: 1787: 1683: 1540: 1346: 1304:. The higher rate of loss is partially offset by the shorter cooking times required. 1180: 1146: 615: 559: 542: 315: 272: 212: 203: 192: 188: 4881:"Nebraska study finds billions of nanoplastics released when microwaving containers" 4307: 4046: 3789: 3471: 3227: 3098: 3072:

KIEE International Transaction on Electrical Machinery and Energy Conversion Systems

2453: 5413: 5247: 5227: 5202: 5094: 5030: 4826: 4818: 4655: 4612: 4570: 4215: 4207: 4160: 4156: 4026: 3888: 3884: 3543: 3506: 3467: 3361: 3205: 3029: 2991: 2987: 2933: 2496: 2484: 2480: 2425: 2390: 2362: 2233: 2123: 2087: 2011: 1552: 1365: 1008: 917: 790: 424: 378: 358: 348: 319: 155: 3511: 3494: 3446:

Gallego-Schmid, Alejandro; Mendoza, Joan Manuel F.; Azapagic, Adisa (March 2018).

2974:

Chen, Fangyuan; Warning, Alexander D.; Datta, Ashim K.; Chen, Xing (1 July 2016).

2206: 5492: 5487: 5396: 5324: 5232: 5212: 4998: 4822: 3810:

Electromagnetic and Heat Transfer Modeling of Microwave Heating in Domestic Ovens

3547: 1875: 1616: 1509: 1488: 1461: 1449:, can explode when heated in a microwave oven due to the increased pressure from 1420: 1244: 1188: 1120: 1015: 999: 896: 814: 534: 506: 129: 5022:

Superheating and Microwave Ovens, University of New South Wales (includes video)

2291: 2222:"The High-power Pulsed Magnetron: Development and Design for Radar Applications" 2002:

Datta, A. K.; Rakesh, V. (2013). "Principles of Microwave Combination Heating".

326:

effects that exist in an electromagnetic cavity that is small compared with the

183:

later licensed its patents for a home-use microwave oven that was introduced by

5534: 5508: 5460: 5450: 5440: 5423: 5257: 5217: 5207: 5185: 5114: 5080: 4470: 4211: 3209: 2938: 2921: 2661: 2249: 1827: 1653: 1560: 1532: 1389: 1380:) levels. Acrylamide has been found in other microwaved products like popcorn. 1142: 884: 579: 530: 487: 468: 428: 184: 133: 53: 39: 5043: 4984: 3068:"A Study on Constant Power Control of Half Bridge Inverter for Microwave Oven" 2304: 2237: 2137: 1690:

to assess cancer risk have so far failed to identify any carcinogenicity from

1388:

Studies have investigated the use of the microwave oven to clean non-metallic

1284:

Any form of cooking diminishes overall nutrient content in food, particularly

762:(300 MHz to 300 GHz). Microwave ovens use frequencies in one of the 555:

in the top of the oven cavity rotated allowing the food to remain stationary.

401:. In 1937–1940, a multi-cavity magnetron was built by British physicist 5528: 5349: 5272: 5262: 5146: 5131: 3326: 3164:– via Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications, and Computation. 3083: 3041: 3017: 2999: 2947: 2492: 2437: 2374: 2245: 2226:

Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part IIIA: Radiolocation

2099: 2023: 1783: 1767: 1704: 1611: 1517: 1334:

of which 29% is lost (compared with a 16% loss with boiled-water blanching).

1285: 1223: 1176: 1157:, sometimes an accessory browning tray is used, usually composed of glass or 1076: 941: 660: 626: 464: 166: 63: 2712:, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, p. 22 (see Exhibit 8), archived from 2569: 2406:"Heat Transfer from and to Animals in Experimental Hypothermia and Freezing" 2342: 5418: 5364: 5344: 5168: 5158: 5151: 5109: 4840: 4229: 4038: 3660: 3602: 3479: 3365: 2955: 2510: 2445: 2382: 2219: 2115: 2091: 1759: 1630: 1623: 1591: 1524: 1483: 1369: 1232: 1200: 1130: 1067: 1029: 1011:, which converts the high-voltage DC electric energy to microwave radiation 853: 829: 638: 552: 398: 170: 5004: 4667: 4632: 2543: 1192:

susceptors are designed for a single use and are then discarded as waste.

5482: 5445: 5435: 5376: 5277: 5163: 5104: 4504:"Radiation Emissions from Microwave ovens: How safe are Microwave Ovens?" 2072:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

1752: 1740: 1732: 1629:

Some other objects that may conduct sparks are plastic/holographic print

1536: 1312: 1293: 1273: 980: 686: 523: 511: 476: 418: 295: 269: 4400:. sec. "Q: What is a microwave-safe plate or container?". Archived from 4060:

Osinboyejo, M.A.; Walker, L.T.; Ogutu, S.; Verghese, M. (15 July 2003).

3202:

Measured and simulated frequency spectra of the household microwave oven

1723: 1566: 796:, fats, and many other substances in the food, using a process known as 697: 187:

in 1955, but it was still too large and expensive for general home use.

5359: 5314: 5304: 5287: 5282: 5197: 5173: 5136: 5034: 4624: 1835: 1744: 1731:

The use of unmarked plastics for microwave cooking raises the issue of

1641: 1586:

disc showing the effects of electrical discharge through its metal film

1493: 1446: 1373: 1324: 1059: 1040: 1025:(to couple microwave power from the magnetron into the cooking chamber) 775: 675: 656: 567: 563: 491: 414: 406: 386: 366: 327: 301:

The 1937 United States patent application by Bell Laboratories states:

276: 265: 159: 4030: 2680:

Hedonic Quality Adjustment Methods For Microwave Ovens In the U.S. CPI

2366: 1763:

for microwaving when used in accordance with the directions provided.

1699:

so that it cannot be run when the door is open or improperly latched.

5309: 5267: 5099: 4660:

10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:1<20::AID-BEM2>3.0.CO;2-6

4105:"Acrylamide: Information on diet, food storage, and food preparation" 4089:. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. 2005. Archived from 3381:"A watched pot: What is the most energy-efficient way to boil water?" 3033: 2107: 1880: 1803: 1779: 1634: 1599: 1415: 1354: 1329: 1268: 1184: 1158: 1134: 988: 832:(fats and oils) absorb microwaves due to the dipole moments of their 779: 771: 759: 755: 664: 455: 447:

and other companies for the mass production of the cavity magnetron.

390: 331: 292: 280: 169:

is generally credited with inventing the modern microwave oven after

125: 122: 4616: 4136:(Report). Research Triangle Park, NC: Integrated Laboratory Systems. 3405:(in Chinese). Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan 2678: 1590:

The effect of microwaving thin metal films can be seen clearly on a

5408: 5319: 5242: 3656:"User Interfaces: Why are Microwave Ovens All So Difficult to Use?" 3204:. 2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium. pp. 1–4. 1622:

Certain foods such as grapes, if properly arranged, can produce an

1497: 1405: 1377: 1138: 1055: 913: 861: 833: 793: 763: 495: 472: 444: 208: 196: 180: 5049: 2909:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. pp. 6, 18 and so on. 1243:

increases with temperature, microwave heating can cause localized

5455: 5381: 5294: 5119: 4566: 4507: 4338:"High Voltage in your Kitchen: Unwise Microwave Oven Experiments" 4131:

3-Picoline [108-99-6]: Review of toxicological literature

3354:

Basalt melting by localized-microwave thermal-runaway instability

3200:

Soltysiak, Michal; Celuch, Malgorzata; Erle, Ulrich (June 2011).

3018:"Development of compact inverter power supply for microwave oven" 1528: 1410: 1320: 1288: 1262: 584: 436: 5005:

Further Reading On The History Of Microwaves and Microwave Ovens

3837:

Development of Packaging and Products for Use in Microwave Ovens

3631:"What keeps microwave radiation from leaking out the oven door?" 2815:"Household penetration rate of home appliances in India in 2013" 2188:

Radar Recollections - A Bournemouth University/CHiDE/HLF project

2158:

2,147,689: Method and Apparatus for Heating Dielectric Materials

1235:

any parts of the food that overheat. In some materials with low

5339: 2703:"Time Well Spent: The Declining Real Cost of Living in America" 2683:, Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor 1748: 1465:

Charred popcorn burnt by leaving the microwave oven on too long

1350: 1308: 1127: 786: 668: 279:

to heat human tissue had developed into the medical therapy of

268:

for heating substances was made possible by the development of

3425:"Level-up your cooking game with an energy-efficient stovetop" 4059: 3445: 1799: 1679: 1583: 1578: 1563:

are formed, both of which are unhealthy in large quantities.

1556: 1450: 1162: 1088: 992: 956: 837: 825: 630: 394: 174: 5391: 4805:

Trasande, Leonardo; Liu, Buyun; Bao, Wei (1 January 2022).

3379:

Wirfs-Brock, Jordan; Jacobson, Rebecca (23 February 2016).

3351:

Jerby, Eli; Meir, Yehuda; Faran, Mubarak (September 2013).

3274:"Why are the microwaves in a microwave oven tuned to water" 2161:, United States Patent and Trademark Office, archived from 1603:

foil causes sharp bends and gaps that invite sparking. The

1548: 1209:

heat conducted from the outer 1 centimeter (0.39 in).

964: 114: 4534:"Microwave Oven Radiation: Microwave Oven Safety Standard" 2341:

Smith, A. U.; Lovelock, J. E.; Parkes, A. S. (June 1954).

720: 599: 4173: 3994:. Harvard Medical School. 6 February 2019. Archived from 2843:

Ownership of household amenities among selected countries

1595: 1100: 1056:

industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency bands

4913:. United States Department of Agriculture. 8 August 2013 4776:. Harvard Health Publishing (Harvard U.). December 2019. 3769:"Finding the hot spots in your microwave with fax paper" 1353:

that remains hot for some time. Likewise, when taking a

940:

found that the average microwave drew almost 3 watts of

4594: 3536:"Whole-House Measurements of Standby Power Consumption" 2190:. Defence Electronics History Society (formerly CHiDE). 1739:

The plasticizers which received the most attention are

431:). An early 6 kW version, built in England by the 4741:

Geddesm, Leslie Alexander; Roeder, Rebecca A. (2006).

3540:

Energy Efficiency in Household Appliances and Lighting

3493:

Detz, Remko J.; van der Zwaan, Bob (20 October 2020).

1173:

is unsuitable for this purpose because it could melt.

1126:

In 2000, some manufacturers began offering high power

1087:

Modern microwave ovens use either an analog dial-type

960:

A magnetron with section removed (magnet is not shown)

314:, as described in the aforementioned patent, is (like 4016: 3869:

Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy

2143:

Method and apparatus for heating dielectric materials

2004:

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety

1424:

spores were killed at 4 minutes of microwaving.

968:

Inner space of a microwave oven and its control panel

4244:"Microwave safe plastics - How safe are they? | CAG" 3066:

Lee, Min-Ki; Koh, Kang-Hoon; Lee, Hyun--Woo (2004).

2973: 1817: 1349:, leaves a potentially dangerous heating element or 4747:. Lawyers & Judges Publishing. pp. 369ff. 4645: 3958:"The claim: Microwave ovens kill nutrients in food" 3744:. Center for Devices and Radiological Health. U.S. 3740:. Radiation-emitting products / Resources for you. 3378: 3199: 2340: 162:) to efficiently heat up water molecules. American 5029:: Short explanation of microwave oven in terms of 4129:Tice, Raymond; Brevard, Brigette (February 1999). 3016:Kako, H.; Nakagawa, T.; Narita, R. (August 1991). 3015: 2547: 1778:Microwave ovens are frequently used for reheating 1708: 1523:Any object containing pointed metal can create an 1383: 4560:"Advanced Measurements of Microwave Oven Leakage" 3492: 2836: 2834: 2832: 1551:per meter (3×10 V/m). The air forms a conductive 785:A microwave oven takes advantage of the electric 5526: 4774:"Microwaving food in plastic: Dangerous or not?" 4713:. Lawyers & Judges Publishing. p. 593. 2596:"Do you remember your family's first microwave?" 2145:, filed 11 August 1937; granted 21 February 1939 1279: 1145:in foods primarily made up of carbohydrates and 517:nuclear-powered cargo ship, installed circa 1961 4146: 3150:"For heat, tune to 915 or 2450 Megacycles" 3097:McCabe, Liam; Sullivan, Michael (20 May 2020). 1751:into food has been dismissed as an intentional 1337: 4804: 4064:. National Center for Home Food Preservation. 3350: 3096: 2829: 2466: 417:produced a working prototype. They invented a 5065: 4780: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4740: 3859: 3718:. Püschner GMBH + CO KG MicrowavePowerSystems 3240: 2779:Canadian Social Trends — Catalogue No. 11-008 2403: 2275:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. p. 142. 2069: 1633:and other heat-retaining containers (such as 4931: 4857:. American Chemistry Council. Archived from 4744:Handbook of electrical hazards and accidents 4734: 4010: 3955: 3577:Appliance Standards Awareness Project (ASAP) 2922:"Design and Use of Domestic Microwave Ovens" 2745:, Westinghouse, October 2008, archived from 2201: 2199: 2197: 1647: 1014:a magnetron control circuit (usually with a 322:heating effect, the result of the so-called 117:that heats and cooks food by exposing it to 4932:Kruszelnicki, Karl S. (25 September 2012). 4700: 4467:"Re: Why do grapes spark in the microwave?" 4128: 3910: 3598:"A notable advance in microwave technology" 3495:"Surfing the microwave oven learning curve" 2739:The Westinghouse How Australia Cooks Report 2001: 1114: 764:ISM (industrial, scientific, medical) bands 5072: 5058: 4761: 4019:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 3982: 3980: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3573:"New standards cut "vampire" energy waste" 2410:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2404:Lovelock, J. E.; Smith, Audrey U. (1959). 1806:and other devices that communicate on the 1770:into food when heated in microwave ovens. 1665:United States Food and Drug Administration 1195: 501: 38: 4830: 4219: 3683:Fabricant, Florence (27 September 2000). 3682: 3533: 3510: 3320: 3318: 3294: 3278:Science Questions with Surprising Answers 3272:Baird, Christopher S. (15 October 2014). 3234: 3193: 3065: 3022:IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 2937: 2672: 2670: 2554:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 2500: 2194: 1758:Some current plastic containers and food 1512:to some degree, resulting in an electric 1095:for operation. Control panels feature an 219:the form of a convection microwave oven. 3704: 3629:Staff, Straight Dope (4 November 2003). 3570: 3173: 3171: 2903:Surveys of Microwave Ovens in U.S. Homes 2899: 2769: 1722: 1577: 1565: 1527:(sparks) when microwaved. This includes 1460: 1199: 1079:(with its much shorter wavelength) can. 976:a high-voltage DC power source, either: 972:A microwave oven generally consists of: 963: 955: 727: 719: 696: 598: 578: 505: 490:, who in the 1950s used it to reanimate 467:, an American self-taught engineer from 454: 352: 275:around 1920. By 1930 the application of 4934:"WiFi frozen? Blame the microwave oven" 4855:"FAQs: Using Plastics in the Microwave" 4437:United States Department of Agriculture 3977: 3944: 3806: 3766: 3324: 2870: 2618:"A Brief History of the Microwave Oven" 2544:"A Brief History of the Microwave Oven" 2541: 2467:Andjus, R. K.; Lovelock, J. E. (1955). 2285: 2155:Chaffee, Joseph G. (21 February 1939), 2154: 1755:distraction from actual safety issues. 743:A microwave oven heats food by passing 459:Microwave ovens, several from the 1980s 14: 5527: 5046:, David Ruzic, University of Illinois 4965:. Interference from non-WiFi sources. 4682:"ARPANSA - Microwave Ovens and Health" 3834: 3315: 2701:Cox, W. Michael; Alm, Richard (1997), 2700: 2676: 2667: 2270: 895:Microwave heating can cause localized 5053: 4899: 4706: 3628: 3571:de Laski, Andrew (3 June 2013). 3271: 3168: 3061: 3059: 3011: 3009: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2919: 2895: 2893: 2148: 1841:Electromagnetic reverberation chamber 1516:. This causes the object to act as a 938:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 923: 813:temperature-dependent: At 0 °C, 747:through it. Microwaves are a form of 227: 4464: 3956:O'Connor, Anahad (17 October 2006). 3295:Zitzewitz, Paul W. (February 2011). 2900:Williams, Alison (5 December 2012). 2306:Radar — Father of the Microwave Oven 2207:"Briefcase 'that changed the world'" 1976: 1970: 1718: 1440: 1435: 1066:The cooking chamber is similar to a 5079: 4942:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4707:Frost, Joe L. (30 September 2001). 3771:. Physics inside a microwave oven. 3730: 3606:. 22 September 2013. Archived from 2677:Liegey, Paul R. (16 October 2001), 2288:"The History of the Microwave Oven" 1786:is not reached, this can result in 1570:A microwave oven with a metal shelf 342: 264:The exploitation of high-frequency 132:in the food to vibrate and produce 24: 4992:Ask a Scientist Chemistry Archives 4911:Food Safety and Inspection Service 4432:Food Safety and Inspection Service 4379:Food Safety and Inspection Service 4308:"Superheating and microwave ovens" 3685:"Son of Microwave: Fast and Crisp" 3183:Food Safety and Inspection Service 3056: 3006: 2962: 2890: 2430:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb49226.x 2271:Baxter, James Phinney III (1946). 1658:Microwave § Effects on health 946:United States Department of Energy 890: 574: 25: 5576: 5037:, intended for use in a class in 4988:: Percy Spencer's original patent 4977: 4907:"Microwave Ovens and Food Safety" 4465:Popa, Adrian (23 December 1997). 4424:"Microwave Ovens and Food Safety" 4335: 3988:"Microwave cooking and nutrition" 3928:. 6 February 2019. Archived from 3918:"Microwave cooking and nutrition" 2920:ANNIS, PATTY J. (1 August 1980). 2871:Francis, Andrew (12 April 2017). 2658:Litton Introduces Microwave Ovens 2602:. 2 November 2010. Archived from 1773: 1002:usually based around an inverter. 820: 5044:How Things Work: Microwave Ovens 4955: 4925: 3860:Labuza, T.; Meister, J. (1992). 3534:Ross, J.P.; Meier, Alan (2001). 3452:Science of the Total Environment 3185:. Cooking with Microwave Ovens. 2016:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00211.x 1820: 1503: 1082: 864:, braising, or deep fat frying. 409:was needed, and in 1940, at the 381:made possible the production of 245: 236: 151:, high-water-content food item. 4873: 4847: 4798: 4674: 4639: 4588: 4552: 4526: 4496: 4484: 4458: 4416: 4386: 4366: 4352: 4329: 4300: 4262: 4236: 4167: 4140: 4122: 4097: 4087:"The five worst foods to grill" 4079: 4053: 3853: 3828: 3813:(Masters thesis). Lincoln, NB: 3800: 3783: 3760: 3676: 3648: 3622: 3590: 3564: 3527: 3486: 3472:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.064 3439: 3417: 3391: 3372: 3344: 3329:. Water Structure and Science. 3325:Chaplin, Martin (28 May 2012). 3288: 3265: 3142: 3129:www.microwaveassociation.org.uk 3117: 3090: 2913: 2864: 2807: 2788: 2763: 2730: 2694: 2651: 2624: 2610: 2588: 2535: 2517: 2460: 2397: 2334: 2315: 2298: 2279: 2264: 2213: 1893: 1793: 1766:Plastic containers can release 1478:In rare cases, water and other 1473: 1384:Use in cleaning kitchen sponges 1307:Spinach retains nearly all its 4439:. October 2011. Archived from 4360:"Yes, You Can Microwave Metal" 4161:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.07.026 3889:10.1080/08327823.1992.11688192 3712:"Microwave penetration depths" 3187:U.S. Department of Agriculture 3179:"Cooking with Microwave Ovens" 2992:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.02.007 2770:Williams, Cara (Winter 2000). 2485:10.1113/jphysiol.1955.sp005323 2286:Gallawa, John Carlton (1998). 2176: 2130: 2063: 2030: 1995: 1944: 1918: 903: 663:and built-in (wall oven for a 510:Raytheon RadaRange aboard the 44:A modern microwave oven (2022) 13: 1: 5001:, Argonne National Laboratory 4316:University of New South Wales 3512:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122278 3499:Journal of Cleaner Production 3298:The Handy Physics Answer Book 3282:West Texas A&M University 1981:(in French). Éditions Belin. 1911: 1280:Effects on food and nutrients 1165:the top layer until it turns 1030:metal wave guide stirring fan 951: 807: 709: 692: 403:Sir John Turton Randall, FRSE 202:Microwave ovens are a common 4938:ABC News and Current Affairs 4823:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118021 4538:Food and Drug Administration 4113:Food and Drug Administration 3839:. Elsevier. pp. 76–77. 3746:Food and Drug Administration 3548:10.1007/978-3-642-56531-1_33 3331:London South Bank University 2873:"Microwave Sizes Comparison" 1338:Safety benefits and features 621:Adoption has been slower in 450: 339:alternating electric field. 7: 5555:Products introduced in 1945 5335:Instant hot water dispenser 4281:Argonne National Laboratory 2980:Journal of Food Engineering 2542:Gallawa, J Carlton (1989). 1813: 1445:Closed containers, such as 871: 439:, London, was given to the 75:; 77 years ago 10: 5581: 4212:10.1038/s41598-017-06055-9 3791:Video of microwave effects 3738:"Microwave oven radiation" 3210:10.1109/MWSYM.2011.5972844 2939:10.4315/0362-028X-43.8.629 2926:Journal of Food Protection 2527:. Raytheon. Archived from 2038:"Cooking with Short Waves" 1979:Révélations gastronomiques 1851:List of cooking appliances 1651: 713: 346: 222: 5501: 5087: 4788:"Microwave-Safe Plastics" 3767:Rutgers, Maarten (1999). 3311:– via Google Books. 2772:"Income and expenditures" 2473:The Journal of Physiology 2321: 2238:10.1049/ji-3a-1.1946.0188 1648:Direct microwave exposure 1430: 1161:. It makes food crisp by 752:electromagnetic radiation 724:A microwave oven, c. 2005 336:electromagnetic radiation 310:However, lower-frequency 285:1933 Chicago World's Fair 257:1933 Chicago World's Fair 119:electromagnetic radiation 95: 87: 69: 59: 49: 37: 27:Kitchen cooking appliance 4997:26 February 2015 at the 3399:"Energy Label- Criteria" 1886: 1456: 1327:, with the exception of 1115:Variants and accessories 1047:power supplies that use 623:less-developed countries 433:General Electric Company 413:in England, Randall and 411:University of Birmingham 371:University of Birmingham 5560:20th-century inventions 5355:Laundry-folding machine 4811:Environmental Pollution 3924:. Family Health Guide. 3125:"Microwave Fact Sheets" 2600:Ohio Historical Society 2525:"Technology Leadership" 2273:Scientists Against Time 2209:. BBC. 20 October 2017. 2051:(7): 394. November 1933 1930:Encyclopedia Britannica 1856:List of home appliances 1808:2.45 GHz wavebands 1196:Heating characteristics 881:electrical permittivity 862:broiling (UK: grilling) 842:molecular dipole moment 655:classifies them as (1) 502:Commercial availability 435:Research Laboratories, 154:The development of the 5039:electrical engineering 5010:Microwave oven history 4569:. 2004. Archived from 4493:Retrieved 12 Aug 2014. 4276:NEWTON Ask-A-Scientist 3926:Harvard Medical School 3815:University of Nebraska 3403:www.energylabel.org.tw 3366:10.13140/2.1.4346.1126 3327:"Water and microwaves" 2664:, 14 July 1972, p. 38. 2092:10.1098/rspb.1956.0054 1902:specific heat capacity 1728: 1587: 1571: 1466: 1404:power) removed 99% of 1205: 1049:pulse-width modulation 969: 961: 850:specific heat capacity 740: 725: 702: 651:By position and type, 608: 588: 518: 460: 374: 308: 136:in a process known as 5223:Electric water boiler 4985:U.S. patent 2,495,429 4710:Children and Injuries 4066:University of Georgia 3301:. Visible Ink Press. 2323:US patent 2495429 2138:U.S. patent 2,147,689 1727:Microwave-safe symbol 1726: 1684:high-energy particles 1652:Further information: 1581: 1569: 1464: 1203: 1183:bags often contain a 979:a large high voltage 967: 959: 738: 723: 714:Further information: 701:Microwave-safe symbol 700: 676:duty-cycle modulation 602: 582: 509: 477:Mr. Goodbar candy bar 458: 383:electromagnetic waves 377:The invention of the 356: 303: 5540:Microwave technology 5027:"The Microwave Oven" 4861:on 26 September 2010 4093:on 30 December 2010. 3807:Pitchai, K. (2011). 3542:. pp. 278–285. 3247:How Everything Works 3105:. The New York Times 3099:"The Best Microwave" 2141:Chaffee, Joseph G., 1977:This, Hervé (1995). 1545:dielectric breakdown 1237:thermal conductivity 128:range. This induces 5545:American inventions 5514:Appliance recycling 5238:Electric toothbrush 4648:Bioelectromagnetics 4609:1998RadR..150..568F 4394:"Microwave cooking" 4271:"Superheated Water" 4204:2017NatSR...7.5791C 3992:Family Health Guide 3881:1992JMPEE..27..205L 3464:2018ScTEn.618..487G 3241:Bloomfield, Louis. 2422:1959NYASA..80..487L 2359:1954Natur.173.1136S 2353:(4415): 1136–1137. 2084:1956RSPSB.145..427L 1866:Peryton (astronomy) 1861:Microwave chemistry 1615:established. Thus, 1241:dielectric constant 1169:. Ordinary plastic 1043:. Newer models use 1028:a turntable and/or 914:broiling / grilling 745:microwave radiation 616:developed countries 587:microwave from 1965 164:electrical engineer 34: 5370:Robotic lawn mower 5253:Evaporative cooler 5031:microwave cavities 4597:Radiation Research 4576:on 24 January 2011 4362:. 31 January 2014. 4336:Beaty, William J. 4192:Scientific Reports 3963:The New York Times 3922:health.harvard.edu 3898:on 4 November 2011 3773:maartenrutgers.org 3748:. 12 December 2017 3690:The New York Times 3253:on 17 October 2013 2752:on 5 February 2015 2719:on 19 October 2004 2710:1997 Annual Report 2632:"History of Sharp" 1871:Robert V. Decareau 1729: 1676:ionizing radiation 1588: 1572: 1467: 1206: 1147:Maillard reactions 970: 962: 924:Energy consumption 798:dielectric heating 741: 726: 716:Dielectric heating 703: 609: 589: 519: 461: 385:of a small enough 375: 312:dielectric heating 273:radio transmitters 228:Early developments 213:Maillard reactions 138:dielectric heating 32: 5550:Radiation effects 5522: 5521: 5142:Coffee percolator 5125:Immersion blender 5015:American Heritage 4754:978-0-913875-44-5 4720:978-0-913875-96-4 4540:. 13 January 2010 4491:21 C.F.R. 1030.10 4446:on 8 January 2011 4312:School of Physics 4250:. 17 January 2024 4031:10.1021/jf970670x 3635:The Straight Dope 3557:978-3-540-41482-7 3219:978-1-61284-754-2 3154:Litton Industries 2637:Sharp Corporation 2606:on 22 April 2016. 2583:Glendale, Arizona 2531:on 22 March 2013. 2367:10.1038/1731136a0 1988:978-2-7011-1756-0 1958:. 12 October 2023 1952:"Microwave Ovens" 1932:. 26 October 2018 1788:foodborne illness 1719:Chemical exposure 1441:Closed containers 1436:High temperatures 1347:induction cooktop 1181:microwave popcorn 1072:choke connections 758:in the so-called 736: 543:Sharp Corporation 533:Stove company of 316:induction heating 204:kitchen appliance 193:Amana Corporation 189:Sharp Corporation 103: 102: 16:(Redirected from 5572: 5330:Induction cooker 5300:Garbage disposer 5248:Espresso machine 5203:Electric blanket 5074: 5067: 5060: 5051: 5050: 4987: 4971: 4970: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4834: 4817:(Pt A): 118021. 4802: 4796: 4795: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4770: 4759: 4758: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4684:. 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Archived from 2217: 2211: 2210: 2203: 2192: 2191: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2165:on 19 March 2022 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2078:(920): 427–442. 2067: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2045:Short Wave Craft 2042: 2034: 2028: 2027: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1926:"Microwave Oven" 1922: 1905: 1897: 1846:Induction cooker 1830: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1784:safe temperature 1693: 1670: 1547:of air, about 3 1403: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1390:domestic sponges 1333: 1153:In order to aid 1009:cavity magnetron 987:(a high-voltage 936:A 2000 study by 918:food composition 897:thermal runaways 760:microwave region 737: 425:Sir Henry Tizard 379:cavity magnetron 359:cavity magnetron 349:Cavity magnetron 343:Cavity magnetron 249: 240: 156:cavity magnetron 146: 143: 83: 81: 76: 42: 35: 31: 21: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5565:Home appliances 5525: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5497: 5493:Washing machine 5488:Water dispenser 5414:Pressure cooker 5397:Convection oven 5325:Ice cream maker 5233:Electric shaver 5228:Electric heater 5213:Electric kettle 5095:Air conditioner 5083: 5081:Home appliances 5078: 4999:Wayback Machine 4983: 4980: 4975: 4974: 4969:. WiSE Article. 4961: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4803: 4799: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4772: 4771: 4762: 4755: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4688:on 6 March 2009 4680: 4679: 4675: 4644: 4640: 4617:10.2307/3579874 4593: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4514:on 6 March 2009 4502: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4463: 4459: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4290: 4288: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4172: 4168: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4115:. 22 May 2008. 4103: 4102: 4098: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4058: 4054: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3998:on 17 July 2011 3986: 3985: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3954: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3932:on 17 July 2011 3916: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3864: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3805: 3801: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3532: 3528: 3491: 3487: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3377: 3373: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3323: 3316: 3309: 3293: 3289: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3243:"Question 1456" 3239: 3235: 3220: 3198: 3194: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3095: 3091: 3064: 3057: 3014: 3007: 2972: 2963: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2898: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2869: 2865: 2856: 2854: 2853:on 26 June 2013 2850: 2840: 2839: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2774: 2768: 2764: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2705: 2699: 2695: 2686: 2684: 2675: 2668: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2574: 2572: 2562: 2540: 2536: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2465: 2461: 2402: 2398: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2320: 2316: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2294:on 9 July 2011. 2284: 2280: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2232:(5): 985–1005. 2218: 2214: 2205: 2204: 2195: 2184:"The Magnetron" 2182: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2166: 2153: 2149: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2068: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1975: 1971: 1961: 1959: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1908: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1876:Thelma Pressman 1826: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1796: 1776: 1721: 1691: 1668: 1660: 1650: 1617:dehydrated food 1561:nitrogen oxides 1506: 1476: 1459: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1421:Bacillus cereus 1399: 1396: 1394: 1393: 1386: 1340: 1328: 1303: 1297: 1282: 1245:thermal runaway 1198: 1187:made from thin 1121:convection oven 1117: 1085: 1034:a control panel 1016:microcontroller 1000:power converter 985:voltage doubler 954: 926: 906: 893: 891:Thermal runaway 874: 834:hydroxyl groups 823: 815:dielectric loss 810: 728: 718: 712: 695: 603:1974 Radarange 577: 575:Residential use 535:Mansfield, Ohio 504: 453: 441:U.S. government 369:in 1940 at the 351: 345: 320:electromagnetic 262: 261: 260: 259: 252: 251: 250: 242: 241: 230: 225: 144: 141: 130:polar molecules 113:is an electric 79: 77: 74: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5578: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5509:Appliance plug 5505: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5461:Vacuum cleaner 5458: 5453: 5451:Television set 5448: 5443: 5441:Sewing machine 5438: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5424:Crisper drawer 5416: 5411: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5402:Microwave oven 5399: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5260: 5258:Food processor 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5218:Electric knife 5215: 5210: 5208:Electric drill 5205: 5200: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5186:Domestic robot 5183: 5182: 5181: 5179:drying cabinet 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5117: 5115:Barbecue grill 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5077: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5041: 5024: 5019: 5007: 5002: 4989: 4979: 4978:External links 4976: 4973: 4972: 4954: 4924: 4898: 4887:. 21 July 2023 4872: 4846: 4797: 4779: 4760: 4753: 4733: 4719: 4699: 4673: 4638: 4587: 4551: 4525: 4495: 4483: 4471:MadSci Network 4457: 4415: 4385: 4365: 4351: 4328: 4299: 4261: 4248:www.cag.org.in 4235: 4166: 4155:(1): 392–400. 4139: 4121: 4096: 4078: 4052: 4025:(1): 206–210. 4009: 3976: 3943: 3909: 3875:(4): 205–208. 3852: 3845: 3827: 3799: 3782: 3759: 3729: 3703: 3675: 3664:. 13 July 2015 3647: 3621: 3589: 3563: 3556: 3526: 3485: 3438: 3416: 3390: 3371: 3343: 3314: 3307: 3287: 3280:. Canyon, TX: 3264: 3233: 3218: 3192: 3167: 3141: 3116: 3089: 3055: 3028:(3): 611–616. 3005: 2961: 2932:(8): 629–632. 2912: 2889: 2863: 2828: 2806: 2787: 2762: 2729: 2693: 2666: 2662:New York Times 2650: 2623: 2609: 2587: 2560: 2534: 2516: 2479:(3): 541–546. 2459: 2416:(2): 487–499. 2396: 2333: 2314: 2297: 2278: 2263: 2212: 2193: 2175: 2147: 2129: 2062: 2029: 1994: 1987: 1969: 1943: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1828:Cooking portal 1815: 1812: 1795: 1792: 1775: 1774:Uneven heating 1772: 1720: 1717: 1705:micronutrients 1688:rodent studies 1654:Microwave burn 1649: 1646: 1631:Thermos flasks 1533:aluminium foil 1505: 1502: 1475: 1472: 1458: 1455: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1385: 1382: 1339: 1336: 1301: 1295: 1281: 1278: 1229: 1228: 1197: 1194: 1189:aluminium film 1177:Frozen dinners 1143:caramelization 1116: 1113: 1084: 1081: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1019: 1012: 1005: 1004: 1003: 998:an electronic 996: 953: 950: 925: 922: 905: 902: 892: 889: 885:melamine resin 873: 870: 822: 821:Fats and sugar 819: 809: 806: 711: 708: 694: 691: 661:over the range 629:and ovens. In 576: 573: 558:In the 1960s, 503: 500: 488:James Lovelock 471:. Employed by 469:Howland, Maine 452: 449: 429:Tizard Mission 347:Main article: 344: 341: 254: 253: 244: 243: 235: 234: 233: 232: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 145:(1–1.5 inches) 134:thermal energy 107:microwave oven 101: 100: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 71: 67: 66: 61: 57: 56: 51: 47: 46: 43: 33:Microwave Oven 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5577: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5350:Kitchen stove 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5147:Clothes dryer 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5132:Bread machine 5130: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5068: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4968: 4964: 4963:"Part 1" 4958: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4775: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4737: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4703: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4603:(5): 568–76. 4602: 4598: 4591: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4555: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4492: 4487: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4425: 4419: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4369: 4361: 4355: 4339: 4332: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4265: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4178:Acinetobacter 4170: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4114: 4111:. Food. U.S. 4110: 4106: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4013: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3981: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3717: 3716:pueschner.com 3713: 3707: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3679: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3610:on 2 May 2018 3609: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3593: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3426: 3420: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3386: 3385:Inside Energy 3382: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3355: 3347: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3319: 3310: 3308:9781578593576 3304: 3300: 3299: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3155: 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