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1313:, p. 202: "But what about using MEMRI, what about the various accusations? There is no monolithic answer. As a translation service it is of great value. As a research tool the evaluation is more complex as it demands good background information in order to contextualize the information obtained, due to the organization's lack of transparency and attempt to pose as something different than what they are. The problem is that many of the journalists, politicians and lay persons who use MEMRI cannot and will not do this. And this is where the main objection to MEMRI comes into play. It presents itself as an independent research institute, but it acts as a tool geared toward shaping opinion by "producing an orient"—in the true sense of Edward Said's usage—and through this it has an increasing influence in shaping perceptions of the Middle East. MEMRI has understood that politics today is waged in the media and it fulfills its role as a public relations, lobbying and policy-making instrument with the highest professional standard."
845:, the video clip was "hate speech", and requesting that action be taken against Hussein. The South Australian Islamic Society and the Australian Buddhist Councils Federation also condemned Hussein's speech. Widespread calls from the public for the deportation of Hussein and his family followed news reports of the video. A police spokeswoman stated "Police will examine the entire content of the sermon to gain the full context and determine whether any crime has been committed." Hussein himself declined any comment on the contents of the video. However, the Da'wah Centre charged that by omitting the context of Hussein's statements, MEMRI had distorted the actual intent of the speech. While admitting that the Sheikh was emotional and used strong words, the Centre stated that the speech was delivered in relation to
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Whitaker claimed, made "Arabs look more anti-Semitic than they are". Carmon admitted this was an error in translation but defended combining the two replies, as both questions referred to the same subject. Carmon rejected other claims of distortion by
Whitaker, saying: "it is perhaps reassuring that you had to go back so far to find a mistake ... You accused us of distortion by omission but when asked to provide examples of trends and views we have missed, you have failed to answer." Carmon also accused Whitaker of "using insults rather than evidence" in his criticism of MEMRI.
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former
Israeli intelligence officer and Arabist Yigal Carmon. MEMRI aimed to bring the previously largely enclosed and unknown Arab talk about the west to western eyes and ears: it is a sobering experience to read on the internet MEMRI's vast store of translations from many media, and to note how much of what is written is conspiratorial, vicious and unyieldingly hateful. MEMRI and Carmon have been accused of selecting the worst of a diverse media: however, the sheer range of what is available weakens that criticism, as does support for the initiative by Arab liberals.
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728:, argues MEMRI has a tendency to "cleverly cherry-pick the vast Arabic press, which serves 300 million people, for the most extreme and objectionable articles and editorials... On more than one occasion I have seen, say, a bigoted Arabic article translated by MEMRI and when I went to the source on the web, found that it was on the same op-ed page with other, moderate articles arguing for tolerance. These latter were not translated." Former head of the
1539:'Reforms in the Muslim and Arab world constitute our flagship project,' he said. 'We are big on reforms. We have helped several reform initiatives, and in 2001 we monitored and distributed dissident voices in the aftermath of the bombing of the World Trade Centre. When these voices were small and weak, we were able to amplify them by publishing them - and we keep doing that without support from any quarter. We even helped reform Web sites to operate.'
955:, argued that this translation left the implication that civilians (the innocent) are considered a legitimate target. Several British newspapers subsequently used MEMRI's translation to run headlines such as "Islamic radical has praised the suicide bomb attacks on the capital" prompting al-Sebai to demand an apology and take legal action. In his view, MEMRI's translation was also "an incitement to have me arrested by the British authorities".
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newspapers, hearing what they say on television—is a way of taking them seriously: a way of not condescending to them, of admitting that they have useful things to tell us, one way or the other. Years ago, Solzhenitsyn exhorted, "Live not by lies." We might say, in these new circumstances, "Live not by ignorance about lies, either." Anyone still has the right to avert his eyes, of course. But no one can say that that is not a choice.
661:, wrote in a public email debate with Carmon in 2003, that his problem with MEMRI was that it "poses as a research institute when it's basically a propaganda operation". Earlier, Whitaker had charged that MEMRI's role was to "further the political agenda of Israel." and that MEMRI's website does not mention Carmon's employment for Israeli intelligence, or Meyrav Wurmser's political stance, which he described as an "extreme brand of
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451:, notes that it occurred three weeks after the September 11 attacks, and considers MEMRI "was previously more forthcoming about its political orientation in its self-description and in staff profiles on its website". Political Research Associates considers that "MEMRI's slogan, 'Bridging the Language Gap Between the Middle East and the West,' does not convey the institute's stridently pro-Israel and
29:
555:. According to MEMRI, the CJL's goal is to inform and make recommendations to legislators and the business community about the threat of cyberterrorism. Initiatives have included encouraging social media companies to remove terrorist accounts and sought legislation to prevent terrorist entities from using their platforms.
517:. Through its translations and research, the project aims to document anti-Semitic trends in the Middle East and South Asia. The project provides policymakers with translations and footage of anti-Semitic comments made by media personalities, academics, and government and religious leaders. MEMRI holds an annual
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al-Arabi. One question asked by the interviewer was: "How do you deal with the Jews who are besieging al-Aqsa and are scattered around it?" which was translated as: "How do you feel about the Jews?" MEMRI cut out the first part of the reply and combined it with the answer to the next question, which,
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MEMRI's work has been criticized on three grounds: that their work is biased; that they choose articles to translate selectively so as to give an unrepresentative view of the media they are reporting on; and that some of their translations are inaccurate. MEMRI has responded to the criticism, stating
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now providing the
Israeli government with coverage of "anti-Israel incitement" in social media, blogs and other online sources. The Prime Minister's Bureau has stated that before the government cites information provided by the two sources, the source of the material and its credibility is confirmed.
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One of the only studies to date, Online
Jihadis Embrace Instagram, was published in March by the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)."; "the report primarily studied Arabic-language propaganda on Instagram along with English-language captions aimed at the outside world. Although the bulk of
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The sixth annual Lantos Anti-Semitism and
Holocaust Denial Archives Commemoration was sponsored by Speaker of the House of Representatives John Boehner. The late Tom Lantos, born in Hungary, was a 14-term member of the House of Representatives from California and the only Holocaust survivor to serve
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Mrs. Ros-Lehtinen was one of several human rights advocates who reviewed anti-Semitism in the Middle East and in Sudan at a
Capitol briefing organized by the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) and the Lantos Anti-Semitism and Holocaust Denial Archives"; "MEMRI, which translates Middle East
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The U.S. State
Department awarded $ 200,000 grants each to the Middle East Media Research Institute, or MEMRI, and the Central Europe Center for Research and Documentation, known as Centropa."; "MEMRI, a Washington-based group that translates and researches anti-Semitic trends in the Middle East and
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The Reform
Project, according to MEMRI, focuses on monitoring, translating, and amplifying media from Muslim figures and movements with progressive viewpoints in the Arab and Muslim world. The project also aims to provide a platform for those sources to expand their reach. MEMRI has stated that this
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The translated article was the first document officially released by MEMRI's Lantos
Archive on Anti-Semitism and Holocaust Denial"; "The formal dedication of the renamed archive was held a week ago Wednesday in the U.S. Capitol."; "The archive project brings together MEMRI and the Lantos Foundation
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One beneficial side effect of the focus on the Middle East is that we now have available much more information on the discourse of the Arab world. The most powerful medium for this is (naturally) a
Washington-based think-tank, the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), started in 1998 by the
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MEMRI responds to criticism by saying that the media had a tendency to whitewash statements of Arab leaders, and regularly defends its translations as being representative of actual ME viewpoints, even when the translations themselves are disputed: "MEMRI has never claimed to 'represent the view of
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questioned the "reliability, independence and veracity" of MEMRI after it posted what the Islamic Da'wah Centre called a "sensational de-contextualised cut-and-paste video clip ... put together in a suggestive manner" of a sermon by the Sheikh Sharif Hussein on an American website. According to the
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The Cyber Jihad Lab has worked to advance legislature to hold American social media companies responsible for failing to remove accounts associated with designated terrorist organizations. MEMRI has also issued reports on American companies who host jihadi websites. The Cyber Jihad Lab also offers
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Wading or clicking through MEMRI's materials can be a depressing act, but it is also illusion-dispelling, and therefore constructive. This one institute is worth a hundred reality-twisting Middle Eastern Studies departments in the U.S. Furthermore, listening to Arabs—reading what they say in their
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Carmon responded to this by stating that his employment history is not a secret and was not political, as he served under opposing administrations of the Israeli government and that perhaps the issue was that he was Israeli: "If your complaint is that I am Israeli, then please say so." Carmon also
2000:
Now, our friends at MEMRI have opened another window, this time on Vladimir Putin's Russia through MEMRI's 'Russian Media Studies Project.' Like MEMRI's studies of Middle Eastern media, MEMRI-Russia provides a lot more than propaganda published at home to the Russian people. It gives considerable
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The organization's translations are regularly quoted by major international newspapers, and its work has generated strong criticism and praise. Critics have accused MEMRI of producing inaccurate, unreliable translations with undue emphasis and selectivity in translating and disseminating the most
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The publication was disclosed by the Middle East Media Research Institute's (MEMRI) Jihad and Terrorism Threat Monitor, which scrutinizes Islamist terrorism and violent extremism worldwide, with special focus on activity within and emanating from the Arab world, Pakistan, Afghanistan and
982:'. They want to give the impression that I'm not criticizing Israeli policy, but that what I'm saying is anti-Semitic." According to Barakat, he was subject to widespread condemnation from faculty and his office was "flooded with hatemail". Fellow Georgetown faculty member
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Church, Rosemary; Clancy, Jim; Shubert, Atika; Wedeman, Ben; Connery, Neil; Vause, John; Yoon, Eunice; Anderson, Becky; Dougherty, Jill (May 9, 2007), "Recruiting Next Generation of Militants: Mickey Mouse-Like Character Reaches Out to Palestinian Children",
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that included a threat with a lawsuit over his comments on MEMRI, stated that he has never been affiliated with Likud. Cole answered that he had not alleged that, but that MEMRI would campaign for Likud goals such as the rejection of the Oslo peace process.
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Activity by terrorist and violent extremist organizations is tracked through the Jihad and Terrorism Threat Monitor (JTTM). The project disseminates jihadi-associated social media content and propaganda released by various Islamic State media companies.
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MEMRI's other projects include the Russian Media Studies Project, which translates Russian media and publishes reports analyzing Russian political ideology, the Iran Studies Project, the South Asia Studies Project, and the 9/11 Documentation Project.
1966:'One of the missions of MEMRI's new Cyber Jihad Lab is to explore ways to challenge cyber jihad, including by working and assisting both Western government agencies and the tech community to come up with proper strategies to do this,' he said.
2845:"Director of London's Al-Maqreze Centre for Historical Studies Hani Sibai: There are No 'Civilians' in Islamic Law; The Bombing is a Great Victory for Al-Qa'ida, Which 'Rubbed the Noses of the World's 8 Most Powerful Countries in the Mud'"
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Memri also has an 'Arab TV Monitoring Project.' It is accessible - for television journalists even in broadcastable quality - via www.memritv.org, and shows stunning examples of discourse in the Arabic world in the translated sound
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titled "The Wild Beast that Zionism Created: Self-Destruction", was mistranslated by MEMRI and retitled as "Jews Have Lost Their Humanity". Barakat further stated "Every time I wrote 'Zionism', MEMRI replaced the word by 'Jew' or
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accused Barakat in an article he published of promoting a "demonization of Israel and of Jews". Supported by Georgetown colleagues, Barakat denied the claim, which Roshwald had based on MEMRI's translation of Barakat's essay.
444:. Political Research Associates writes that both critics and supporters of MEMRI note its increasing influence in shaping perceptions of the Middle East. It has maintained longstanding relations with law enforcement agencies.
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MEMRI's translations are considered "usually accurate" though occasionally disputed and highly selective in what it chooses to translate and in which context it puts things, as in the case of MEMRI's translation of a 2004
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in a negative light by producing and disseminating incomplete or inaccurate translations of the original versions of the media reports that it re-publishes. It has also been accused of selectively focusing on the views of
884:"guarantees its own security," implying a threat against those states that did vote for him; outside translators, and the original article that the MEMRI alert claimed to correct, indicated that Bin Laden was threatening
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Speaking at the launch of his book 'Jihadist Threat to India', the author and director of the South Asia Studies Project, the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), US said that Islamism is a methodolgy [
746:, states that MEMRI "consistently picks the most violent, hateful rubbish it can find, translates it and distributes it in email newsletters to media and members of Congress in Washington." As a result, critics such as
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Media watchdog MEMRI translates one caller as saying – quote – 'We will annihilate the Jews'," said Shubert. "But, according to several Arabic speakers used by CNN, the caller actually says 'The Jews are killing
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news reports, released a 15-minute video archive of TV programming at the briefing that showed anti-Semitic comments from television personalities, government officials, academics and clerics in the past year.
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that "what I respect about Memri is that it translates not only the ugly stuff but the courageous liberal, reformist Arab commentators as well." In addition, he has cited MEMRI's translations in his op-eds.
577:, an organization that monitors the financial ties of conservative think tanks to conservative foundations in the United States, reported that for the years 1999 to 2004, MEMRI received $ 100,000 from
2001:
insight into what Russian leaders are arguing to each other and to the Russian oligarchy"; "Which brings us to a report by MEMRI-Russia entitled "Understanding Russian Political Ideology and Vision.
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that their work is not biased; that they in fact choose representative articles from the Arab media that accurately reflect the opinions expressed, and that their translations are highly accurate.
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television programming is monitored, translated, and analyzed through the MEMRI TV Monitoring Project. The project's translated video clips are available to the media and general public.
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for Human Rights and Justice"; "The archive that now bears the Lantos name is the world's largest repository of translated Arabic and Farsi material on anti-Semitism from the past decade
927:. Dr Karmi is sitting here, and I am sitting here, and I'm familiar with religious law. There is no such term as "civilians" in the modern Western sense. People are either at war or not.
673:– as his website on the Middle East is named "Al-Bab" ("The Gateway" in Arabic) – stating: "I wonder how you would judge an editor whose website was called "Ha-Sha-ar" ("The Gateway" in
394:. According to MEMRI, its translations and reports are distributed to "congresspersons, congressional staff, policy makers, journalists, academics, and interested parties". According to
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The MEMRI Lantos Archives on anti-Semitism and Holocaust Denial, a joint project with the Lantos Foundation for Human Rights and Justice launched in 2009, is a repository of translated
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and Muslim world in a negative light, while ignoring moderate views that are often found in the same media outlets. Other critics charge that while MEMRI does sometimes translate pro-
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companies, as well as members of government agencies and the military, the ability to contact MEMRI with questions or for help translating through MEMRI's Assisting America program.
2030:'We believe this is a real threat because they have institutionalized their offensive cyber efforts,' said Ayelet Savyon, director of MEMRI's Iran Studies Project, in an interview
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non-profit organization. MEMRI has a policy of not accepting money from governments, relying instead on around 250 private donors, including other organizations and foundations.
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created its own self-titled "Reform Project" that features videos of Muslims preaching a moderate form of Islam." "'We support and amplify voices of Muslim reformists.'
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797:. We know there are people questioning our work, probably those who have difficulties seeing the truth. But no one can show anything wrong about our translations."
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of Fox News said, "These people tell you what's going on in pulpits and in the state-controlled TV. If you have indoctrination, it's important to know about it."
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MEMRI argues that they are quoting the government-controlled press and not obscure or extremist publications, a fact their critics acknowledge, according to
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In 2007, CNN correspondent Atika Shubert and Arabic translators accused MEMRI of mistranslating portions of a Palestinian children's television program:
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has charged that specific MEMRI mistranslations, occurring during times of international tension, have generated hostility towards Arab journalists.
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The group has an established reputation for distributing highly selective, distorted, and inaccurate translations of Arabic and Persian media
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political bias." It further notes, that MEMRI's founders, Wurmser and Carmon, "are both hardline pro-Israel ideologues aligned with Israel's
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The images and videos get posted to social media websites and then are immediately saved on Internet Archive, a nonprofit digital library.
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called "civilians". Dr Karmi is here sitting with us, and he's very familiar with the jurisprudence. There are fighters and non-fighters.
596:, an organization that evaluates the financial health of America's largest charities, has given MEMRI three stars out of a possible four.
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one by one. O Allah, count them and kill them to the very last one." According to MEMRI's translation, he also described U.S. President
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Amanda Vincinanzo (October 2014). "Countering Cyber Jihad: A Look inside the Middle East Media Research Institute's Cyber Jihad Lab".
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1069:, praised MEMRI, and credited MEMRI with helping to "shine a spotlight on hate speech wherever it appears". Friedman has written in
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propaganda in the USA through supplying selective translations that are relied upon by several organisations "to make the case that
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MEMRI recognized US$ 6,292,683 of revenue and incurred US$ 6,247,476 of expenses during the twelve months ended June 30, 2018.
398:, MEMRI's translated articles and its commentary are routinely cited in national media outlets in the United States, including
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Al-Sebai subsequently claimed that MEMRI had mistranslated his interview, and that among other errors, he had actually said:
833:" and predicted that "The day will come when you are trampled upon by the pure feet of the Muslims." MEMRI's rendition moved
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919:. For one segment of the discussion in regard to the victims, MEMRI provided the following translation of al-Sebai's words:
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advocacy group that, in spite of describing itself as being "independent" and "non-partisan" in nature, aims to portray the
698:. Finkelstein said in response that MEMRI edited the television interview he gave in order to falsely impute that he was a
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in congress."; "MEMRI also presented its annual report on anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial in the Arab and Muslim world
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665:". However, Whitaker also wrote that "nobody, so far as I know, disputes the general accuracy of Memri's translations."
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the Arabic media', but rather to reflect, through our translations, general trends which are widespread and topical."
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MEMRI's work is organized into projects, each with a specific focus. The main subjects the organization addresses are
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In an email debate with Carmon, Whitaker asked about MEMRI's November 2000 translation of an interview given by the
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South Asia, was awarded the grant to document and translate anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial in the Middle East.
494:; relations between the U.S. and Middle East; pro-democracy and pro-civil rights views; inter-Arab relations; and
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the content in MEMRI's report came from Syria and Iraq, photographs of dead Chechen fighters were also included.
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reported that Israeli intelligence agencies have reduced their monitoring the Palestinian media with MEMRI and
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wrote that MEMRI distorts the Arab world by publishing the writings of extremists while ignoring moderates.
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Australian Sheik Sharif Hussein to Obama: Oh Enemy of Allah, You Will Be Trampled upon by Pure Muslim Feet
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911:, to take part in a discussion on the event. Al-Sibai is listed as a Specially Designated National by the
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Hudson, Leila (Winter 2005). "The New Ivory Towers: Think Tanks, Strategic Studies and 'Counterrealism".
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712:" and "take things out of context in order to do personal and political harm to people they don't like".
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Concerning this change in their 'mission statement,' Political Research Associates, which studies the US
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Rebuttal of the lies and injustices that the Memri website and some of the British media spread about me
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314:, is an American non-profit press monitoring organization co-founded by Israeli ex-intelligence officer
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2643:"Islamic preacher Sheikh Sharif Hussein's call to kill all Hindus and Buddhists taken 'out of context'"
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two-minute video, which was a heavily condensed version of the Sheikh's 36-minute speech delivered in
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or pro-democracy voices in the regional media, it systematically leaves out intelligent criticism of
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768:, titled "Fear, Inc.: The Roots of the Islamophobia Network in America" lists MEMRI as promoting
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The organization indirectly gained public prominence as a source of news and analysis about the
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2190:"Office of International Religious Freedom Funds Middle East Media Research Institute Project"
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The Inner Core: Islamophobia and its Impact in the United States January 2011-December 2012
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is against the killing of innocents. The innocent man cannot be killed according to Islam.
8:
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3345:. In Baum, Steven K.; Kressel, Neil J.; Cohen, Florette; Jacobs, Steven Leonard (eds.).
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1722:"At MEMRI's Washington event, McCain says world seeing resurgence in anti-Semitism"
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gathering through the project, and publishes an annual report on anti-Semitism and
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3231:"Narratives of terrorism and security: 'accurate' translations, suspicious frames"
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described MEMRI as "a propaganda organization dedicated to representing Arabs and
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Orientalism and Conspiracy: Politics and Conspiracy Theory in the Islamic World
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2610:"SA Police investigating Islamic preacher's call for violence in online video"
1494:"Officials: Israel Outsources Monitoring of Palestinian Media After IDF Lapse"
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questioned Whitaker's own biases, wondering if Whitaker is biased in favor of
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which made it appear as if Finkelstein was questioning the death toll of the
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Non-governmental organizations involved in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
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Middle East Media and Research Institute Inc. - Initial File Number: 973914
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in 2007, he said MEMRI uses "the same sort of propaganda techniques as the
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video, which MEMRI defended, which it said indicated that any individual
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By leaving out the condemnation of the "killing of innocents" entirely,
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2461:"Propaganda that widens the Arab-West divide – Gained in translation"
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1556:"Group exposing the drumbeat of Islamic State's propaganda machine"
1434:"Israeli Web site Debka.com at center of New York 'dirty bomb' tip"
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3014:, October 21, 2009, archived from the original on October 24, 2009
2015:"Global Growing Concern About Iran's Offensive Cyber Capabilities"
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District of Columbia Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs
857:. This, the Centre said, was omitted from the edited MEMRI video.
1407:. November 9, 2011. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009.
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Bigotry, Hate Speech from Scholars Must Be Exposed and Condemned
2478:[Translation or betrayal? Desinformation, Israeli way].
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Media research, English-language translation, original analysis
3008:"Politics–US: Pro-Israel Group's Money Trail Veers Hard Right"
2069:] and that Jihadism is the weaponised version of Islamism.
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as an "enemy of Allah, you who kiss the shoes and feet of the
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on 22 March, Hussein called Australian and American soldiers "
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510:
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Greenberg, Richard (April 30, 2009). "Denying the deniers".
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Fear, Inc. The Roots of the Islamophobia Network in America
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material on anti-Semitism. The project is sponsored by the
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1792:"Apparent New Al Qaeda-Linked Magazine Is Being Published"
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2043:"Urdu media has radicalised Muslims, feels ex-BBC scribe"
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2476:"Traduction ou trahison? Désinformation à l'israélienne"
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to write to the Police Commissioner charging that under
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In August 2011, the United States Department of State's
3291:. In Graf, Arndt; Fathi, Schirin; Paul, Ludwig (eds.).
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1652:"State Dept. gives $ 200,000 grants to MEMRI, Centropa"
1238:
Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax
860:
342:
while de-emphasizing or ignoring mainstream opinions.
2431:
2312:
2227:
702:. In an interview with the Muslim-American newspaper
3289:"Memri.org – A Tool of Enlightenment or Incitement?"
2977:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2417:"No Longer Obscure, Memri Translates the Arab World"
1104:
551:
The organization's Cyber and Jihad Lab (CJL) tracks
3078:"In Gaza, Hamas's Insults to Jews Complicate Peace"
2495:
2493:
2410:
2408:
1251:
724:, a professor of Modern Middle East History at the
720:Several critics have accused MEMRI of selectivity.
3347:Antisemitism in North America: New World, Old Hate
2978:Al-Mallah, Majd Yaser; Fitzpatrick, Coeli (2008),
1522:
1520:
1492:
867:Tomorrow's Pioneers § Translation controversy
2446:
2167:Rating – The Middle East Media Research Institute
1857:
1649:
1025:wrote that "no one disputes their translations."
643:
16:Washington-based pro-Israel non-profit think tank
3459:Lobbying organizations based in Washington, D.C.
3410:
3024:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2867:Fielding, Nick; Gadher, Dipesh (July 17, 2005),
2739:
2737:
2509:(press release), Mayor of London, archived from
2490:
2405:
2356:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1944:"US Tech Firms urged to help combat cyber jihad"
1822:"Virtual Jihad: Chechnya's Instagram Insurgency"
1687:"Fight against Holocaust denial 'far from over'"
1590:
1588:
1586:
3192:"Middle East: lifting a veil on the Arab press"
2288:"Email debate: Yigal Carmon and Brian Whitaker"
1935:
1877:Chang, Andrea; Dave, Paresh (August 20, 2014).
1517:
2869:"London-based radical salutes bombs 'victory'"
2866:
1913:"The Islamic State Casts a Shadow in Pakistan"
1853:
1851:
2734:
2338:. Archived from the original on June 20, 2007
2239:
1684:
1583:
1395:
1393:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1179:Middle East Media and Research Institute Inc.
800:In August 2013, the Islamic Da'wah Centre of
2746:"Osama Bin Laden Tape Threatens U.S. States"
2702:
2700:
1879:"Social networks crack down on terror posts"
1242:Middle East Media and Research Institute Inc
969:". Barakat claims an essay he wrote for the
754:state that MEMRI's analyses are distortion.
579:The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, Inc.
3449:Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict
3434:Middle Eastern studies in the United States
2336:"MEMRI is 'propaganda machine' expert says"
1848:
1819:
1550:
1128:Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict
605:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
3454:Zionist organizations in the United States
3387:
3148:
1594:
1390:
1263:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
680:In 2006, MEMRI released an interview with
290:
3429:Media analysis organizations and websites
3354:
3274:"Meyrav Wurmser: The Neocons' Den Mother"
3246:
3124:"Giving the Hatemongers No Place to Hide"
2697:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2209:
2207:
2182:
1904:
1876:
1630:
601:Office of International Religious Freedom
325:Critics describe MEMRI as a strongly pro-
318:and Israeli-American political scientist
3279:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
3184:
3154:
3118:
3112:
3075:
2955:
2885:
2798:
2706:
2679:Islamic Da'wah Centre of South Australia
2414:
2329:
2327:
2282:
1942:Solomon, Ariel Ben (December 12, 2014).
1685:van der Vaart, Marieke (July 27, 2011).
1405:Right Web - Institute for Policy Studies
1322:
1276:
1173:
1171:
1169:
502:is the organization's flagship project.
312:Middle East Media and Research Institute
22:Middle East Media and Research Institute
3282:. Vol. 26, no. 3. p. 17.
3271:
3172:from the original on September 19, 2012
3107:from the original on September 27, 2007
2951:
2949:
2471:from the original on February 13, 2015.
2440:
1941:
1759:[A window on the Middle East].
1719:
1529:"Impacting the collective global MEMRI"
1526:
1446:from the original on September 18, 2008
1221:
923:The term "civilians" does not exist in
3411:
3340:
3317:
2935:"Middle East Media Research Institute"
2851:, no. 932, MEMRI, July 12, 2005,
2833:from the original on October 18, 2015.
2768:
2743:
2602:
2383:"Bin Laden's Audio: Threat to States?"
2318:
2263:
2233:
2213:
2204:
2092:from the original on February 11, 2017
2012:
1990:from the original on February 11, 2017
1977:
1790:Kimery, Anthony (September 10, 2014).
1789:
1767:from the original on February 11, 2017
1732:from the original on December 23, 2016
1662:from the original on February 11, 2017
1612:from the original on December 19, 2021
1401:"Middle East Media Research Institute"
1217:from the original on January 26, 2017.
1151:
1149:
1147:
459:party". Carmon, in a public letter to
3286:
3225:
3204:from the original on January 19, 2012
3094:
2966:from the original on January 18, 2012
2879:
2811:from the original on October 17, 2015
2774:
2667:
2527:
2393:from the original on December 8, 2006
2371:
2324:
2178:from the original on January 25, 2007
1910:
1720:Solomon, Ariel Ben (April 16, 2015).
1650:Ruth Ellen Gruber (August 15, 2011).
1568:from the original on October 19, 2016
1527:Cashman, Greer Fay (April 16, 2009).
1490:
1431:
1384:
1361:Council on American–Islamic Relations
1350:Council on American–Islamic Relations
1310:
1257:
1166:
1037:
1002:, a professor of Media Policy at the
716:Selective focus on Islamic extremists
3056:
2946:
2855:from the original on October 8, 2012
2756:from the original on October 3, 2007
2750:Middle East Media Research Institute
2655:from the original on August 28, 2013
2640:
2634:
2622:from the original on August 31, 2013
2597:from the original on October 4, 2013
2486:from the original on March 16, 2016.
2377:
1889:from the original on August 17, 2016
1832:from the original on October 1, 2016
1505:from the original on October 5, 2022
1464:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1065:, a political opinion columnist for
1028:
861:Translation accuracy and controversy
304:Middle East Media Research Institute
3424:Charities based in Washington, D.C.
3343:"Holocaust Denial in North America"
3136:from the original on April 22, 2009
2911:
2415:Perelman, Marc (December 7, 2001).
2258:from the original on August 1, 2004
2192:. United States Department of State
1956:from the original on April 12, 2016
1754:
1697:from the original on August 4, 2017
1277:Whitaker, Brian (August 12, 2002).
1144:
607:, awarded MEMRI a $ 200,000 grant.
350:The organization was co-founded by
13:
3272:Curtiss, Richard H. (April 2007).
3076:Erlanger, Steven (April 1, 2008).
2956:Roshwald, Aviel (April 26, 2002),
2801:"Arabsats Get the MEMRI Treatment"
2775:Smith, Ramona (November 2, 2004),
2744:Carmon, Yigal (October 31, 2004).
2300:from the original on July 21, 2015
1820:Ungerleider, Neal (May 14, 2013).
849:, the birth defects due to use of
14:
3470:
3444:Organizations established in 1998
3374:
3097:"Pay any price, bear any burden?"
2777:"Did Osama send election threat?"
2722:from the original on May 17, 2007
2681:. August 24, 2013. Archived from
2473:See in French (freely available)
2049:. August 14, 2016. Archived from
1923:from the original on May 13, 2016
1491:Ravid, Barak (January 31, 2022).
1480:from the original on May 2, 2015.
1188:
3334:10.1111/j.1475-4967.2005.00229.x
3295:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 165–180.
3095:Lloyd, John (February 3, 2003),
2896:], Almaqreze, archived from
2889:مركز المقريزي للدراسات التاريخية
2886:al-Sebai, Hani (July 17, 2005),
2593:(clip), MEMRI TV, July 3, 2013,
2140:MEMRI Media Transparency Profile
1860:Homeland Security Today Magazine
1470:"Intimidation By Israeli Linked"
1323:Whitaker, Brian (May 15, 2007).
1107:
880:that did not vote for President
562:
27:
3219:
3088:
3069:
3050:
3033:
3000:
2971:
2927:
2905:
2860:
2837:
2815:
2799:Whitaker, Brian (Spring 2005),
2792:
2641:Cook, Craig (August 25, 2013).
2578:
2540:
2528:David, Assaf (August 3, 2012).
2521:
2214:Lalami, Laila (June 19, 2006),
2158:
2131:
2104:
2074:
2035:
2013:Verten, Dan (August 23, 2013).
2006:
1978:Babbin, Jed (August 25, 2016).
1971:
1870:
1813:
1783:
1748:
1713:
1678:
1643:
1624:
1544:
1484:
1458:
1425:
915:because of alleged support for
688:in which he discussed his book
3200:. EC next. September 1, 2002.
2980:Twentieth-century Arab writers
1755:Lau, Mariam (April 23, 2005).
1432:Baron, Dan (August 17, 2007).
1342:
1316:
1183:Tax Exempt Organization Search
843:Australian anti-terrorism laws
793:, it is as if we were quoting
644:Accusations of pro-Israel bias
616:extreme views from Arabic and
525:. The archives were named for
1:
3235:Critical Studies on Terrorism
2559:, August 2011, archived from
2499:"... when it distorts ..." in
1911:Iqbal, Myra (June 11, 2015).
1757:"Ein Fenster zum Nahen Osten"
1600:"Thanks For The Memri (.Org)"
1138:
732:'s counterintelligence unit,
396:Political Research Associates
373:
3248:10.1080/17539153.2010.521639
2939:Institute for Policy Studies
2557:Center for American Progress
2082:"9/11 Documentation Project"
888:, not individual US states.
766:Center for American Progress
610:
7:
3349:. Brill. pp. 301–347.
1185:. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
1163:. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
1100:
893:7 July 2005 London bombings
774:Islam is inherently violent
481:
10:
3475:
3394:MEMRI's official pages on
3197:Columbia Journalism Review
1980:"A New Window Into Russia"
864:
345:
2823:"Treasury.gov Page Moved"
2675:"Official Media Response"
1656:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1417:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1087:, the managing editor of
1004:University of Westminster
855:Burmese Buddhist massacre
776:and promotes extremism."
632:-style democracy, US and
620:media, which portray the
366:. It was incorporated in
277:
264:
249:
238:
225:
193:
183:
171:
159:
147:
137:
129:
119:
108:
98:
83:
71:
61:
43:
35:
26:
3341:Lasson, Kenneth (2016).
2116:, Cursor, archived from
1246:Internal Revenue Service
1011:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
3287:Fathi, Schirin (2010).
2915:The story of an article
2781:Philadelphia Daily News
2019:Homeland Security Today
1796:Homeland Security Today
1133:Palestinian Media Watch
636:policy and secularism.
587:John M. Olin Foundation
585:, and $ 5,000 from the
583:The Randolph Foundation
475:Palestinian Media Watch
197:Board of directors
3158:(September 18, 2012).
2047:The New Indian Express
1984:The American Spectator
1633:Washington Jewish Week
1598:(September 14, 2004).
1554:(September 12, 2016).
1098:
1059:
1046:defended MEMRI in the
997:
945:
929:
913:US Treasury Department
726:University of Michigan
691:The Holocaust Industry
535:United States Congress
420:media outlets such as
49:; 26 years ago
3356:10.1163/9789004307148
3301:10.5040/9780755610969
3160:"Look in Your Mirror"
3059:Arab Television Today
2984:Gale Cengage Learning
2480:Le Monde Diplomatique
2465:Le Monde Diplomatique
2216:"Missionary Position"
1468:(November 23, 2004).
1093:
1054:
992:
953:Le Monde diplomatique
937:Islamic jurisprudence
933:
925:Islamic religious law
921:
533:survivor to serve in
515:U.S. State Department
47:December 1, 1997
3419:Propaganda in Israel
3229:(December 3, 2010).
3057:Sadr, Naomi (2007).
2787:on November 24, 2004
2566:on November 11, 2011
2427:on December 6, 2001.
2381:(November 2, 2004),
2286:(January 28, 2003).
1691:The Washington Times
1561:The Washington Times
935:There is no term in
813:pigs" and stated "O
384:September 11 attacks
166:Alberto M. Fernandez
2712:"Arabic under fire"
2618:. August 23, 2013.
1605:The National Review
1387:, pp. 188–190.
1325:"Arabic under fire"
757:Assaf David of the
734:Vincent Cannistraro
407:The Washington Post
392:Bush administration
386:and the subsequent
364:political scientist
23:
3321:Middle East Policy
3165:The New York Times
3129:The New York Times
3082:The New York Times
2900:on October 2, 2011
2685:on August 31, 2013
2516:on August 16, 2012
2120:on August 18, 2007
2053:on August 17, 2016
1949:The Jerusalem Post
1726:The Jerusalem Post
1552:Scarborough, Rowan
1534:The Jerusalem Post
1071:The New York Times
1067:The New York Times
1038:Positive reception
1023:The New York Times
847:rape cases in Iraq
795:The New York Times
682:Norman Finkelstein
401:The New York Times
340:Islamic extremists
310:), officially the
260:57 (international)
258:20 (United States)
173:Executive director
139:Official language
21:
3366:978-90-04-30714-8
3310:978-0-85773-183-8
3122:(July 22, 2005).
3065:. pp. 79–80.
3045:(transcript), CNN
2993:978-0-7876-8164-7
2530:"Selective Memri"
2172:Charity Navigator
1883:Los Angeles Times
1279:"Selective Memri"
1091:, wrote in 2002:
1029:Response by MEMRI
783:: "When we quote
594:Charity Navigator
581:, $ 100,000 from
575:MediaTransparency
413:Los Angeles Times
298:
297:
3466:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3383:Official website
3370:
3358:
3337:
3314:
3283:
3268:
3250:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3156:Friedman, Thomas
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3120:Friedman, Thomas
3116:
3110:
3108:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3043:Your World Today
3037:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3015:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2953:
2944:
2942:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2918:, archived from
2912:Barakat, Halim,
2909:
2903:
2901:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2873:The Sunday Times
2864:
2858:
2856:
2849:Special Dispatch
2841:
2835:
2834:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2807:, vol. 13,
2796:
2790:
2788:
2783:, archived from
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2710:(May 15, 2007).
2704:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2554:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2508:
2503:Qaradawi dossier
2497:
2488:
2487:
2482:. October 2005.
2472:
2467:. October 2005.
2457:
2444:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2423:. Archived from
2412:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2387:Informed Comment
2375:
2369:
2361:
2355:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2333:Lawrence Swaim,
2331:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2280:
2261:
2259:
2253:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2147:on June 14, 2007
2143:, archived from
2135:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2058:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1939:
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1932:
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1928:
1908:
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1855:
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1787:
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1752:
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1745:
1739:
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1711:
1710:
1704:
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1682:
1676:
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1669:
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1628:
1622:
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1619:
1617:
1592:
1581:
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1575:
1573:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1496:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1474:Informed Comment
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1408:
1397:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1358:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1274:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1248:. June 30, 2018.
1234:
1219:
1218:
1203:
1186:
1175:
1164:
1153:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1061:In a 2005 piece
949:Mohammed El Oifi
851:depleted uranium
759:Truman Institute
700:Holocaust denier
523:Holocaust denial
382:, following the
368:Washington, D.C.
294:
289:
286:
284:
269:
254:
242:
230:
214:Robert R. Reilly
198:
178:Steven Stalinsky
113:Washington, D.C.
103:Media monitoring
57:
55:
50:
31:
24:
20:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3409:
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3381:
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3367:
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3089:
3074:
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3055:
3051:
3038:
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2994:
2976:
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2884:
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2816:
2797:
2793:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2708:Whitaker, Brian
2705:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2656:
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2625:
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2590:
2584:
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2500:
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2406:
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2349:
2348:
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2334:
2332:
2325:
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2313:
2303:
2301:
2284:Whitaker, Brian
2281:
2264:
2251:
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2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
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2205:
2195:
2193:
2188:
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2183:
2164:
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2159:
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2137:
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2110:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2056:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2023:
2021:
2011:
2007:
1993:
1991:
1976:
1972:
1959:
1957:
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1936:
1926:
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1698:
1683:
1679:
1665:
1663:
1648:
1644:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1596:Nordlinger, Jay
1593:
1584:
1571:
1569:
1549:
1545:
1525:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1489:
1485:
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1189:
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891:Following the
882:George W. Bush
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3238:
3234:
3220:Bibliography
3208:November 14,
3206:. Retrieved
3195:
3186:
3174:. Retrieved
3163:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3127:
3114:
3100:
3090:
3081:
3071:
3058:
3052:
3042:
3035:
3011:
3002:
2979:
2973:
2958:
2941:, IRC online
2938:
2929:
2920:the original
2914:
2907:
2898:the original
2893:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2862:
2848:
2839:
2827:treasury.gov
2826:
2817:
2804:
2794:
2785:the original
2780:
2770:
2758:. Retrieved
2749:
2724:. Retrieved
2716:The Guardian
2715:
2687:. Retrieved
2683:the original
2678:
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2646:
2636:
2624:. Retrieved
2613:
2604:
2591:(transcript)
2586:
2580:
2568:, retrieved
2561:the original
2548:
2542:
2533:
2523:
2511:the original
2502:
2479:
2464:
2441:Curtiss 2007
2425:the original
2420:
2395:, retrieved
2386:
2373:
2363:
2340:. Retrieved
2314:
2302:. Retrieved
2293:The Guardian
2291:
2252:(transcript)
2247:
2241:
2229:
2222:, p. 32
2219:
2194:. Retrieved
2184:
2166:
2160:
2149:, retrieved
2145:the original
2139:
2133:
2122:, retrieved
2118:the original
2112:
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2085:
2076:
2064:
2062:
2055:. Retrieved
2051:the original
2046:
2037:
2029:
2022:. Retrieved
2018:
2008:
1999:
1992:. Retrieved
1983:
1973:
1965:
1958:. Retrieved
1947:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1916:
1906:
1898:
1891:. Retrieved
1882:
1872:
1863:
1859:
1841:
1834:. Retrieved
1826:Fast Company
1825:
1815:
1806:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:
1785:
1776:
1769:. Retrieved
1760:
1750:
1741:
1734:. Retrieved
1725:
1715:
1706:
1699:. Retrieved
1690:
1680:
1671:
1664:. Retrieved
1655:
1645:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1603:
1577:
1570:. Retrieved
1559:
1546:
1538:
1532:
1507:. Retrieved
1498:
1486:
1473:
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1437:
1427:
1404:
1380:
1372:
1344:
1334:November 28,
1332:. Retrieved
1329:The Guardian
1328:
1318:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1283:The Guardian
1282:
1253:
1241:
1210:
1182:
1160:
1115:Media portal
1094:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1008:
998:
993:
989:
967:anti-Semites
957:
952:
946:
934:
930:
922:
890:
885:
870:
827:Barack Obama
817:, count the
799:
794:
784:
778:
770:Islamophobic
764:A report by
763:
756:
741:
738:Laila Lalami
719:
703:
689:
684:on Lebanese
679:
667:
658:The Guardian
656:
647:
638:
614:
598:
591:
573:
566:
557:
550:
546:
539:
519:Capitol Hill
504:
500:
485:
468:
466:
446:
439:
433:
427:
421:
411:
405:
399:
380:Muslim world
377:
352:Yigal Carmon
349:
335:Muslim world
324:
316:Yigal Carmon
311:
307:
303:
301:
299:
154:Yigal Carmon
109:Headquarters
84:Legal status
36:Abbreviation
18:
3227:Baker, Mona
3063:I.B. Tauris
2421:The Forward
2342:November 9,
2319:Lasson 2016
2234:Hudson 2005
2196:January 24,
2124:October 15,
2096:February 1,
2024:February 1,
1836:October 26,
1771:October 26,
1666:October 25,
1616:October 26,
1572:October 26,
1296:October 18,
750:politician
655:editor for
653:Middle East
651:, then the
567:MEMRI is a
529:, the only
358:agent, and
266:Volunteers
245:$ 6,247,476
234:$ 6,292,683
210:Reid Morden
3413:Categories
2718:. London.
2689:August 29,
2659:August 29,
2626:August 29,
2570:October 1,
2397:January 8,
2379:Cole, Juan
2296:. London.
2220:The Nation
2151:October 7,
2057:August 29,
1994:August 30,
1960:August 31,
1927:August 30,
1893:August 30,
1801:August 29,
1736:August 29,
1466:Cole, Juan
1385:Fathi 2010
1359:(Report).
1311:Fathi 2010
1258:Baker 2010
1139:References
1044:John Lloyd
1000:Naomi Sakr
907:living in
897:Al Jazeera
865:See also:
853:, and the
743:The Nation
527:Tom Lantos
438:, and the
435:Commentary
374:Objectives
331:Arab world
251:Employees
92:non-profit
88:Think tank
79:52-2068483
74:Tax ID no.
54:1997-12-01
3265:144273369
3257:1753-9161
3140:March 23,
2088:. MEMRI.
2086:memri.org
1509:April 24,
1450:April 24,
1291:0261-3077
1079:Brit Hume
1021:In 2008,
973:Daily of
819:Buddhists
748:UK Labour
722:Juan Cole
696:Holocaust
686:Al Jadeed
611:Reception
569:501(c)(3)
540:Arab and
531:Holocaust
492:terrorism
467:In 2012,
461:Juan Cole
453:anti-Arab
322:in 1997.
239:Expenses
149:President
125:Worldwide
66:501(c)(3)
3396:Facebook
3202:Archived
3170:Archived
3134:Archived
3105:archived
3020:citation
2964:archived
2853:archived
2831:Archived
2809:archived
2754:Archived
2720:Archived
2653:Archived
2620:Archived
2615:ABC News
2595:archived
2484:Archived
2469:Archived
2391:archived
2389:(blog),
2352:cite web
2304:July 19,
2298:Archived
2256:archived
2176:archived
2113:About Us
2090:Archived
1988:Archived
1954:Archived
1921:Archived
1887:Archived
1830:Archived
1765:Archived
1761:Die Welt
1730:Archived
1695:Archived
1660:Archived
1610:Archived
1566:Archived
1503:Archived
1478:Archived
1444:Archived
1413:cite web
1352:(2013).
1215:Archived
1101:See also
1077:In 2002
1042:In 2003
1015:Al-Ahram
971:Al-Hayat
917:al-Qaida
905:Islamist
899:invited
878:US state
837:senator
821:and the
811:Crusader
807:Adelaide
786:Al-Ahram
705:In Focus
482:Projects
429:Fox News
354:, an ex-
333:and the
227:Revenue
3404:Twitter
3400:YouTube
2760:May 21,
2726:May 16,
2534:Haaretz
2365:InFocus
2254:, CNN,
1499:Haaretz
1207:"About"
1123:Hasbara
980:Judaism
963:Muslims
909:Britain
886:nations
835:Liberal
663:Zionism
634:Israeli
630:Western
618:Persian
603:in the
542:Iranian
470:Haaretz
390:by the
346:History
278:Website
143:English
130:Product
121:Region
52: (
44:Founded
3402:, and
3363:
3307:
3263:
3255:
2990:
2248:Debate
1778:bites.
1367:
1289:
975:London
823:Hindus
675:Hebrew
507:Arabic
410:, and
327:Israel
285:.memri
268:(2017)
253:(2017)
241:(2018)
229:(2018)
3261:S2CID
2892:[
2564:(PDF)
2553:(PDF)
2514:(PDF)
2507:(PDF)
1808:Iran.
1365:JSTOR
1357:(PDF)
1211:MEMRI
941:Islam
903:, an
815:Allah
791:Egypt
710:Nazis
671:Arabs
511:Farsi
488:jihad
457:Likud
308:MEMRI
99:Focus
39:MEMRI
3361:ISBN
3305:ISBN
3253:ISSN
3210:2011
3178:2012
3142:2009
3026:link
2988:ISBN
2762:2018
2728:2007
2691:2013
2661:2013
2628:2013
2572:2011
2399:2007
2358:link
2344:2008
2306:2015
2198:2014
2153:2007
2126:2007
2098:2017
2059:2016
2026:2017
1996:2016
1962:2016
1929:2016
1895:2016
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