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789:"The most important document ever translated by the M.I.S. was the Z-Plan of the Japanese Combined Fleet date 5 March 1944, signed by Admiral Koga, Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet at Palau. Translated and distributed on 23 May 1944, the Z-Plan was the Japanese Imperial Navy's strategy to actively defend against any attacks on the Marianas and the Philippine Islands by the U.S. Navy. The translation of this strategic document made it possible for the Navy to gain victory in the Marianas and the Philippines, and subsequently in other areas of the Pacific."
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657:, Halsey confessed to Burden that his own Caucasian interpreters only had a rudimentary understanding of Japanese and could only decipher the names of the prisoners. Burden convinced Halsey to give him a chance. Burden demonstrated the wealth of information that could be provided by a fully fluent linguist and vouched for the Nisei soldiers in his command to meet the demand. His presence proved to be instrumental in opening the eyes of the American field commanders to the value of the Nisei linguists.
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loyalty of the Nisei students, removing some due to suspicion, and prompting
Weckerling and Rasmussen to recognize that frontline commanders would have difficulty entrusting the Nisei soldiers with sensitive documents, and sought to find Caucasian officers with Japanese proficiency to serve as team leaders. Eighteen National Guard and Reserve officers drifted through the class, most failing due to limited comprehension ability and the complexity of the Japanese
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885:, eventually graduating more than 6,000 students by the end of the occupation. This was aided by the fact that MISLS introduced a condensed 4 month course in July 1945 focusing on just oral language skills to meet the demand for interpreters, instead of the immersive 9 month course focusing on the technical written language of the military for signals intelligence and psyops with strict entrance requirements for acceptance into the school.
839:. On his way back to his HQ to report the intel gained, he was shot in the abdomen and crawled, bleeding and in agony, through the grass and scrub back to his lines to make his report. Despite the best efforts of the field surgeons, he eventually succumbed to his wounds, but not before passing on the intelligence acquired. The account of his death was widely reported in national news, contrasting sharply with news that the local
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597:, a former Works Progress Administration facility (WPA) to host the MIS Language School. The school moved to Minnesota in June 1942, offering larger facilities without the complications of training Japanese-American students in the coastal areas they were prohibited from, and faced less anti-Japanese prejudice. In 1944 the school outgrew Camp Savage and was moved to
589:(MID) was being reorganized as the Military Intelligence Service (MIS). It was tasked with collecting, analyzing, and disseminating intelligence, and absorbed the Fourth Army Intelligence School. Originally comprising just 26 people, 16 of them officers, the MID was quickly expanded to include 342 officers and 1,000 enlisted men and civilians. Minnesota's Governor
695:. Although this message was first met with disbelief that the Japanese would be so careless, other MIS linguists in Alaska and Hawaii had also intercepted the same message, confirming its accuracy. The success of these first few Nisei linguists convinced the War Department to establish more Japanese-American combat units such as the famed
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Halls (named for Frank
Hachiya, Yukitaka "Terry" Mizutari, and George Nakamura, who were killed in action in Leyte, New Guinea, and Luzon respectively). Additionally, longtime civilian MISLS instructor Shigeya Kihara was inducted into the Defense Language Institute Hall of Fame in its inaugural year,
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had fifteen minutes of fuel time available to intercept
Yamamoto's aircraft near Bougainville. His plane was successfully intercepted and shot down. This was a blow to the morale of the Japanese, and was a morale booster for the Allies in the Pacific. Admiral Yamamoto had directed the Japanese attack
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At its peak in early 1946, the MISLS had 160 instructors and 3,000 students studying in more than 125 classrooms. The twenty-first and final commencement at Fort
Snelling in June 1946 featured the graduation of 307 students, bringing the total number of MISLS graduates to more than 6,000. What began
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Nisei from the MIS parachuted down into
Japanese POW prison camps at Hankow, Mukden, Peiping and Hainan as interpreters on mercy missions to liberate American and other Allied prisoners. Arthur T. Morimitsu was the only MIS member in the detachment commanded by Major Richard Irby and 1st Lt. Jeffrey
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The Nisei under
Merrill's command proved themselves particularly intrepid and helpful, venturing into the enemy lines and translating audible commands to counter attacks, and shouting conflicting commands to the Japanese, throwing them into confusion. They soon became the best known Nisei in the war
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Because of the highly classified and secret nature of these missions, knowledge of the work of many MIS soldiers was largely missing during the war and even decades afterwards. The role and activities of the MIS was kept in secrecy for more than 30 years; the few records about its activities were
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Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, some 5,000 Nisei were serving in the US military in various capacities, often assigned to menial tasks and labor units despite their qualifications. John Aiso had been drafted in 1940 and assigned to a motor pool even though at the time, he was already a well
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to Japan and China respectively. They took the opportunity to study the local language there, and understood the need to provide language training for enlisted troops. They were among the first US commanders to establish language programs offering classes for both officers and interested enlisted
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For
Veterans' Day in 2022, Hood River American Legion Post 22 publicly apologized to the Japanese American community, passing Resolution 001-2022 to officially repeal the controversial 1944 resolution removing the names of WWI Japanese American veterans from the post's honor roll. Hood River has
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by the
Japanese government for their efforts. The MIS also assisted in the demobilization of Japanese military personnel returning from various overseas posts, and contributed to the arrest and prosecution of Japan's military leaders during war trials that began in December 1945 and lasted until
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Following Pearl Harbor, most of the Nisei were summarily discharged or placed under constant surveillance. For the officers in charge of the school and their Nisei students, the outbreak of war prompted their studies to intensify to prove their loyalty. Military
Security officers questioned the
671:"The most important action resulting from a Japanese translation was at Bougainville in 1942. An M.I.S. translator translated an un-coded Japanese radio transmission that Admiral Yamamoto was scheduled to go on an inspection tour of the bases around the Solomon Islands. U.S. Navy
1154:, commemorates the Japanese Americans who served in the United States Army during World War II. General Douglas MacArthur is quoted on the monument in reference to the MIS saying, "Never in military history did an army know as much about the enemy prior to actual engagement".
863:, however much still remains unknown today. Consequently, many MIS soldiers did not receive recognition or decorations for their efforts. They became "unsung heroes", unacknowledged for their contributions in wartime as well as postwar activities. ATIS commander Col
995:, it expanded rapidly in 1947–48 during the Cold War. Instructors, including native speakers of more than thirty languages and dialects, were recruited from all over the world. Russian became the largest language program, followed by Chinese, Korean, and German.
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site honoring
Japanese American veterans who served in the Military Intelligence Service, 100th Infantry Battalion, 442nd RCT, and other units, as well as the patriotism and endurance of those held in Japanese American internment camps and detention centers.
828:, translating technical documents and scientific papers on nuclear physics. (At the end of the war, MIS linguists had translated 20.5 million pages, 18,000 enemy documents, created 16,000 propaganda leaflets and interrogated over 10,000 Japanese POWs.)
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staff first surveyed colleges for Japanese language students and came to the realization that in all of America, only 60 military aged Caucasian males had any interest in Japan, mostly for purely academic reasons. The possibility of using
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used their story to impress other Americans with Nisei valor and loyalty, even placing stories in local newspapers as the war waned in 1945, and the WRA prepared to release Japanese-American citizens back into their communities.
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and Arthur Kaneko were found to be qualified linguists and recruited along with two civilian instructors, Akira Oshida and Shigeya Kihara, and became the Military Intelligence Service Language School (MISLS)'s first instructors.
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The MISLS (initially known as the Fourth Army Intelligence School) began operation with an initial budget of $ 2,000 and scrounged together textbooks and supplies in November 1941, about a month before the Japanese bombed
514:, or Nisei, with language skills was suggested as the number of Caucasian personnel qualified in Japanese was almost non-existent, and there was little time to train additional Caucasian personnel. The Army directed the
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574:. Two men, however, graduated with the first group, Captain David Swift and Captain John Burden, both born in Japan as the sons of missionaries, and even spoke the Tokyo dialect better than some of the Nisei students.
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653:. Upon arrival, Burden and his Nisei predictably found themselves assigned to menial tasks translating non-sensitive personal letters far from the front due to the lack of trust. After a chance meeting with
415:"President Harry Truman called the Japanese Americans in the Military Intelligence Service (M.I.S.) the 'human secret weapon for the U.S. Armed Forces' against the Japanese in the Pacific. Major General
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to interrogate the first captured Japanese pilot. At first, commanders were skeptical of the Nisei linguists. The first unit of MIS deployed under the command of Capt John Burden with the
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to avoid the draft. Living amongst the Japanese community in Manila, they spied on Japanese interests and reported to the local CIP detachment of any hostile intentions discovered.
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Sakakida would eventually be captured and tortured by the Japanese following the fall of Corregidor, and help lead an escape of 500 Philippine guerrillas held at Mantinlupa Prison.
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During the occupation, Nisei members of the MIS addressed issues related to public welfare and the rebuilding of Japanese cities. George Koshi contributed in the creation of the
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518:, responsible for the defense of the West Coast, to start a school, assigning Lt. Col. John Weckerling and Capt. Kai E. Rasmussen, graduates of the Japanese language program in
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Shenkle, Kathryn (May 2006). "Patriots under Fire: Japanese Americans in World War II". Center of Military History, Department of the Army, United States Department of Defense.
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from U.S. soldiers unable to distinguish them from the Japanese, and even dealing with the psychological conflict of encountering former friends and family on the battlefield.
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in 1943 was a major MIS contribution to the war effort. MIS soldier Harold Fudenna intercepted a radio message indicating the whereabouts of Admiral Yamamoto, which led to
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that was the original site of the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) Language School, is preserved as the Military Intelligence Service Historic Learning Center by the
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eventually caused the post to reverse its course, restoring all the names of Nisei servicemen from Hood River to the wall, and adding the name of Frank Hachiya.
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Smith to observe the surrender ceremony of 60,000 Japanese troops under Gen. Shimada. Kan Tagami witnessed Japanese forces surrender to the British in Malaya.
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In March 1941, CIC agent Major Jack Gilbert recruited two former students from his previous position as military advisor at McKinley High School in Honolulu,
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previously made attempts to make amends to Nisei veterans, including replacing the names after great outcry in the immediate aftermath of the war.
901:. Thomas Sakamoto served as press escort during the occupation of Japan. He escorted American correspondents to Hiroshima, and the USS Missouri in
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601:. There it continued to grow, occupying 120 classrooms staffed by 60 odd instructors. Over 6,000 would graduate from the WWII language program.
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in 1802, requiring its cadets to understand French, which was considered the language of diplomacy, as well as the source of the majority of the
976:"issued press and pre-censorship codes outlawing the publication of all reports and statistics 'inimical to the objectives of the Occupation'."
909:. Arthur S. Komori served as personal interpreter for Brig. Gen. Elliot R. Thorpe. Kay Kitagawa served as personal interpreter of Fleet Admiral
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as an experimental military intelligence language-training program launched on a budget of $ 2,000 eventually became the forerunner of today's
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on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 after which the United States entered World War II in both the Pacific and Atlantic Theaters of Operation."
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Over 5,000 Japanese Americans served in the occupation of Japan. MIS graduates served as translators, interpreters, and investigators in the
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As the first MISLS class completed its training in May 1942, its students were immediately sent to the frontlines, participating in
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to the 6,000 Japanese Americans who served in the Military Intelligence Service during the war, as well as the Japanese American
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had removed the names of 16 WWI Japanese-Americans veterans from its 'roll of honor' only a month before. Scathing editorials in
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As relations worsened with Japan in the buildup to the war, a group of officers with previous tours of duty in Japan including
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recognized the need for an intelligence unit able to comprehend not only the spoken Japanese language but the intricacies of
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554:. The first class of 60 students begin their training at the Presidio in San Francisco, graduating 45 students in May 1942.
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texts at the time. Spanish was added to the curriculum following the Mexican-American War and German after World War I.
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during the Luzon Campaign in the Philippines. Mailer would base the character of "Tom Wakara" on Yamada in his novel,
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In April 2000, more than 50 years after World War II, the Military Intelligence Service became the recipient of the
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Eiji Takemae, Robert Ricketts, Sebastian Swann, Inside GHQ: The Allied Occupation of Japan and Its Legacy. p. 67. (
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2384:"Go for Broke National Education Center - Preserving the Legacy of the Japanese American Veterans of World War II"
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608:(CIP) detachment grew from a 4 man staff to 12 officers and 18 special agents as the (CIP) was reorganized as the
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2006, and MISLS graduates Col Thomas Sakamoto and Maj Masaji Gene Uratsu inducted the following year in 2007.
804:(ATIS) as linguists and in other non-combatant roles, interpreting captured enemy documents and interrogating
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The experience of the Nisei MIS linguists' experience was fictionalized for the Japanese market in the novel
869:"The United States of America owes a debt to these men and to their families which it can never fully repay."
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800:. Many of the MIS Language School graduates during this time were attached to the joint Australian/American
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Brig Gen Frank Merrill, commander of "Merrill's Marauders," poses with Herbert Miyasaki and Akiji Yoshimura.
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National Japanese American Historical Society § Military_Intelligence_Service_Historic_Learning_Center
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905:. Sakamoto was one of three Japanese Americans to be on board the USS Missouri when the Japanese formally
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An MIS interpreter assists Japanese Lt Gen Tachibana as he prepares to surrender at the Bonin Islands
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Beyond Two Homelands: Migration and Transnationalism of Japanese Americans in the Pacific, 1930-1955
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2004:. Office of Strategic Management and Information, US Army Intelligence and Security Command. 2005.
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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long recognized the need for foreign language comprehension going back to the establishment of
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This article is about the Japanese American unit of the MIS. For the German-Austrian unit, see
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MIS servicemen would then be present at every major battle against Japanese forces following
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MIS interrogators Phil Ishio and Arthur Ushiro question a prisoner taken in the Buna campaign
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Nisei Linguists: Japanese Americans in the Military Intelligence Service During World War II
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Nisei Linguists: Japanese Americans in the Military Intelligence Service During World War II
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in honor of the Japanese Americans who served in the MIS, along with the individually named
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2823:"The Terror:Infamy's EP and Derek Mio unpack the shocking ending of 'Shatter Like A Pearl'"
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for the tens of thousands of linguists who serve American interests throughout the world.
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The first MISLS students came from the army, but later students were also recruited from
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and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
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1976:"America's Secret Army: The Untold Story of the Counter Intelligence Corps / Sakakida"
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John Aiso and the MIS: Japanese-American Soldiers in the Military Intelligence Service
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shortened the Pacific War by two years and saved possibly a million American lives.'"
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Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
2186:"American Legion Post 22 apologizes: Actions in 1944 'ultimately caused great harm'"
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in January 1944, fourteen MIS linguists were assigned to the unit, including future
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and Munakata Hall (named for the former MISLS instructor Yutaka Munakata), and the
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In Freedom's Cause: A Record of the Men of Hawaii Who Died in the Second World War
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The story of the MIS Japanese-American translators was published in the 1988 book
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They served with the United States Army, Navy, and Marine Corps, as well as with
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The Nisei servicemen weren't entirely without controversy, as soldiers with the
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2104:"The "Z Plan" Story: Japan's 1944 Naval Battle Strategy Drifts into U.S. Hands"
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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2206:. Fort Huachuca: US Army Intelligence Center. pp. 1–8. Archived from
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Armed with Language: How The Nisei Won The War | Full Documentary (60min)
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944:, while Raymond Aka and Harry Fukuhara assisted in creating the Japanese
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2424:"The Japanese-American U.S. Army Intelligence Unit that helped win WWII"
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In the shadow of the sphinx : a history of Army counterintelligence
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MIS interpreter Ben Oshita questions a witness for the war crimes trials
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Military units and formations of the United States Army in World War II
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1839:"The Beginnings of the United States Army's Japanese Language Training"
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honoring MIS members George Nakamura, Frank Hachiya, and Terry Mizutari
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2536:"Congressional Gold Medal Presented to Nisei Soldiers of World War II"
1950:"Secret military language school at Fort Snelling getting recognition"
968:. The Allied occupation forces suppressed news of criminal activities
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List of Japanese American servicemen and servicewomen in World War II
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in 1983. It was dramatized into a limited series of the same name by
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In August 1944, the language school outgrew Camp Savage and moved to
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The following MIS personnel were killed over the course of the war:
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917:. Journalist Don Caswell was accompanied by a Nisei interpreter to
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The inaugural MISLS class at the Presidio of San Francisco in 1942
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Nisei MIS linguists translated Japanese documents known as the "
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1897:"Patriotism and Prejudice: Japanese Americans and World War II"
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2141:"Private Hachiya, American". New York Times. 17 February 1945.
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Nisei Soldiers Break Their Silence: Coming Home to Hood River
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were also responsible for implementing censorship during the
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was tasked with interrogating a prisoner captured during the
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was Chief of MIS at the War Department for most of the War.
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Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II
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Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians
2449:"History of the Presidio of Monterey - Army Language School"
2201:"Sidney F. Mashbir: Some Lessons in Joint Intelligence Work"
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Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II
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Anti-Japanese sentiment pushed President Roosevelt to issue
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soldiers, teaching rudimentary spoken Chinese and Japanese.
485:, both West Point graduates of the class of 1904, served as
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unit (described here) and the German-Austrian unit based at
2290:"The Nisei Intelligence War Against Japan by Ted Tsukiyama"
2251:"Delayed Recognition in the CBI Theater: A Common Problem?"
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Kan Tagami served as personal interpreter-aide for General
396:(second-generation Japanese Americans) who were trained as
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Fred T. Korematsu Institute for Civil Rights and Education
2488:"Military Intelligence Service Unit and Individual Awards"
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In 2001, filmmaker Gayle Yamada produced the documentary
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On 5 October 2010, Congress approved the granting of the
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2562:"US Army Ranger Association, Inc. - Ranger Hall of Fame"
2087:. Go For Broke National Education Center. Archived from
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Those indicated with an (*) have been inducted into the
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Defense Language and National Security Education Office
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Nisei Soldiers of World War II Congressional Gold Medal
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finally made available to the public in 1972 under the
4264:
Bainbridge Island Japanese American Exclusion Memorial
3382:
National Museum of Intelligence and Special Operations
2866:"Bob Hoichi Kubo, Recipient of DSC, Profile of a Hero"
921:, where the Japanese government imprisoned communists
390:". The unit described here was primarily composed of
3526:
2517:"White House honors Japanese American WWII veterans"
1688:
United States Army Intelligence and Security Command
1199:
would meet 2nd Lt Yoshikazu Yamada, assigned to the
1076:
Nine members of the MIS have been inducted into the
952:. Koshi, Aka, and Fukuhara would all be awarded the
867:
would write in his memoir, "I Was an American Spy",
2718:"PBS tells story of WWII U.S. intelligence service"
2467:"Military Intelligence Service – Honors and Awards"
2453:
Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center
1693:
300th Military Intelligence Brigade (United States)
1564:T/4 Ben Satoshi Kurokawa (Born Guadalupe, CA - KIA
1007:, the highest honor given to a U.S. military unit.
378:U.S. military unit consisting of two branches, the
3372:Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System
2665:"National Japanese American Memorial, (sculpture)"
2643:Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center
2618:Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center
2593:Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center
2153:
1876:Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center
1801:
1628:T/4 George Mitsuo Shibata (Born Chicago, IL – KIA
1550:2LT David Akira Itami (Born Los Angeles, CA - DNB
1010:Individual MIS members have been honored with the
2235:. Military Intelligence Service Research Center.
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1522:T/4 Haruyuki Ikemoto (Born Hamakuapoko, HI – DNB
1223:Author Pamela Rotner Sakamoto published the book
531:The Military Intelligence Service Language School
4300:
3281:Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity
3266:National Counterintelligence and Security Center
2126:"Military Intelligence Service Language School,"
1843:The National Archives and Records Administration
1214:Uncommon Courage: Patriotism and Civil Liberties
1073:was collectively presented on November 2, 2011.
899:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
691:fighter planes shooting down his plane over the
4374:American military personnel of Japanese descent
4354:United States Army Signals Intelligence Service
3357:Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency
2741:
2035:. National Japanese American Historical Society
2023:
2021:
1497:T/Sgt Eddie Yukio Fukui (Born Tacoma, WA – KIA
4034:List of inmates of Topaz War Relocation Center
3218:Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence
2352:
2350:
1826:. U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command.
1739:
1683:United States Army Military Intelligence Corps
1621:T/4 Wilfred Motokane (Born Honolulu, HI – DNB
1529:T/4 William Shunichi Imoto (Harding, WA - KIA
1170:Military Intelligence Service Memorial Highway
154:Translation, interpretation, and interrogation
3512:
2949:
2912:Military Intelligence Service Research Center
2841:"Nisei in Military Intelligence Hall of Fame"
2690:Umberg, Tom; Andal, Dean (2 September 1994).
2266:
2264:
2101:
1589:Pfc Masaru Muramoto (Born Honolulu, HI – DNB
1571:S/Sgt Joseph Kuwada (Born Honolulu, HI – DNB
1125:National Japanese American Historical Society
623:, as Japanese sailors who jumped ship in the
4249:Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project
3856:Fort Missoula Alien Enemy Detention Facility
3271:Cyber Threat Intelligence Integration Center
3172:DEA Office of National Security Intelligence
2858:
2118:
2018:
1872:"75th Anniversary Special: The Nisei legacy"
1596:S/Sgt Shoichi Nakahara (Born Olaa, HI – DNB
4324:Defunct United States intelligence agencies
3861:Fort Stanton Alien Enemy Detention Facility
3851:Fort Lincoln Alien Enemy Detention Facility
3846:Crystal City Alien Enemy Detention Facility
3415:Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board
3352:Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence
3062:
2689:
2662:
2347:
2047:
1799:
1536:T/4 Kazuyoshi Inouye (Born Lihue, HI – DNB
892:
778:, in which the Japanese lost most of their
4254:Japanese Evacuation and Resettlement Study
3519:
3505:
2956:
2942:
2292:. Japanese American Veterans Association.
2274:. Japanese American Veterans Association.
2261:
2253:. Japanese American Veterans Association.
2179:
2177:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1762:
1717:MISアメリカ陸軍情報部 | NVL - Nisei Veterans Legacy
1557:Pvt Joseph Kinyone (Born Wailua, HI – KIA
808:. MIS linguists were also assigned to the
3881:Seagoville Alien Enemy Detention Facility
1643:Japanese-American service in World War II
1515:Pfc George Ikeda (Born Waianae, HI – DNB
1249:In the second season of 2019 AMC Series,
998:
802:Allied Translator and Interpreter Section
522:, to stand up the school. Nisei soldiers
72:Learn how and when to remove this message
3446:Contingency Fund for Foreign Intercourse
3020:National Center for Medical Intelligence
2233:"Japanese American Veterans Association"
1973:
1836:
1614:Sgt Kenji Omura (Born Seattle, WA – KIA
1543:Pvt Masayuki Ishii (Born Hilo, HI – DNB
1483:
931:
872:
706:
632:
540:
4359:American propaganda during World War II
4096:Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet
3876:Santa Fe Alien Enemy Detention Facility
3410:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
3321:President's Intelligence Advisory Board
3032:National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
2820:
2692:"Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 62"
2514:
2508:
2421:
2272:"Noted Nisei veteran Ken Tagami passes"
2174:
1856:
1786:
1668:United States Office of War Information
1258:
1209:, based on his experiences in the war.
974:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
4301:
3871:Kooskia Alien Enemy Detention Facility
3072:Army Intelligence and Security Command
2882:
2845:Japanese American Veterans Association
2814:
2528:
2495:Japanese American Veterans Association
2198:
2183:
2151:
2060:Japanese American Veterans Association
2033:MIS Association of Northern California
1821:"A Short History of Army Intelligence"
1188:by Tad Ichinokuchi, and the 2007 book
1119:Building 640, the building within the
702:
4344:United States intelligence operations
4339:Intelligence services of World War II
3866:Kenedy Alien Enemy Detention Facility
3500:
3425:Information Security Oversight Office
3160:Directorate of Science and Technology
3015:Missile and Space Intelligence Center
2937:
2589:"History of the Presidio of Monterey"
2587:History of the Presidio of Monterey.
2053:
1947:
1179:
4349:Signals intelligence of World War II
4024:Category:Japanese-American internees
3362:National Security Division (Justice)
3286:Joint Intelligence Community Council
3261:National Counterproliferation Center
2965:United States Intelligence Community
2715:
2639:"DLIFLC 2007 Hall of Fame Inductees"
2614:"DLIFLC 2006 Hall of Fame Inductees"
2356:
1924:"Secret Revealed: Nisei's WWII Role"
1869:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1231:and his family during World War II.
812:to help create propaganda and other
757:
450:combat units fighting the Japanese.
24:
4384:Congressional Gold Medal recipients
4269:Japanese American Internment Museum
3206:Office of Intelligence and Analysis
3194:Office of Intelligence and Analysis
3128:Bureau of Intelligence and Research
2336:
2257:from the original on 22 March 2017.
2184:Walker, Trisha (16 November 2022).
1921:
1837:Bradsher, Greg (19 December 2017).
1818:
13:
3451:Counterintelligence Field Activity
3367:Army Intelligence Support Activity
2821:Bennett, Tara (9 September 2019).
2696:California Legislative Information
2515:Steffen, Jordan (6 October 2010),
2296:from the original on 5 April 2017.
2278:from the original on 5 April 2017.
2239:from the original on 5 April 2017.
2160:. University of Washington Press.
1808:. MIS Club of Southern California.
1265:Military Intelligence Hall of Fame
1227:in 2016, about the experiences of
1078:Military Intelligence Hall of Fame
739:Military Intelligence Hall of Fame
729:deep behind Japanese lines in the
699:deployed to the European Theater.
612:(CIC) within the reorganized MIS.
14:
4395:
4237:Japanese American National Museum
3251:Director of National Intelligence
2905:
2768:
2716:Ritz, Mary Kaye (9 August 2001).
2318:from the original on 9 April 2016
1980:Federation of American Scientists
1721:
1476:
1236:Futatsu no Sokoku (Two Homelands)
562:educated attorney working with a
3962:Fort Sam Houston Internment Camp
3615:Military service in World War II
3528:Internment of Japanese Americans
3256:National Counterterrorism Center
3010:National Intelligence University
2742:Rotner Sakamoto, Pamela (2016).
2422:Hammons, Steve (22 April 2015).
987:In 1946 the school moved to the
832:
831:In December 1944, Oregon native
345:
333:
92:
29:
3957:Fort Richardson Internment Camp
3420:Office of Management and Budget
2876:
2833:
2788:
2762:
2735:
2709:
2683:
2656:
2631:
2606:
2580:
2554:
2480:
2459:
2441:
2415:
2402:
2376:
2330:
2300:
2282:
2243:
2225:
2192:
2145:
2134:
2095:
2073:
1994:
1967:
1941:
610:Army Counter Intelligence Corps
583:West Coast of the United States
4319:Military intelligence agencies
3794:Woodland Civil Control Station
3461:Military Intelligence Division
3037:National Reconnaissance Office
2887:. University of Hawaii Press.
1974:Sayer, Ian; Botting, Douglas.
1915:
1889:
1870:Bray, Patrick (27 July 2016).
1830:
1812:
1772:. Government Printing Office.
1710:
1658:Military Intelligence Division
587:Military Intelligence Division
1:
3942:Fort McDowell Internment Camp
3891:Tuna Canyon Detention Station
3729:Owens Valley Reception Center
3630:Military Intelligence Service
3466:Military Intelligence Service
3456:Military Information Division
3400:Senate Intelligence Committee
3276:National Intelligence Council
2364:. Kapiolani Community College
1982:Intelligence Resource Program
1922:Hua, Vanessa (12 June 2007).
1763:McNaughton, James C. (2006).
1703:
1653:Military Information Division
824:, and even involved with the
360:Military Intelligence Service
297:Meritorious Unit Commendation
87:Military Intelligence Service
4334:Intelligence of World War II
3972:Griffith Park Detention Camp
3886:Sharp Park Detention Station
3471:Office of Strategic Services
3430:Intelligence Oversight Board
3405:House Intelligence Committee
3082:Office of Naval Intelligence
2308:"Japanese Diet Called Farce"
2081:"Northern Solomons Campaign"
1607:(Born Watsonville, CA – KIA
1080:, and 3 members assigned to
1063:442nd Regimental Combat Team
972:; on 10 September 1945, the
776:Battle of the Philippine Sea
697:442nd Regimental Combat Team
606:Corps of Intelligence Police
239:Gilbert and Marshall Islands
54:Knowledge's inclusion policy
7:
4205:Civil Liberties Act of 1988
4159:When the Emperor was Divine
4029:List of inmates of Manzanar
4002:Sand Island Internment Camp
3937:Fort Howard Internment Camp
3841:Catalina Federal Honor Camp
3769:Santa Anita Assembly Center
3734:Parker Dam Reception Center
3140:Central Intelligence Agency
2997:Defense Clandestine Service
2992:Defense Intelligence Agency
2337:Jin, Michael (March 2013).
1948:Brown, Curt (10 May 2015).
1663:Signal Intelligence Service
1636:
1508:(Born Hood River, OR – KIA
1016:Distinguished Service Medal
1012:Distinguished Service Cross
962:Civil Censorship Detachment
818:Signal Intelligence Service
10:
4400:
4309:Cryptography organizations
4007:Stringtown Internment Camp
3982:Honouliuli Internment Camp
3952:Fort Lewis Internment Camp
3947:Fort Meade Internment Camp
3932:Fort Bliss Internment Camp
3759:Sacramento Assembly Center
3091:Space Force Intelligence (
3052:Special Collection Service
3001:Defense Debriefing Service
2883:Murphy, Thomas D. (2019).
2745:Midnight in Broad Daylight
1678:Defense Language Institute
1490:Defense Language Institute
1275:
1269:
1225:Midnight in Broad Daylight
1093:Defense Language Institute
1048:Philippine Legion of Honor
1005:Presidential Unit Citation
982:Defense Language Institute
966:Allied occupation of Japan
861:Freedom of Information Act
770:. This information led to
719:were organized to conduct
534:
460:
293:Presidential Unit Citation
15:
4369:Japanese-American history
4287:
4187:
4064:
4015:
3997:Lordsburg Internment Camp
3967:Fort Sill Internment Camp
3899:
3833:
3803:Citizen Isolation centers
3802:
3701:
3640:
3534:
3438:
3390:
3344:
3331:Homeland Security Advisor
3326:Homeland Security Council
3316:National Security Council
3311:National Security Advisor
3299:
3291:Chief Information Officer
3237:
3150:Special Activities Center
3145:Directorate of Operations
3120:
3077:Marine Corps Intelligence
2982:
2971:
2131:. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
1800:Ichinokuchi, Tad (1988).
1580:Yukitaka "Terry" Mizutari
1121:Presidio of San Francisco
883:Japanese internment camps
810:Office of War Information
731:China-Burma-India Theater
367:
342:Unofficial MISLS insignia
341:
327:
322:
307:
302:
288:
190:
180:
166:
158:
150:
140:
130:
122:
114:
106:
91:
86:
4212:Renunciation Act of 1944
3779:Tanforan Assembly Center
3774:Stockton Assembly Center
3754:Puyallup Assembly Center
3749:Portland Assembly Center
3739:Pinedale Assembly Center
3625:100th Infantry Battalion
3600:Life before World War II
3590:War Relocation Authority
3486:Strategic Support Branch
3103:Coast Guard Intelligence
3047:Central Security Service
3042:National Security Agency
2343:(Thesis). UC Santa Cruz.
1804:John Aiso and the M.I.S.
1192:by James C. McNaughton.
1067:100th Infantry Battalion
1059:Congressional Gold Medal
893:U.S. occupation of Japan
843:post in his hometown of
751:War Relocation Authority
651:Solomon Islands campaign
4195:Redress and court cases
4145:Under the Blood Red Sun
4124:The Buddha in the Attic
3789:Turlock Assembly Center
3764:Salinas Assembly Center
3620:442nd Infantry Regiment
3605:Life after World War II
3476:Office of Special Plans
3336:President's Daily Brief
3184:FBI Intelligence Branch
1152:Los Angeles, California
1044:Order of National Glory
1040:Order of the Rising Sun
954:Order of the Rising Sun
946:National Police Reserve
604:In Hawaii, the pre-war
4329:World War II espionage
4117:Snow Falling on Cedars
4103:Judgment Without Trial
3810:Leupp Isolation Center
3784:Tulare Assembly Center
3744:Pomona Assembly Center
3724:Merced Assembly Center
3714:Fresno Assembly Center
3709:Arboga Assembly Center
3087:Air Force Intelligence
3005:Defense Attaché System
2771:"Two Homelands (book)"
2199:Finley, James (1999).
2188:. Columbia Gorge News.
2152:Tamura, Linda (2012).
2102:Greg Bradsher (2005).
2056:"Col J. Alfred Burden"
1605:George Ichiro Nakamura
1506:Frank Tadakazu Hachiya
1493:
1206:The Naked and the Dead
999:Recognition and legacy
937:
929:, and Shiro Mitamura.
878:
721:long range penetration
712:
647:37th Infantry Division
638:
566:in international law.
546:
372:America Rikugun Jōhōbu
4364:Psychological warfare
4314:Military intelligence
4259:The Long Journey Home
4232:Go for Broke Monument
4200:Evacuation Claims Act
4170:List of feature films
4165:List of documentaries
3992:Kilauea Military Camp
3977:Haiku Internment Camp
3815:Moab Isolation Center
3719:Mayer Assembly Center
2522:The Los Angeles Times
2359:"Densho Publications"
1901:National Park Service
1673:Psychological warfare
1582:(Born Hilo, HI – KIA
1487:
1148:Go for Broke Monument
1140:National Park Service
942:Constitution of Japan
935:
876:
820:to decipher Japanese
814:psychological warfare
710:
636:
585:. By March 1942, the
544:
386:, best known as the "
145:Military Intelligence
4227:Empty Chair Memorial
4131:The Invisible Thread
4089:Farewell to Manzanar
3834:Detention facilities
3820:Old Raton Ranch Camp
3552:Executive Order 9102
3547:Executive Order 9066
2917:14 July 2006 at the
2663:Smithsonian (2001).
1819:Bigelow, Michael E.
1282:adding missing items
1259:Notable MIS veterans
1097:Presidio of Monterey
1052:British Empire Medal
993:Army Language School
989:Presidio of Monterey
816:campaigns, with the
784:Battle of Leyte Gulf
579:Executive Order 9066
503:military terminology
475:military engineering
175:Monterey, California
171:Presidio of Monterey
4082:Born Free and Equal
4056:Elaine Black Yoneda
4041:Estelle Peck Ishigo
4016:Notable incarcerees
3641:Concentration camps
2924:MIS Veterans Hawaii
2722:Honolulu Advertiser
2568:on 23 December 2010
2312:The Tuscaloosa News
2129:Densho Encyclopedia
2124:Nakamura, Kelli Y.
1396:Arthur T. Morimitsu
1082:Merrill's Marauders
948:and the subsequent
749:against Japan. The
717:Merrill's Marauders
703:Merrill's Marauders
283:Occupation of Japan
4222:Fred Korematsu Day
4217:Day of Remembrance
3585:Lordsburg killings
3155:Open Source Center
2540:United States Mint
2314:. 5 October 1945.
2085:www.goforbroke.org
1648:G-2 (intelligence)
1494:
1252:The Terror: Infamy
1180:In popular culture
938:
911:William Halsey Jr.
879:
853:The New York Times
845:Hood River, Oregon
724:special operations
713:
639:
560:Harvard Law School
547:
512:Japanese Americans
455:Hayes Adlai Kroner
417:Charles Willoughby
135:United States Army
4296:
4295:
3494:
3493:
3233:
3232:
3199:Homeland Security
3116:
3115:
3107:Homeland Security
2872:. 2 January 2019.
2748:. HarperCollins.
2542:. 2 November 2011
2357:Nakamura, Kelli.
2091:on 13 April 2014.
1364:Hoichi "Bob" Kubo
1331:Harry K. Fukuhara
1229:Harry K. Fukuhara
1201:112th Cavalry RCT
1150:in Little Tokyo,
1109:Hachiya, Mizutari
1105:John Aiso Library
915:Douglas MacArthur
826:Manhattan Project
774:victories at the
758:Continued success
685:Solomons campaign
487:military attaches
380:Japanese American
353:
352:
313:Col Kai Rasmussen
235:Admiralty Islands
82:
81:
74:
4391:
4138:The Moved-Outers
3987:Kalaheo Stockade
3702:Assembly centers
3521:
3514:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3303:of the President
3301:Executive Office
3060:
3059:
2980:
2979:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2899:
2898:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2564:. Archived from
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2492:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2419:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2386:. Archived from
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2205:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2159:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2054:Tsukiyama, Ted.
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2016:
2015:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1867:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1797:
1784:
1783:
1771:
1760:
1737:
1732:
1719:
1714:
1460:George Tsutakawa
1445:
1416:Richard Sakakida
1286:reliable sources
1136:Washington, D.C.
806:prisoners of war
782:planes, and the
780:aircraft carrier
681:Isoroku Yamamoto
617:Richard Sakakida
572:written language
507:G-2 intelligence
495:Rufus S. Bratton
369:
349:
337:
185:"Yankee Samurai"
96:
84:
83:
77:
70:
66:
63:
57:
33:
32:
25:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4283:
4183:
4066:
4060:
4051:Isamu Shibayama
4011:
3917:Camp Livingston
3900:Army facilities
3895:
3829:
3798:
3697:
3636:
3530:
3525:
3495:
3490:
3434:
3386:
3340:
3302:
3295:
3242:
3240:
3229:
3112:
3058:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2919:Wayback Machine
2908:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2881:
2877:
2870:Discover Nikkei
2864:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2796:"Two Homelands"
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2669:Inventory staff
2661:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2585:
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2571:
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2555:
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2534:
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2513:
2509:
2499:
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2447:
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2430:
2420:
2416:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2390:on 17 July 2012
2382:
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2270:
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2249:
2248:
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2231:
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2216:
2214:
2213:on 22 July 2011
2210:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2106:. Time Magazine
2100:
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2079:
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2064:
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2048:
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2019:
2012:
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1968:
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1706:
1639:
1479:
1474:
1439:
1427:Bell M. Shimada
1422:Thomas Sakamoto
1401:Yutaka Munakata
1380:Masaji Marumoto
1316:George Ariyoshi
1289:
1274:
1261:
1240:Toyoko Yamasaki
1182:
1168:was named the "
1166:State Route 118
1024:Legion of Merit
1001:
895:
841:American Legion
837:Battle of Leyte
768:Central Pacific
760:
705:
693:Solomon Islands
564:white-shoe firm
539:
533:
483:Joseph Stilwell
463:
356:
329:Branch insignia
314:
309:
295:
102:
78:
67:
61:
58:
44:Please help by
43:
34:
30:
21:
12:
11:
5:
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3658:Heart Mountain
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3165:CIA University
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3137:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3097:Space Delta 18
3089:
3084:
3079:
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3066:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3054:
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2907:
2906:External links
2904:
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2900:
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2857:
2832:
2813:
2802:. 21 July 2019
2787:
2769:Niiya, Brian.
2761:
2754:
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2144:
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2117:
2094:
2072:
2046:
2029:"MIS Timeline"
2017:
2010:
1993:
1966:
1940:
1914:
1903:. 4 April 2018
1888:
1855:
1829:
1811:
1785:
1779:978-1780390437
1778:
1738:
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1708:
1707:
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1700:
1698:P. O. Box 1142
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1477:Fallen members
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1450:Teruto Tsubota
1447:
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1429:
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1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
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1374:Hisashi Masuda
1371:
1368:Sidney Mashbir
1365:
1362:
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1340:
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1323:
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1313:
1311:George Aratani
1308:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1260:
1257:
1181:
1178:
1162:U.S. Route 101
1158:State Route 23
1088:Hall of Fame.
1000:
997:
991:. Renamed the
950:Defense Agency
923:Tokuda Kyuichi
894:
891:
865:Sidney Mashbir
759:
756:
727:jungle warfare
704:
701:
689:P-38 Lightning
679:The ambush of
655:Admiral Halsey
591:Harold Stassen
532:
529:
499:Sidney Mashbir
462:
459:
406:interpretation
354:
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243:Philippine Sea
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4274:Sakura Square
4272:
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4203:
4201:
4198:
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4178:
4177:
4176:Go for Broke!
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3930:
3928:
3927:Camp Florence
3925:
3923:
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3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:Camp Blanding
3905:
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3902:
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3854:
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3839:
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3826:
3825:Camp Tulelake
3823:
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3808:
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3579:Ex parte Endo
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3093:Space Delta 7
3090:
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2755:9780062351937
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2697:
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2671:. Smithsonian
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2013:
2011:9780160750182
2007:
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1470:George Yuzawa
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1455:Ted Tsukiyama
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1383:
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1324:
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3377:Intellipedia
3243:Intelligence
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3064:Armed Forces
2973:Intelligence
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1552:Tokyo, Japan
1517:Tokyo, Japan
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1360:George Koshi
1349:Kay Kitagawa
1294:John F. Aiso
1278:dynamic list
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1036:Purple Heart
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970:such as rape
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927:Yoshio Shiga
919:Fuchū Prison
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388:Ritchie Boys
384:Camp Ritchie
376:World War II
371:
359:
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317:John F. Aiso
247:Aitape–Wewak
215:Bougainville
184:
68:
62:January 2021
59:
46:spinning off
39:
22:
18:Ritchie Boys
3565:Hirabayashi
3239:Director of
2850:29 February
2800:Rafu Shimpo
2701:29 February
2675:14 February
2648:29 February
2623:29 February
2598:29 February
2500:29 February
2322:23 November
2065:29 February
2039:29 February
1881:29 February
1616:Admiralties
1591:Kobe, Japan
1488:Paper from
1465:Karl Yoneda
1440: [
1337:Dick Hamada
1305:Harry Akune
1300:Raymond Aka
1172:" in 1994.
1032:Bronze Star
1020:Silver Star
907:surrendered
643:Guadalcanal
625:Philippines
595:Camp Savage
593:offered up
516:Fourth Army
436:New Zealand
419:said, 'The
402:translation
289:Decorations
223:New Britain
207:New Georgia
195:Guadalcanal
191:Engagements
181:Nickname(s)
167:Garrison/HQ
4303:Categories
4152:Weedflower
4075:Allegiance
4065:Literature
4046:Ralph Lazo
3922:Camp McCoy
3648:Gila River
3610:Propaganda
3535:Key topics
2472:20 October
2217:20 October
2110:20 October
1986:17 January
1704:References
1584:New Guinea
1510:Leyte Gulf
1437:Kan Tagami
1432:Tak Shindo
1411:Bill Naito
1406:Shig Murao
1276:This is a
1270:See also:
1101:Nisei Hall
1099:dedicated
1050:, and the
1028:Navy Cross
822:Army codes
558:respected
535:See also:
505:. US Army
471:West Point
432:Australian
412:services.
310:commanders
303:Commanders
267:Corregidor
259:Leyte Gulf
211:New Guinea
50:relocating
4110:No-No Boy
3693:Tule Lake
3572:Korematsu
3392:Oversight
2975:Community
2827:SYFY Wire
2368:24 August
1343:Gero Iwai
1246:in 2019.
903:Tokyo Bay
798:Minnesota
741:inductee
467:U.S. Army
398:linguists
368:アメリカ陸軍情報部
231:Kwajalein
199:Buna–Gona
162:1,000 +/-
115:Disbanded
110:1941–1945
4290:Category
4067:and arts
3673:Minidoka
3668:Manzanar
3241:National
3211:Treasury
3121:Civilian
2915:Archived
2806:12 March
2780:11 March
2727:14 March
2572:19 March
2433:14 March
2316:Archived
2294:Archived
2276:Archived
2255:Archived
2237:Archived
1959:14 March
1933:14 March
1907:14 March
1848:14 March
1637:See also
1244:TV Tokyo
1160:between
1113:Nakamura
453:General
440:Canadian
374:) was a
364:Japanese
323:Insignia
275:Iwo Jima
3653:Granada
3595:History
3439:Defunct
3188:Justice
3177:Justice
2984:Defense
2394:21 July
1928:SF Gate
1630:Okinawa
1623:Okinawa
1598:Okinawa
1573:Okinawa
1566:Okinawa
1545:Okinawa
1538:Okinawa
1531:Okinawa
1524:Okinawa
1499:Okinawa
683:in the
649:to the
461:History
444:Chinese
428:British
315:Lt Col
308:Notable
279:Okinawa
255:Peleliu
123:Country
4188:Legacy
3683:Rohwer
3678:Poston
3663:Jerome
3223:Energy
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1111:, and
1069:. The
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772:Allied
764:Z Plan
662:Midway
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1284:with
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520:Tokyo
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393:Nisei
271:Luzon
227:Burma
2889:ISBN
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