22:
957:
514:
195:
2268:
2256:
1031:
710:
813:
soldiers had mostly the same foodstuffs with more reliance on potatoes over grains, but as the war progressed and food supplies lowered due to restrictions, the German military was forced to gradually reduce their meat rations, instituting meat-free days once per week and making meat a rarity among
948:
ate mainly pasta, bread, oatmeal, meat, fish, broth, and salad from their field kitchens, with alcohol also regularly issued. However, on deployment, Italian soldiers mostly received low-quality canned food and biscuits, with regular supplies of food strained by logistical issues during the
181:; allowance allotted to personnel to purchase goods or rations sold in a garrison (or the rations purchased with allowance); a type of ration; or a combined system with distinctions and differences depending on situational factors (such as whether the country is at peace or at war).
104:
in the military. Significant research goes into creating military rations, including the nutrition and energy of rations, food spoilage prevention, what meals should be offered, the amount of food each ration should contain, and the exact specifications of each meal and ingredient.
1340:
Combat rations (sometimes known as field rations) were nutritional meals created specifically for troops in the battlefield. They were compact, lightweight, pocket-sized foods that were canned, pre-packaged bars, or freeze-dried and provided the right amount of nutrition and
583:
and hardtack if those foods were not available. However, in reality, the
Continental Army had difficulties supplying their units, and soldiers reportedly had to beg civilians for food. The situation deteriorated to the point that the
314:
vessels and merchants. However, their food supplies were consistently low, to the point that in several battles crusaders would "stop fighting and start eating" upon discovering food in the camps of Muslim armies. The armies of the
2214:
2031:
853:
of three-course meals. British soldiers were issued 24-hour rations intended to sustain troops until composite rations and fresh food could be supplied by field kitchens. On the home front in
Britain,
21:
505:, which could last long periods of time, became standard military food; additionally, the imperial government spent significant amounts of money on the military, ensuring they had plenty of food.
1689:
873:
had ample food supplies, but food was strained after 1940, when food panics and requirements for peasants to feed
Chinese soldiers led to agricultural failures and severe inflation. The German
662:
were meant to be mostly the same—meat, cornmeal, vegetables, vinegar, molasses, and hardtack—but supply issues plagued the
Confederates as the war continued, forcing them to live off the land.
1720:
809:
had a variety of different rations issued to them, organized based on freshness and purpose, and were generally considered well-fed compared to their
British and European contemporaries.
603:
strongly relied on bread—24 ounces standard if well-supplied, compared to a mere half-pound of meat and 2 ounces of legumes—but "spent most of their time desperately hungry", relying on
1297:
1416:
1849:
62:, with each individual receiving specific amounts from available supplies. Military-issued goods and the rationing of such goods have existed since the beginnings of organized
2098:
932:(despite the SS's strong anti-smoking stance). Regions invaded and occupied by Nazi forces were stripped of their food to feed Germans and starve local populations. The
1789:
627:
370:, the latter of which was chosen due to its portability, long shelf life, ability to provide high energy in small amounts, and Motonari's personal preference for it.
2206:
310:, crusaders brought grain with them, but otherwise relied on their own food storages, purchased food from locals and, by the late Crusades, supplies brought in by
2001:
1147:
1113:
2023:
1209:
1177:
1008:
that could last for very long periods of time. The
British 24-hour ration gradually advanced from tinned rations to freeze-dried and vacuum-sealed rations.
425:(a 52 kilometer distance) in 1583, Hideyoshi sent scouts ahead to each village to ask that they prepare rice for Hideyoshi's army; the villages set out
1054:
2121:"The food was good for the Italians in World War II? Maybe the food in the rear is good, but the food in the front can only be considered as pig food"
1681:
1327:
1970:
1879:
1367:
417:
is said to have regularly distributed food rations out to his officers and soldiers, and kept them well-fed. In one instance, while traveling from
1019:
had to contend with low supplies of rations, which led them to forage for provisions in a manner reminiscent of the practices of ancient armies.
1712:
1624:
992:
issued 24-hour rations containing four meals each, though their contents and types varied. The U.S. military, initially issuing the canned
1593:
1560:
1289:
1495:
1408:
2183:
1940:
1841:
277:
were trained in sustaining their food supplies for as long as 20 days, with many also carrying small hand mills to grind grain to make
1659:
681:, offered his bottling method and published a book detailing the process in 1810. Appert's bottling method was later developed into
463:
also used "pills", small ball-shaped medicinal rations consumed in emergencies or long missions, of which there were three types:
1909:
2086:
1819:
497:, salt, and other goods, though grain supply issues meant they relied less on grain rations than in prior generations. By the
330:
were some of the most well-fed soldiers of the era, with access to a variety of foods. The
Ottoman military greatly relied on
306:, but before a deployment, they would have a large and elaborate banquet, with another large meal before a battle. During the
758:
1750:
1773:
407:, and more", though Kenshin himself was noted to eat very little. During battles, Kenshin assembled supply convoys called
2064:
879:
received basic rations of hard bread and canned meat (usually pork, roast beef, turkey, or chicken, though cans labeled
210:, militaries generally lived off the land, relying on whatever food they could forage, steal, purchase, or requisition.
2293:
1993:
1139:
2153:
1363:
169:
is a type of military ration that, depending on its use and context, could refer to rations issued to personnel at a
1105:
77:
rations, "military ration" may also refer to other types of items that are rationed for military personnel, such as
1203:
1015:
challenged the ability of Russia to provision its soldiers. In the early days of the conflict in spring 2022, the
1444:
1169:
993:
781:
soldiers reportedly ate very well compared to their
European comrades, with regular access to fresh food such as
651:
128:(known under a variety of other names) is a military ration intended to provide nutrition and sustenance in the
2272:
249:
meant dozens, if not hundreds of animals could be killed daily to sustain their needs. Chinese soldiers of the
245:. Each soldier had an allotted amount of food they could have, such as one pound of meat daily; the size of a
1389:
806:
1319:
1044:
1012:
858:
1962:
1871:
1357:
730:
saw significant improvements in the shelf life, variety, and quality of military rations and nutrition.
568:
2120:
1616:
1059:
989:
960:
American and
British marines conversing while eating field rations during a training exercise in 1996
941:
2236:
Mendelson Forman, Johanna (2023). "An Army
Marches on Its Stomach: Potable Foods in War and Peace".
693:
the same year, which became the standard for storing food using Appert's method. The development of
802:
467:("ration pills"), made with various flours, sugary substances, and spices to provide quick energy;
58:. As their name suggests, military rations have historically been, and often still are, subject to
1522:
777:), the latter of which was vilified for its poor quality, especially if not sufficiently heated.
659:
242:
2288:
1353:
950:
937:
933:
822:
585:
1585:
1552:
233:, soldiers brought whatever they could carry in battle, but ate well while in their camps. In
2260:
1487:
1016:
738:
619:
517:
2175:
1932:
956:
810:
533:
8:
1651:
1049:
969:
870:
778:
623:
592:
to permit the seizure of food, but he declined, fearing it would alienate the colonials.
380:("victory cry meals"), featuring delicacies such as "a mountain of rice ... black-boiled
1469:
1265:
1001:
945:
647:
615:, which required minimal cooking and had recently become common across European farms.
513:
414:
311:
97:
82:
55:
25:
1901:
912:
833:
revised their World War I-era ration organization system into an alphabetized system:
437:, pouches used to store rice and medicine, into battle with them. They would also eat
1781:
1523:"The development of military rations in ancient China, see what ancient soldiers ate"
1473:
1461:
1270:
1252:
719:
589:
385:
86:
789:; British logistics also accommodated for vegetarian Indians by providing them with
293:, military feeding remained essentially the same as it had been in prior centuries.
1811:
1453:
1260:
1244:
564:
525:
502:
290:
274:
869:, potatoes, vegetables, pasta, meat, and fish (in order of quantity). The Chinese
363:
1231:
Hill, Neil; Fallowfield, Joanne; Price, Susan; Wilson, Duncan (27 January 2011).
916:
received more unique high-energy food, including tins of cheese and sausage. The
643:
596:
422:
207:
194:
160:
1742:
600:
892:
854:
746:
742:
727:
694:
678:
670:
540:
373:
350:
324:
2056:
85:, expensive items, or consumer goods. Ration acquisition may be managed using
2282:
1785:
1465:
1256:
964:
Most modern and currently-issued rations were developed during and after the
918:
830:
754:
745:
soldiers had relatively sufficient food supplies due to the static nature of
698:
572:
316:
270:
230:
174:
170:
2024:"These Russian Prisoners Accepted a WWII Diet and Scored Extra Meat Rations"
1232:
805:, which was partially caused by indifference to Indian religious needs. The
2207:"Meals Rarely Edible: how science revolutionised eating on the battlefield"
1274:
1248:
1005:
986:
977:
884:
818:
686:
674:
665:
Shortly before the Napoleonic Wars, the French government offered a 12,000
635:
498:
490:
404:
400:
346:
296:
246:
234:
119:
33:
2145:
1106:"Soldiers' Rations Through History: From Live Hogs to Indestructible MREs"
471:("hunger pills"), made with starchy ingredients to provide endurance; and
1036:
997:
888:
826:
750:
734:
631:
604:
552:
250:
214:
129:
90:
323:
they brought from home, and relied on whatever food they could pillage.
1409:"Combat Nutrition: Feeding the Troops – Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow"
1069:
1004:(MRE) in 1983, designed to provide easy-to-prepare individual meals in
981:
976:, bread or crackers, and condensed milk, with little variety. Both the
797:, and milk instead of meat. This treatment was supposedly to prevent a
770:
762:
669:
reward to invent a reliable food preservation method for the military.
655:
560:
544:
521:
483:
392:
278:
266:
137:
1713:"The Father of Canning Knew His Process Worked, But Not Why It Worked"
1237:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1233:"Military nutrition: maintaining health and rebuilding injured tissue"
411:
staffed by peasants, who would deliver supplies and rations to troops.
929:
923:
900:
875:
866:
782:
714:
426:
327:
320:
199:
101:
59:
1994:"Wartime cuisine: What did Soviet soldiers eat during World War II?"
1586:"Packed Food: The Backbone of Wars | O-Bento Column | Bento Library"
1439:
147:
Individual rations, designed and intended to sustain a single person
1457:
1064:
973:
965:
907:
862:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
548:
494:
477:
376:
would prepare massive feasts for his army before battles, known as
339:
307:
303:
178:
52:
429:
for the soldiers, allowing them to remain fed for the entire trip.
418:
150:
Group rations, designed and intended to sustain multiple personnel
944:
that were intended to be eaten alongside other foraged food. The
903:
794:
766:
690:
682:
646:
received more soldiers for scurvy than battle wounds. During the
536:, military food had improved to a relatively significant degree.
453:
388:
381:
335:
258:
63:
2087:"WWII: German Rations and Feeding the Troops of the Third Reich"
1290:"Here's What Military Rations From Around the World Are Made Of"
2267:
2255:
798:
639:
608:
576:
396:
355:
300:
218:
133:
29:
709:
1388:
666:
638:, rations were regularly halved, and many soldiers developed
580:
459:
447:
367:
331:
262:
238:
74:
1743:"World War One: The dubious reputation of Maconochie's stew"
1030:
861:
and civil defence authorities with hot food and fresh tea.
786:
774:
612:
556:
442:
438:
254:
226:
78:
70:
1230:
996:(similar to the C-ration) from the late 1950s through the
217:, most workers, including soldiers, were given rations of
790:
222:
821:, rations had taken modern organized forms for both the
575:
had, on paper, plentiful rations including salted meat,
140:, or where eating facilities are otherwise unavailable.
2238:
Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery
1872:"The Germans and food - The Germans - RTBF World War 1"
1652:"An army marches on its stomach | National Army Museum"
1320:"D-Day Sustenance: How the Troops Kept Up Their Energy"
1140:"Everything You Need to Know About OCONUS Ration Cards"
1488:"Egypt's Golden Empire . New Kingdom . Soldiers | PBS"
1352:
1201:
143:
Field rations can be categorized into two main types:
634:
saw issues with supplying soldiers in battle. In the
1026:
761:
soldiers were regularly issued "dull" foods such as
1359:
Field Service Regulations, United States Army, 1913
366:issued each soldier a bag of rice, fried rice, and
1055:History of military nutrition in the United States
342:dedicated solely to baking for military purposes.
265:, smashed and fried in a manner similar to modern
1682:"Civil War Rations - Florida Department of State"
2280:
2235:
1396:. U.S. Government Publishing Office. p. 46.
928:, canned meat, vegetables, spreads, coffee, and
16:Goods, usually food, given to military personnel
2091:WWII Quarterly: Journal of the Second World War
1842:"World War I Rations: Full Belly, Fully Ready"
972:issued their personnel a very basic ration of
910:) were also common. Elite units such as the
883:—literally translated as "can of meat"—went
487:, and sugar to encourage saliva production.
353:, military nutrition habits depended on the
28:soldiers receiving their issued rations in
451:as part of a soup prepared in a soldier's
433:In general, Japanese soldiers would bring
1963:"BBC - WW2 People's War - Mobile Canteen"
1264:
579:, grains, bread, milk, and alcohol, with
51:are goods issued to sustain the needs of
1930:
1440:"The Ancient Mesopotamian Ration System"
955:
922:received four-day rations consisting of
708:
512:
493:soldiers were issued money to buy food,
193:
189:
96:Military rations are a key component of
93:, or they may be issued without charge.
20:
1991:
1710:
1621:Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink
1406:
1202:U.S. Department of War (23 July 1941).
1137:
2281:
2051:
2049:
1812:"World War I Food: Eating in a Trench"
1646:
1644:
1642:
1580:
1578:
1205:Basic Field Manual: Soldier's Handbook
1103:
607:and "out of the ground" crops such as
2204:
2067:from the original on 28 November 2022
1943:from the original on 20 February 2023
1723:from the original on 24 December 2022
1547:
1545:
1543:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1287:
1208:. U.S. Government Publishing Office.
1116:from the original on 21 February 2023
677:operating a food bottling factory in
391:, soups with seasonal vegetables and
1437:
1197:
1195:
1133:
1131:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
773:(tinned meat, potato, and vegetable
642:, to the point that the hospital in
241:, which was replaced with barley as
2061:The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
2046:
1933:"The Alphabet Soup of Army Rations"
1774:"Feeding the Faujis in World War 1"
1765:
1639:
1614:
1575:
555:, and alcoholic drinks (originally
13:
2217:from the original on 15 March 2023
2186:from the original on 15 March 2023
2156:from the original on 15 March 2023
2101:from the original on 15 March 2023
2034:from the original on 15 March 2023
2004:from the original on 15 March 2023
1973:from the original on 15 March 2023
1912:from the original on 15 March 2023
1882:from the original on 15 March 2023
1852:from the original on 15 March 2023
1822:from the original on 15 March 2023
1792:from the original on 15 March 2023
1771:
1753:from the original on 15 March 2023
1692:from the original on 14 March 2023
1662:from the original on 15 March 2023
1627:from the original on 16 March 2023
1608:
1596:from the original on 15 March 2023
1563:from the original on 14 March 2023
1540:
1510:
1498:from the original on 15 March 2023
1419:from the original on 16 March 2023
1407:Collins, Craig (28 October 2021).
1370:from the original on 16 March 2023
1330:from the original on 16 March 2023
1300:from the original on 16 March 2023
1212:from the original on 16 March 2023
1180:from the original on 16 March 2023
1150:from the original on 16 March 2023
154:
14:
2305:
2248:
1931:Ashcraft, Jenny (18 March 2022).
1553:"Military rations | alimentarium"
1364:U.S. Government Publishing Office
1192:
1138:Peachey, Sarah (15 August 2022).
1128:
1104:Ortved, John (20 November 2018).
1082:
284:
2266:
2254:
1711:Eschner, Kat (2 February 2017).
1288:Lewis, Danny (18 January 2016).
1029:
701:also improved military rations.
2229:
2198:
2168:
2138:
2113:
2079:
2016:
1985:
1955:
1924:
1894:
1864:
1846:Army Heritage Center Foundation
1834:
1804:
1735:
1704:
1674:
1480:
1445:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1431:
1400:
718:soldiers eating lunch during a
508:
202:eaten by ancient Roman soldiers
113:
1382:
1346:
1312:
1281:
1224:
1162:
906:that can be dissolved to make
1:
1992:Afonina, Maria (9 May 2018).
1390:U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps
1075:
841:of packaged unprepared food,
807:American Expeditionary Forces
69:Though commonly referring to
1902:"British and German Rations"
475:("thirst pills"), made from
7:
1045:Armed Forces Recipe Service
1022:
1013:Russian invasion of Ukraine
338:, with around 105 ovens in
10:
2310:
1394:Quartermaster Field Manual
1174:myarmybenefits.us.army.mil
384:, vinegar-washed fish and
319:only had whatever food or
184:
158:
117:
2294:History of food and drink
1438:Gelb, I. J. (July 1965).
1060:Humanitarian daily ration
857:were operated to provide
845:of prepared canned food,
704:
100:, the field and study of
994:Meal, Combat, Individual
803:Indian Rebellion of 1857
628:a detailed ration system
108:
660:Confederate States Army
299:soldiers ate primarily
198:A modern recreation of
2205:Grant (22 June 2014).
1354:U.S. Department of War
1249:10.1098/rstb.2010.0213
990:National People's Army
961:
951:North African campaign
934:Imperial Japanese Army
723:
529:
203:
37:
1413:Defense Media Network
1017:Russian Ground Forces
959:
712:
620:French and Indian War
528:in their camp in 1892
518:United States Cavalry
516:
237:, soldiers relied on
197:
190:Ancient and antiquity
24:
2275:at Wikimedia Commons
2263:at Wikimedia Commons
1717:Smithsonian Magazine
1362:. Washington, D.C.:
1294:Smithsonian Magazine
942:rather basic rations
811:Imperial German Army
534:early modern warfare
2146:"Russian Army food"
1050:Army Catering Corps
970:Soviet Armed Forces
871:Second United Front
779:British Indian Army
622:, a theatre of the
520:soldiers preparing
49:military provisions
45:operational rations
2097:(4). Summer 2011.
1778:The Economic Times
1002:Meal, Ready-to-Eat
962:
946:Royal Italian Army
865:soldiers received
849:of chocolate, and
724:
648:American Civil War
626:, the British had
530:
415:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
273:. Soldiers of the
204:
98:military nutrition
38:
26:United States Army
2271:Media related to
2259:Media related to
2240:. Prospect Books.
2150:www.tankmuseum.ru
1749:. 23 April 2014.
1686:dos.myflorida.com
1592:. 28 April 2022.
1243:(1562): 231–240.
887:), though canned
814:German soldiers.
720:military exercise
590:George Washington
569:Revolutionary War
503:sesame seed cakes
359:commanding them:
2301:
2270:
2258:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2202:
2196:
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2191:
2172:
2166:
2165:
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2161:
2142:
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2131:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2028:The Moscow Times
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1898:
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1859:
1857:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1772:Doctor, Vikram.
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1708:
1702:
1701:
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1637:
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1603:
1601:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1549:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1519:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1101:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1000:, developed the
685:, improved when
652:food and rations
624:Seven Years' War
565:Continental Army
526:Christmas dinner
443:dried taro stalk
291:medieval warfare
275:Byzantine Empire
41:Military rations
2309:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2279:
2278:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2211:Army Technology
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2030:. 11 May 2017.
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1906:net.lib.byu.edu
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1770:
1766:
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403:, simmered
328:Janissaries
251:Han dynasty
215:Mesopotamia
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1076:References
1070:Ninja diet
982:Bundeswehr
930:cigarettes
859:Home Guard
771:Maconochie
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656:Union Army
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559:but later
547:relied on
545:Royal Navy
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469:kikatsugan
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393:dried fish
279:paximathia
267:fried rice
243:punishment
138:front line
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2057:"Rations"
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1474:162306968
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605:doughboys
409:konidatai
399:-roasted
386:jellyfish
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200:flatbread
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102:nutrition
60:rationing
56:personnel
2221:15 March
2215:Archived
2190:16 March
2184:Archived
2180:MRE Info
2160:15 March
2154:Archived
2130:14 March
2105:16 March
2099:Archived
2071:15 March
2065:Archived
2038:15 March
2032:Archived
2008:15 March
2002:Archived
1977:15 March
1971:Archived
1947:15 March
1941:Archived
1937:Fold3 HQ
1916:14 March
1910:Archived
1886:15 March
1880:Archived
1856:15 March
1850:Archived
1826:15 March
1820:Archived
1796:15 March
1790:Archived
1757:14 March
1751:Archived
1747:BBC News
1727:14 March
1721:Archived
1696:14 March
1690:Archived
1666:15 March
1660:Archived
1631:16 March
1625:Archived
1617:"Ration"
1600:14 March
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908:pea soup
863:Red Army
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340:Istanbul
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304:porridge
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1527:iNEWS
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759:ANZAC
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109:Types
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