365:(EFs) are cognitive processes that make a person pay attention or concentrate on a task. Three executive functions that relate to memory are inhibiting, updating and shifting. Inhibiting controls a person's attention and thoughts when distractions are abundant. Updating reviews old information and replaces it with new information in the working memory. Shifting controls the ability to go between multiple tasks. All three EFs have a relationship to mind-wandering.
172:. This network of regions is highly active even when participants are resting with their eyes closed suggesting a role in generating spontaneous internal thoughts. One relatively controversial result is that periods of mind-wandering are associated with increased activation in both the default and executive system a result that implies that mind-wandering may often be goal oriented.
226:) are linked to mind-wandering. Seli et al. (2015) found that spontaneous mind-wandering, the uncontrolled or unwarranted shifting of attention, is a characteristic of those who have ADHD. However, they note that deliberate mind-wandering, or the purposeful shifting of one's attention to different stimuli, is not a consistent characteristic of having ADHD.
276:, which are the movements of one's eyes to different visual stimuli. In an antisaccade task, for example, subjects with higher working memory capacity scores resisted looking at the flashing visual cue better than participants with lower working memory capacity. Higher working memory capacity is associated with fewer saccades toward environmental cues.
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working memory capacity are associated with more frequent reports of task-unrelated thinking especially when it is focused on the future. By contrast, when performing tasks that demand continuous attention, high levels of working memory capacity are associated with fewer reports of task-unrelated thoughts.
102:(IPI), provides a trait measure of mind-wandering and it assesses the experience on three dimensions: how vivid the person's thoughts are, how many of those thoughts are guilt- or fear-based, and how deep into the thought a person goes. As technology continues to develop, psychologists are starting to use
368:
Executive functions have roles in attention problems, attention control, thought control, and working memory capacity. Attention problems relate to behavioral problems such as inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. These behaviors make staying on task difficult leading to more mind-wandering.
353:
The authors note that unhappy moods can also cause mind-wandering, but the time-lags between mind-wandering and mood suggests that mind-wandering itself can also lead to negative moods. Furthermore, research suggests that regardless of working memory capacity, subjects participating in mind-wandering
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used an iPhone app that captured a user's feelings in real time. The tool alerts the user at random times and asks: "How are you feeling right now?" and "What are you doing right now?" Killingsworth and
Gilbert's analysis suggested that mind-wandering was much more typical in daily activities than in
324:
Reading comprehension must also be investigated in terms of text difficulty. To assess this, researchers provide an easy and hard version of a reading task. During this task, participants are interrupted and asked whether their thoughts at the time of interruption had been related or unrelated to the
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Only the second of these has actually been proven. Reports of task-unrelated thoughts are less frequent when performing tasks that do not demand continuous use of working memory than tasks which do. Moreover, individual difference studies demonstrate that when tasks are non-demanding, high levels of
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In addition, they were asked if they were aware, unaware, or neither aware nor unaware of their thoughts as they read. Lastly, they were tasked to press the space bar if they ever caught themselves mind-wandering. For a week after these assessments, the students answered follow-up questions that also
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The inhibiting executive function controls attention and thought. The failure of cognitive inhibition is a direct cause of mind-wandering. Mind-wandering is also connected to working memory capacity (WMC). People with higher WMC mind-wander less on high concentration tasks no matter their boredom
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There are individual differences in some aspects of mind-wandering between older and younger adults. Although older adults reported less mind-wandering, these older participants showed the same amount of mind-wandering as younger adults. There were also differences in how participants responded to
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When investigating how mind-wandering affects retention of information, experiments are conducted where participants are asked a variety of questions about factual information, or deducible information while reading a detective novel. Participants are also asked about the state of their mind before
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Together these data are consistent with the claim that working memory capacity helps sustain a train of thought whether it is generated in response to a perceptual event or is self-generated by the individual. Therefore, under certain circumstances, the experience of mind-wandering is supported by
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Recent research has studied the relationship between mind-wandering and working memory capacity. Working memory capacity represents personal skill to have a good command of individual's mind. This relationship requires more research to understand how they influence one another. It is possible that
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After an error, older adults took longer to return focus back to the task when compared with younger adults. It is possible that older adults reflect more about an error due to conscientiousness. Research has shown that older adults tend to be more conscientious than young adults. Personality can
133:(PDA) that signals several times a day. At the signal a questionnaire is provided. The questionnaire questions vary but can include: (a) whether or not their minds had wandered at the time of the (b) what state of control they had over their thoughts and (c) about the content of their thoughts.
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Traditionally teachers and students have viewed fidgeting as a sign of diminished attention, which is summarized by the statement, βConcentration of consciousness, and concentration of movements, diffusion of ideas and diffusion of movements go together.β However, James Farley and colleagues have
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This supports the executive-resource hypothesis which describes that both task related and task-unrelated thoughts (TUT) compete for executive function resources. Therefore, when the primary task is difficult, little resources are available for mind-wandering, whereas when the task is simple, the
121:
In a SART task there are two categories of words. One of the categories are the target words. In each block of the task a word appears for about 300 ms, there will be a pause and then another word. When a target word appears the participant hits a designated key. About 60% of the time after a
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of people and a transient state. Studies have linked performance problems in the laboratory and in daily life. Mind-wandering has been associated with possible car accidents. Mind-wandering is also intimately linked to states of affect. Studies indicate that task-unrelated thoughts are common in
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Updating takes place in the working memory, therefore those with low WMC have a lower updating executive function ability. That means a low performing updating executive function can be an indicator of high mind-wandering. Working memory relies on executive functions, with mind-wandering as an
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People that are more conscientious are less prone to mind-wandering. Being more conscientious allows people to stay focused on the task better which causes fewer instances of mind-wandering. Differences in mind-wandering between young and older adults may be limited because of this personality
311:
Throughout the reading itself, the author provides important cues to identify the villain, known as inference critical episodes (ICEs). The questions are asked randomly and before critical episodes are reached. It was found that episodes of mind-wandering, especially early on in the text led to
229:
Franklin et al. (2016) arrived at similar conclusions; they had college students take multiple psychological evaluations that gauge ADHD symptom strength. Then, they had the students read a portion of a general science textbook. At various times and at random intervals throughout their reading,
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They also describe that people were less happy when their minds were wandering than when they were otherwise occupied. This effect was somewhat counteracted by people's tendency to mind-wander to happy topics, but unhappy mind-wandering was more likely to be rated as more unpleasant than other
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is loosely defined as thoughts that are not produced from the current task. Mind-wandering consists of thoughts that are task-unrelated and stimulus-independent. This can be in the form of three different subtypes: positive constructive daydreaming, guilty fear of failure, and poor attentional
117:
and colleagues popularized the study of mind-wandering using thought sampling and questionnaires. Mind-wandering is studied using experience sampling either online or retrospectively. One common paradigm within which to study mind-wandering is the SART (sustained attention to response task).
237:
This study's results revealed that students with higher ADHD symptomology showed less task-oriented control than those with lower ADHD symptomology. Additionally, those with lower ADHD symptomology were more likely to engage in useful or deliberate mind-wandering and were more aware of their
137:
considered "wandering". Another process was to have participants keep a diary of their mind-wandering. Participants are asked to write a brief description of their mind-wandering and the time in which it happened. These methodologies are improvements on past methods that were inconclusive.
136:
Questions about context are also asked to measure the level of attention necessary for the task. One process used was to give participants something to focus on and then at different times ask them what they were thinking about. Those who were not thinking about what was given to them were
52:, the brain network that is active when one is engaged in an attention-demanding activity. In situations where vigilance is low, people do not remember what happened in the surrounding environment because they are preoccupied with their thoughts. This is known as the decoupling hypothesis.
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task where participants responded if a white arrow moved in a specific direction but did not respond if the arrow moved in the other direction or was a different color. In this task, children and young adults showed similar speed of processing but older adults were significantly slower.
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In many disorders it is the regulation of the overall amount of mind-wandering that is disturbed, leading to increased distractibility when performing tasks. Additionally, the contents of mind-wandering is changed; thoughts can be more negative and past-oriented, particularly unstable or
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indicator of their failure. Task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs) are empirical behavioral manifestations of mind-wandering in a person. The longer a task is performed the more TUTs reported. Mind-wandering is an indication of an executive control failure that is characterized by TUTs.
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Mind-wandering has been shown to be related to goal orientation; people with higher working memory capacity keep their goals more accessible than those who have lower working memory capacity, thus allowing these goals to better guide their behavior and keep them on task.
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Therefore, when mind-wandering occurs during reading, the text is not processed well enough to remember key information about the story. Furthermore, both the timing and the frequency of mind-wandering helps determine how much information is retained from the narrative.
59:(ERPs) have quantified the extent that mind-wandering reduces the cortical processing of the external environment. When thoughts are unrelated to the task at hand, the brain processes both task-relevant and unrelated sensory information in a less detailed manner.
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is known to be involved during mind-wandering. The default mode network is active when a person is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest because experiences such as mind-wandering and daydreaming are common in this state.
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However, mind-wandering tends to occur more frequently in harder readings as opposed to easier readings. Therefore, it is possible that similar to retention, mind-wandering increases when readers have difficulty constructing a model of the story.
2693:
Hoffmann, Ferdinand; Banzhaf, Christian; Kanske, Philipp; Bermpohl, Felix; Singer, Tania (2016-07-01). "Where the depressed mind wanders: Self-generated thought patterns as assessed through experience sampling as a state marker of depression".
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working memory resources. Working memory capacity variation in individuals has been proven to be a good predictor of the natural tendency for mind-wandering to occur during cognitively demanding tasks and various activities in daily life.
955:
Smallwood, J.; Davies, J. B.; Heim, D.; Finnigan, F.; Sudberry, M.V.; O'Connor, R.C.; Obonsawain, M.C. (December 2004). "Subjective experience and the attentional lapse. Task engagement and disengagement during sustained attention".
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Friedman, N. P.; Haberstick, B. C.; Willcutt, E. G.; Miyake, A.; Young, S. E.; Corley, R. P.; Hewitt, J. K. (1 October 2007). "Greater
Attention Problems During Childhood Predict Poorer Executive Functioning in Late Adolescence".
90:
Wallas (1926) considered mind-wandering as an important aspect of his second stage of creative thought β incubation. It was not until the 1960s that the first documented studies were conducted on mind-wandering. John
Antrobus and
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Schnitzspahn, Katharina M.; Stahl, Christoph; Zeintl, Melanie; Kaller, Christoph P.; Kliegel, Matthias (August 2013). "The role of shifting, updating, and inhibition in prospective memory performance in young and older adults".
82:
The history of mind-wandering research dates back to 18th century
England. British philosophers struggled to determine whether mind-wandering occurred in the mind or if an outside source caused it. In 1921, Varendonck published
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Kane, M. J.; Brown, L. H.; McVay, J. C.; Silvia, P. J.; Myin-Germeys, I.; Kwapil, T. R. (1 July 2007). "For Whom the Mind
Wanders, and When: An Experience-Sampling Study of Working Memory and Executive Control in Daily Life".
44:
In general, a folk explanation of mind-wandering could be described as the experience of thoughts not remaining on a single topic for a long period of time, particularly when people are engaged in an attention-demanding task.
1979:
RodrΓguez-Villagra, Odir
Antonio; GΓΆthe, Katrin; Oberauer, Klaus; Kliegl, Reinhold (September 2013). "Working memory capacity in a go/no-go task: Age differences in interference, processing speed, and attentional control".
241:
Mind-wandering in and of itself is not necessarily indicative of attention deficiencies. Studies show that humans typically spend 25-50% of their time thinking about thoughts irrelevant to their current situations.
187:
provide information regarding patterns of detailed experience in active tasks states. This data suggests that the relationship between the default mode network and mind-wandering remains a matter of conjecture.
2649:
Kanske, Philipp; Sharifi, Marjan; Smallwood, Jonathan; Dziobek, Isabel; Singer, Tania (2016-09-12). "Where the
Narcissistic Mind Wanders: Increased Self-Related Thoughts Are More Positive and Future Oriented".
303:
Mind-wandering affects retention where working memory capacity is directly related to reading comprehension levels. Participants with lower working memory capacity perform worse on comprehension-based tests.
122:
target word a thought probe will appear to gauge whether thoughts were on task. If participants were not engaged in the task they were experiencing task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs), signifying mind-wandering.
1051:
GalΓ©ra, C; Orriols, L; M'Bailara, K; Laborey, M; Contrand, B; RibΓ©reau-Gayon, R; Masson, F; Bakiri, S; Gabaude, C; Fort, A; Maury, B; Lemercier, C; Cours, M; Bouvard, MP; Lagarde, E (13 December 2012).
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suggest that mind-wandering, or "spontaneous thought" may involve competition between internally and externally generated activities attempting to gain access to a limited capacity central network.
411:
proposed that fidgeting is not only an indicator of spontaneous mind-wandering, but is also a subconscious attempt to increase arousal in order to improve attention and thus reduce mind-wandering.
373:
levels. People with low WMC are better at staying on task for low concentration tasks, but once the task increases in difficulty they had a hard time keeping their thoughts focused on task.
157:. This aspect of mind-wandering research is focused on understanding how the brain generates the spontaneous and relatively unconstrained thoughts that are experienced when the mind wanders.
183:
It is also active when the individual is thinking about others, thinking about themselves, remembering the past, and planning for the future. However, recent studies show that signals in the
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Sormaz, Mladen; Murphy, Charlotte; Wang, Hao-ting; Hymers, Mark; Karapanagiotidis, Theodoros; Poerio, Giulia; Margulies, Daniel S.; Jefferies, Elizabeth; Smallwood, Jonathan (2018-08-24).
1641:
Unsworth, Nash; Brewer, Gene A.; Spillers, Gregory J. (July 2012). "Variation in cognitive failures: An individual differences investigation of everyday attention and memory failures".
48:
One context in which mind-wandering often occurs is driving. This is because driving under optimal conditions becomes an almost automatic activity that can require minimal use of the
2015:
Sormaz, Mladen; Murphy, Charlotte; Wang, Hao-Ting; Hymers, Mark; Karapanagiotidis, Theodoros; Poerio, Giulia; Margulies, Daniel S.; Jefferies, Elizabeth; Smallwood, Jonathan (2018).
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Franklin, Michael S.; Mrazek, Michael D.; Anderson, Craig L.; Johnston, Charlotte; Smallwood, Jonathan; Kingstone, Alan; Schooler, Jonathan W. (2016-07-27). "Tracking
Distraction".
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participants were prompted to answer a question that asked if their attention was either on task, slightly on task, slightly off task, or off task prior to the interruption.
3890:
Carriere, Jonathan S. A.; Seli, Paul; Smilek, Daniel (2013). "Wandering in both mind and body: Individual differences in mind wandering and inattention predict fidgeting".
70:
Studies have demonstrated a prospective bias to spontaneous thought because individuals tend to engage in more future than past related thoughts during mind-wandering. The
2997:
Gathercole, S.E.; Alloway TP; Kirkwood HJ; Elliott JG; Holmes J; Hilton KA (2008). "Attentional and executive function behaviours in children with poor working memory".
4174:
1606:
Unsworth, Nash; McMillan, Brittany D.; Brewer, Gene A.; Spillers, Gregory J. (November 2012). "Everyday attention failures: An individual differences investigation".
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Smallwood, J.; Nind, L.; O'Connor, R.C. (March 2009). "When is your head at? An exploration of the factors associated with the temporal focus of the wandering mind".
3823:
Kieran, C. R. Fox; Kalina
Christoff (2014). "Metacognitive Facilitation of Spontaneous Thought Processes: When Metacognition Helps the Wandering Mind Find Its Way".
291:
Speed of processing information affects how much information can be processed in working memory. People with faster speed of processing can encode information into
805:
Smallwood, J.; Beech, E.M.; Schooler, J.W.; Handy, T.C. (March 2008). "Going AWOL in the brain β mind wandering reduces cortical analysis of the task environment".
3925:
Seli, Paul; Carriere, Jonathan S. A.; Thomson, David R.; Cheyne, James Allan; Martens, Kaylena A. Ehgoetz; Smilek, Daniel (2014). "Restless mind, restless body".
342:
1004:"Tracking the train of thought from the laboratory into everyday life: an experience-sampling study of mind wandering across controlled and ecological contexts"
3431:
3128:
Unsworth, N; Schrock JC; Engle RW (November 2004). "Working memory capacity and the antisaccade task: individual differences in voluntary saccade control".
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Alloway, T.P.; S.E. Gathercole; H. Kirkwood; J. Elliott (MarβApr 2009). "The cognitive and behavioral characteristics of children with low working memory".
694:
Lin, Chin-Teng; Chuang, Chun-Hsiang; Kerick, Scott; Mullen, Tim; Jung, Tzyy-Ping; Ko, Li-Wei; Chen, Shi-An; King, Jung-Tai; McDowell, Kaleb (2016-02-17).
261:
mind-wandering causes lower performance on working memory capacity tasks or that lower working memory capacity causes more instances of mind-wandering.
3962:"Non-Instrumental Movement Inhibition (NIMI) Differentially Suppresses Head and Thigh Movements during Screenic Engagement: Dependence on Interaction"
4196:
2790:
Smallwood, Jonathan (February 2011). "Mind-wandering While
Reading: Attentional Decoupling, Mindless Reading and the Cascade Model of Inattention".
1101:
Smallwood, J.; Fitzgerald, A.; Miles, L.; Phillips, L. (April 2009). "Shifting moods, wandering minds: negative moods lead the mind to wander".
2262:"Mind-wandering in younger and older adults: Converging evidence from the sustained attention to response task and reading for comprehension"
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inattention. One of the strengths of this study is that it was performed in both lab and daily-life situations, giving it broad application.
1171:
Finnigan, F.; Schulze, D.; Smallwood, J. (2007). "Alcohol and the wandering mind β a new direction in the study of attentional lapses".
3039:"Drifting from slow to "D'oh!": working memory capacity and mind wandering predict extreme reaction times and executive control errors"
2866:
Baird, B; Smallwood, J.; Schooler, J.W. (2011). "Back to the future: auto-biographical planning and functionality of mind wandering".
399:. One possible application for this phenomenon is that detection of non-instrumental movements may be an indicator of attention or
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better than people that have slower speed of processing. This can lead to memory of more items because more things can be encoded.
223:
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is thought to be involved in mind-wandering and internally directed thought, although recent work has challenged this assumption.
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Smallwood, J. (2013). "Distinguishing how from why the mind wanders: a process occurrence framework for self-generated thought".
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Shaw, G. A.; Giambra, Leonard (1993-01-01). "Task-unrelated thoughts of college students diagnosed as hyperactive in childhood".
283:
Another study compared differences in speed of processing information between people of different ages. The task they used was a
516:"Young and restless: validation of the Mind-Wandering Questionnaire (MWQ) reveals disruptive impact of mind-wandering for youth"
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serves to correct the wandering mind, suppressing spontaneous thoughts and bringing attention back to more "worthwhile" tasks.
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3175:"Executive function in daily life: Age-related influences of executive processes on instrumental activities of daily living"
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people with low or depressed mood. Mind-wandering also occurs when a person is intoxicated via the consumption of alcohol.
2218:
Kane, M. J.; McVay, J. C. (1 October 2012). "What Mind Wandering Reveals About Executive-Control Abilities and Failures".
647:"Conducting the train of thought: Working memory capacity, goal neglect, and mind wandering in an executive-control task"
87:, in which he traced his "'trains of thoughts' to identify their origins, most often irrelevant external influences".
4055:
3865:"Mind-wandering and metacognition: variation between internal and external thought predicts improved error awareness"
2747:
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Antrobus, J.S.; Singer, J.L.; Goldstein, S.; Fortgang, M. (February 1970). "Mind-wandering and cognitive structure".
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Smallwood, J.; Obonsawin, M.C.; Heim, D. (June 2003). "Task Unrelated Thought: the role of distributed processing".
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task. What is found is that mind-wandering has a negative effect on text comprehension in more difficult readings.
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Gusnard, D.A.; Raichle, M.E. (2001). "Searching for a baseline: functional imaging and the resting human brain".
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Buckner, Randy L.; Andrews-Hanna, Jessica R.; Schacter, Daniel L. (1 March 2008). "The Brain's Default Network".
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Witchel, Harry J.; Santos, Carlos P.; Ackah, James K.; Westling, Carina E. I.; Chockalingam, Nachiappan (2016).
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Kanske, Philipp; Schulze, Lars; Dziobek, Isabel; Scheibner, Hannah; Roepke, Stefan; Singer, Tania (2016-08-30).
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possibility for mind-wandering is abundant because it takes little executive control to focus on simple tasks.
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Kam, J.W.Y.; Dao, E.; Farley, J.; Fitzpatrick, K.; Smallwood, J.; Schooler, J.W.; Handy, T.C. (February 2011).
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1741:"Experience sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to mind wandering"
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One candidate neural mechanism for generating this aspect of experience is a network of regions in the medial
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2150:"Ongoing spontaneous activity controls access to consciousness: A neuronal model for inattentional blindness"
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Higher inhibiting and updating abilities correlates to lower levels of attention problems in adolescence.
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Smallwood, J.; O'Connor, R.C.; Sudberry, M.V.; Obonsawin, M.C. (2007). "Mind wandering & Dysphoria".
2596:"The wandering mind in borderline personality disorder: Instability in self- and other-related thoughts"
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decreased identification of the villain and worse results on both factual and deducible questions.
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Paul Seli and colleagues have shown that spontaneous mind-wandering is associated with increased
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Mrazek, Michael; Phillips, Dawa; Franklin, Michael; Broadway, James; Schooler, Jonathan (2013).
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1322:"Default mode network can support the level of detail in experience during active task states"
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to observe mind-wandering in the brain and reduce psychologists' reliance on verbal reports.
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Seli, Paul; Smallwood, Jonathan; Cheyne, James Allan; Smilek, Daniel (2015-06-01).
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1023:
1015:
985:
965:
918:
891:
869:
861:
814:
791:
771:
731:
715:
666:
658:
604:
586:
545:
527:
478:
467:"The science of mind wandering: empirically navigating the stream of consciousness"
435:
150:
92:
3647:
3832:
3701:
Spielberger, Charles D., ed. (2004). "Neuropsychological Assessment in Schools".
3265:
Smallwood, Jonathan; McSpadden, Merrill; Schooler, Jonathan W. (September 2008).
3010:
2879:
2168:
1226:
969:
219:
169:
3151:
3106:
2763:
1900:
16:
Experience of thoughts not remaining on a single topic for a long period of time
2542:
1745:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1184:
3358:
3341:
2707:
2519:
2375:
2358:
1654:
1149:
4185:
4106:
4097:
4065:
3987:
3978:
3763:
3733:
3710:
3566:
3326:
3213:
2834:
2715:
2671:
2663:
2619:
2527:
2484:
2427:
2419:
2384:
2343:
2231:
1942:
1529:
1461:
1355:
1290:
727:
600:
591:
541:
532:
492:
380:
192:
165:
146:
3809:
3800:
Cooke, D. Tighe (2006). "Executive Functioning". In Salkind, Neil J. (ed.).
3786:
3468:
3218:"Delays in neural processing during working memory encoding in normal aging"
2134:
2097:
2041:
1765:
1704:
1398:
1346:
1282:
865:
818:
4124:
4005:
3946:
3911:
3670:
3621:
3543:
3476:
3381:
3367:
3292:
3251:
3198:
3159:
3114:
3072:
2975:
2943:
2930:
2887:
2852:
2723:
2679:
2627:
2580:
2492:
2435:
2392:
2295:
2187:
2154:
2060:
2001:
1960:
1908:
1865:
1819:
1784:
1722:
1640:
1627:
1584:
1421:
1373:
1298:
1234:
1122:
1087:
1037:
977:
930:
883:
826:
783:
745:
696:"Mind-Wandering Tends to Occur under Low Perceptual Demands during Driving"
680:
618:
559:
500:
161:
95:
developed a questionnaire and discussed the experience of mind-wandering.
63:
2739:
The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory
1496:
3429:
3412:
3283:
3266:
2996:
1739:
Christoff, K.; Gordon, A.M.; Smallwood, J. Smith; Schooler, J.W. (2009).
1561:
1019:
907:"Lost in thoughts: neural markers of low alertness during mind wandering"
354:
experiments report more mind-wandering when bored, stressed, or unhappy.
145:
Mind-wandering is important in understanding how the brain produces what
4177:. Bridging the Gaps: A Portal for Curious Minds. 2015. 26 December 2014.
4166:
2328:. Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 562β564.
1857:
1681:"Wandering minds: the default network and stimulus-independent thought"
1446:. Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 574β577.
445:
2816:
1135:
1069:
874:
719:
4157:
4032:
3938:
3903:
3781:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 120β129.
3613:
3557:
Barry, Danielle (2012). "Executive Function". In Key, Kristin (ed.).
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1993:
1978:
1844:; Aminoff, E.; Mason, M.; Fenske, M. (2007). "The units of thought".
1811:
1619:
1114:
662:
392:
24:
3804:. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference. pp. 486β487.
3267:"When attention matters: The curious incident of the wandering mind"
3019:
2966:
1887:
Smallwood, J.; Schooler, J.W. (November 2006). "The Restless Mind".
906:
3927:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
3130:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
3043:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
2865:
2595:
1608:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
651:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
284:
273:
20:
4141:
1050:
400:
395:; by contrast, interest, attention and visual engagement lead to
3085:
1738:
1100:
3561:. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Detroit: Gale. pp. 592β594.
1474:
1054:"Mind wandering and driving: responsibility case-control study"
292:
2405:
1605:
513:
3588:
2692:
2648:
2593:
3758:. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: Academic Press. pp. 819β830.
1258:
850:"Slow fluctuations in attentional control of sensory cortex"
3425:
3423:
2359:"On the relation of mind wandering and ADHD symptomatology"
954:
804:
3959:
3264:
3127:
573:
McMillan, Rebecca; Kaufman, Scott; Singer, Jerome (2013).
3924:
3430:
Matthew A. Killingsworth & Daniel T. Gilbert (2010).
2540:
2457:
Smallwood, Jonathan; Schooler, Jonathan W. (2015-01-03).
2356:
1678:
1212:
1173:
International Journal of Disability and Human Development
465:
Smallwood, Jonathan; Schooler, Jonathan W. (2015-01-03).
3420:
3172:
3088:"A controlled-attention view of working-memory capacity"
3086:
Kane, MJ; Bleckley MK; Conway AR; Engle RW (June 2001).
1170:
341:
As part of his doctoral research at Harvard University,
4167:"The Mind Wanders: A site dedicated to mind-wanderingβ¦"
3726:
The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences
3724:
Sullivan, Larry E., ed. (2009). "Executive Functions".
3342:"Mind wandering while reading easy and difficult texts"
3339:
2785:
2783:
847:
3822:
3705:. Vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 657β664.
2014:
1510:
Weiner, Irving B.; Craighead, W. Edward, eds. (2010).
1319:
1002:
McVay, J.C.; Kane, M.J.; Kwapil, T.R. (October 2009).
761:
191:
In addition to neural models, computational models of
3032:
3030:
2260:
Jackson, Jonathan D.; Balota, David A. (March 2012).
1840:
693:
645:
McVay, Jennifer C.; Kane, Michael J. (January 2009).
572:
4079:
Farley, James; Risko, Evan; Kingstone, Alan (2013).
4078:
2780:
4144:. University of Waterloo, Department of Psychology.
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3340:Feng, S.; D'Mello, S.; Graesser, A.C. (June 2013).
3321:. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
3306:
3304:
3302:
2817:Levinson, D; Smallwood, J.; Davidson, R.J. (2011).
2324:. In Baumeister, Roy F.; Vohs, Kathleen D. (eds.).
2320:Schooler, Jonathan W.; Smallwood, Jonathan (2007).
1920:
1918:
1442:. In Baumeister, Roy F.; Vohs, Kathleen D. (eds.).
1438:Smallwood, Jonathan; Schooler, Jonathan W. (2007).
4150:"Science paying attention to not paying attention"
3889:
3728:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference. p. 191.
3312:
3027:
2112:
2082:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
2075:
4156:. Associated Press. 19 March 2007. Archived from
2456:
2319:
1886:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
464:
4183:
3573:
3299:
3211:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2217:
1915:
1734:
1732:
1477:Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences
950:
948:
904:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2147:
2021:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1974:
1972:
1970:
1925:Miyake, A.; Friedman, N. P. (31 January 2012).
1509:
1326:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1001:
757:
755:
272:Mind-wandering sometimes occurs as a result of
1924:
1797:
1428:
1199:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
2908:
2902:
2259:
2246:
1880:
1729:
1129:
1094:
945:
3628:
3166:
3036:
2810:
2302:
1967:
1674:
1672:
1599:
1468:
1164:
997:
995:
898:
798:
752:
3892:Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology
3825:The Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition
3777:Birren, James E., ed. (2007). "Attention".
3700:
3173:Vaughan, Leslie; Giovanello, Kelly (2010).
3095:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
2505:
2220:Current Directions in Psychological Science
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2141:
1931:Current Directions in Psychological Science
1791:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
3793:
3770:
3740:
3717:
3685:
3503:
3501:
1386:
1261:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1044:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
575:"Ode to positive constructive daydreaming"
4114:
4096:
3995:
3977:
3753:
3603:
3533:
3458:
3357:
3282:
3241:
3205:
3141:
3062:
3018:
2965:
2859:
2842:
2789:
2570:
2474:
2374:
2285:
2177:
2167:
2119:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
2104:
2067:
2050:
2040:
1950:
1774:
1764:
1712:
1669:
1514:(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
1363:
1345:
1272:
1077:
1027:
992:
873:
735:
670:
644:
608:
590:
549:
531:
482:
202:
4197:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
3723:
2194:
1536:
319:
224:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
3507:
3498:
3408:"Mind Wandering May Lead to a Bad Mood"
1834:
625:
4184:
4142:"Oops: Discovering the Wandering Mind"
3776:
3559:The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Health
3234:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.08.003
1512:The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology
1411:
841:
357:
234:gauged mind-wandering and awareness.
62:Mind-wandering appears to be a stable
4164:
4045:
4018:
3799:
3556:
3432:"A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind"
3310:
2148:Dehaene, S.; Changeux, J.-P. (2005).
2110:
2073:
1254:
1252:
104:functional magnetic resonance imaging
397:Non-Instrumental Movement Inhibition
129:(ESM). Participants carry around a
3526:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
3405:
2999:Learning and Individual Differences
2476:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015331
2078:A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness
905:Braboszcz, C.; Delorme, A. (2011).
484:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015331
109:
13:
3816:
3703:Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology
1489:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1970.tb02056.x
1249:
125:Another task to judge TUTs is the
14:
4223:
4134:
3802:Encyclopedia of Human Development
3508:Diamond, Adele (3 January 2013).
3346:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
3314:"Mind Wandering and Other Lapses"
2363:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
2326:Encyclopedia of Social Psychology
1444:Encyclopedia of Social Psychology
1008:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
854:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
807:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
249:
98:This questionnaire, known as the
3663:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01997.x
3406:Hsu, Jeremy (11 November 2010).
3212:Zanto, Theodore P.; Toy, Brian;
2958:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01282.x
2804:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2010.00263.x
2792:Language and Linguistics Compass
2652:Journal of Personality Disorders
1577:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01948.x
923:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.008
175:It is commonly assumed that the
4072:
4039:
4012:
3953:
3918:
3883:
3857:
3756:Encyclopedia of the Human Brain
3550:
3399:
3374:
3333:
3258:
3121:
3079:
3037:McVay, JC; MJ Kane (May 2012).
2990:
2937:
2756:
2730:
2686:
2642:
2587:
2545:; Schweitzer, Julie B. (2009).
2534:
2499:
2450:
2399:
2350:
2115:In the Theater of Consciousness
2008:
1634:
1503:
1405:
1380:
1313:
256:Working memory Β§ Attention
140:
3317:. In Banks, William P. (ed.).
2696:Journal of Affective Disorders
2612:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.060
2563:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.070
2408:Journal of Attention Disorders
1643:Journal of Memory and Language
687:
566:
507:
458:
426:ADHD predominantly inattentive
212:also affect mind-wandering.
1:
3319:Encyclopedia of Consciousness
2508:Developmental Neuropsychology
1393:. London: Allen & Unwin.
776:10.1016/s1053-8100(02)00003-x
452:
4021:Applied Cognitive Psychology
3833:10.1007/978-3-642-45190-4_13
3011:10.1016/j.lindif.2007.10.003
2880:10.1016/j.concog.2011.08.007
2819:"The persistence of thought"
2169:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030141
1390:The Psychology of Day-Dreams
1227:10.1016/j.concog.2008.11.004
970:10.1016/j.concog.2004.06.003
386:
336:
298:
100:Imaginal Processes Inventory
85:The Psychology of Day-Dreams
7:
4050:. Chicago, IL: Open Court.
4048:The psychology of attention
3779:Encyclopedia of Gerontology
3514:Annual Review of Psychology
3152:10.1037/0278-7393.30.6.1302
3107:10.1037/0096-3445.130.2.169
2868:Consciousness and Cognition
2463:Annual Review of Psychology
1901:10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.946
1800:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
1215:Consciousness and Cognition
958:Consciousness and Cognition
764:Consciousness and Cognition
471:Annual Review of Psychology
414:
10:
4228:
2111:Baars, Bernard J. (1997).
2074:Baars, Bernard J. (1988).
1416:. London: Johnathon Cape.
1185:10.1515/ijdhd.2007.6.2.189
308:the questions are asked.
253:
131:personal digital assistant
127:experience sampling method
77:
18:
3359:10.3758/s13423-012-0367-y
2708:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.005
2520:10.1080/87565649309540541
2376:10.3758/s13423-014-0793-0
1655:10.1016/j.jml.2011.12.005
1150:10.1080/02699930600911531
4098:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00619
4046:Ribot, ThΓ©odule (1890).
3979:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00157
3592:Developmental Psychology
2835:10.1177/0956797611431465
2742:. Elsevier. 2004-02-19.
2664:10.1521/pedi_2016_30_263
2420:10.1177/1087054714543494
2232:10.1177/0963721412454875
1982:Developmental Psychology
1943:10.1177/0963721411429458
592:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00626
533:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00560
195:based on Bernard Baars'
57:event-related potentials
4085:Frontiers in Psychology
3966:Frontiers in Psychology
3469:10.1126/science.1192439
2042:10.1073/pnas.1721259115
1766:10.1073/pnas.0900234106
1705:10.1126/science.1131295
1412:Wallas, Graham (1926).
1387:Varendonck, J. (1921).
1347:10.1073/pnas.1721259115
1283:10.1196/annals.1440.011
1138:Cognition & Emotion
866:10.1162/jocn.2010.21443
819:10.1162/jocn.2008.20037
579:Frontiers in Psychology
520:Frontiers in Psychology
405:computer aided learning
197:Global Workspace theory
155:stream of consciousness
33:Maladaptive daydreaming
3271:Memory & Cognition
2911:Psychological Bulletin
1889:Psychological Bulletin
346:laboratory settings.
203:Individual differences
4165:Smallwood, Jonathan.
3651:Psychological Science
3510:"Executive Functions"
2823:Psychological Science
1565:Psychological Science
343:Matthew Killingsworth
320:Reading comprehension
50:task positive network
4160:on November 4, 2016.
3827:. pp. 293β319.
3386:Track Your Happiness
3284:10.3758/MC.36.6.1144
3179:Psychology and Aging
2266:Psychology and Aging
1020:10.3758/PBR.16.5.857
431:Default mode network
185:default mode network
177:default mode network
168:cortex known as the
72:default mode network
3451:2010Sci...330..932K
2600:Psychiatry Research
2033:2018PNAS..115.9318S
1757:2009PNAS..106.8719C
1697:2007Sci...315..393M
1338:2018PNAS..115.9318S
712:2016NatSR...621353L
363:Executive functions
358:Executive functions
222:such as ADHD (
3329:– via Credo.
1858:10.1002/hipo.20287
1414:The Art of Thought
700:Scientific Reports
115:Jonathan Smallwood
3842:978-3-642-45189-8
2946:Child Development
2335:978-1-4129-1670-7
2126:978-0-19-510265-9
2089:978-0-521-30133-6
2027:(37): 9318β9323.
1691:(5810): 393β395.
1521:978-0-470-47921-6
1453:978-1-4129-1670-7
1332:(37): 9318β9323.
1070:10.1136/bmj.e8105
720:10.1038/srep21353
441:Human reliability
421:Absent-mindedness
29:Absent-mindedness
4219:
4178:
4170:
4161:
4145:
4129:
4128:
4118:
4100:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4033:10.1002/acp.1814
4016:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3981:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3939:10.1037/a0035260
3922:
3916:
3915:
3904:10.1037/a0031438
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3867:. Archived from
3861:
3855:
3854:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3751:
3738:
3737:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3698:
3683:
3682:
3645:
3626:
3625:
3614:10.1037/a0030579
3607:
3598:(8): 1544β1553.
3586:
3571:
3570:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3487:. Archived from
3462:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3361:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3316:
3308:
3297:
3296:
3286:
3277:(6): 1144β1150.
3262:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3222:Neuropsychologia
3216:(January 2010).
3209:
3203:
3202:
3191:10.1037/a0017729
3170:
3164:
3163:
3145:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3092:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3055:10.1037/a0025896
3034:
3025:
3024:
3022:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2969:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2923:10.1037/a0030010
2906:
2900:
2899:
2874:(4): 1604β1611.
2863:
2857:
2856:
2846:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2478:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2378:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2322:"Meta-Awareness"
2317:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2278:10.1037/a0023933
2257:
2244:
2243:
2215:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2118:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2081:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2044:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1994:10.1037/a0030883
1988:(9): 1683β1696.
1976:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1812:10.1038/35094500
1795:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1620:10.1037/a0028075
1614:(6): 1765β1772.
1603:
1597:
1596:
1559:
1534:
1533:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1440:"Mind-Wandering"
1435:
1426:
1425:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1349:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1276:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1210:
1197:
1196:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1115:10.1037/a0014855
1098:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1031:
999:
990:
989:
952:
943:
942:
902:
896:
895:
877:
845:
839:
838:
802:
796:
795:
759:
750:
749:
739:
691:
685:
684:
674:
663:10.1037/a0014104
642:
623:
622:
612:
594:
570:
564:
563:
553:
535:
511:
505:
504:
486:
462:
436:Highway hypnosis
220:Mental disorders
151:train of thought
110:Research methods
93:Jerome L. Singer
4227:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4182:
4181:
4173:
4148:
4140:
4137:
4132:
4077:
4073:
4058:
4044:
4040:
4017:
4013:
3958:
3954:
3923:
3919:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3843:
3821:
3817:
3798:
3794:
3775:
3771:
3752:
3741:
3722:
3718:
3699:
3686:
3657:(10): 893β900.
3646:
3629:
3605:10.1.1.714.8040
3587:
3574:
3555:
3551:
3506:
3499:
3491:
3460:10.1.1.453.1579
3434:
3428:
3421:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3338:
3334:
3309:
3300:
3263:
3259:
3210:
3206:
3171:
3167:
3126:
3122:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3035:
3028:
2995:
2991:
2942:
2938:
2907:
2903:
2864:
2860:
2815:
2811:
2788:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2768:psycnet.apa.org
2762:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2691:
2687:
2647:
2643:
2592:
2588:
2543:Beckett, Laurel
2539:
2535:
2504:
2500:
2455:
2451:
2404:
2400:
2355:
2351:
2336:
2318:
2303:
2258:
2247:
2216:
2195:
2146:
2142:
2127:
2109:
2105:
2090:
2072:
2068:
2013:
2009:
1977:
1968:
1923:
1916:
1885:
1881:
1839:
1835:
1806:(10): 685β694.
1796:
1792:
1751:(21): 8719β24.
1737:
1730:
1677:
1670:
1639:
1635:
1604:
1600:
1560:
1537:
1522:
1508:
1504:
1473:
1469:
1454:
1436:
1429:
1410:
1406:
1385:
1381:
1318:
1314:
1274:10.1.1.689.6903
1257:
1250:
1211:
1200:
1169:
1165:
1134:
1130:
1099:
1095:
1049:
1045:
1000:
993:
953:
946:
903:
899:
846:
842:
803:
799:
760:
753:
692:
688:
643:
626:
571:
567:
512:
508:
463:
459:
455:
417:
389:
360:
339:
322:
301:
258:
252:
246:self-centered.
205:
170:default network
143:
112:
80:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4225:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4180:
4179:
4171:
4162:
4146:
4136:
4135:External links
4133:
4131:
4130:
4071:
4056:
4038:
4027:(2): 234β242.
4011:
3952:
3933:(3): 660β668.
3917:
3882:
3871:on 2 June 2014
3856:
3841:
3815:
3792:
3769:
3739:
3716:
3684:
3627:
3572:
3549:
3520:(1): 135β168.
3497:
3494:on 2015-05-04.
3419:
3398:
3373:
3352:(3): 586β592.
3332:
3311:Smallwood, J.
3298:
3257:
3214:Gazzaley, Adam
3204:
3185:(2): 343β355.
3165:
3143:10.1.1.331.840
3136:(6): 1302β21.
3120:
3101:(2): 169β183.
3078:
3049:(3): 529β549.
3026:
3005:(2): 214β223.
2989:
2952:(2): 606β621.
2936:
2917:(3): 519β535.
2901:
2858:
2829:(4): 375β380.
2809:
2779:
2755:
2748:
2729:
2685:
2658:(4): 553β566.
2641:
2586:
2551:Brain Research
2533:
2498:
2469:(1): 487β518.
2449:
2414:(6): 475β486.
2398:
2369:(3): 629β636.
2349:
2334:
2301:
2272:(1): 106β119.
2245:
2226:(5): 348β354.
2193:
2140:
2125:
2103:
2088:
2066:
2007:
1966:
1914:
1895:(6): 946β958.
1879:
1852:(6): 420β428.
1833:
1790:
1728:
1668:
1633:
1598:
1571:(7): 614β621.
1535:
1520:
1502:
1483:(2): 242β252.
1467:
1452:
1427:
1404:
1379:
1312:
1248:
1221:(1): 118β125.
1198:
1179:(2): 189β199.
1163:
1144:(4): 816β842.
1128:
1109:(2): 271β276.
1093:
1043:
991:
964:(4): 657β690.
944:
897:
860:(2): 460β470.
840:
813:(3): 458β469.
797:
770:(2): 169β189.
751:
686:
657:(1): 196β204.
624:
565:
506:
456:
454:
451:
450:
449:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
416:
413:
388:
385:
359:
356:
338:
335:
321:
318:
300:
297:
251:
250:Working memory
248:
204:
201:
142:
139:
111:
108:
79:
76:
55:Studies using
38:Mind-wandering
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4224:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4207:Consciousness
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4126:
4122:
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4112:
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4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4057:9780548114025
4053:
4049:
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4026:
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4007:
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3993:
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3967:
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3826:
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3409:
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2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
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2912:
2905:
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2877:
2873:
2869:
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2836:
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2797:
2793:
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2769:
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2327:
2323:
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2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
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2263:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
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2161:
2157:
2156:
2151:
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2122:
2117:
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2099:
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2091:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
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1682:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
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1629:
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1617:
1613:
1609:
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1590:
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1552:
1550:
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1540:
1531:
1527:
1523:
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1506:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1186:
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1178:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
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1132:
1124:
1120:
1116:
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1108:
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1097:
1089:
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1080:
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1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1025:
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1017:
1014:(5): 857β63.
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
996:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
951:
949:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
917:(4): 3040β7.
916:
912:
908:
901:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
844:
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828:
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816:
812:
808:
801:
793:
789:
785:
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773:
769:
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758:
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729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
682:
678:
673:
668:
664:
660:
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652:
648:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
620:
616:
611:
606:
602:
598:
593:
588:
584:
580:
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569:
561:
557:
552:
547:
543:
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521:
517:
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494:
490:
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476:
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434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
412:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
384:
382:
381:Metacognition
378:
374:
370:
366:
364:
355:
351:
350:activities.
347:
344:
334:
330:
326:
317:
313:
309:
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296:
294:
289:
286:
281:
277:
275:
270:
266:
262:
257:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
200:
198:
194:
193:consciousness
189:
186:
181:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
147:William James
138:
134:
132:
128:
123:
119:
116:
107:
105:
101:
96:
94:
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86:
75:
73:
68:
65:
60:
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4153:
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4024:
4020:
4014:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3930:
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3895:
3891:
3885:
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3869:the original
3859:
3824:
3818:
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3772:
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3489:the original
3445:(932): 932.
3442:
3438:
3411:
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3389:. Retrieved
3385:
3376:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3318:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3228:(1): 13β25.
3225:
3221:
3207:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3098:
3094:
3081:
3046:
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2998:
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2904:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2798:(2): 63β77.
2795:
2791:
2771:. Retrieved
2767:
2758:
2738:
2732:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2655:
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2644:
2603:
2599:
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2514:(1): 17β30.
2511:
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2159:
2155:PLOS Biology
2153:
2143:
2114:
2106:
2077:
2069:
2024:
2020:
2010:
1985:
1981:
1934:
1930:
1892:
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1264:
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1137:
1131:
1106:
1102:
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1057:
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1011:
1007:
961:
957:
914:
910:
900:
857:
853:
843:
810:
806:
800:
767:
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699:
689:
654:
650:
582:
578:
568:
523:
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509:
474:
470:
460:
409:
390:
379:
375:
371:
367:
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348:
340:
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314:
310:
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282:
278:
271:
267:
263:
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244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
218:
216:difference.
214:
210:
208:an error.
206:
190:
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174:
159:
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141:Neuroscience
135:
124:
120:
113:
97:
89:
84:
81:
69:
61:
54:
47:
43:
37:
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