506:. Facing a shortage of supplies and medicine, they were instructed to withhold treatment – even for emergencies – so supplies and treatment could be "doled out closer to the election, part of a national strategy to compel patients to vote for the government". They reported that life-saving treatment was denied to patients who supported the opposition. As the election neared, they were sent door-to-door, on house visits with a political purpose: "to hand out medicine and enlist voters for Venezuela's Socialist Party". Patients were warned that they could lose their medical care if they did not vote for the Socialist Party, and that, if Maduro lost, ties would be broken with Cuba, and Venezuelans would lose all medical care. Patients with chronic conditions and those at risk of death if they couldn't get medicine, were a particular focus of these tactics. One said that government officials were posing as doctors to make these house calls before elections; "We, the doctors, were asked to give our extra robes to people. The fake doctors were even giving out medicines, without knowing what they were or how to use them," he said.
1521:
498:; all sixteen revealed that they were required to participate in voting fraud. Some of the Cubans said that "command centers" for elections were placed near clinics to facilitate "dispatching doctors to pressure residents". Some tactics reported by the Cubans were unrelated to their profession: they were given counterfeit cards to vote even though they were not eligible voters, they witnessed vote tampering with officials opening ballot boxes and destroyed ballots, and they were told to instruct easily manipulated elderly patients in how to vote.
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311:. The Venezuelan Medical Federation instructed its members to boycott the program. The mayor sought assistance from the Cuban embassy, and the Barrio Adentro program was launched in April 2003 with 58 Cuban doctors. By December 2003, the program had been expanded on a national scope, and over 10,000 Cuban medical professionals had come to Venezuela. Venezuela compensated Cuba for medical costs by providing with oil at below market prices.
450:
and was in a legal dispute with the Chávez administration over the legitimacy of the Cuban doctors' licensure and practice. In 2003, they obtained a court order preventing Cuban doctors from practicing in
Venezuela, on the basis that they were not properly licensed according to the Venezuelan system.
349:
I and II centers in 32 parishes were the subject of constant complaints about performance even after being funded 1.492 million
Bolivares by the government. Councilman Alejandro Vivas stated that "instead of having positive results, what is observed is the discontent of the citizens for a performance
478:
reported that groups of Cuban health care workers who had defected from the program stated that due to the daily quotas of patients, they would often feel pressured to fake paperwork and throw away medicine, since regular audits of their supplies meant they needed them to match their patient count.
432:
for what they considered was a conspiracy to force them to work under conditions of "modern-day slaves" as payment for the Cuban government's debt. In 2014, it was reported by a Miami NGO, Solidarity
Without Borders, that at least 700 Cuban medical personnel had left Venezuela in the past year and
368:, wrote that the programme has achieved "the materialization of the right to health care for millions of Venezuelans". Due to its reliance on community organisation, the programme has "created a new space for political participation and activism that has forcefully extended throughout Venezuela".
463:
In 2014, the
Comptroller General of the Republic "found serious irregularities in the ... repair, modernization, and extension of eight national referral hospitals". In 2006, the Venezuelan government funded companies without reason and without certain regulations. The Comptroller said that the
58:
377:
that though the program had saved lives, it was "also clear the program is less effective than the administration would like the world to believe," with reports of exaggerated and fraudulent data being reported by Cuban medical personnel who had previously worked under the mission.
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that hundreds of Cuban personnel had asked for advice on how to escape from
Venezuela weekly. Solidarity Without Borders also stated that Cuban personnel cannot refuse to work, cannot express complaints, may be blackmailed, and suffer threats against their family in Cuba.
302:
When Hugo Chávez was elected president in 1998, 70% of
Venezuelans lacked regular access to health care and over 4 million children and adolescents experienced malnutrition. This situation did not meaningfully improve during the early years of the Chávez presidency.
395:
there. According to investigative journalist
Patricia Marcano, in 2010 the Venezuelan government promised to start 357 clinics of which 148 were completed. In 2012, 298 clinics were promised and 175 were completed, and in 2013, 62 were promised with 35 completed.
321:
Barrio
Adentro II established hundreds of diagnostic centers, rehabilitation centers, and other centers for specialized care. Through Barrio Adentro III, 300 Venezuelan hospitals were modernized. New specialist hospitals were built pursuant to Barrio Adentro IV.
306:
Through Misión Barrio
Adentro, Cuban doctors served Venezuelan communities where Venezuela's mostly white medical staff refused to work. In 2003, Caracas's pro-Chávez mayor proposed the Barrio Adentro program to bring free local health care to poor areas in
341:
Jorge Díaz-Polanco, a sociologist of the Center for
Development Studies (CENDES), stated that despite an increase of investment, the maternal mortality rate increased and in 2009, the rate was 70 deaths per 100,000 live births, the highest since the 1990s.
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modules had been either abandoned or were left unfinished. In some cases the Venezuelan government accused elected opposition officials of trying to impede or close existing Missions. In 2006 Chávez accused the governor of Zulia State of impeding
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But they also "described a system of deliberate political manipulation"; their services as medical professionals "were wielded to secure votes for the governing Socialist Party, often through coercion," they told
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establishments were abandoned with reports of some structures being filled with trash or becoming unintentional shelters for the homeless. The majority of Cuban medical personnel had left Venezuela as of 2016.
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medical journal, "growing numbers of Cuban doctors sent overseas to work are defecting to the United States". Cuban doctors working abroad are reported to be monitored by "minders" and are subject to curfew.
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from the government. Councilman Alejandro Vivas stated that "instead of having positive results, what is observed is the discontent of the citizens for a performance that leaves much to be desired".
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The functioning of the programme has been hampered by opposition from the media and Chávez' political opponents. However, this opposition has also made the programme more visible to the populace.
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By the end of 2015, the Bolivarian government reported that one in three of Venezuelan patients admitted to public health facilities that year died. In October 2016, the
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project was "marked by weakness and improvisations" and that "his authorization does not imply commitment to the Foundation or the MPPS (Ministry of Health)".
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In February 2010, seven Cuban doctors who defected to the US introduced an indictment against the governments of Cuba and Venezuela and the oil company
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The Venezuelan Medical Federation, the largest association of medical doctors in Venezuela, opposed vigorously the use of Cuban doctors in Mission
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1018:"Sala Constitucional se negó a pronunciarse sobre ejercicio de médicos cubanos: Gobierno deberá llevar caso Barrio Adentro a otra instancia"
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88:. Through Misión Barrio Adentro, Cuban doctors served Venezuelan communities where Venezuela's mostly white medical staff refused to work.
576:
1593:
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95:
I centers, 2,708 had been built by May 2007, using an investment of around US$ 126 million, with a further 3,284 under construction.
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I centers, 2,708 had been built by May 2007, using an investment of around US$ 126 million, with a further 3,284 under construction.
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If Cuban medical personnel did not meet their quotas, they were threatened with having their pay cut or being sent back to Cuba.
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I and II centers in 32 parishes were the subject of constant complaints regarding performance even after receiving 1.492 million
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reported that hundreds of doctors were being recalled by the Cuban government, allegedly due to a lack of payments by Venezuela.
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I and II centers in 32 parishes were the subject of constant complaints regarding performance even after receiving 1.492 million
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In July 2007, Douglas León Natera, chairman of The Venezuelan Medical Federation, reported that up to 70% of the
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establishments were abandoned in Venezuela, with the majority of Cuban medical personnel leaving the country.
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530:, "Hugo Chávez's health-care programme misses its goals", Volume 371, Issue 9629, 14–20 June 2008, p. 1988
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The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba
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program in 2003 and 2004 may have "crucially influenced" Chávez's 59% to 41% victory in the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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670:"Dumping medicine, faking patients: Cuban doctors describe a system that breeds fraud"
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811:, "Confronting Health Disparities: Latin American Social Medicine in Venezuela", I(3)
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that leaves much to be desired". One academic study noted that the successes of the
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779:"Díaz Polanco: Tasa de mortalidad materna aumentó durante Misión Barrio Adentro"
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1091:"'It is unspeakable': How Maduro used Cuban doctors to coerce Venezuela voters"
1004:"Sobre Plan Barrio Adentro: Rangel Avalos reitera desacato a decisión de Corte"
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749:. Critical environments: nature, science, and politics. Oakland, California:
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We Are Cuba!: How a Revolutionary People Have Survived in a Post-Soviet World
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949:"Siete médicos cubanos demandan a Cuba y Venezuela por "esclavitud moderna""
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interviewed sixteen Cuban medical professionals in 2019 who had worked for
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637:"In deteriorating Venezuela, a kid's scraped knee can be life or death"
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from the government. As of December 2014, it was estimated that 80% of
1300:"República Bolivariana de Venezuela: Cumpliendo las Metas del Milenio"
1267:"Venezuela's Barrio Adentro: A Model of Universal Primary Health Care"
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The Cuban Revolutionary Doctor: The Ultimate Weapon of Solidarity
546:"Cabildo Metropolitano evaluará funcionamiento de Barrio Adentro"
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577:"El 80% de los módulos de Barrio Adentro del país está cerrado"
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A compromise was reached enabling them to continue working in
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1048:"Contraloría detectó vicios en obras de Barrio Adentro III"
823:"Barrio Adentro: A Look at the Origins of a Social Mission"
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Acusó a Gobernación del Zulia de "sabotear" Barrio Adentro
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Arachu Castro, Assistant Professor of Social Medicine at
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Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
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1209:"Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela"
1206:
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805:Briggs, Charles, and Mantini-Briggs, Clara (2009),
1032:"Desacato al amparo acarreará sanciones jurídicas"
606:"Update: Venezuela Is Running Short of Everything"
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399:In December 2014, it was estimated that 80% of
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912:Cuban doctors working abroad defect to the USA
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1409:Venezuela slum takes socialism beyond Chavez
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1713:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)
1174:"Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution"
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981:Vinogradoff, Ludmila (13 November 2014).
924:"Cubanos desertores atrapados en Bogotá"
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518:
468:Dumping of medicine and faking of reports
418:Cuban Medical Professional Parole program
200:Indigenous Rights, Land & Environment
1752:Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century
1274:Immunization Plus Quarterly E-Newsletter
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1624:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election
1604:2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election
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1231:"La Misión Avanza: Historia y Avances"
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496:2018 Venezuelan presidential elections
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1307:Organización Panamericana de la Salud
914:, The Lancet, Volume 369, Issue 9569.
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84:program established by the President
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1152:"Programa Nro. 225 – Aló Presidente"
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821:Castro, Arachu (18 September 2008).
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1772:Hugo Chávez's cult of personality
1568:Constitutional referendum of 2009
1563:Constitutional referendum of 2007
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777:Arenas, Vanessa (26 March 2015).
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356:2004 Venezuelan recall referendum
16:Venezuelan social welfare program
1883:2003 establishments in Venezuela
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1229:Government of Venezuela (2006),
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1759:El ocaso del socialismo mágico
1046:Alonso, Juan (19 April 2014).
751:University of California Press
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1685:Socialism of the 21st century
1573:Presidential election of 2012
1553:Presidential election of 2006
1501:Presidential election of 1998
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1816:Venezuela Information Office
1806:The Silence and the Scorpion
1690:Venezuelan communal councils
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371:By 2017, it was reported by
138:Food, Housing & Medicine
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1789:Public image of Hugo Chávez
878:Retrieved 9 September 2006
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853:27 September 2007 at the
745:Cederlöf, Gustav (2023).
459:Irregularities in funding
32:This article needs to be
1548:General election of 2000
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61:Official logo since 2004
1878:Healthcare in Venezuela
1506:Death and state funeral
1382:Government of Venezuela
1355:Government of Venezuela
1351:"Misión Barrio Adentro"
1235:Government of Venezuela
1216:Government of Venezuela
1159:Government of Venezuela
615:Council of the Americas
1784:¿Por qué no te callas?
1538:Cabinet of Hugo Chávez
1471:President of Venezuela
934:4 October 2008 at the
524:Jones, Rachel (2008),
366:Harvard Medical School
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1746:Bolivarian propaganda
1660:Bolivarian Revolution
1479:Early life and career
722:Yale University Press
716:Yaffe, Helen (2020).
128:Bolivarian Revolution
77:Into the Neighborhood
60:
1589:Coup attempt of 2002
1496:Coup attempt of 1992
1378:"Aló Presidente 225"
959:on 18 September 2015
412:In August 2006, the
345:In Caracas, Mission
325:In Caracas, Mission
98:In Caracas, Mission
1873:Bolivarian missions
1655:Bolivarian missions
1316:on 27 February 2008
1194:on 13 December 2005
314:Of a planned 8,500
91:Of a planned 8,500
1650:Bolivarian Circles
1388:on 9 November 2005
1361:on 14 October 2003
1283:on 17 January 2006
1241:on 14 October 2003
1150:Chávez, H (2005),
1137:on 9 February 2006
1127:"Venezuela's Path"
1125:Albert, M (2005),
1095:The New York Times
983:"16 November 2014"
846:Matheus, Ricardo.
504:The New York Times
488:The New York Times
80:) is a Venezuelan
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1708:Bank of the South
1680:Plan Bolívar 2000
1543:1999 Constitution
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583:. 8 December 2014
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1837:Nicolás Maduro →
1830:← Rafael Caldera
1811:Venezuelanalysis
1766:El pueblo soy yo
1582:Political events
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93:Barrio Adentro
82:social welfare
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1778:Mi amigo Hugo
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233:Vuelvan Caras
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1359:the original
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1052:El Universal
1051:
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1035:El Universal
1034:
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1020:
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1006:
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554:. 6 May 2014
551:El Universal
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75:
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67:
65:
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54:
44:October 2021
41:
33:
1723:Petrocaribe
1473:(1999–2013)
1459:Hugo Chávez
1178:Verso Books
989:16 November
859:Diario 2001
437:Controversy
382:Abandonment
254:Hugo Chávez
208:Guaicaipuro
192:Robinson II
86:Hugo Chávez
1867:Categories
1670:Colectivos
1617:Referendum
1530:Presidency
1486:Early life
1392:30 January
1365:30 January
1320:30 January
1287:30 January
1245:30 January
1221:30 January
1198:21 January
1164:30 January
1141:25 January
1131:Z Magazine
1113:References
682:27 January
678:. Jim Wyss
587:8 December
581:La Patilla
527:The Lancet
422:The Lancet
408:Defections
309:Libertador
187:Robinson I
71:(English:
649:7 October
472:In 2017,
442:Licensure
331:bolívares
213:Identidad
169:Education
132:Venezuela
104:bolívares
1851:Category
1665:Chavismo
1298:(2005),
1265:(2005),
1101:18 March
932:Archived
851:Archived
788:29 March
642:NBC News
621:26 March
337:Analysis
124:Missions
66:Mission
1801:teleSUR
1414:Reuters
827:ReVista
298:History
246:Leaders
218:Miranda
156:Hábitat
126:of the
73:Mission
34:updated
1420:
1329:
1263:UNICEF
1184:
832:9 June
757:
728:
238:Zamora
161:Mercal
1732:Image
1314:(PDF)
1303:(PDF)
1281:(PDF)
1270:(PDF)
1212:(PDF)
1155:(PDF)
1062:7 May
963:9 May
558:7 May
510:Notes
430:PDVSA
182:Sucre
177:Ribas
1612:RCTV
1468:45th
1394:2006
1367:2006
1322:2006
1289:2006
1247:2006
1223:2006
1200:2006
1182:ISBN
1166:2006
1143:2006
1103:2019
1064:2014
991:2014
965:2018
834:2022
790:2015
755:ISBN
726:ISBN
684:2017
651:2016
623:2016
589:2014
560:2014
223:Piar
1411:by
130:of
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