Monasteries in Spain

2759: 2326:; the "black monks" had relaxed their strictures, forgetting Saint Benedict's strictures so far as to sleep outside the monasteries. This monastery instilled its members with a respect for the example of Saint Benedict. The cloister was the property of the monastery, not only from the spiritual perspective but the physical, with a double gate installed in the entries. The principle was established with toughness and authority of perpetual abstinence, fasting and severity in the monk's practice and in their habitations; it also enforced generosity to the needy in the form of sharing food, money and fuel. Valladolid took the lead in the fifteenth century reforms of the Benedictine orders in Spain, and other Benedictine monasteries became dependent on it Valladolid, as did the Congregation of San Benito de Valladolid, after the papal bull of 1038:), with its own characteristics. The building's acoustics were a primary criterion in construction, as the sermons and talks with the faithful were common practice. Churches were divided into two parts, one for those attending mass and another for the monks' enclosures. These churches did not continue a distinct style but adapted to the current fashion and geographical needs. Another feature was the small number of chapels in the wings, in contrast to the Cistercian churches. This is because the rules do not oblige each monk to say daily Mass, quite the contrary. 3032: 22: 2505:

to the buildings. A large number of the monasteries have only the church as a witness of the complex that might be. At other times, ruins remain which are being transformed to a fruitful use. Occasionally buildings which remained intact over the centuries have been converted into a hotel, a school or a restaurant. In none of these cases, has the modern business retained the property the garden or nearby buildings.

2358:, in Huelva province. This was an important place in the history of Spain since its participation in the negotiations which took place between the friars and Fray Antonio de Marchena Friar Juan Perez and Colon during the four visits he made. The monks helped and supported Columbus to the Catholic Monarchs, and as such the monastery is part of what is termed "Columbus's Places" in Andalusia. 2448:, under the patronage of Alfonso III and located 43 km northeast of Zamora. The excavations brought to light two columnar towers and an arch that led to the lower room of the tower. In this tower was the scriptorium where the monk Emeterio finished illuminating the Beatus miniatures Tabara, initiated by his master, Magio. Emeterio himself writes the following account: 2237:, without exhibiting any external signs of wealth. Maintaining this position was virtually impossible because of the desire of lay founders, sponsors and donors that their gifts be visible as indications of their power, generosity and position. All these monasteries developed a rich collection of art, and this display did not escape the strictest order in this regard, the 2067:, one of them attached to the south or north nave of the church. One gallery is dedicated always to the chapter house and another small unit. The west gallery houses usually the cilla and laymen, and the gallery border to the church has the refectory and kitchen calefactory. In some monasteries, the profundis room is replaced by the refectory where the monks chant 1548:, it was considered of vital importance that the monks keep in their prayers the memory of the dead buried near them in churches, cloisters, or cemeteries, and not only consider this important for the salvation of souls but as a perpetual reminder to future generations how important those buried were. Among the great monasteries which possessed noble or royal 2084:

themselves and on occasion, ill visitors. As a complement to this infirmary, monasteries often had stores of herbal or botanic medicines, supplied by the monastery's garden. In some cases, this infirmary and associated medical stores might expand beyond the needs of the monastery and the surrounding community. This is true of the monastery of

2470:) in 1557, this was considered the world's smallest religious house. Subsequently extended, it retained the original area under the name of the convent. In a tiny space, were built several structures a chapel for the offices large enough to fit only the officiant and an acolyte, to which is attached the founder's cell, which describes 892:, which resulted in a Cluniac abbot being put in charge of the monastery of San Juan de la Peña. As a result of this action the Cluniac influence spread through monasteries that were in the domains of Sancho III. The spiritual relationship with the Abbey of Cluny continued with the descendants of Sancho III until the reign of 506:), or Bujedo-Navarre. Bishops had an interest in building a monastery on which to exercise their authority, especially in the feudal period, as this guaranteed an income. The nobility desired salvation for themselves and his family, plus a demonstration of political influence through sponsoring one of these great works. The 2451:"Oh Tábara tower, high tower of stone! It's there in the top and into the first room of the library, where sat Emeterio and hunched over his homework, over 3 months, and all the members crippled by the work of the pen. 52 was finished this book 6 of the Kalends of August, the year 1008 was Hispanic, 53 to the facet hour." 1082:

changes in architectural design made necessary by this combining of communities: all spaces should be double so that the female community was separated from the male; they might share only the chapter, but must sit apart. As for the bedrooms, not only ordered that they were separated but well away from each other.

2342:, along with Clairvaux, in Absinthe, France; the Great Forest, in Languedoc; and Fontfreda, near Narbonne). In 1340, Peter ordered the crypts for royalty and nobility to be created, which became an important center for burial. The abbots of Poblet became a very powerful part of the clergy who participated in 2504:

Many monasteries have crumbled over the centuries, leaving no trace of their existence. However, some may be described by researchers who have access to related documents. In some cases, these documents only speak of history, but in other cases, contracts or purchases remain fairly accurately related

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There are many documents about these aromatic gardens cultivated by the monks. In the monastery of Santa Maria de Matallana in the province of Valladolid, reconstruction of the ruins revealed the space that monks had devoted to this garden, growing plants. Another major herbarium was the monastery of

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was the final step in construction of a church; the building was not considered finished until the walls were painted inside and out. Only a few traces of paint have been preserved over the centuries since, not only is paint the least resistant decorative element over time but also nineteenth century

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were decorated, and the openings of the windows filled with beautiful stone lattices. Many times the doors and windows were framed with alfiz. But there are very many entries as a decoration paramental, they are of all kinds; funeral, consecration, foundation, etc. Are written in good handwriting and

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forms. The architectural heritage survived almost two centuries despite the abandonment will be restored by these people repopulating. The lands of the Duero valley will witness the revival of architecture over the neo-visigothic 10th and 11th centuries, while the first Romanesque building started in

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Also many of these medieval monasteries have regained their original function and survive as a community of monks or nuns. In the absence of patronage and custom or donations, these religious people adapt to modern life with modern media and subsist on the work undertaken by the community's members:

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confectionery, wine and spirits, cheese, bee hives, poultry farms, textiles and fiber arts, writing scores, dissertations, obituaries, advanced computing, pottery of all kinds, decorated white porcelain, artisanal food, farming, vestments, textiles, caring for sick and elderly, schools and daycare.

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The nineteenth century was crucial for the conservation of these monastic buildings. The Spanish War of Independence brought many calamities; French soldiers were quartered in the buildings in some cases the churches were turned into stables or kitchens. Fires were set for heating and cooking, with

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There are other elements that distinguish convents from monasteries Female convents there are other elements that characterize them, as the existence of a wheel, the only element of contact the religious residents of the community have with the outside. The church building sometimes has an elevated

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Construction materials are typically poor, with a few severe facade sculptures, a polygonal apse with large window openings. The monasteries adapted and assimilated local building traditions to the community's needs, so churches vary depending on geographic location. In Spain there were two models:

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was a central one, as it was the biggest propagator of the Cluniac observance. Alfonso VI became the center of Cluny and became its protector. It was called "The Spanish Cluny", the abbey being more powerful in the kingdoms of León and Castile, which had nearly 100 monasteries. Alfonso was owner of

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this way: It seems they were forty years, he told me he had slept one hour and a half between night and day, and it was the greatest work of penance that had in the early to beat the dream and it was always or kneeling or standing. I was sitting and sleeping head leaning against a maderillo he had

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One of Saint Benedict's foremost edicts concerned caring for the ill indigent residents around the monasteries. To this end, the monasteries established hospitals both inside the monastery grounds and elsewhere in the community. Inside the monastery, there was an infirmary which treated the friars

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The complex of buildings used for the mendicant groups is in keeping with the usual monastic style, but differences arise according to the needs and the work of these monks. Many of the foundation buildings were donations of houses more or less adapted to life in community. The churches were built

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Buildings were often painted with a specific tone and the details on arches, moldings, capitals, imposts and other architectural components would have been picked out in a different color. It is known that the Church of Santiago de Peñalba had a red painted base, 73 cm in height, both outside

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and Cantabria, thus counting a far larger number of subjects under their jurisdiction than the holdings of other important figures of the time. From the religious point of view, Sahagun was the center from which sprang at the behest of Pope Gregory VII the new Roman liturgy which replaced Spanish

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in addition to a library, furnished with benches, desks and shelves and equipped with pens, parchment, inks and other tools needed for writing and painting miniatures. Judging by the illuminated manuscripts preserved in Catalonia, there is evidence that desks were abundant. The Royal Monastery of

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The choir was customarily located in the middle of the nave in the Spanish monasteries, separated from the chancel by the transept. It might also be located in the apse behind the main altar, surrounded by a circular wall. The choir in the middle of the church is an enclosed space that is usually

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had relaxed the norms and behavior. These mendicant orders proposed a novel mode of action based on direct action toward the faithful and the organizational system that was based on division by provinces. The convents and monasteries of these monks were always very close to or within cities. They

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Designed to be not only a monastery but a royal residence and as a pantheon of kings of the houses of Austria and Bourbon. It is a monastery known and admired worldwide. Herrera architecture was revolutionary in Spanish art, and El Escorial retains great treasures and its library and art gallery

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displayed in glass cases along with textile items, such as vestments and clothing. Some monasteries are by themselves a veritable museum of art, like the Descalzas Real in Madrid. Others have opened up within its walls (taking advantage of old farms) where to place a museum and recovered missing

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and Paular. In other instances, the monastery offered a residence to the king or the nobility when they traveled for matters relating to their own Reconquista or to follow the travels of the courts of Castile and Aragon. In some monasteries the palatial residence required building a new building

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whose members spent the rest of their days without leaving the house. It was a kind of exalted fashion and later came to commit errors and excesses such that they were reprimanded by the religious leaders. There was a text, Regula Communis, written for these monasteries. This rule made clear the

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and observers of their rule, the Spanish monastery complex took on new importance and influence. This is the era of quintessential monastic life and notable edifices. Many of these clusters of buildings have survived to the modern era in various states of repair, although many are now used for

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ended with the realized heritage of most medieval monasteries. Many of their churches were spared because they took on a new life by becoming parishes. In some cases, other provincial institutions and individuals came forward to museums with recovered pieces, including parts of the churches'

1781:. The windows look out onto the streets of the city so it is necessary to protect those inside with blinds. Secular residents of the surrounding community have direct access to the building of the church inside of which there is a closed off area for the monks or nuns. Inside the church, the 1764:

Some monasteries and convents are located within developed areas; these tend to belong to the so-called mendicant orders, but should not be taken as a general rule. Occasionally, religious houses were built adjacent to communities, neither inside the community or in the countryside, such as

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had the appearance of real villages. In other areas, such as Andalusia, monasteries were segregated by gender. Some sources also attributed more extreme features of the hermit movement, such as social protest, to the more extreme features of the hermit movement, especially in areas such as

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There are recent foundations, of the twentieth century, whose intent is very clear from the outset, as is the spiritual community of the Dominican Fathers of Caleruega (Burgos), in 1952, destined for the convent-school-house of spirituality. The Monastery of Our Lady of the Angels of

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centuries later among the Benedictines was referred to at this time as a conference room in these early Hispanic monasteries. Many documents mention this space and its utility but historians are not certain where it was located. It is known that minor issues monks gathered in the

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The altar would be placed in this part of the church. Placement of the altar was usually connected with a sculpture of the patron saint of the monastery. In some religious houses, this image is tucked into a niche suitable for pilgrims to visit, such as the monastery of the

308:, also known as Millán, lived. The caves served as dwellings for disciples of this saint. The practice of living apart from the world was transformed by monks belonging to monasteries; although they lived in communities, the individuals within the community maintained their 569:

During the sixth and seventh centuries, the Hispanic Visigoth cultures are evidenced in a wealth of monastic communities in which ancient tradition still flourished and where the monks themselves supported monastic rule by living it. Many monasteries arose in this period.

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as their main activity. The agencies and the religious way of life is no different from other monasteries, only instead of cultivating the land, their work is channeled to instruction and education. Examples of such religious houses are the Convent of Santo Domingo as the

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The vestries were enriched not only with the necessary furniture but adorned with works of famous painters, often in valuable frames. Also paintings of kings and nobility often hung on the walls of the churches or cloisters as symbols of or to attract their patronage.

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It was later advised that the city remain separate from the cloister, and respect that separation. This suggests the building of an enclosure or wall surrounding the buildings and gardens of the monastery. This first is called monastic enclosure or cloister.

1444:, founded by two Italian priests of the Order of St. Augustine. As of 2007, this monastery is in charge of priests belonging to the Orden de la Merced, and as is traditional, welcome pilgrims. Their adjunct hospital had a reputation for caring for pilgrims. 801:. Its discovery by the builders, ownership and carry is a fact and the usual great convenience. Sometimes come from places far from their final destination. Many of the capitals are also reused, those developed specifically for the building following a 829:

restorations removed or covered up these murals. If the exterior was plastered, the plastering was often scraped off to reveal the underlying material. This trend continued throughout the twentieth century and continues into the twenty-first century.

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An important addition is the tower or steeple with a bell serving as the municipal clock. The language of the bells was very important during the Middle Ages and Renaissance as well as representing the time, as was the town crier announcing events.

300:. Many of these monastic people were troglodytes, or cave dwellers, as hermits or recluses who served as models for later monastic culture preferred to live in caves equipped to be shelters or shrines. Such is the origin of the monastery of 2092:. It became a famous chemist and recognized in the region, which is today quite well preserved; it is a museum for those who wish to study what these infirmaries were like. One particular display is that of a collection of jars produced in 634:

The second concept is referred to the domus, i.e. the group of houses which constitute the monastery. Documents refer to two different places within the monasteries: domus domorum, or ultimate home, which refers to the church building, and

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These urban monasteries are similar to traditional monasteries but have their own architectural characteristics. The buildings are not in most cases surrounded by a wall or fence that isolates, the only walls being those that encircle the

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wrote two works of great significance: the Commentary on Revelation, of which several valuable illuminated illustrated copies are held, and the refutation of heresy that had spread among Mozarabic Christians under Muslim occupation and

593:. Other founding saints such as San Donato, came from Africa Játiva. San Fructuoso de Braga founded the monastery of Compludo in the early seventh century and twenty other foundations from Galicia to Andalusia. During the same century, 355:

In the following centuries, Hispanic monasteries emerged and expanded, developing their own set of similar characteristics, with a purely Hispanic artistic style. With the arrival of the monks of Cluny in the eleventh century, and the

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in the monastery of Poblet, which resulted in such an extravagant expenditure that the monks rebelled against the abbot. Another example of a huge altarpiece was in the monastery of San Benito el Real de Valladolid, a masterpiece of

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or apses. They usually have three gates: the main foot, which gives access to outdoor and one in the side wall to access the cloister, used exclusively by the monks, and a third located in the transept, which leads to the sacristy.

753:, but this was not always possible, whether because of the high cost of the labor or other technical difficulties. Very few edifices managed to use barrel vaults throughout the building; stone vaulting was often used only in the 1804:

Many of the Hispanic monasteries were abandoned, forgotten and lost, over time. The medieval monasteries were maintained, although some were plundered and burned, to recover from these tragedies only with new reconstructions.

494:, in the case of kings. Sometimes there were political reasons for founding or protection of a particular monastery; many of the religious houses who protected were located in border areas where battles often raged, such as 2379:

It had a famous scriptorium which produced a series of illuminated books, many of which are preserved in the museum of the monastery. The medieval image of the Virgin of Guadalupe which was taken by the discoverers of

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and community activities. According to the surviving descriptions and annotations, the maior domus should be a dependency of high architectural quality and large size, standing next to the church, at the height of the

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founded this place to resemble a pilgrims' hospital rather than a monastery. In 1170, Alfonso VIII relinquished the hospital to the jurisdiction of Burgos, and in 1432 the Church of Burgos took over the Order of St.

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governed by a small community of monks belonging to different orders, but many of the monasteries of this route have also attached their own hospitals. Here is a list of the most important monasteries of this route:

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In the last quarter century, both the Spanish state and companies became aware of the great ruined monastic heritage was lost, great buildings abandoned or poorly maintained but still remained standing part of its

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Documentation of these early Hispanic monasteries is abundant and descriptive. However, only a few of the cloisters have been preserved; the rest of the sites are lost and archaeological evidence is inconclusive.

2310:. Father Sandoval and Father Yepes listed fifty to sixty monasteries and a large number of churches which depended on Sahagún. The monastery's influence stretched from Toledo and from Cantabria Rioja to Galicia. 688:, or restore those crumbling and neglected earlier that new monks transformed and supplemented with monastic dependencies. In many cases, these areas were found to be inhabited by small groups, pastoralists, and 789:

The arch is a common architectural design, though the Moorish horseshoe arch differs from the Spaniard in that it cannot be close to 2/3 of the ratio Sometimes the same building may include both styles, as in

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built their own monasteries which served also as a fortress of defense, though otherwise the houses followed the monastic premise as other monasteries did. A typical example of this type of monastery is the

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surrounded by a screen. Inside, it is furnished with seating with ornamentation used to instruct artists. Both armrests and backs are profusely decorated with carvings that are iconographic animal symbols,

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The cloister was an enclosure that isolated and protected the monastery and its residents, which is very important to the religious life being cultivated. In one chapter, the San Isidoro rule states: "The

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life gave rise to the formation of religious communities and the construction of small monasteries by Hispanics in the sixth and seventh centuries. Many of these buildings reflect the traditional style of

2204:, large or small. It supplied both food and a place for monks to come do penance or for spiritual retreats. The large monasteries had similarly large gardens with all kinds of facilities, from fountains, 2366:

In this small and humble monastery were first written the annotations or glosses called Emilian Glosses written in "romance", a little- studied form of Castilian derived from Latin, and two or three in

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lived with a large number of monks, men who were supposed to protect and who were known by the name of milites. No buildings have been preserved from these monastic communities other than the churches.

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With regard to the social and economic role of the Benedictine monasteries, the classic materialistic interpretations—that of a feudal lord overseeing and creating the monastery—are tempered by recent

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Some monasteries have historical significance or are simply interesting. The short listing here does not imply that these monasteries are the best or most important, but simply interesting histories.

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Over time, sufficient people arrived to care for the shrine to require the formation of an official community. Or from hermits, in some cases doubling, that were left to be guided by any rule, as the

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were built outside the closure area. Over time and with the growing authority of the abbot, the religious houses were wont to build their own house, where the abbot might receive important guests.

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and founded the monasteries whose architectural structure would henceforth be an example to follow, with minor variations in some monastic orders, taking into account possible regional differences.

581:) as the first monastery founded in Spain, but more likely, given the existence of references to previous monasteries, the first initiative for foundation of churches sprang from the Visigoth king 1958:

of the warrant or the title holder of the church. Sometimes the title is kept original to the foundation of the monastery and sometimes switches to receive the relics of a saint local or foreign.

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Larger monasteries provided not only the means for the monks' subsistence but for a strong local economic base, with workshops, foundries, mills, potteries, wineries, and other small businesses.

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Despite the great vicissitudes suffered by the Spanish monasteries—fire, theft, plundering, confiscations, laziness—there still remains still a considerable heritage of artistic furnishings.

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period, much learning and literature was in the hands of the monasteries. It was there that knowledge was preserved, books were copied and translations made. Many of these monasteries had a

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said in the General Chapter "In places where the monks dwell be held one Mass a day but if somewhere has many priests, with a love of charity is happy listening to the mass of the other."

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achieved considerable importance. These monasteries had their origin in the monasteries turned into family homes where whole families decided to benefit from religious rules and form a

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also gave the monastery the right to mint its own currency and the Jews of the town as vassals by King Alfonso VII. Its heritage spanned the provinces of León, Valladolid, Palencia,

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Monastery of Villar de Donas, past a place called Ligondé, it is necessary to deviate from the road to get here. It was originally a small convent for members of the Arias family of

403:, arrived. Some of these groups have remained quite monastic. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, numerous monasteries and convents arose, such as the Monastery of the 2248:, the great chapel altars and those of smaller subsidiary chapels, following the new concept of post-Counter liturgical life. Thus arose the sculpted altarpieces, such as that by 757:

and wooden framing was used in the rest of the building. Smaller churches tried vaulting, but were forced to economize with poor materials, such as tufa stone, brick and masonry.

1752:) were closely linked to the regular clergy by religious orders who controlled their schools, mostly Dominicans and Augustinians, and the Jesuits from the sixteenth century. In 2496:

mountain range near Madrid, this led in the years after its building to a great social impact, not only by the vast proportion its construction but its later role in burials.

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This monastery was important enough that it was referred to as the Spanish Cluny. It was the most powerful and influential Benedictine monastery of the Middle Ages in the

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with whom the relationship moved from being a purely spiritual sympathy to one which has economic ties and political and religious influences. The monastery of Sahagún in

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died in 653 and was buried in a monastery that existed here. In the twelfth century it was a priory of the monastery of San Pedro de Montes in the region of Bierzo, León.

1492:) at the front entrance to the Melide Hospital. All that remains is the Romanesque church of Santa Maria, which dates from the eighth century, and is the current parish. 529:

Other monasteries arose without intervention from the above-mentioned members of society, when a community formed around a shrine. This is the case of the monastery of

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where it was destroyed in a fire. In Galicia, the famous monastery of San Julián de Samos had a great library that was burned in a fire in the late twentieth century.

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The quintessential medieval Spanish cloister is the Benedictine whose pattern spread throughout Christian Europe. Its construction consists of four galleries called

1017:(also called preachers) emerged in the early thirteenth century, with the Dominicans and Franciscans. They emerged as a spiritual response, necessary in a time when 1269:

along with a hospital for pilgrims. Alfonso VI joined the monastery at Cluny in 1079, to promote the pilgrimage, in opposition to the bishop of Nájera who moved to

1302:. According to tradition, Diego Porcelos, the founder of the city of Burgos, is buried here. The apse is the only remaining structure from this monastic community. 1943:

In many monasteries and convents it was traditional to construct a transept and small chapels that served as a shrine, located in the vast expanse of the garden.

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was defined as chief patron and protector. In Castilla y León were many convents but most which have survived to the twenty-first century are badly deteriorated.

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Catalan lands in the year 1000. This is demonstrated in small churches, the only remains of the monasteries of that period that have survived until today (2008).

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in small spaces due to the requirement that the monks had to say daily Mass each. However, in the convents, this need did not exist because there was only one

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in Barcelona in 1909. In 1910, the Law of the lock prevented the establishment of new religious congregations. In 1931, shortly after the proclamation of the

323:. Much of this conflict derived from the social and economic benefits that were accorded as privileges of the monastic life. In some cases, as in the area of 1992:

Churches are always oriented to the east, like other Christian churches (except in cases where the place names force a placement). Its plan is a Latin cross

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Monastery of Santa María de Loio, in the small village of Loio Lugo. The hermit dwelling was restored by a monk named Limerick. It was the birthplace of the

518:, in order to reduce the likelihood of disputes over the inheritance of the firstborn, who would then hold undivided estates according to the institution of 2957: 223:

are distributed in the northern half in line with the historical discourse of the zone in the Middle Ages. Monasteries are much less numerous in the south,

3066: 522:. This close identification between the clergy and nobility, both privileged classes, survived as an enduring connection during the Middle Ages and the 1628:

El Escorial, considered as a prototype for the funeral aspects, but is the most modern of all. There are the mausoleums of the royal families of the

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The first monasteries arose in the fourth century and were humble buildings erected in the shadow of shrines dedicated to or graves of beloved local

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Monastery of the Valley of the Fallen (Abbey of the Holy Cross in the Valley of the Fallen), 1940–1958, under draft Pedro Muguruza and Diego Mendez.

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of royal families or members of the nobility. To this end, the patrons made large donations of land, money and men. During the Middle Ages and the

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the inevitable consequences. Many of the tombs were desecrated in search of possible treasures or for the mere pleasure of destroying, apart from

2580: 1399:, on the Carrión river near Carrión de los Condes, a great center of refuge for pilgrims; the tombs of the Infantes of Carrión are located here. 1888:

more favorable to the founding of new religious orders and the restoration of the old. Some monasteries were able to revive the monastic life.

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Monasterio de San Miguel de Escalada, in the province of León, which was founded by the abbot who arrived from Cordoba, existed at the time of

738:, stone and wood. Walls are constructed of either masonry or courses of stone blocks. The latter is typical of places with nearby quarries, as 680:

Many monasteries arose in the tenth century on land reclaimed in hitherto barren areas, no man's land, or abandoned places in the basin of the

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and in 1184 belonged to the Order of Santiago. In 2007, only the church, which houses paintings from the fourteenth century, remains standing.

1325:, with San Lesmes as prior. Only the chapter house and cloister remain of the monastery, while only the facade remains of the church convent. 2454:

This phrase, along with an illustration of the tower workplace, have been highly valued for depicting how such work was in the monasteries.

1642:, in Valladolid, which was originally a monastery founded by Chindasvinto Visigoth for his own burial and his wife Reciberga (or Reciwerga). 391:

Following the momentum of Cluny, Cistercians arrived with new works and reforms, followed by the Carthusians. In the thirteenth century the

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After years of peace, and of building restoration and recovery of scattered pieces, monasteries were again involved in the events of the

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Sculptural decoration shields were common, signifying the monastic order as appropriate, those of kings or noble founders or sponsors,

772:, and in some cases following influence of the Mozarabic Cordoba. The influence of Cordoba art on these buildings is manifested in the 380:. This study includes other aspects of the communities, such as inclusion in legal and sociological networks, using the methodology of 2258: 234:

The establishment of monasteries during the Middle Ages was paramount from a social and cultural standpoint, benefiting the arts and

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was conceived from the beginning with a specific architecture and set of structures to house the monks and the king and his court.

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driven into the wall. Lying, even if I wanted, I could not because his cell as we know, was not longer than four feet and a half.

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In time, these monasteries came to be officially removed, but still, in the twelfth century, a group of thirty-one nuns nicknamed

1499:) with its own hospital in the town of Arzúa; all that remains is church of the Magdalene and part of the fabric of the hospital. 58: 699:

in that city) and the North, bringing with them the influence of their region of origin, but without forgetting the traditional

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Samos Monastery, Benedictine, with a shelter for pilgrims of high rank. The masses were housed in separate houses of the abbey.

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Most of these urban monasteries proliferated during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries throughout the Spanish territory.

1317:, outside of Burgos, a former hospital complex that Alfonso VI began in 1091 under the protection of the Benedictine Abbey of 1244:. It is one of the oldest Benedictine monasteries in Navarre; it is possibly of Visigoth design. The hospital was founded by 39: 1390: 65: 2871: 1927:

The monastery and its dependencies eventually consolidated with the Benedictine Order of Cluny in Romanesque period in the

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In the first third of the twentieth century, political and social critical junctures brought back to light the old Spanish

538: 418:), promoted and sponsored by the brothers Manuel and Antonio Bernaldo de Quirós and Pomar and Cistercian foundation in 1909 2512:

In addition, about 250 monasteries have a guest house for lay people who must follow some basic rules, with minimal cost.

2188:

Usually the monks were buried in the cloisters' crypt. The Cistercian monks were buried directly in the ground (without a

1785:

becomes a central element because these congregations have as a main goal to instruct and speak directly to the faithful.

1226:

Leyre Monastery, Benedictine, the focus of the Reconquista and refuge of kings and bishops of Navarre. It has an attached

1111:

founded by the Abbot of Fitero, Raymond, at the behest of King Sancho III of Castile, to protect the area restored to the

2866: 2573: 2540: 2529: 2648: 1701: 846:. It was an ancient temple dedicated to San Miguel. The monastery was consecrated in 913 by Bishop Gennadius of Astorga. 2862: 1826: 1694: 1379:, of which remains only the church of San Martín, a good example of the Romanesque architecture of the twelfth century. 1245: 549:) of the sixteenth century has the distinction of being founded by a neighbor who wanted to be close to the preachers. 2119:, and spirits both medicinal and otherwise. Many of these pharmacies have conserved tools such as the stills used for 1756:, there were important monastic or conventual foundations, such as the Dominican Convent of San Esteban de Salamanca. 1343: 926: 72: 2346:; one abbot even became president of the Generalitat. The involvement of the abbots in Catalan wars became apparent. 1515:

Occasionally, already constructed buildings were willingly converted into a palace. Such is the case of Tordesillas,

245:

proved an important factor in locations of these monastic orders, as often an important objective was to support the

105: 2902: 893: 749:

Vaults, roofs, arches and columns often presented a problem. The builders' ideal was to construct ceilings in stone

145:

played an important role in the recruitment conducted by Christian aristocracy during and after the progress of the

2698: 2678: 2663: 2603: 2338:

Poblet was founded by the Count of Barcelona Ramon Berenguer IV. It was one of the four great Cistercian abbeys of

2297:. It was protected and promoted by King Alfonso VI which, among other privileges granted to preserve the protected 1563:, in which are buried the kings of Aragon until Aragon joined Catalonia. In the aforementioned monastery, kings of 1347: 2628: 769: 511: 54: 1985:

and penitential cells. In all other respects, they follow the same rules and practice space is dedicated to the

849:

Monasterio de San Cebrián de Mazote in Valladolid, a town in of Mazote San Cebrián, founded during the reign of

3035: 2847: 2643: 2566: 2555:(comprehensive for northern Spain, particularly Catalonia, but does not cover Andalucia, Extremadura or Murcia) 561:, Novitiate House, Ecumenical Centre College and routinely providing Evangelical Protestants Lutheran Germans. 170: 43: 2055:

book, written in large characters that can be read from afar by the monks. The organ was placed in a lateral.

1350:, of French origin. The monastery had been reduced to ruins in the fourteenth century with the exception of a 478:. There were a number of reasons individuals might found a monastery, largely self-serving ones: to reserve a 3056: 2917: 2792: 2703: 2111:

were served by the monks, themselves specialized. They carried out all relevant tasks for the manufacture of

2051:, genre scenes and so on. In the center of the choir is lectern furniture that supports the great liturgical 1766: 2298: 1357:

The Cistercian monastery of Castrojeriz emerged in conjunction with the Pilgrims' Hospital founded by Count

514:) were considered an appropriate vocation for younger sons, regardless of the sincerity or otherwise of his 454: 2817: 2777: 2723: 2713: 2172:, the rich library survives, in which there are records which refer to the Polyglot Bible Valvanera, which 2085: 1124: 1061:

In Navarre there was a proliferation of mendicant convents during the reign of Champagne, especially with

2807: 2668: 1841: 1716: 1328:

Monastery of las Huelgas, which ran the King's Hospital, founded by Alfonso VI on behalf of the pilgrims.

700: 1965:(where applicable) and the arms of the city. It is also common to see figures representing the founder. 1299: 695:

The monks who created this kind of monastery came from both the South (especially Cordoba, at a time of

301: 3061: 2887: 2837: 219:; some of these structures remain while others were abandoned or destroyed. Most of the monasteries in 2912: 1670: 1161: 319:

in the Visigothic period led to clashes with the secular clergy, and they brought this dispute to the

2857: 2842: 1745: 696: 266: 1870: 1191:, some have disappeared altogether. Typical of the monasteries' aid to travelers are the thirty-two 934: 884:, but it was strictly a spiritual relationship, and had no legal connotations. Via this abbot, King 482:

there, which came with perpetual prayers by the monks on behalf of the founder's soul, sheltering a

2897: 2852: 2797: 1866: 1416:

Monastery of San Benito el Real de Sahagun, whose Cluniac monks arrived in 1080. This was the main

1099: 707:

Many of these religious buildings took advantage of those surviving from the Visigothic period and

598: 189: 2471: 2165: 1817:

of works of art in wartime. In some cases, it was believed that the destruction would bring about

1601:(Burgos), converted into a county and regional cemetery in the second half of the twelfth century. 1383: 79: 2445: 2400: 2318:

Its founding in 1389 brought a new reform of the Benedictine order under the royal protection of

1900: 1896: 1741: 1358: 1240:

Monastery of Our Lady the Royal Irache, which is not along the road's route but in a detour from

723:

Buildings of this age have much in common, so some generalizations can be made about elements of

491: 357: 32: 2922: 1749: 1639: 1406:, near Tiendas. Only vestiges of the monastery remain, which the present farmhouse incorporates. 1402:

Monastery of Santa María de las Tiendas, also founded in the eleventh century, belonging to the

942: 2992: 2463: 2089: 1734: 1654: 1478: 1472: 1396: 1281: 1062: 850: 791: 542: 2273:

pieces, such is the case of Poblet whose museum occupies the area that was the Palace of King

1598: 1592: 1556: 1209: 1135: 843: 779: 404: 2738: 2633: 2396: 2144:

Santa María de Vallbona had not only a significant library but some furniture of the period.

1818: 1424: 1335:. It was founded to assist pilgrims with a difficult passage between Hornillos del Camino to 1332: 1266: 885: 874: 765: 645: 557:, in 1914, can be included as a religious house of education, as it was conceived as a major 503: 381: 2467: 1331:

The Benedictine monastery of Rocamador was dependent on donations and privileges granted by

1165: 331:

and Ruphianensi Monasterium, accepted whole families. Others which served as foundations of

2638: 2589: 2493: 2388: 2355: 2093: 1858: 1314: 889: 665: 534: 197: 2428: 1874: 1005:

in Burgos. Cistercian monasteries, both female and male, spread throughout the peninsula.

8: 2832: 2552: 2031: 1977:

The churches of the monasteries have some features that differentiate them from those of

1622: 1564: 1448: 1259: 994: 978: 332: 2444:

This was a two-part monastery of monks and nuns in the Visigothic tradition, founded by

1489: 873:) is one of the most important priories in the service of the Cluniac monastic order of 495: 2962: 2436:, bishop of Toledo. The monastery regularly celebrated a Jubilee or Holy Year Liebana. 2392: 2173: 1903:, came a new burning of convents, but much more serious was the destruction during the 1646:

Among the monasteries, cemeteries and burial of the family of the nobility, there are:

1611: 1306: 1213: 1139: 1128: 1108: 1104: 1078: 1023: 938: 798: 530: 320: 290: 242: 2294: 1073:

Paired monasteries were those made jointly by male and female communities, within the

897: 805:

tradition of drawing the characteristic necking stranded (such as wreathed Asturias).

2408: 2327: 2319: 2302: 2274: 2254: 2209: 1928: 1915:

and began the quest to give them a meaning and relevance, such as rehabilitation for

1904: 1885: 1629: 1516: 1403: 1143: 1116: 1039: 998: 974: 922: 685: 578: 554: 361:

purposes unrelated to monasticism. The political role of Cluny and its link with the

337: 193: 177: 126: 122: 2952: 2947: 2249: 1700:

Porta Coeli monastery in Valladolid, in which is buried its promoter and benefactor

969:) and Poblet. The first cloister for women was that of Santa Maria de la Caridad in 3007: 2892: 2683: 2658: 2343: 2323: 2238: 1633: 1586: 1576: 1274: 1188: 1154: 1074: 1014: 986: 946: 802: 305: 282: 130: 1737:(known as the Colegio de Santo Domingo) and the convent of San Esteban de Murcia. 1715:

was buried and where his wife and daughters took refuge during his exile). In the

1677:, (Valencia), in which are buried the Infantes Don Juan and Doña Blanca de Aragón. 1667:

San Jerónimo de Granada, whose founder, Grand Master, declined to be buried there.

1030:

specifically for the monastic community, or in some cases expanding some existing

909:. Sahagun was a central influence in Spain of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. 651:

In the domus as a whole, there were several required dwellings such as the cilla,

2802: 2728: 2718: 2708: 2546: 2535: 2101: 1892: 1884:

In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, with the Restoration, there was a

1234: 1175: 1150: 1120: 954: 918: 620: 604:

Morphologically, Hispanic monasteries are clearly distinguished by two concepts:

396: 366: 258: 216: 533:

which originally was a humble chapel founded by the saint to preserve relics of

3012: 2673: 2613: 2307: 2245: 2168:, Soria, built in the twelfth century and decorated in the seventeenth. In the 1978: 1857:, and poets and musicians seeking inspiration in them; notable artists include 1482: 1420:

on the peninsula, which expanded to 60 beds for pilgrims in their own hospital.

1018: 902: 761: 735: 728: 377: 370: 349: 228: 121:

have a rich artistic and cultural tradition, and serve as testament to Spain's

2748: 2653: 2233:

The monasteries tried to move away from the heritage of austerity required of

3050: 2907: 2387:

Many well known historical figures passed through the monastery as pilgrims:

2132: 1878: 1853:

architecture. The monastic ruins went on to become a commonplace instance of

1705: 660: 594: 546: 519: 507: 1512:

in this institution is one of the characteristics of the Spanish monastery.

1375:

The Benedictine monastery, founded by the lady Mayor in 1035 in the town of

1361:

and his wife Teresa. It was near the Fitero Bridge (Pons Fiteria) the river

2618: 2404: 2120: 2052: 1955: 1912: 1849: 1833: 1753: 1570: 930: 857: 797:

The columns utilize techniques used in other buildings and styles, usually

773: 750: 724: 684:

and Bierzo in León. The monasteries might construct new buildings or small

450: 385: 201: 161: 150: 973:(Navarra). From this monastery, nuns departed to found the communities of 252: 2743: 2693: 2381: 2339: 2208:

and wells. In some minor orders, the gardens had simply small chapels or

2177: 2138: 1862: 1854: 1618: 1545: 1529: 1351: 1336: 1322: 1318: 1295: 1047: 1002: 953:. Moruela was part of the great Cistercian group of abbeys consisting of 906: 881: 836: 636: 624: 316: 293:, were the first such members of religious houses whose names are known. 235: 205: 185: 181: 146: 138: 2558: 2427:, supposedly the largest fragment preserved. At the same time, the monk 1427:, disappeared, leaving only the Arco de San Agustín near Pilgrim Street. 1376: 184:, during the Reconquista and several new orders developed at this time: 2932: 2733: 2424: 2234: 2148: 2108: 1948: 1719:, the monastery was sacked by the French army and his grave desecrated. 1540:

Many Spanish monasteries were built from scratch in order to house the

1455: 1227: 1171: 990: 523: 392: 309: 2782: 2420: 1127:

devoted much of their efforts to protect and care for pilgrims on the

345: 2072: 2044: 1729: 1580: 1549: 1521: 1270: 962: 870: 746:, lintels, corners and windows will be reinforced with stone blocks. 656: 443: 436: 426: 415: 324: 224: 212: 154: 142: 134: 2812: 352:, which survived in Galicia and other areas into the sixth century. 21: 2982: 2977: 2927: 2787: 2623: 2608: 2433: 2116: 2112: 2048: 2018: 2014: 1993: 1944: 1922: 1845: 1674: 1660:

San Francisco de Guadalajara, where the Dukes of Infantado built a

1614:

chose to be buried, along with his second wife and his son Alfonso.

1362: 1192: 1055: 982: 970: 966: 825: 611: 590: 574: 558: 515: 483: 475: 362: 328: 274: 2484:

spaces are considered to hold very rich and valuable collections.

2384:

to the Americas. This images is particularly venerated in Mexico.

1821:, as was the case with the demolition of thirty-seven convents in 1789:

choir and a choir under the feet or a choir under the side of the

1496: 422: 341: 160:

Their presence in the peninsula dates from the early centuries of

3017: 2997: 2967: 2942: 2937: 2368: 2330:. To this end, many chapters drafted the relevant constitutions. 2269: 1986: 1837: 1810: 1790: 1778: 1723: 1688: 1681: 1650: 1342:

Convent of San Antón de Castrojeriz. This convent was founded by

1196: 743: 652: 640: 589:

in the northwest, with the activity of San Martín de Dumio, from

582: 573:

Some sources consider the Monastery of St. Victorian of Asan (in

499: 269:, written in 398. In 410, the monk Baquiario first used the term 257:

The first reference to a monastery in Spain was in a letter from

246: 856:

Monasterio de San Román de Hornija. It is known from documents,

2822: 2201: 2189: 2078: 1989:, with the center of spiritual life and religious communities. 1982: 1962: 1932: 1916: 1822: 1782: 1774: 1712: 1560: 1509: 1441: 1298:

which dates from the ninth century. In 1049, it was annexed to

1241: 1112: 1035: 1031: 958: 814: 712: 708: 689: 608:

Enclosing the community, which is known by the name of claustra

586: 479: 471: 400: 369:

of the Christian kingdoms of the mainland and the formation of

297: 165: 2192:) and face down. The abbots were buried in the chapter house. 1951:

which is usually open in the center or side of the courtyard.

442:

Roll Monastery (or Monastery of the Immaculate Conception) in

2987: 2972: 2423:, this monastery held from the eighth century a relic of the 2313: 2288: 2268:

Many monasteries have liturgical pieces, and large pieces of

2205: 2068: 2010: 1814: 1661: 1657:

and his descendants the Dukes of Alba. This is a side chapel.

1525: 1417: 1354:

to the left of the great portal, under which the road passed.

809: 783: 739: 681: 487: 466:

Monasteries in this area were historically founded mainly by

262: 220: 2277:

in Poblet. Counted among their treasure are valuable books.

1182: 623:

of the monastery on its premises only have one door and one

312:

practice, living in a remote location, often in the desert.

3002: 1997: 1589:

and Leyre, monasteries elected by the dynasties of Navarra.

1541: 1051: 921:

monastery (Zamora) was the first Cistercian enclave on the

808:

Ornamental architecture did not reach a great development.

754: 467: 278: 2499: 2096:, for the center, with the coat of arms of the monastery. 2088:, which was founded in 1705 at the request of the town of 1451:

to 1170. Almost no traces of its original location remain.

742:

is often used where it is common. When the building is of

2419:

Founded in the sixth century in the Cantabrian region of

2216: 2151:

has 400 incunabula, despite the ravages of time, and the

2021:, which were more spacious in monasteries than convents. 286: 2487: 2414: 2361: 2017:

for the entire community. This reasoning applies to the

348:. This is in parallel with other religious movements as 2543:(Spanish National official World Heritage Site website) 1265:

Monastery of Santa María la Real de Nájera, founded by

880:

In Catalonia, the abbot Oliba had strong ties with the

253:

Characteristics and evolution of the monastery in Spain

176:

The second phase was developed with the arrival of the

2439: 2200:

One of the most important areas in a monastery is the

2164:

Another significant library of the period was that of

1520:

inside the compound, as in the monasteries of Poblet,

1008: 837:

Geographical locations of churches of the repopulation

585:

in 506. Other possible inspirations are attributed to

446:

1961, created by the architect Antonio Fernández Alba.

1799: 1765:

Benedictines and Cistercians, and occasionally small

1475:, former Benedictine monastery, now a major seminary. 1026:, in order to provide care and support to travelers. 211:

Monastic communities of various sizes sprang up from

2156: 2136: 1759: 1022:

were also placed alongside roads, especially in the

718: 410:

Recent monasteries founded and built in Spain were:

1567:

are buried, when the territory was part of Navarre.

659:, the gatekeeper's shelter. What would be called a 46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2371:. It is considered the cradle of these languages. 1277:. It has been run by Franciscan friars since 1895. 675: 1697:, which has an important pantheon of the Knights. 1684:, which holds the tomb of the Marquis de Villena. 1093: 564: 3048: 2536:Monasterios católicos en España en la actualidad 1923:The architectural complex of Spanish monasteries 1848:of monks. Finally, in this century, the various 1595:, at which are buried many of the Kings of Leon. 1237:), foundation of Theobald II of Navarre in 1259. 435:House of Spirituality of the Dominican Fathers ( 414:Monasterio de Santa María de Viaceli (Cóbreces, 2354:This is a Franciscan monastery in the town of 1938: 1907:, with thousands of victims among the clergy. 1724:Monasteries (or convents) as a learning center 1273:in protest. This monastery is the tomb of the 502:, as was the case Matallana monastery (in the 2574: 2009:Monasteries placed several chapels or simple 1294:Monastery of San Félix de Oca on the hill of 304:, which preserves as a shrine the cave where 2079:Infirmaries, herbal medicine and herb garden 1187:Although many monasteries emerged along the 764:design of the vaults is in the tradition of 545:), the monastery of Santo Domingo de Ocaña ( 3067:Religious buildings and structures in Spain 2547:Catholic Monasteries in Spain at the moment 2478: 2457: 2280: 2004: 1842:burning of convents and monasteries in 1835 1284:). Female Cistercian abbey founded in 1170. 912: 449:Monasterio de Santa Maria de las Shallots ( 2581: 2567: 2314:Monastery of San Benito el Real Valladolid 2289:Monastery of San Benito el Real de Sahagún 2153:Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda 2126: 539:Royal Monastery of Santa María de Vallbona 2588: 2374: 2349: 2071:"De profundis ad te Dominum clamavi ..." 1711:Monastery of San Pedro de Cardena, where 1573:and Poblet, kings of the Crown of Aragon. 1535: 1503: 1183:The monasteries on the Camino de Santiago 925:; it was founded in 1133 in the reign of 106:Learn how and when to remove this message 2530:Monasterios y Conventos reales en España 3072:Lists of Christian monasteries in Spain 2500:Spanish monasteries in the 21st century 2100:San Julián de Samos in the province of 1931:. The monks of Cluny spread throughout 1610:Cartuja de Miraflores at Burgos, where 813:on the basis of good material, usually 3049: 2333: 1981:, especially in regard to the chorus, 2562: 2532:(web del Patromonio Nacional español) 2488:Monastery of the Valley of the Fallen 2415:Monastery of Santo Toribio de Liebana 2362:Monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla 2183: 1827:convent of San Francisco (Valladolid) 1393:, twelfth century. Only ruins remain. 1386:), founded in the thirteenth century. 1068: 951:Count Ramón Berenguer IV of Barcelona 888:established relations with the abbot 869:The church of Santa Maria de Piasca ( 365:and noble houses was decisive in the 149:, with the consequent decline in the 1617:The Salesians in Madrid, where lies 1149:Montesa Castle (now the province of 44:adding citations to reliable sources 15: 2440:Monastery of San Salvador de Tabara 1607:, chosen by the Castilian monarchs. 1009:Monasteries of the mendicant orders 601:composed their own monastic rules. 13: 2257:, which is kept at present at the 1800:Decline of the Spanish monasteries 1391:Abbey of Santa Maria de Benevívere 949:(1150) in Catalonia, sponsored by 14: 3083: 2541:Monasteries and Convents in Spain 2523: 1840:and the clergy, most notably the 1793:, separated by a communion rail. 1760:Urbanised Monasteries or Convents 1691:, with the Marquis de Montemayor. 1305:Monastery of San Juan de Ortega. 864: 719:Building components and ornaments 526:to the end of the ancien regime. 289:Etheria, perhaps more properly a 3031: 3030: 2757: 2147:The library of the monastery of 1919:, cultural centers, or schools. 1728:Some religious communities have 1702:Rodrigo Calderón, Count of Oliva 20: 2058: 1954:A common image was that of the 1653:Monastery where are buried the 1583:, before its union with Aragon. 1469:Monastery of San Martín Pinario 1344:Alfonso VII of León and Castile 853:by monks who came from Cordoba. 676:Repopulation of the monasteries 512:poverty, chastity and obedience 31:needs additional citations for 2195: 1488:Monastery of Sancti Spiritus ( 1440:Monastery of la Magdalena, in 1142:) was the headquarters of the 1094:Monasteries of military orders 565:The first Hispanic monasteries 461: 1: 2918:Spanish Colonial architecture 2515: 2024: 1972: 1695:Santa María la Real de Nájera 1262:, of which only ruins remain. 1246:García Sánchez III of Navarre 715:first and, later, Andalusia. 2259:National Museum of Sculpture 2155:in Aragon still retains its 1877:in the Cistercian Monastery 1836:, the identification of the 1687:Monastery of Santa Paula in 1605:Las Huelgas Reales de Burgos 1462: 1423:Monastery of San Agustin in 1138:(in the current province of 1125:Canons of the Holy Sepulchre 1050:and buildings with a single 957:(in the valley of Absinthe, 315:The quantitative success of 249:traveling along this route. 7: 2793:Cantabrian defensive towers 2225: 1939:External Signs of buildings 1621:(the founder) and his wife 1369: 1252: 1233:Convento de Santo Domingo ( 820: 782:is an example of Mozarabic 655:, the punishment cell, the 10: 3088: 1559:and San Pedro el Viejo in 1382:Monastery of Santa Clara ( 1220: 1153:) came from the Aragonese 901:the land ranging from the 421:Convent of San Lorenzo in 3026: 2880: 2766: 2755: 2596: 1869:and the Bécquer brothers 1746:Universidad de Valladolid 1288: 1280:Cañas Monastery (home of 1203: 768:with some influence from 697:persecution of Christians 639:, which is the served as 2479:Monastery of El Escorial 2458:Monastery of El Palancar 2281:Some notable monasteries 2037: 2005:Side chapels and shrines 1740:The major universities ( 1300:San Millán de la Cogolla 1258:Convent of San Anton in 961:), the Great Forest (in 913:The Cistercians in Spain 692:attached to their land. 399:, Premonstratensian and 302:San Millán de la Cogolla 2401:Teresa de Jesus Buenfil 2244:In the Renaissance and 2127:Scriptorium and library 1901:Second Spanish Republic 1742:University of Salamanca 1680:Monastery of Parral in 1671:San Jerónimo de Cotalba 1431: 1410: 1162:San Benito de Alcántara 945:) and the monastery of 327:, monasteries, such as 2898:Andalusian White Towns 2464:San Pedro de Alcantara 2375:Monastery of Guadalupe 2350:Monastery of La Rabida 2170:monastery of Valvanera 2157: 2137: 2086:Santo Domingo de Silos 1867:Cartuja de Valldemossa 1735:University of Orihuela 1655:Count-Duke of Olivares 1536:Monasteries as palaces 1504:Palaces in monasteries 1473:Santiago de Compostela 1397:Monastery of San Zoilo 1282:Santo Domingo de Silos 1212:. Affiliated with the 1107:, headquarters of the 935:Santa María de Sobrado 792:San Miguel de Escalada 734:Primary materials are 627:to leave the garden." 543:Vallbona de les Monges 55:"Monasteries in Spain" 2739:Valencian Art Nouveau 2590:Architecture of Spain 2553:Monasterios de España 2472:Santa Teresa de Jesús 2397:Sebastian of Portugal 2166:Santa María de Huerta 1819:social transformation 1579:, with the counts of 1495:Augustinian Convent ( 1425:Mansilla de las Mulas 1384:Carrión de los Condes 1333:Alfonso XI of Castile 1054:with chapels between 886:Sancho III of Navarre 766:Asturian architecture 382:cultural anthropology 358:order of St. Benedict 350:heresy Priscillianist 273:in a text written in 3057:Monasteries in Spain 2494:Sierra de Guadarrama 2389:Christopher Columbus 2356:Palos de la Frontera 2322:and the blessing of 2094:Talavera de la Reina 1895:which culminated in 1750:University of Alcalá 1640:San Román de Hornija 1348:Order of St. Anthony 1315:San Juan Evangelista 614:units, called domus. 535:St. Nicholas of Bari 405:Valley of the Fallen 265:of the Monastery of 164:, when the original 119:Monasteries in Spain 40:improve this article 2334:Monastery of Poblet 2032:Virgin of Guadalupe 1844:, which included a 1717:War of Independence 1623:Barbara of Braganza 1599:San Salvador de Oña 1593:San Isidoro de León 1565:kingdom of Pamplona 1557:San Juan de la Peña 1528:. The monastery of 1449:Knights of Santiago 1210:San Juan de la Peña 1136:Monasterio de Uclés 965:), Fontfreda (near 890:St. Odilon de Cluny 780:Santiago de Peñalba 333:Fructuosus of Braga 2963:Corral de comedias 2872:Destroyed heritage 2468:Cáceres (province) 2184:Cemetery for monks 1704:, favorite of the 1612:Juan II of Castile 1479:Caaveiro Monastery 1359:Nuño Pérez de Lara 1307:San Juan de Ortega 1214:Aragonese monarchs 1189:Camino de Santiago 1166:Order of Alcántara 1160:The Conventual de 1129:Camino de Santiago 1115:. Other orders as 1109:Order of Calatrava 1105:Calatrava la Nueva 1079:monastic community 1069:Paired Monasteries 1024:Camino de Santiago 939:Sobrado dos Monxes 929:, followed by the 531:San Juan de Ortega 321:Councils of Toledo 291:consecrated virgin 243:Camino de Santiago 3062:Religion in Spain 3044: 3043: 2903:Aragonese Mudéjar 2863:Tallest buildings 2429:Beatus of Liébana 2409:Pope John Paul II 2328:Pope Alexander VI 2275:Martin the Humane 2255:Berruguete Alonso 1929:early Middle Ages 1905:Spanish Civil War 1886:political climate 1404:order of Santiago 1144:Order of Santiago 1117:Order of Santiago 1046:buildings with a 1040:Francis of Assisi 923:Iberian Peninsula 555:Palma de Mallorca 194:Premonstratensian 135:Visigothic Period 123:religious history 116: 115: 108: 90: 3079: 3034: 3033: 2958:Casona montañesa 2893:Andalusian patio 2761: 2684:Valencian Gothic 2659:First Romanesque 2583: 2576: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2324:Pope Clement VII 2239:Carthusian Order 2160: 2142: 2131:In the High and 1754:university towns 1346:in 1146 for the 1275:kings of Navarre 1267:García I of León 1155:Order of Montesa 1075:High Middle Ages 1015:mendicant orders 711:, especially in 597:and his brother 496:Castile and León 439:, Burgos), 1952. 131:military history 111: 104: 100: 97: 91: 89: 48: 24: 16: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3022: 2913:Gaudí buildings 2876: 2769: 2762: 2753: 2719:Churrigueresque 2592: 2587: 2549:(Catholic site) 2526: 2520: 2518: 2502: 2492:Located in the 2490: 2481: 2460: 2442: 2417: 2377: 2364: 2352: 2336: 2316: 2295:Kingdom of León 2291: 2283: 2228: 2198: 2186: 2129: 2081: 2061: 2040: 2027: 2007: 1975: 1941: 1925: 1893:anticlericalism 1859:Frédéric Chopin 1802: 1762: 1726: 1538: 1506: 1465: 1434: 1413: 1372: 1291: 1255: 1223: 1206: 1185: 1176:Knights Templar 1121:Knights Templar 1100:Military Orders 1096: 1071: 1019:monastic orders 1011: 915: 894:King Alfonso VI 867: 839: 823: 721: 678: 579:Huesca province 567: 490:, unmarried or 464: 367:Europeanization 255: 190:military orders 112: 101: 95: 92: 49: 47: 37: 25: 12: 11: 5: 3085: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3013:Spanish garden 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2953:Casa montañesa 2950: 2948:Cabaña pasiega 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2770:and structures 2764: 2763: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2674:Catalan Gothic 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2585: 2578: 2571: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2533: 2525: 2524:External links 2522: 2517: 2514: 2501: 2498: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2466:Acim Pedroso ( 2459: 2456: 2441: 2438: 2416: 2413: 2376: 2373: 2363: 2360: 2351: 2348: 2335: 2332: 2315: 2312: 2308:Mozarabic Rite 2290: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2250:Damián Forment 2246:Baroque period 2227: 2224: 2197: 2194: 2185: 2182: 2128: 2125: 2080: 2077: 2060: 2057: 2039: 2036: 2026: 2023: 2006: 2003: 1979:secular clergy 1974: 1971: 1940: 1937: 1924: 1921: 1801: 1798: 1761: 1758: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1709: 1698: 1692: 1685: 1678: 1668: 1665: 1658: 1644: 1643: 1637: 1626: 1615: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1574: 1568: 1537: 1534: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1493: 1486: 1483:Fragas do Eume 1476: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1452: 1445: 1438: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1400: 1394: 1387: 1380: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1355: 1340: 1329: 1326: 1311: 1303: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1278: 1263: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1238: 1231: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1205: 1202: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1174:Castle of the 1169: 1158: 1147: 1095: 1092: 1070: 1067: 1010: 1007: 914: 911: 903:Cantabrian Sea 882:Abbey of Cluny 866: 865:Cluny in Spain 863: 862: 861: 854: 847: 838: 835: 822: 819: 770:Visigothic art 762:horseshoe arch 720: 717: 701:Spanish-Gothic 677: 674: 616: 615: 609: 566: 563: 463: 460: 459: 458: 447: 440: 433: 430: 419: 378:historiography 371:feudal society 254: 251: 229:Canary Islands 114: 113: 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3084: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3037: 3029: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2908:Catalan vault 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2848:Indoor arenas 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2765: 2760: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2521: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2497: 2495: 2485: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2393:Hernán Cortés 2390: 2385: 2383: 2372: 2370: 2359: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2311: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2278: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2261:in the city. 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2193: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2134: 2133:Late Medieval 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2035: 2033: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1850:confiscations 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1768: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1706:Duke of Lerma 1703: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1313:Monastery of 1312: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1230:for pilgrims. 1229: 1225: 1224: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1091: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 910: 908: 904: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 878: 876: 872: 859: 855: 852: 848: 845: 841: 840: 834: 830: 827: 818: 816: 811: 806: 804: 800: 795: 793: 787: 785: 781: 777: 775: 774:ribbed vaults 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 747: 745: 741: 737: 732: 730: 729:ornamentation 726: 716: 714: 710: 705: 702: 698: 693: 691: 687: 683: 673: 669: 667: 662: 661:chapter house 658: 654: 649: 647: 642: 638: 632: 628: 626: 622: 613: 610: 607: 606: 605: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 562: 560: 556: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 527: 525: 521: 520:primogeniture 517: 513: 509: 508:monastic vows 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 456: 452: 448: 445: 441: 438: 434: 431: 428: 424: 420: 417: 413: 412: 411: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 389: 387: 383: 379: 374: 372: 368: 364: 359: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 259:St. Augustine 250: 248: 244: 239: 237: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 209: 208:and beggars. 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 174: 172: 167: 163: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 110: 107: 99: 96:November 2020 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: 67: 64: 60: 57: – 56: 52: 51:Find sources: 45: 41: 35: 34: 29:This article 27: 23: 18: 17: 2827: 2724:Neoclassical 2519: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2491: 2482: 2461: 2453: 2450: 2446:Abbot Froila 2443: 2418: 2405:Lope de Vega 2386: 2378: 2365: 2353: 2337: 2317: 2292: 2284: 2267: 2263: 2243: 2232: 2229: 2221: 2214: 2199: 2187: 2163: 2146: 2130: 2121:distillation 2109:apothecaries 2106: 2098: 2082: 2064: 2062: 2059:The cloister 2053:choral music 2041: 2028: 2008: 1991: 1976: 1967: 1960: 1956:patron saint 1953: 1942: 1926: 1913:architecture 1909: 1890: 1883: 1881:(Zaragoza). 1834:Carlist Wars 1831: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1787: 1771: 1763: 1739: 1727: 1645: 1571:Santes Creus 1539: 1514: 1507: 1216:and Navarre. 1186: 1097: 1086: 1084: 1072: 1060: 1044: 1028: 1012: 997:, Vallbona, 937:, 1142, (in 916: 879: 868: 858:Chindasvinto 833:and inside. 831: 824: 807: 796: 788: 778: 759: 751:barrel vault 748: 733: 725:construction 722: 706: 694: 679: 670: 650: 633: 629: 617: 603: 572: 568: 551: 528: 465: 451:Hornachuelos 409: 390: 386:microhistory 375: 354: 314: 295: 270: 256: 240: 233: 210: 202:Augustinians 178:Benedictines 175: 162:Christianity 159: 151:Muslim south 118: 117: 102: 93: 83: 76: 69: 62: 50: 38:Please help 33:verification 30: 2833:Royal sites 2828:Monasteries 2818:Lighthouses 2778:Roman sites 2749:Neo-Mudéjar 2744:Noucentisme 2699:Renaissance 2694:Plateresque 2649:Repoblación 2619:Celtiberian 2462:Founded by 2411:(in 1982.) 2382:Extremadura 2340:Christendom 2196:Other units 2178:El Escorial 2176:removed to 2158:scriptorium 2139:scriptorium 1897:Tragic Week 1863:George Sand 1855:romanticism 1619:Fernando VI 1546:Renaissance 1530:El Escorial 1352:Gothic arch 1337:Castrojeriz 1323:Haute-Loire 1319:Chaise-Dieu 1296:San Felices 1164:was of the 1146:since 1174. 1087:tuquinegras 1063:Theobald II 1048:Latin cross 1003:Las Huelgas 927:Alfonso VII 907:River Duero 844:Alfonso III 637:maior domus 599:St. Isidore 595:San Leandro 462:Foundations 393:Franciscans 317:monasticism 277:. He, as a 236:agriculture 206:Camaldolese 200:, Jeromes, 198:Carthusians 147:Reconquista 143:monasteries 139:Middle Ages 133:, from the 3051:Categories 2933:Artesonado 2888:Architects 2867:structures 2808:Cathedrals 2734:Modernisme 2679:Isabelline 2664:Romanesque 2629:Visigothic 2604:Megalithic 2516:References 2425:True Cross 2344:Parliament 2215:Sometimes 2149:Montserrat 2049:allegories 2025:Presbytery 1973:The church 1767:hermitages 1550:mausoleums 1517:Miraflores 1508:The royal 1456:Monterroso 1228:guesthouse 1172:Ponferrada 1056:buttresses 991:Trasobares 803:Corinthian 612:Cloistered 524:Modern Age 504:Valladolid 397:Dominicans 373:in Spain. 306:Aemilianus 285:, and the 186:Cistercian 66:newspapers 2923:Alhóndiga 2838:Windmills 2788:Alcazabas 2768:Buildings 2709:Herrerian 2644:Mozarabic 2210:oratories 2174:Philip II 2117:ointments 2113:medicines 2073:Psalm 130 2045:mythology 1945:Fountains 1875:Valeriano 1730:education 1581:Barcelona 1522:Carracedo 1481:, in the 1463:La Coruña 1271:Calahorra 1260:Navarrete 1193:hospitals 985:, Cañas ( 963:Languedoc 955:Clairvaux 943:La Coruña 933:in 1140, 919:Moreruela 871:Cantabria 851:Ordoño II 657:novitiate 444:Salamanca 437:Caleruega 429:, in 1928 427:Guipuzcoa 416:Cantabria 325:El Bierzo 271:monastery 225:Andalusia 213:Catalonia 171:Mozarabic 155:peninsula 127:political 3036:Category 2983:Hacienda 2978:Estipite 2928:Alqueria 2858:Stadiums 2843:Airports 2783:Alcázars 2689:Cisneros 2639:Andalusi 2634:Asturian 2434:Elipando 2235:ascetics 2226:Heritage 2019:sacristy 2015:chaplain 1994:transept 1983:vestries 1846:massacre 1825:and the 1675:Alfahuir 1630:Habsburg 1377:Frómista 1370:Palencia 1363:Pisuerga 1253:La Rioja 1248:in 1051. 1197:hospices 1151:Valencia 995:Zaragoza 987:La Rioja 983:Gradefes 979:Palencia 971:Tulebras 967:Narbonne 826:Painting 821:Painting 786:arches. 686:churches 641:bedrooms 591:Pannonia 587:Swabians 575:Sobrarbe 559:seminary 516:vocation 484:princess 363:monarchy 329:Compludo 275:Hispania 247:pilgrims 227:and the 3018:Yeseria 2998:Palloza 2993:Mirador 2968:Cortijo 2943:Baserri 2938:Azulejo 2853:Museums 2823:Llotjes 2813:Hórreos 2803:Castros 2798:Castles 2714:Baroque 2654:Mudéjar 2609:Iberian 2421:Liébana 2395:, King 2369:Euskera 2270:jewelry 2161:space. 1987:liturgy 1963:bishops 1917:museums 1879:Veruela 1871:Gustavo 1865:in the 1838:Carlist 1811:robbery 1791:chancel 1779:orchard 1689:Seville 1682:Segovia 1651:Loeches 1634:Bourbon 1389:Former 1321:in the 1310:Jerome. 1235:Estella 1221:Navarra 1113:Muslims 975:Perales 905:to the 875:Sahagún 744:masonry 709:mosques 690:farmers 653:nursing 583:Gesalec 500:Navarre 492:bastard 472:bishops 457:), 1986 455:Córdoba 401:Jesuits 346:Logroño 310:ascetic 298:martyrs 267:Cabrera 261:to the 217:Galicia 153:of the 137:to the 80:scholar 2729:Rococo 2704:Purism 2669:Gothic 2614:Celtic 2597:Styles 2320:Juan I 2303:Zamora 2299:Urraca 2206:canals 2202:garden 2190:coffin 2075:(129) 2065:pandas 2011:altars 1933:Europe 1823:Madrid 1783:pulpit 1775:garden 1713:El Cid 1587:Najera 1577:Ripoll 1561:Huesca 1510:palace 1490:Melide 1442:Sarria 1289:Burgos 1242:Ayegui 1204:Huesca 1140:Cuenca 1036:shrine 1032:chapel 999:Lleida 981:), of 959:France 947:Poblet 931:Fitero 815:marble 799:Romans 736:rubble 713:Aragon 646:atrium 625:wicket 547:Toledo 480:burial 476:nobles 338:Burgos 283:Egeria 281:, and 166:hermit 141:. The 82: 75: 68: 61: 53: 2988:Masia 2973:Finca 2881:Other 2624:Roman 2090:Silos 2069:Psalm 2038:Choir 1949:wells 1815:theft 1662:crypt 1552:are: 1542:tombs 1526:Yuste 1497:Arzúa 1418:abbey 810:Eaves 784:alfiz 755:apses 740:slate 682:Duero 666:choir 488:widow 468:kings 423:Oñati 342:Álava 263:abbot 221:Spain 182:Cluny 87:JSTOR 73:books 3008:Real 3003:Pazo 2865:and 2407:and 2217:inns 2107:The 2102:Lugo 1998:apse 1996:and 1947:and 1873:and 1861:and 1813:and 1748:and 1632:and 1524:and 1432:Lugo 1411:Leon 1123:and 1098:The 1052:nave 1013:The 1001:and 917:The 898:León 760:The 727:and 621:mill 474:and 395:and 384:and 344:and 279:monk 241:The 125:and 59:news 1777:or 1673:in 1471:in 1195:or 1034:or 993:in 989:), 498:or 287:nun 215:to 180:of 42:by 3053:: 2403:, 2399:, 2391:, 2241:. 2212:. 2123:. 2115:, 2104:. 2047:, 2034:. 1829:. 1769:. 1744:, 1131:. 1119:, 1058:. 941:, 877:. 817:. 794:. 776:. 731:. 668:. 648:. 577:, 486:, 470:, 453:, 425:, 407:. 388:. 340:, 238:. 231:. 204:, 196:, 192:, 188:, 173:. 157:. 2582:e 2575:t 2568:v 1708:. 1664:. 1636:. 1625:. 1485:. 1365:. 1339:. 1178:. 1168:. 1157:. 977:( 541:( 510:( 129:- 109:) 103:( 98:) 94:( 84:· 77:· 70:· 63:· 36:.

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Knowledge

Monasteries in Spain

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