37:
711:
1881:
154:
130:
112:
167:
1981:
1776:
575:
142:
1915:
some 320 kilometres (200 miles) up to Köse Dağ. The
Mongolian army entered the area in June 1243 and awaited the march of the Seljuks and their allies. The early stage of the battle was indecisive. The Sultan's forces suffered the greater casualties and he decided to withdraw at night. Pursuing him,
1992:
Kaykhusraw sent a delegation headed by his vizier to Baiju, realizing the further resistance would only produce a great disaster. Baiju offered terms based on resubmission and the Sultan was undertaken to pay a tribute tax every year in gold, silk, camel and sheep of uncertain quantities. However,
553:
due to the collapse of the Seljuk dynasty in Rum. The
Turkmen beyliks were under the control of the Mongols through declining Seljuk sultans. The Beyliks did not mint coins in the names of their own leaders while they remained under the suzerainty of the Ilkhanids. The
1821:
in relation to
Kaykhusraw's disobedience in 1241. Before attacking, Baiju demanded submission. The inhabitants of the city insulted the Mongol envoy sent by him. Since the city decided to resist and defied Mongol diplomacy, the
533:
was exercised by the
Mongols after the Seljuks surrendered in 1243 until the fall of the Ilkhanate in 1335. Because the Seljuk sultan rebelled several times, in 1255, the Mongols swept through central and eastern Anatolia. An
1993:
the
Turkish realm that had been taken by the military force remained occupied by the Mongols. Almost half of the Sultanate of Rum became an occupied country. The Empire of Trebizond became subject to the
200:
1908:
mercenaries participated in the campaign. Because of little reliable information, it is difficult to measure the opposing troops. But the Seljuk force was larger than the
Mongols.
1568:
1578:
1892:
promised him to send a contingent; however, it is not certain they really engaged in his struggle with the
Mongols. Kaykhusraw received the military support from the
661:. Ögedei died in 1241, and Kaykhusraw took the opportunity to repudiate his vassalage, believing he was strong enough to resist the Mongols. Chormaqan's successor
193:
562:
was the first
Turkish ruler who minted coins in his own name in the 1320s. Since the minting of coins was a prerogative accorded in Islamic practice only to be a
626:. Of these three successor states, Trebizond and Nicaea stood near the Mongolian Empire. Control of Anatolia was then split between the Greek states and the
186:
710:
1854:
in 1243. They besieged the city of
Erzurum when its governor Yakut refused to surrender it. With the power of twelve catapults, Baiju stormed
1646:
1804:
1729:
1634:
476:
1624:
269:
243:
2227:
481:
501:
1548:
1687:
1538:
542:. Remains of the Mongol cultural heritage still can be seen in Turkey, including tombs of a Mongol governor and a son of
496:
486:
329:
274:
319:
238:
1712:
1604:
470:
425:
420:
1866:. He accepted the challenge by sending a war message, defying Baiju that his army took only one of his many cities.
1946:, it chose to resist them. After a short resistance, it fell to the invaders. Hearing of the disaster at Köse Dağ,
1739:
466:
455:
445:
231:
2222:
1797:
459:
451:
377:
1272:
435:
373:
324:
314:
286:
210:
28:
2217:
1971:
1766:
1717:
1518:
491:
1734:
738:
440:
346:
753:
1889:
1614:
1402:
765:
402:
367:
291:
259:
145:
1790:
1724:
1528:
690:
602:
reasserted control in
Western and Northern Anatolia. After the sack of Constantinople in 1204 by Latin
2232:
1947:
1749:
411:
397:
351:
341:
336:
1950:
of Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia quickly made his peace with the Mongols in 1243 and sent his brother
36:
2007:
309:
2010:
prepared for the coming Mongol threat. However, Vatatzes had sent envoys to the Qaghans Güyük and
1975:
1875:
526:
506:
383:
2000:, fearing of the potential punitive expedition because they involved in the battle of Köse Dağ.
1754:
728:
623:
2030:, made an alliance with the Mongols, giving their princesses in marriage to the Mongol khans.
1182:
2014:
but was playing for time. The Mongol Empire did not cause any harm to his plan to recapture
1951:
1851:
1348:
1880:
525:
occurred at various times, starting with the campaign of 1241–1243 that culminated in the
8:
1893:
1707:
1692:
1442:
1172:
1139:
1031:
944:
619:
615:
587:
1702:
1558:
1362:
1147:
674:
159:
2173:
Pre-Ottoman Turkey: a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history
1152:
1917:
1847:
1744:
1697:
1412:
1338:
1222:
1212:
1192:
1162:
699:
550:
121:
1846:
Baiju advanced to Erzurum with a contingent of Georgian and Armenian warriors under
2027:
2004:
1670:
1422:
1392:
1354:
854:
627:
611:
599:
583:
281:
116:
1959:
1897:
1888:
The Seljuk Sultan made an alliance with all nations surrounding him. The King of
1312:
1262:
1242:
1202:
1061:
814:
645:
became military governor. There were then no hostilities with the Seljuk Turks.
607:
591:
566:, it can be considered that the Ottomans became independent of the Mongol Khans.
430:
178:
2015:
1932:
1510:
1282:
603:
555:
360:
2011:
658:
2211:
1985:
1859:
1780:
1682:
1372:
650:
634:
134:
66:
2019:
1482:
1452:
1302:
579:
549:
By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various
2023:
1835:
1675:
1382:
1330:
904:
662:
543:
1980:
1884:
The Mongolian army chases the Seljuks at the battle of Köse Dağ in 1243.
1492:
1462:
864:
785:
720:
673:. When the Sultan refused, Baiju declared war. The Seljuks invaded the
670:
646:
1928:
1955:
1472:
1292:
654:
642:
563:
535:
302:
252:
171:
82:
78:
2022:
who also sent their envoy to the Mongols. Vatatzes' successors, the
1830:
took Karin and punished its residents. Aware of the Seljuk power in
1994:
1922:
1831:
1432:
1232:
1012:
874:
804:
666:
530:
89:
62:
1943:
1855:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1252:
1041:
1021:
954:
934:
894:
844:
834:
824:
559:
2175:, trans. J. Jones-Williams, (New York: Taplinger, 1968) p. 137.
1997:
1905:
1901:
1596:
1101:
1071:
994:
924:
884:
638:
574:
539:
141:
1939:
1912:
1863:
1858:. When the reports of the attack on Erzurum reported to him,
1121:
1111:
1091:
1081:
1051:
984:
974:
964:
914:
657:
with the payment of at least token tribute to the Great Khan
622:
was created a few weeks before the sack of Constantinople by
1958:
in 1247 to negotiate an alliance with the Mongolian Emperor
794:
578:
Map showing the partition of the Byzantine Empire into the
630:, with the Byzantine holdings gradually being reduced.
2100:
God of battles: holy wars of Christianity and Islam
2074:Storm on Horseback: The Seljuk Warriors of Turkey
208:
2209:
2112:Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire
2160:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
669:in person, give hostages, and accept a Mongol
1798:
194:
665:summoned him to renew his submission: go to
1805:
1791:
201:
187:
35:
2048:Medieval Islamic Civilization: A–K, index
1979:
1879:
573:
2210:
2123:Artuk-Osmanli Beyliginin Kurucusu, 27f
1841:
182:
1942:. When the Mongols penetrated into
1938:The Mongols set up their camp near
13:
680:
569:
14:
2244:
2087:The origins of the Ottoman empire
2085:Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Gary Leiser
2046:Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach
1965:
1916:Baiju received the submission of
1353:(330–1453; 1204-1261 in exile as
2061:Muḥammad and the course of Islám
1826:besieged it. In two months, the
1774:
1317:224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia)
709:
165:
152:
140:
128:
110:
2191:
2178:
2165:
2152:
677:, vassal of the Mongol Empire.
2228:Invasions by the Mongol Empire
2139:
2126:
2117:
2105:
2092:
2079:
2066:
2053:
2040:
1173:Kingdom of Alexander the Great
29:Mongol invasions and conquests
1:
2033:
1862:summoned his armed forces at
743:
2147:The Mongol Campaigns in Asia
649:and his immediate successor
538:garrison was stationed near
523:Mongol invasions of Anatolia
41:Mongol invasions of Anatolia
22:Mongol invasions of Anatolia
16:Mongol conquests in Anatolia
7:
1890:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1869:
1838:without advancing further.
1688:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
1403:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
146:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
10:
2249:
1969:
1873:
465:Hungary and Croatia (
129:
2026:emperors of the restored
1972:Byzantine–Mongol alliance
1911:Kaykhusraw advanced from
1569:Decline and modernization
1519:Periods of Ottoman Empire
598:In the 12th century, the
450:Poland and Bohemia (
417:
410:
391:
359:
301:
251:
230:
225:
220:
102:
45:
34:
26:
21:
2199:The Mongols and the West
2008:John III Doukas Vatatzes
1834:, Baiju returned to the
1976:Armeno-Mongol relations
1954:to the Mongol court of
628:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
2223:13th-century conflicts
2018:from the hands of the
1989:
1988:over Anatolia in 1265.
1885:
1817:Baiju's army attacked
1740:Constitutional history
1625:Provisional government
1579:Defeat and dissolution
729:Prehistory of Anatolia
624:Alexios I of Trebizond
610:were established: the
595:
2184:Shepherd, William R.
1983:
1883:
1183:Kingdom of Cappadocia
739:Palaeolithic Anatolia
577:
2218:13th century in Asia
1349:Eastern Roman Empire
211:Mongol invasions and
1984:The control of the
1894:Empire of Trebizond
1842:Campaign in Erzurum
1693:History of Anatolia
1615:War of Independence
1443:Empire of Trebizond
1307:133 BC-27 BC–330 AD
754:Mesolithic Anatolia
620:Empire of Trebizond
618:. A third one, the
616:Despotate of Epirus
588:Despotate of Epirus
482:Bulgaria and Serbia
2134:A Monetary history
1990:
1886:
1876:Battle of Köse Dağ
1735:Diplomatic history
1647:Multi-party period
1597:Republic of Turkey
1373:Great Seljuk State
1363:Rashidun Caliphate
1148:Classical Anatolia
766:Neolithic Anatolia
675:Kingdom of Georgia
596:
529:. Real power over
527:Battle of Köse Dağ
160:Kingdom of Georgia
92:became of Safavids
1815:
1814:
1781:Turkey portal
1698:History of Thrace
1655:
1654:
1605:Periods of Turkey
1587:
1586:
1501:
1500:
1413:Anatolian beyliks
1339:Medieval Anatolia
1321:
1320:
1223:Kingdom of Pontus
1213:Ptolemaic Kingdom
1163:Achaemenid Empire
1130:
1129:
1003:
1002:
776:
775:
653:swore an oath of
551:Anatolian beyliks
519:
518:
514:
513:
477:Holy Roman Empire
177:
176:
122:Anatolian Beyliks
98:
97:
2240:
2233:Sultanate of Rum
2202:
2195:
2189:
2186:Historical Atlas
2182:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2028:Byzantine Empire
2005:Empire of Nicaea
1807:
1800:
1793:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1745:Cultural history
1730:Military history
1725:Economic history
1671:Turkic migration
1635:One-party period
1611:
1610:
1525:
1524:
1423:County of Edessa
1393:Sultanate of Rum
1355:Empire of Nicaea
1345:
1344:
1159:
1158:
1153:Classical Thrace
1018:
1017:
855:Achaeans (Homer)
791:
790:
758:c. 11,000–
745:
735:
734:
713:
703:
685:
684:
612:Empire of Nicaea
608:successor states
606:, two Byzantine
600:Byzantine Empire
584:Empire of Nicaea
497:Byzantine Thrace
223:
222:
215:
203:
196:
189:
180:
179:
170:
169:
168:
158:
156:
155:
144:
133:
132:
131:
117:Sultanate of Rum
115:
114:
113:
47:
46:
39:
19:
18:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2197:Peter Jackson,
2196:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2045:
2041:
2036:
1978:
1968:
1878:
1872:
1844:
1811:
1775:
1773:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1750:Genetic history
1665:
1657:
1656:
1640:
1609:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1502:
1343:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1313:Sasanian Empire
1273:Armenian Empire
1263:Parthian Empire
1243:Attalid kingdom
1203:Seleucid Empire
1157:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1015:
1005:
1004:
815:Akkadian Empire
788:
778:
777:
771:
770:c. 8,000–
759:
747:
733:
723:
701:
694:
683:
681:Fall of Erzurum
592:Mongol conquest
572:
570:Early relations
520:
515:
392:Other invasions
216:
212:
209:
207:
166:
164:
163:
153:
151:
127:
120:
111:
109:
69:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2246:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2204:
2203:
2190:
2177:
2171:Claude Cahen,
2164:
2158:C. P. Atwood,
2151:
2145:D. S. Benson,
2138:
2125:
2116:
2104:
2098:Peter Partner
2091:
2078:
2065:
2059:H. M. Balyuzi
2052:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2016:Constantinople
1967:
1966:Peace of Sivas
1964:
1874:Main article:
1871:
1868:
1843:
1840:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1651:(1945–present)
1649:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1549:Transformation
1545:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1283:Roman Republic
1279:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1106:859–595/585 BC
1104:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1001:
1000:
999:859–595/585 BC
997:
991:
990:
987:
981:
980:
977:
971:
970:
967:
961:
960:
957:
951:
950:
947:
941:
940:
937:
931:
930:
927:
921:
920:
917:
911:
910:
907:
901:
900:
897:
891:
890:
887:
881:
880:
877:
871:
870:
867:
861:
860:
857:
851:
850:
847:
841:
840:
837:
831:
830:
827:
821:
820:
817:
811:
810:
807:
801:
800:
797:
789:
784:
783:
780:
779:
774:
773:
768:
762:
761:
756:
750:
749:
746:500,000–
741:
732:
731:
725:
724:
719:
718:
715:
714:
706:
705:
696:
695:
688:
682:
679:
571:
568:
517:
516:
512:
511:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
463:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
426:Volga Bulgaria
423:
415:
414:
408:
407:
406:
405:
400:
393:
389:
388:
387:
386:
381:
370:
363:
361:Southeast Asia
357:
356:
355:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
333:
332:
327:
322:
317:
305:
299:
298:
297:
296:
295:
294:
284:
279:
278:
277:
267:
262:
255:
249:
248:
247:
246:
241:
234:
228:
227:
221:
218:
217:
206:
205:
198:
191:
183:
175:
174:
124:
105:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
93:
75:
71:
70:
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2245:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2200:
2194:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1987:
1986:Mongol Empire
1982:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:Kaykhusraw II
1857:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
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1728:
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125:
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107:
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67:East Anatolia
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25:
20:
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2073:
2072:John Freely
2068:
2060:
2055:
2047:
2042:
2002:
1991:
1937:
1920:
1910:
1887:
1845:
1816:
1755:LGBT history
1713:Christianity
1483:Kara Koyunlu
1453:Latin Empire
1331:Medieval Age
1303:Ancient Rome
1297:163 BC–72 AD
1032:Neo-Hittites
945:Neo-Hittites
929:1300–1250 BC
909:1500–1290 BC
899:1500–1300 BC
889:1500–1320 BC
879:1680–1220 BC
869:1650–1450 BC
859:1700–1300 BC
849:1780–1680 BC
839:1950–1750 BC
829:2300–1400 BC
819:2400–2150 BC
809:2500–2000 BC
632:
597:
580:Latin Empire
548:
522:
521:
487:Latin Empire
275:Nizari state
264:
232:Central Asia
149:
138:
126:
108:
103:Belligerents
77:
27:Part of the
2136:, pp. 30–31
2024:Palaiologan
1836:Mugan plain
1676:Oghuz Turks
1641:(1930–1945)
1639:(1923–1930)
1629:(1920–1923)
1619:(1919–1922)
1583:(1908–1922)
1573:(1789–1908)
1563:(1703–1789)
1553:(1566–1703)
1543:(1453–1566)
1533:(1299–1453)
1511:Ottoman Era
1497:(1378–1501)
1487:(1375–1468)
1477:(1256–1335)
1467:(1250–1487)
1457:(1204–1261)
1447:(1204–1461)
1437:(1101–1409)
1427:(1098–1150)
1417:(1081–1423)
1407:(1078–1375)
1397:(1077–1307)
1387:(1071–1178)
1383:Danishmends
1377:(1037–1194)
1096:1000–545 BC
1086:1000–700 BC
1076:1000–560 BC
1066:1100–560 BC
1056:1150–547 BC
1046:1200–700 BC
1036:1200–800 BC
1026:1200–800 BC
989:1000–545 BC
979:1000–700 BC
969:1150–547 BC
959:1200–700 BC
949:1200–800 BC
939:1200–800 BC
919:1450–350 BC
905:Hayasa-Azzi
799:3000–700 BC
700:History of
590:before the
325:Eastern Xia
315:Western Xia
239:Qara Khitai
2212:Categories
2034:References
1970:See also:
1935:en route.
1904:, and the
1900:Sultan at
1559:Old Regime
1493:Ak Koyunlu
1463:Karamanids
1247:282–129 BC
1197:306–168 BC
1193:Antigonids
1187:322–130 BC
1177:334–301 BC
1167:559–331 BC
1126:685–547 BC
1116:678–549 BC
865:Kizzuwatna
786:Bronze Age
721:Prehistory
671:darughachi
647:Kayqubad I
637:conquered
614:, and the
436:Durdzuketi
421:Kievan Rus
1995:Mongolian
1956:Karakorum
1473:Ilkhanate
1367:(637–656)
1293:Commagene
1287:133–27 BC
1257:281–64 BC
1237:297–74 BC
1227:302–64 BC
1217:305–30 BC
1207:305–64 BC
748:10,000 BC
655:vassalage
643:Chormaqan
641:in 1230;
604:Crusaders
564:sovereign
536:Ilkhanate
492:Lithuania
441:Circassia
303:East Asia
292:Palestine
260:Caucassus
253:West Asia
213:conquests
172:Ilkhanate
83:Byzantine
79:Ilkhanate
53:1241–1335
2201:, p. 103
2162:, p. 555
2149:, p. 177
2102:, p. 122
2063:, p. 342
2050:, p. 442
1948:Hethum I
1923:Erzincan
1918:Arzenjan
1906:Frankish
1896:and the
1870:Köse Dağ
1832:Anatolia
1767:Timeline
1703:Religion
1664:By topic
1433:Artuqids
1233:Bithynia
1082:Tuwanuwa
1013:Iron Age
975:Tuwanuwa
875:Hittites
805:Hattians
772:5,500 BC
760:9,000 BC
691:a series
689:Part of
667:Mongolia
531:Anatolia
347:Sakhalin
265:Anatolia
244:Khwarezm
90:Anatolia
85:victory
63:Anatolia
58:Location
2188:, 1911.
2114:, p. 13
2089:, p. 33
2076:, p. 83
2003:In the
1944:Kayseri
1929:Divriği
1898:Ayyubid
1856:Erzurum
1852:Shanshe
1828:Mongols
1824:Mongols
1819:Erzurum
1718:Judaism
1253:Galatia
1072:Aeolis
1042:Phrygia
1022:Diauehi
955:Phrygia
935:Diauehi
895:Mitanni
845:Kussara
835:Assyria
825:Luwians
560:Osman I
556:Ottoman
507:Gazaria
431:Cumania
403:Siberia
372:Burma (
368:Vietnam
282:Baghdad
2132:Pamuk
2020:Latins
2012:Möngke
1998:Qaghan
1952:Sembat
1902:Aleppo
1102:Urartu
1062:Doris
995:Urartu
925:Assuwa
885:Arzawa
702:Turkey
693:on the
659:Ögedei
639:Persia
558:ruler
544:Hulagu
540:Ankara
502:Serbia
471:Second
456:Second
446:Alania
412:Europe
378:Second
287:Levant
270:Persia
157:
74:Result
1960:Güyük
1940:Sivas
1933:Sivas
1913:Konya
1864:Konya
1708:Islam
1122:Lydia
1092:Ionia
1052:Caria
985:Ionia
965:Caria
915:Lycia
663:Baiju
467:First
460:Third
452:First
398:India
374:First
352:Japan
342:Korea
337:Tibet
310:China
1974:and
1931:and
1850:and
1848:Avag
1529:Rise
795:Troy
633:The
586:and
384:Java
330:Song
226:Asia
50:Date
320:Jin
2214::
1962:.
1927:,
744:c.
582:,
546:.
469:,
458:,
454:,
376:,
150:•
139:•
65:,
1925:)
1921:(
1806:e
1799:t
1792:v
1357:)
594:.
473:)
462:)
380:)
202:e
195:t
188:v
81:-
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