760:
20:
583:, and the Franks adopted a position of passive neutrality between the Mamluks and the Mongols even though the Muslim Mamluks had been the traditional enemies of the Crusaders. At the time, the Franks appear to have regarded the Mongols as a greater threat than the Muslims. Thus, the Mamluk forces were permitted to pass through Crusader territory unharmed, and they amassed a sizable force to confront the remains of the Mongol army in September 1260 at the historic
591:. The Mamluks achieved a major victory, which was important for the region but also was the first time that the Mongol Army had suffered a major defeat. It became the high-water mark for the Mongol conquests, as after this battle, even if the Mongols would again attempt several invasions of Syria, they would not be successful until 1300. Even then, they again would hold territory for only a few months.
1181:"Hulegu informed Louis IX that he had handed over the Holy City to the Franks already, during the brief Mongol occupation in 1260 (although, as we have seen, this is nowhere indicated in any of the Muslim sources, still less in the Frankish appeals for help to the West), and the claim was reiterated in 1274 by Abaqa's envoys.", Jackson, p. 174
1293:"Et revindrent en Acre li message que mi sire Odouart et la Crestiente avoient envoies as Tartars por querre secors; et firent si bien la besoigne quil amenerent les Tartars et corurent toute la terre dantioche et de Halape de Haman et de La Chamele jusques a Cesaire la Grant. Et tuerent ce quil trouverent de Sarrazins"
640:. The number of knights and retainers that accompanied Edward on the crusade was quite small, possibly around 230 knights, with a total complement of approximately 1,000 people transported in a flotilla of 13 ships. Many of the members of Edward's expedition were close friends and family, including his wife
919:, the ambassador for the Il-khan. The embassy, abundantly mentioned in contemporary sources, participated in the Jubilee ceremonies. Supposedly, the ambassador was also the man nominated by Ghazan to supervise the re-establishment of the Franks in the territories that Ghazan was going to return to them.
1396:
Phillips, p. 128. ""Disillusionment came swiftly. Jerusalem had not been taken or even besieged; Ghazan evacuated Syria within a few weeks of its conquest probably because his horses were short of fodder. He attacked it again in 1301, and planned further campaigns for the next two years, but achieved
982:
who resided there, taking along but few cavalry, pursued the
Christians who had done these things to tell them on his uncle's behalf to leave the booty. But some of the Christians attacked and killed him and some other Tartars. When Kit-Bugha learned of this, he immediately took the city of the Sidon
877:
Whatever the truth may have been, the Mongol advance led to wild rumours in Europe at the time, that perhaps the
Mongols had captured Jerusalem and were going to return it to the Europeans. These rumours, starting around March 1300, were probably based on accounts from Venetian merchants who had just
901:
was sending a letter announcing the "great and joyful news to be celebrated with special rejoicing," that the Mongol Ghazan had conquered the Holy Land and offered to hand it over to the
Christians. In Rome, as part of the Jubilee celebrations in 1300, the Pope ordered processions to "celebrate the
862:
In his 1987 article, "Mongol raids into
Palestine", Reuven Amitai stated, "It seems most likely then that the Mongols raided Palestine by themselves in 1299–1300. The Mongol forces rode as far as Gaza, looting and killing as they went, and they entered several towns, including Jerusalem. In
815:
The most often-cited study of the matter is that by Dr. Sylvia Schein in her 1979 article "Gesta Dei per
Mongolos". She concluded, "The alleged recovery of the Holy Land never happened." However, in her 1991 book, Schein includes a brief footnote saying that the conquest of Jerusalem by the Mongols
408:
The raids were executed by a relatively small part of the Mongol army, which proceeded to loot, kill, and destroy. However, the
Mongols appeared to have had no intention, on either occasion, of integrating Palestine into the Mongol administrative system, and a few months after the Syrian invasions,
922:
There was great rejoicing for a short time, but the Pope soon learned about the true state of affairs in Syria, from which, in fact, Ghazan had withdrawn the bulk of his forces in
February 1300, and the Mamluks had reclaimed by May. However, the rumours continued until at least September 1300.
951:"On 1 March Kitbuqa entered Damascus at the head of a Mongol army. With him were the King of Armenia and the Prince of Antioch. The citizens of the ancient capital of the Caliphate saw for the first time for six centuries three Christian potentates ride in triumph through their streets."
1397:
nothing. His bitterness at the failure of the
European powers to provide the military assistance he had asked for expressed itself in 1303 in yet another embassy to Philip IV and Edward I, to which Edward replied tactfully that he and Philip had been at war and could not send help."
1240:"When he disembarked in Acre, Edward immediately sent envoys to Abagha.... As he (Abagha) could not commit himself to the offensive, he ordered the Mongol forces stationned in Turkey under Samaghar to attack Syria in order to relieve the Crusaders": Jean Richard, p. 446
878:
arrived from Cyprus. The account gave a more or less accurate picture of the Mongol successes in Syria but then expanded to say that the
Mongols had "probably" taken the Holy Land by that point. The rumours were then inflated widely by wishful thinking, and the
1505:
Frédéric
Luisetto, p.205-206 "Troops penetrated in Jerusalem and Hebron where they committed many massacres.... In Hebron, a cross was even raised on top of the mosque of Abraham", also p. 208: "We have knowledge of the violences perpetrated in Jerusalem and
779:
then split off from Ghazan's army, and pursued the retreating Mamluk troops as far as Gaza, pushing them back to Egypt. The bulk of Ghazan's forces then proceeded to Damascus, which surrendered sometime between December 30, 1299, and January 6, 1300, but its
547:, saying that the Mongols had remitted Jerusalem to the Christians. However, modern historians believe that though Jerusalem may have been subject to at least one Mongol raid during this time, that it was not otherwise occupied or formally conquered.
615:
sent his nephew with a small force to obtain redress, they were ambushed and killed by Julian. Kitbuqa responded forcefully by raiding the city of Sidon, destroying walls and slaying Christians although it is said that the castle remained untaken.
995:"Edward was horrified at the state of affairs in Outremer. He knew that his own army was small, but he hoped to unite the Christians of the East into a formidable body and then use the help of the Mongols in making an effective attack on Baibars".
807:
Medieval sources give many different views of the extent of the raids in 1299 and 1300, and there is disagreement among modern historians as to which of the sources are most reliable and which might be embellished or simply false. The fate of
978:"It happened that some men from Sidon and Belfort gathered together, went to the Saracens' villages and fields, looted them, killed many Saracens and took others into captivity together with a great deal of livestock. A certain nephew of
687:
The messengers that Sir Edward and the Christians had sent to the Tartars to ask for help came back to Acre, and they did so well that they brought the Tartars with them, and raided all the land of Antioch, Aleppo, Haman and
1190:
Halperin, Charles J.. 2000. "The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 63 (2). Cambridge University Press: 229–45.
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unawares outside the city. Both Ayyubid commanders, Mujir al-Din ibn Abi Zakari and Nur al-Din 'Ali ibn Shuja' al-Din al-Akta', were killed. The Mongols then garrisoned Nablus. The devastation of their raid on the
791:
lord of the Holy Land. The smaller force of about 10,000 horsemen under Mulay engaged in raids as far south as Gaza, returned to Damascus around March 1300 and, a few days later, followed Ghazan back across the
611:, described by his contemporaries as irresponsible and light-headed, took the opportunity in 1260 to raid and plunder the area of the Bekaa in what had recently become Mongol territory. When the Mongol general
482:, became the centre of Islamic power. The Mongols probably would have continued their advance on through Palestine towards Egypt, but they had to stop their invasion because of an internal conflict in
915:
In the summer of the Jubilee year (1300), Pope Boniface VIII received a dozen ambassadors, dispatched from various kings and princes. One of the groups was of 100 Mongols, led by the Florentine
828:, described Poggibonsi's account as saying that the Mongols tried to destroy, undermine, burn or remove the gate but without success, and when the Mamluks returned, they had the gate walled up.
1537:"The earliest letter was dated 19 March 1300 and addressed to Boniface VIII. Its contents suggest that it was probably written by the Doge Pietro Gradenigo (1289-1311). - Schein, 1979, p. 814
812:, in particular, continues to be debated, with some historians stating that the Mongol raids may have penetrated the city and others saying that the city was neither taken or even besieged.
886:. The story grew to say (falsely) that the Mongols had taken Egypt, that the Mongol Ghazan had appointed his brother as the new king there and that the Mongols were next going to conquer
64:
1082:, Le Templier de Tyr. "Le roy d'Arménie et le Prince d'Antioche alèrent en l'ost des Tatars et furent à prendre Damas". Quoted in "Histoire des Croisades III", René Grousset, p. 586.
894:. The rumours also stated that Ghazan had freed the Christians who were held captive in Damascus and in Egypt and that some of those prisoners had already made their way to Cyprus.
906:
was asked to encourage his subjects to depart as well, to visit the Holy Places. Pope Boniface even referred to the recovery of the Holy Land from the Mongols in his bull
784:
resisted. Ghazan then retreated most of his forces in February, probably because their horses needed fodder. Ghazan also promised to return in November to attack Egypt.
397:, primarily in 1260 and 1300. Following each of these invasions, there existed a period of a few months during which the Mongols were able to launch raids southward into
859:, Andrew Jotischky used Schein's 1979 article and later 1991 book to state, "after a brief and largely symbolic occupation of Jerusalem, Ghazan withdrew to Persia".
2422:
57:
1436:, ed. P. B. Bagatti (Jerusalem 1945), 53, 92) that the Mongols removed a gate from the Dome of the Rock and had it transferred to Damascus. Schein, 1991, p. 163
1423:, ed. P. B. Bagatti (Jerusalem 1945), 53, 92) that the Mongols removed a gate from the Dome of the Rock and had it transferred to Damascus. Schein, 1991, p. 163
2350:
50:
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736:. The Mongols defeated the Turcoman troops that protected Aleppo, putting to flight the Mamluk garrison in that city, and continued their advance to
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1878:
23:
The 1260 Mongol offensives in the Levant. The early successful attacks on Aleppo and Damascus led to smaller attacks on secondary targets such as
2756:
2099:
1683:
1415:
Schein, in her 1991 book mentioned in a footnote that the Mongol capture of Jerusalem was confirmed because they had removed a gate from the
969:
The British historian Steven Runciman believes that Nablus and Gaza were occupied, but that Jerusalem itself was not taken by the Mongols.
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also was "effectively present" in Jerusalem in 1299-1300. According to Frederic Luisetto, Mongol troops "penetrated into Jerusalem and
340:
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2660:
133:
107:
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824:, who gave a detailed architectural description of Jerusalem and mentioned the acts of the Mongols on the gate. Another scholar,
775:(also known as the 3rd Battle of Homs), on December 23 or 24, 1299. One group of Mongols under the command of the Mongol general
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as well as raids against other Palestine towns, perhaps including Jerusalem. Smaller raiding parties reached as far south as
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and transferred it to Damascus. "The conquest of Jerusalem by the Mongols was confirmed by Niccolo of Poggibonsi who noted (
983:
and destroyed most of the walls . Thereafter the Tartars no longer trusted the Christians, nor the Christians the Tartars."
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and auxiliary Seljukid troops, but they triggered an exodus of Muslim populations (who remembered the previous campaigns of
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1351:"For a brief period, some four months in all, the Mongol Il-Khan was de facto the lord of the Holy Land", Schein, p. 810
443:. After Baghdad, the Mongol forces, including some Christians from the previously conquered or submitted territories of
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960:"The king of Armenia and the Prince of Antioch went to the army of the Tatars, and they all went off to take Damascus".
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183:
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Demurger, pp. 142-143 "The Mongols pursued the retreating troops towards the south, but stopped at the level of Gaza".
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Accordingly, there existed a period of about four months, from February to May 1300, when the Mongol il-Khan was the
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When Baibars mounted a counteroffensive from Egypt on November 12, the Mongols had already retreated beyond the
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When Edward finally arrived in Acre on May 9, 1271, he immediately sent an embassy to the Mongol ruler Abaqa.
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486:. Hulagu departed with the bulk of his forces, leaving only about 10,000 Mongol horsemen in Syria under his
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1360:"Meanwhile the Mongol and Armenian troops raided the country as far south as Gaza." Schein, 1979, p. 810
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recovery of the Holy Land" and further encouraged everyone to depart for the newly recovered area. King
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In mid-October 1271, the Mongol troops requested by Edward arrived in Syria and ravaged the land from
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Abaqa answered positively to Edward's request in a letter dated September 4, 1271. The historians
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550:
During the Mongol attack on the Mamluks in the Middle East, most of the Mamluks were made out of
540:׳Amram ben Itamar, was captured and brought to Damascus. He was later ransomed by the community.
452:
370:
247:
759:
2412:
2133:
1756:
Kedar, Benjamin Z (1989). "Samaritan History: The Frankish Period". In Alan David Crown (ed.).
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in 1300, to transfer it to Damascus. That was based on an account from the 14th century priest
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The Egyptian Mamluks then returned and reclaimed the entire area in May 1300 without a battle.
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After retreating from Syria to Cairo, the Egyptian Mamluks negotiated with the Franks of the
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1432:"The conquest of Jerusalem by the Mongols was confirmed by Niccolo of Poggibonsi who noted (
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1492:"Mulay, a Mongol general who was effectively present in Jerusalem in 1299-1300", Demurger,
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576:
558:'s supply of Kipchaks replenished the Mamluk armies and helped them fight off the Mongols.
19:
1988:
Schein, Sylvia (October 1979). "Gesta Dei per Mongolos 1300. The Genesis of a Non-Event".
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the end, all the raiders returned to the Damascus area... by the middle of March 1300."
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Mamluk forces returned from Egypt and reoccupied the region with little resistance.
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Military invasion of the Palestine region by the Mongol Empire between 1260 and 1300
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1997:
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was "confirmed" because they are documented to have removed the Golden Gate of the
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A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades
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1930:
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successfully took the northern city of Aleppo and defeated the Mamluks in the
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and sending Mongol raiding parties further into Palestine, reaching as far as
435:, successfully captured the center of power in the Islamic world, the city of
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Edward's plan was to use the help of the Mongols to attack the Muslim leader
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662:. The embassy was led by Reginald Russel, Godefrey Welles and John Parker.
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Amitai, Reuven (1987). "Mongol Raids into Palestine (AD 1260 and 1300)".
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2019:
Fideles Crucis: The Papacy, the West, and the Recovery of the Holy Land
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Gateway to the Heavenly City: crusader Jerusalem and the catholic West
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1471:) vanquished the Mamluks at the Second Battle of Homs and captured
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Kitbuqa continued the offensive, taking the cities and castles of
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536:. Many men, women and children were killed and ׳Uzzī, son of the
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24:
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From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260
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The Crusaders' Kingdom: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages
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521:. A Mongol detachment under Kushlu Khan caught the garrison of
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environment of large crowds that had gathered in Rome for the
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With the Islamic power centres of Baghdad and Damascus gone,
456:
32:
2693:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
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2502:
689:
679:, a continuation of the twelfth-century Latin chronicle of
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1274:
1272:
1270:
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1642:
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260-1281
1324:
1267:
1243:
1160:
717:, could send only 10,000 Mongol horsemen under general
1085:
1059:
2423:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1928:
1637:
866:
1828:
1639:
2418:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
2106:
1755:
1447:The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
713:southward. Abaqa, occupied by other conflicts in
517:. A Mongol garrison of about 1,000 was placed in
72:
3348:
1851:Prawdin, Michael (pseudonym for Charol, Michael)
754:
2838:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
2109:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World
1968:
1764:
1705:
1660:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1260:
1258:
624:In 1269, the English Prince Edward (the future
2035:
2016:
1987:
1885:
1805:
1783:
1626:
1029:"Saudi Aramco World "The Battle of Ain Jalut""
696:. And they killed all the Sarazins they found.
2141:
1907:
1668:(2nd ed.). University Press, Cambridge.
1547:
1545:
1543:
1528:Amitai, "Mongol Raids into Palestine", p. 247
620:Mongol raids during Edward I's Crusade (1271)
561:
58:
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2054:
1877:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1390:
1310:
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802:
2098:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1354:
1336:
1046:
632:and the Second Crusade of the French king,
412:
2148:
2134:
1812:. Essential Histories. Osprey Publishing.
1760:. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr. pp. 82–94.
1563:
1540:
1372:
763:Mongol offensives in the Levant, 1299–1300
65:
51:
1724:
1710:(in French). Editions Payot&Rivages.
1646:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
1400:
855:where they committed many massacres." In
767:In the summer of 1299, the Mongols under
628:), inspired by tales of his great uncle,
1949:
1330:
1280:
1249:
1169:
1091:
1065:
758:
594:
18:
1767:Les Croisades, origines et conséquences
1733:
751:, unable to face the full Mamluk army.
636:, started on a crusade of his own, the
530:community of Nablus is recorded in the
467:, and on March 1, 1260, they conquered
431:, on their quest to further expand the
393:, following the temporarily successful
3349:
2768:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
2727:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
1827:Phillips, John Roland Seymour (1998).
1695:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010,
985:Fleur des Histoires d'Orient, Chap. 30
427:In 1258, the Mongols under the leader
3087:
2598:
2320:
2167:
2129:
1729:. State University of New York Press.
1517:The Crusaders and the Crusader States
857:The Crusaders and the Crusader States
494:, to occupy the conquered territory.
46:
2599:
2351:Administrative divisions and vassals
1973:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1769:(in French). Editions Ouest-France.
1630:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1600:Flowers of the Histories of the East
1193:https://www.jstor.org/stable/1559539
2618:
1971:The History of the Mongol Conquests
1739:The Mongols and the West, 1221-1410
1684:Article on Franco-Persian relations
1575:
543:Hulagu also sent a message to King
13:
873:History of Jerusalem (Middle Ages)
389:took place towards the end of the
14:
3393:
3362:13th century in the Mongol Empire
2155:
2072:Turnbull, Stephen (1980) (2004).
1620:
839:states that the Mongols captured
1935:(2nd ed.). Yale Nota Bene.
1831:The Medieval Expansion of Europe
1789:Real History Behind the Templars
867:European rumours about Jerusalem
2168:
1929:Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2005) .
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989:
972:
963:
463:. The Mongols took the city of
3372:Invasions by the Mongol Empire
2002:10.1093/ehr/XCIV.CCCLXXIII.805
1954:. Cambridge University Press.
1725:Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977).
1638:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1995).
1097:
1071:
1052:"Histoire des Croisades III",
1021:
1008:
954:
945:
1:
3367:Medieval history of Palestine
3338:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
3035:Division of the Mongol Empire
1990:The English Historical Review
1002:
755:Mongol campaigns of 1299–1300
439:, effectively destroying the
3382:Military history of Damascus
1857:. Collier-Macmillan Canada.
1791:. Berkley Publishing Group.
1586:Chronicle du Templier de Tyr
721:from the occupation army in
7:
2285:Manghit / Mangudai
2040:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
1835:. Oxford University Press.
1434:Libro d'Oltramare 1346-1350
1421:Libro d'Oltramare 1346-1350
1297:Estoire d'Eracles, Chap XIV
926:
773:Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar
387:Mongol raids into Palestine
10:
3398:
3088:
3064:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
2107:Weatherford, Jack (2004).
1693:Religions of the Silk Road
1307:Quoted in Grousset, p. 653
870:
673:quote the medieval French
565:
562:Battle of Ain Jalut (1260)
416:
329:Hungary and Croatia (
3335:
3246:
3165:
3098:
3094:
3083:
3027:
2976:
2879:(1223 / 1236–40)
2825:
2802:
2785:(1257 / 1284–88)
2755:
2680:
2625:
2614:
2594:
2485:
2431:
2408:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
2343:
2339:
2316:
2231:
2178:
2174:
2163:
2078:. Osprey Publishing Ltd.
2057:"The Mongols in the West"
1950:Runciman, Steven (1987).
1666:The Trial of the Templars
803:Fate of Jerusalem in 1300
419:Mongol invasions of Syria
395:Mongol invasions of Syria
314:Poland and Bohemia (
281:
274:
255:
223:
165:
115:
94:
89:
84:
2061:Journal of Asian History
1969:Saunders, J. J. (2001).
1765:Lebédel, Claude (2006).
1706:Demurger, Alain (2007).
938:
843:and Jerusalem, and that
423:Battle of Baghdad (1258)
413:Mongol campaigns of 1260
2361:Invasions and conquests
2280:Paiza / Gerege
2036:Schein, Sylvia (2005).
2017:Schein, Sylvia (1991).
1932:The Crusades: A History
1806:Nicolle, David (2001).
1467:"In December 1299, he (
648:, and his first cousin
3018:(1260 / 1301)
2746:(1274 / 1281)
2413:Franco-Mongol alliance
2111:. Three Rivers Press.
1911:Histoire des Croisades
1908:Richard, Jean (1996).
1682:Encyclopædia Iranica,
1606:(English translation).
933:Franco-Mongol alliance
764:
707:
40:
3357:13th-century crusades
2055:Sinor, Denis (1999).
1445:Denys Pringle, 1993,
1103:Amitai-Preiss, p. 32.
822:Niccolo of Poggibonsi
762:
685:
630:Richard the Lionheart
595:Sidon incident (1260)
455:, went on to conquer
401:, reaching as far as
22:
2909:Serbia and Bulgaria
1406:Schein, 1979, p. 805
1378:Schein, 1979, p. 810
1204:Hindley, pp. 205-206
1148:Amin Maalouf, p. 262
1121:Amin Maalouf, p. 264
1112:Jean Richard, p. 428
577:Kingdom of Jerusalem
459:, the domain of the
75:Mongol invasions and
3156:Khagans of the Yuan
2885:Poland and Bohemia
2661:Khwarazmian Empire
2386:Society and economy
1560:Riley-Smith, p. 246
1079:Gestes des Chiprois
904:Edward I of England
585:Battle of Ain Jalut
568:Battle of Ain Jalut
488:Nestorian Christian
346:Bulgaria and Serbia
2901:Holy Roman Empire
2356:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
1616:(Original French).
1592:(Original French).
1582:Le Templier de Tyr
1157:Kedar 1989, p. 93.
1139:Humphreys, p. 352.
899:Pope Boniface VIII
831:In his 2007 book,
765:
732:) as far south as
694:Caesarea the Great
642:Eleanor of Castile
545:Louis IX of France
41:
3344:
3343:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3056:Kaidu–Kublai war
3048:Berke–Hulagu war
3040:Toluid Civil War
2821:
2820:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2393:House of Borjigin
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2085:978-0-85045-372-0
1900:978-0-297-99397-1
1819:978-1-84176-179-4
1798:978-0-425-21533-3
1717:978-2-228-90235-9
1701:978-0-230-62125-1
1675:978-0-521-67236-8
1653:978-0-521-46226-6
1610:Estoire d'Eracles
1596:Hayton of Corycus
1264:Grousset, p. 653.
702:Estoire d'Eracles
676:Estoire d'Eracles
601:Julian de Grenier
383:
382:
378:
377:
341:Holy Roman Empire
3389:
3142:
3129:
3126:Töregene Khatun
3116:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3084:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2813:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2747:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2646:
2638:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2596:
2595:
2558:Shangdu (Xanadu)
2548:Sarai Batu/Berke
2453:Chagatai Khanate
2341:
2340:
2318:
2317:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2164:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2103:
2097:
2089:
2068:
2051:
2032:
2013:
1996:(373): 805–819.
1984:
1965:
1946:
1925:
1904:
1882:
1876:
1868:
1846:
1834:
1823:
1802:
1780:
1761:
1752:
1730:
1721:
1708:Jacques de Molay
1679:
1657:
1645:
1634:
1576:Medieval sources
1570:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1417:Dome of the Rock
1413:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1265:
1262:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1231:Grousset, p. 656
1229:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1031:. Archived from
1025:
1019:
1012:
996:
993:
987:
976:
970:
967:
961:
958:
952:
949:
917:Guiscard Bustari
818:Dome of the Rock
705:
449:Cilician Armenia
361:Byzantine Thrace
87:
86:
79:
67:
60:
53:
44:
43:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3323:
3242:
3161:
3140:
3127:
3114:
3090:
3071:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3023:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2972:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2861:Volga Bulgaria
2854:
2846:
2837:
2835:
2817:
2811:
2798:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2767:
2765:
2751:
2745:
2735:
2726:
2724:
2717:
2716:Southern China
2709:
2701:
2700:Northern China
2692:
2690:
2676:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2644:
2636:
2610:
2609:
2582:
2481:
2458:House of Ă–gedei
2427:
2398:House of Ă–gedei
2366:Destructiveness
2335:
2334:
2304:
2241:
2227:
2170:
2159:
2154:
2119:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2048:
2029:
1981:
1962:
1943:
1922:
1901:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1843:
1820:
1799:
1777:
1749:
1718:
1676:
1662:Barber, Malcolm
1654:
1623:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1487:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:Demurger, p. 99
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:Tyerman, p. 818
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:Tyerman, p. 806
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
999:
994:
990:
977:
973:
968:
964:
959:
955:
950:
946:
941:
929:
897:By April 1300,
875:
869:
805:
757:
738:Maarat an-Numan
706:
700:
681:William of Tyre
667:Steven Runciman
650:Henry of Almain
622:
597:
570:
564:
461:Ayyubid dynasty
441:Abbasid dynasty
425:
415:
384:
379:
256:Other invasions
80:
76:
73:
71:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3395:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3149:
3144:
3139:Oghul Qaimish
3136:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3092:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2731:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2631:
2629:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2403:Mongol Armenia
2400:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2104:
2084:
2069:
2052:
2046:
2033:
2027:
2014:
1985:
1979:
1966:
1960:
1947:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1905:
1899:
1887:Prawer, Joshua
1883:
1863:
1847:
1841:
1824:
1818:
1803:
1797:
1785:Newman, Sharan
1781:
1775:
1762:
1758:The Samaritans
1753:
1747:
1735:Jackson, Peter
1731:
1722:
1716:
1703:
1689:Foltz, Richard
1686:
1680:
1674:
1658:
1652:
1635:
1622:
1621:Modern sources
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:(circa 1300),
1607:
1593:
1584:(circa 1300).
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1569:Schein, p. 805
1562:
1553:
1551:Schein, p. 815
1539:
1530:
1521:
1508:
1498:
1485:
1460:
1458:Pringle, p.106
1451:
1438:
1425:
1408:
1399:
1389:
1387:Amitai, p. 248
1380:
1371:
1369:Amitai, p. 247
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1333:, p. 439.
1323:
1309:
1300:
1285:
1283:, p. 336.
1266:
1254:
1252:, p. 335.
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1213:Nicolle, p. 47
1206:
1197:
1183:
1174:
1172:, p. 308.
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1094:, p. 310.
1084:
1070:
1068:, p. 307.
1058:
1045:
1020:
1006:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
988:
971:
962:
953:
943:
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
928:
925:
868:
865:
837:Alain Demurger
804:
801:
756:
753:
698:
644:, his brother
621:
618:
596:
593:
566:Main article:
563:
560:
414:
411:
381:
380:
376:
375:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
327:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
290:Volga Bulgaria
287:
279:
278:
272:
271:
270:
269:
264:
257:
253:
252:
251:
250:
245:
234:
227:
225:Southeast Asia
221:
220:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
197:
196:
191:
186:
181:
169:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
148:
143:
142:
141:
131:
126:
119:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
98:
92:
91:
85:
82:
81:
70:
69:
62:
55:
47:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3394:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3339:
3334:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Chagatai Khan
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3082:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:Latin Empire
2915:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2446:Northern Yuan
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:Imperial Seal
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2264:Pax Mongolica
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:Mongol Empire
2151:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2120:
2118:0-609-80964-4
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2047:0-7546-0649-X
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2028:0-19-822165-7
2024:
2021:. Clarendon.
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1980:0-8122-1766-7
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1961:9780521347723
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1942:0-300-10128-7
1938:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1921:2-213-59787-1
1917:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1866:
1864:1-4128-0519-8
1860:
1856:
1855:Mongol Empire
1852:
1848:
1844:
1842:0-19-820740-9
1838:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1776:2-7373-4136-1
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1748:0-582-36896-0
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1534:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1502:
1496:, 2007, p. 84
1495:
1494:Les Templiers
1489:
1483:, 2007, p. 84
1482:
1481:Les Templiers
1479:", Demurger,
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1403:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1332:
1331:Runciman 1987
1327:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1281:Runciman 1987
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1251:
1250:Runciman 1987
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1171:
1170:Runciman 1987
1166:
1164:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1093:
1092:Runciman 1987
1088:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1067:
1066:Runciman 1987
1062:
1055:
1054:René Grousset
1049:
1035:on 2012-02-12
1034:
1030:
1024:
1018:, pp. 247-248
1017:
1011:
1007:
992:
986:
981:
975:
966:
957:
948:
944:
934:
931:
930:
924:
920:
918:
913:
911:
910:
909:Ausculta fili
905:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
874:
864:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:Les Templiers
829:
827:
826:Denys Pringle
823:
819:
813:
811:
800:
797:
795:
790:
785:
783:
778:
774:
770:
761:
752:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
703:
697:
695:
691:
684:
682:
678:
677:
672:
671:René Grousset
668:
663:
661:
656:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:Ninth Crusade
635:
631:
627:
617:
614:
610:
606:
605:Lord of Sidon
602:
599:The Crusader
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:
569:
559:
557:
553:
548:
546:
541:
539:
535:
534:
529:
524:
520:
516:
513:and possibly
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:Mongol Empire
430:
424:
420:
410:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
336:
332:
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
280:
277:
273:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
258:
254:
249:
246:
243:
239:
235:
233:
230:
229:
228:
226:
222:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:
171:
170:
168:
164:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
147:
144:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
120:
118:
114:
109:
106:
104:
101:
100:
99:
97:
93:
88:
83:
78:
68:
63:
61:
56:
54:
49:
48:
45:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
3108:Genghis Khan
3015:
2877:Kievan Rus'
2855:(1237–1300s)
2847:(1237–1300s)
2691:Western Xia
2653:Qara Khitai
2486:Major cities
2465:Golden Horde
2441:Yuan dynasty
2328:Organization
2262:
2213:Khong Tayiji
2108:
2074:
2064:
2060:
2037:
2018:
1993:
1989:
1970:
1951:
1931:
1910:
1890:
1854:
1830:
1809:The Crusades
1808:
1788:
1766:
1757:
1738:
1726:
1707:
1692:
1665:
1641:
1628:
1609:
1599:
1585:
1565:
1556:
1533:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1463:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1326:
1303:
1292:
1288:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1186:
1177:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1087:
1077:
1073:
1061:
1048:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:the original
1023:
1016:Mongol Raids
1015:
1010:
991:
974:
965:
956:
947:
921:
914:
907:
896:
880:urban legend
876:
861:
856:
832:
830:
814:
806:
798:
786:
766:
746:
708:
701:
692:, as far as
686:
674:
664:
657:
654:
623:
598:
571:
556:Golden Horde
549:
542:
531:
496:
478:, under the
473:
426:
407:
386:
385:
351:Latin Empire
155:
139:Nizari state
96:Central Asia
3377:Hulagu Khan
3183:Sartaq Khan
3152:Kublai Khan
3147:Möngke Khan
3121:Ă–gedei Khan
3100:Great Khans
3066:(1314–1318)
3058:(1268–1301)
3010:(1260–1323)
2994:(1253–1256)
2977:Middle East
2871:(1238–1239)
2812:(1221–1327)
2671:(1219–1256)
2663:(1219–1221)
2645:(1264–1308)
2637:(1207-1308)
2503:Azov (Azaq)
2169:Terminology
2075:The Mongols
1893:. Praeger.
1741:. Longman.
1515:Jotischky,
1475:, and even
847:'s general
538:High Priest
189:Eastern Xia
179:Western Xia
103:Qara Khitai
3351:Categories
3319:Nogai Khan
3203:Ă–zbeg Khan
3134:GĂĽyĂĽk Khan
3028:Civil wars
3016:Palestine
2925:Lithuania
2845:Circassia
2578:Xacitarxan
2563:Soltaniyeh
2300:Darughachi
1914:. Fayard.
1633:: 236–255.
1039:2007-09-30
1003:References
871:See also:
704:, p. 461,
690:La Chamele
503:al-Subayba
417:See also:
300:Durdzuketi
285:Kievan Rus
29:al-Subayba
3188:Orda Khan
3178:Batu Khan
3042:(1260–64)
2986:(1241–43)
2984:Anatolia
2959:(1287–88)
2951:(1285–86)
2943:(1264–65)
2935:(1259–60)
2927:(1258–59)
2903:(1241–42)
2895:(1241–42)
2887:(1240–41)
2863:(1229–36)
2853:Chechnya
2793:(1300–02)
2757:Southeast
2736:(1253–56)
2718:(1235–79)
2710:(1231–60)
2702:(1211–34)
2655:(1216–18)
2643:Sakhalin
2603:Campaigns
2553:Saray-JĂĽk
2543:Samarkand
2518:Karakorum
2477:Ilkhanate
2235:Political
2094:cite book
1873:cite book
1853:(1961) .
1477:Jerusalem
980:Kit-Bugha
810:Jerusalem
794:Euphrates
749:Euphrates
715:Turkestan
634:Louis VII
528:Samaritan
515:Jerusalem
484:Turkestan
399:Palestine
356:Lithuania
305:Circassia
167:East Asia
156:Palestine
124:Caucassus
117:West Asia
77:conquests
3314:Boroldai
3294:Khubilai
3274:Bo'orchu
3247:Military
3141:(regent)
3128:(regent)
3115:(regent)
3000:Baghdad
2949:Hungary
2893:Hungary
2836:Georgia
2783:Vietnam
2635:Siberia
2533:Maragheh
2433:Khanates
2381:Religion
2376:Military
2325:Politics
2275:Kurultai
2238:Military
1889:(1972).
1787:(2006).
1737:(2005).
1664:(2001).
1598:(1307).
1519:, p. 249
1473:Damascus
1449:, p. 106
1056:, p. 581
1014:Amitai,
927:See also
841:Damascus
789:de facto
726:Anatolia
699:—
626:Edward I
609:Beaufort
554:and the
552:Kipchaks
490:general
469:Damascus
391:Crusades
211:Sakhalin
129:Anatolia
108:Khwarezm
3284:Boroqul
3279:Guo Kan
3269:Negudar
3254:Subutai
3154: (
2992:Alamut
2965:Serbia
2957:Poland
2941:Thrace
2933:Poland
2869:Alania
2734:Yunnan
2669:Persia
2627:Central
2606:Battles
2513:Bolghar
2508:Bukhara
2493:Almalik
2295:Kheshig
2223:Tarkhan
888:Barbary
884:Jubilee
782:Citadel
730:Kitbuqa
719:Samagar
660:Baibars
613:Kitbuqa
589:Galilee
533:Tolidah
511:Ascalon
499:Baalbek
492:Kitbuqa
480:Mamluks
453:Antioch
445:Georgia
437:Baghdad
371:Gazaria
295:Cumania
267:Siberia
236:Burma (
232:Vietnam
146:Baghdad
25:Baalbek
3264:Muqali
3238:Ghazan
3233:Arghun
3223:Hulegu
3113:Tolui
3089:People
3050:(1262)
3008:Syria
3002:(1258)
2967:(1291)
2919:(1242)
2911:(1242)
2827:Europe
2810:India
2791:Burma
2777:(1293)
2766:Burma
2744:Japan
2725:Tibet
2708:Korea
2568:Tabriz
2538:Qarshi
2498:Avarga
2344:Topics
2248:Jarlig
2208:Jinong
2203:Khanum
2198:Khatun
2188:Khagan
2180:Titles
2115:
2082:
2044:
2025:
2010:197910
2008:
1977:
1958:
1939:
1918:
1897:
1861:
1839:
1816:
1795:
1773:
1745:
1714:
1699:
1672:
1650:
1614:Online
1604:Online
1590:Online
1506:Damas"
1469:Ghazan
853:Hebron
845:Ghazan
769:Ghazan
742:Apamea
723:Seljuk
711:Aleppo
646:Edmund
523:Nablus
505:, and
465:Aleppo
429:Hulagu
366:Serbia
335:Second
320:Second
310:Alania
276:Europe
242:Second
151:Levant
134:Persia
31:, and
3309:Kadan
3304:Bayan
3289:Jelme
3228:Abaqa
3218:Kebek
3198:Toqta
3193:Berke
3173:Jochi
3166:Khans
2803:South
2775:Java
2528:Majar
2470:Wings
2290:TĂĽmen
2270:Yassa
2253:Örtöö
2218:Noyan
2006:JSTOR
939:Notes
892:Tunis
849:Mulay
777:Mulay
734:Cairo
507:Ajlun
476:Cairo
457:Syria
331:First
324:Third
316:First
262:India
238:First
216:Japan
206:Korea
201:Tibet
174:China
33:Ajlun
3259:Jebe
3213:Duwa
2682:East
2619:Asia
2573:Ukek
2523:Dadu
2331:Life
2258:Orda
2193:Khan
2113:ISBN
2100:link
2080:ISBN
2067:(1).
2042:ISBN
2023:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1879:link
1859:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1648:ISBN
890:and
740:and
669:and
607:and
581:Acre
574:rump
519:Gaza
451:and
421:and
403:Gaza
248:Java
194:Song
90:Asia
37:Gaza
3299:Aju
1998:doi
587:in
579:at
184:Jin
3353::
2096:}}
2092:{{
2065:33
2063:.
2059:.
2004:.
1994:94
1992:.
1875:}}
1871:{{
1691:,
1602:,
1588:,
1542:^
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1295:,
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1257:^
1162:^
912:.
835:,
796:.
744:.
683::
652:.
603:,
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471:.
447:,
405:.
333:,
322:,
318:,
240:,
27:,
3158:)
2149:e
2142:t
2135:v
2121:.
2102:)
2088:.
2050:.
2031:.
2012:.
2000::
1983:.
1964:.
1945:.
1924:.
1903:.
1881:)
1867:.
1845:.
1822:.
1801:.
1779:.
1751:.
1720:.
1678:.
1656:.
1195:.
1042:.
337:)
326:)
244:)
66:e
59:t
52:v
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
