719:
754:. Seeking the advice of the local Udege people around Nurgan, Taxiala was told that he must wait for the strait to freeze in the winter months, then he could march his army across the ice into Sakhalin where he would find the lands of the Nivkh and the Ainu. This was certainly possible since the strait was only about four miles wide at its narrowest point, and the Ainu and Nivkh had long made use of this fact. Armed with this knowledge, Taxiala petitioned the Yuan court for another expedition against the Ainu in 1273, but this was rejected. However, the Mongols appeared to have learned the lesson, as subsequent Mongol expeditions into Sakhalin all happened during winter months.
758:
boats. Following that campaign, the
Mongols sent large armies up to 10,000 men for the expeditions of 1285 and 1286. Led by Tata'erdai (塔塔兒帶) and Yangwuludai (楊兀魯帶), the expeditions sailed across the sea in 1000 small boats carrying 10 men each. Judging by the relatively small population of the Sakhalin Ainu in later centuries, it is unlikely that the Ainu could have mustered a force large enough to defeat the Mongols with such numbers in open combat. The Mongol armies apparently reached the southern tip of Sakhalin at this time, since ramparts of a Mongol-Chinese fort dated to the 13th century were discovered at
828:), and received gifts in return, making presenting tribute a form of trade. The center of the northern trade gradually shifted to Chinese posts in the Amur Estuary and on Sakhalin following the Mongol conquests, and Sakhalin itself became a conduit of trade between the Mongol Empire in mainland Eurasia and the Japanese archipelago. The Mongols retreated from Sakhalin after 1320, and tributary trade in Sakhalin and the Amur basin ceased in the mid 14th century as the Yuan dynasty fell into decline. The Chinese under the
542:
36:
643:). The proto-Ainu Satsumon followed up with an invasion into southern Sakhalin in the 11th to 12th century, leaving behind oral traditions telling how the Ainu defeated the Tonchi people there (likely the Okhotsk), and sent them fleeing north by boat. Thus the people who came to be known as the Ainu settled in southern Sakhalin while the Nivkhs kept to northern Sakhalin and the area around the
840:
put a stop to the conflicts between the Nivkh and the Ainu, with the Ainu keeping to southern
Sakhalin, leaving the north to the Nivkh. Hostility gave way to a relationship characterized by intermarriage, commercial trade, and cultural exchanges between the two peoples. A number of important cultural
797:
in
Manchuria forced the troops to withdraw from the Amur region in 1287. Perhaps reflecting the diminishing Mongol influence in the area, two Nivkh who had been centurions (百戶) in the Mongol military defected to the Ainu in 1296, and the next year an Ainu force under the chieftain Waying (瓦英) crossed
685:
rivers in 1263, and forced the submission of the two peoples. The
Mongols were motivated by their worldview that heaven had bestowed them the right to rule the whole world, thus unconquered people were naturally rebels upon whom military conquest was justified. The Mongols were also in the process of
802:
of the Amur estuary. These falconers, which included some Nivkh, were targeted by Ainu raiders for their falcons—the feathers were an exotic trade good—and for their supplies from China due to their status as slaves of the Mongol imperial court. Thus warned, when the Ainu invaded the Amur estuary in
819:
The Mongol invasions represented the first time the influence of a regime based in China was directly extended to
Sakhalin. Even before the end of hostilities, the Ainu and the peoples of the Amur region had been secretly trading valuable furs with the connivance of the Mongol officials in Nurgan.
810:
The Ainu were recorded to have made one more raid on the continent in 1305, which evaded the Mongol army. In 1308, the Ainu chieftains Waying and
Yushannu (玉善奴) communicated through the Nivkh that they desired to surrender. The Ainu sent an ambassador to Nurgan with gifts of swords and armours and
854:
The peace between the Nivkh and the
Sakhalin Ainu as well as the Mongol presence in Sakhalin also meant that the Hokkaido Ainu could not freely migrate to Sakhalin across the La Pérouse Strait as they had done over the centuries. The population pressure that pushed the Ainu north now encountered
704:
in the south, and theorize that the
Mongols were interested in a northern route into Japan through Manchuria and Sakhalin. Presumably, the Mongols would sail south from Sakhalin to Hokkaido and invade Honshu from there. However, there are no historical records or maps of the period that reveal a
757:
The next record of an invasion on the Ainu was in 1282, when
Jurchens under Mongol rule were sent to aid the war effort by making boats to ship supplies across the sea. In 1284, a Mongol expedition was postponed from September to November out of fears that the windy seas might topple the supply
875:
in Japan. Despite the commonly accepted cause of the war being trade disagreements and religious differences between the Ainu and the Andō clan, Mongol action in
Sakhalin might have had a hand in creating and amplifying the conflict. The so-called "Mongol invasion of Japan from the north" was
730:
Soon after receiving the surrender of the Nivkh, the Mongols received reports of the Nivkh being invaded yearly by the peoples of the east, namely the Guwei (骨嵬) and the Yiliyu (亦里于). "Guwei" was the name that the Nivkh used to refer to the Ainu people, while "Yiliyu", which means "deer" in
699:
In addition, some Japanese researchers ascribe another motivation to the Mongols in regards to their subjugation of Sakhalin. Calling the Sakhalin expeditions a "Mongol invasion from the north" (北からの蒙古襲来), proponents of this northern invasion theory connect the events in Sakhalin with the
832:
re-established a presence in the area in 1409 and collected tribute from the Nivkh and the Ainu until late 15th century. Regardless of the political situation, a network of trade linking Manchuria, Japan, and Kamchatka with Sakhalin at the center persisted until the 18th century.
616:
were slowly assimilated into the dominant Japanese culture or pushed further north to the island of Hokkaido. The influx of migrants from Honshu to Hokkaido gave rise to the Satsumon culture in Hokkaido, which spread agriculture throughout the island save for the coast of the
695:
furs from lower Amur and Sakhalin, for instance, were especially favoured by the Mongol-Chinese upper class at the time. From the Nivkh perspective, their surrender to the Mongols essentially established a military alliance against the Ainu who had invaded their lands.
798:
the strait on Nivkh boats and raided settlements on the continent. The Nivkh that were still aligned with the Mongols warned that the Ainu planned to cross the sea from Guohuo when the sea freezes, and that they were going to attack the
743:. The Mongols attacked the Ainu on Sakhalin on 30 November 1264, but the Ainu returned the next year to attack the Nivkh, killing some of their warriors. This time, however, the Mongols only sent supplies of food and weapons.
690:
for their own political and commercial purposes: the Mongols could manage relations with the peripheral peoples of Northeast Asia while making sure that goods from the region would be available as tribute or trade goods.
768:
and is the only fortification of a continental type found on Sakhalin. Japanese researcher Kazuyuki Nakamura believes that the Shiranushi site should be identified as the Guohuo fort (果夥) mentioned in the Yuan source
589:. The Nivkh, being the dominant population of Sakhalin before the 12th century, are believed to be the bearers of the Okhotsk culture. The Nivkh are known in Chinese sources as "Jiliemi" (吉列迷;
855:
resistance, and the resulting reaction in the southern direction brought the Ainu into increasing conflict with the Japanese. Around the time of the Mongol invasions of Sakhalin, the Ainu of
172:
569:, which was characterized by fishing, sea-mammal hunting, pig breeding, and pottery. This culture expanded rapidly in the 7th century from Sakhalin: to the north, it took over the
1598:
Trekhsviatskyi, Anatolii (2007). "At the far edge of the Chinese Oikoumene: Mutual relations of the indigenous population of Sakhalin with the Yuan and Ming dynasties".
851:
Nivkh culture at the expense of the original Okhotsk culture: while rituals involving orcas and bears remained, other cultural characteristics like pottery disappeared.
705:
geographic knowledge that Sakhalin was anywhere near Japan, so any intention on the part of the Mongols to use Sakhalin as an entry point into Japan remains doubtful.
847:
bear ceremony, were introduced to the Ainu from the Okhotsk culture carried by Nivkh as a result. For the Nivkh, the increasing focus on trade led to the rise of the
871:
as a disaster on par with the Mongol invasion of Japan in 1274 and 1281, caused the Andō clan to splinter and might even have contributed to the fall of the ruling
2541:
165:
1912:
750:
in China in 1271, Taxiala (塔匣剌) of the Mongol eastern expedition army attempted to invade Sakhalin in 1272 and 1273, but he was not able to cross the raging
2469:
629:, into warfare with the Okhotsk in the 10th to 11th century, causing the Okhotsk to retreat to Sakhalin. The conflicts of the period were reflected in the
158:
1063:, p. 413. Nakamura names Susumu Emori (1990) and Shoichi Oba (1998) as populizers and proponents of the "Mongol invasion from the north" phrase.
2536:
3412:
2875:
1648:
The peoples of Northeast Asia through time : precolonial ethnic and cultural processes along the coast between Hokkaido and the Bering Strait
864:
1679:
1731:
1939:
773:(經世大典, "Compendium for governing the world"), and that it was built by the Mongols to repel attempts by Hokkaido Ainu to dislodge them.
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1983:
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473:
1823:
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1548:[The Ainu and Ainu culture from historical records of the Yuan and Ming]. In Katō, Hirofumi; Suzuki, Kenji (eds.).
524:. The Ainu put up a tenacious resistance, even launching a counter-attack on Mongol positions on the continent across the
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2800:
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Soon after the subjugation of the Ainu, Ainu elders made tributary visits to Yuan posts located at Wuliehe (兀列河; in the
2818:
2771:
1067:, p. 133) also says the Mongol move into Sakhalin in part "stemmed from a desire to find a passageway into Japan".
662:
291:
210:
2852:
3067:
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2979:
1724:
1655:
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762:. The ramparts, called the Shiranushi earthwork (白主土城) by Japanese archaeologists, were markedly different from Ainu
442:
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349:
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1879:
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182:
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are believed to be the descendants of an indigenous population that have inhabited Sakhalin island since the
463:
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promised to pay a tribute of furs every year. With this, the war between the Ainu and the Mongols was over.
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2963:
2504:
2489:
2038:
1717:
412:
1173:
as Taxiala failing to succeed in this expedition instead of not being given permission. Original quote in
89:
Ainu incursions against the Nivkh repulsed, Ainu people in Sakhalin become tributaries of the Yuan dynasty
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27:
1944:
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2826:
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1954:
1813:
701:
656:
383:
369:
323:
313:
308:
1518:[Several questions around "the Mongol attack from the north"]. In Kikuchi, Toshihiko (ed.).
1973:
1949:
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and the need for agricultural lands pushed the Satsumon, identified as one of the ancestors of the
281:
2893:
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2048:
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355:
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1959:
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2016:
2003:
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oral traditions of the northern Hokkaido Ainu, in which the heroes of the "land people" (
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facing Sakhalin, which remained under the influence of the Okhotsk culture. Eventually,
2298:
2155:
1924:
1673:
1615:
872:
732:
3244:
2576:
2516:
1629:
The conquest of Ainu lands : ecology and culture in Japanese expansion, 1590–1800
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69:
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culture from the west, and indigenous Neolithic Sakhalin culture gave birth to the
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in 1297, but finally capitulated to the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China in 1308.
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1891:
1845:
1799:
1583:
The Ainu of Tsugaru : the indigenous history and shamanism of northern Japan
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776:
723:
566:
65:
1544:
Nakamura, Kazuyuki (2012). "Gen-Mindai no shiryō kara mieru Ainu to Ainu bunka"
867:(蝦夷大乱). The war, which was described by the 13th century Japanese Buddhist monk
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mid-1297, the Mongols caught up with them and defeated the invading Ainu near
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Ainu man with bow and arrow. The Ainu were noted to have used wooden bows and
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114:
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1514:
Nakamura, Kazuyuki (2010). "Kita kara no mōko shūrai wo meguru shōmondai"
1340:
863:(安東氏) of northern Japan in a war that lasted from 1268 to 1328 called the
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To support the continual campaigns into Sakhalin, the Mongols established
3392:
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elements that became the hallmarks of modern Ainu culture, including the
793:. This did not last long, however, as the rebellion of the Mongol prince
786:
682:
678:
626:
517:
120:
1619:
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therefore an indirect one at most, in the opinion of Kazuyuki Nakamura.
677:, the Mongols established an administration post at Nurgan (present-day
3437:
3346:
2696:
2681:
2418:
1590:
860:
644:
1709:
1551:
Atarashii Ainu shi no kōchiku : senshi hen, kodai hen, chūsei hen
824:
basin), Nanghar (囊哈兒; near present-day Langry), and Boluohe (波羅河; the
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2009:
1964:
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35:
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1998:
987:
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61:
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2413:
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The Ainu counterattack and the end of the conflict (1287–1308)
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Ruins of identity : ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands
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2812:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
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near the Amur estuary around 1285, populating them with
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1271:
1259:
1207:
1192:
1136:
1106:
1070:
1054:
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as "Gilyak" in the modern era and later renamed to the
1167:, p. 140) interprets the relevant passage in the
2542:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1557:(in Japanese). Hokkaido University. pp. 138–145.
1404:
1368:
1356:
1310:
1082:
1015:
1003:
975:
1445:
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650:
1696:"The Ainu and Early Commerce in the Sea of Okhotsk"
963:
951:
939:
927:
915:
903:
891:
673:in 1233. In response to raids by the Nivkh and the
2537:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
746:Following the formal establishment of the Mongol
180:
3467:
1529:] (in Japanese). Hokkaido University Press.
2957:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
1597:
1585:(Thesis). The University of British Columbia.
1386:
1350:
1334:
1304:
1292:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1186:
1164:
1130:
1036:
604:As a result of the northward expansion of the
573:and reached as far as the southern tip of the
2260:
1725:
557:. During the 6th century AD, a confluence of
504:) made several incursions into the island of
166:
2440:
1940:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty
1631:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2267:
2253:
1732:
1718:
1678:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
663:Mongol conquest of the Jurchen Jin dynasty
536:
173:
159:
34:
1543:
1527:A history and cultures of Northeast Asia
1513:
1475:
1439:
1280:
1265:
1253:
1213:
1201:
1157:
1145:
1115:
1076:
1060:
993:
717:
669:, the Mongols took political control of
540:
1739:
1694:Kikuchi, Toshihiko (28 February 2012).
1693:
1561:
1374:
997:
3468:
2887:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
2846:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
1935:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
1645:
1626:
1580:
1491:
1463:
1451:
1422:
1410:
1398:
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1346:
1319:
1100:
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957:
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909:
897:
3206:
2717:
2439:
2286:
2248:
1713:
714:Expeditions into Sakhalin (1264–1286)
612:beginning in the 7th century AD, the
154:
2718:
2470:Administrative divisions and vassals
545:Historical extent of the Ainu people
520:, who had been expanding north from
2737:
739:like the ancestors of the Sakhalin
639:) prevailed over the "sea people" (
593:: /kiɪt̚ liᴇt̚ mei/), which became
13:
1687:
1581:Tanaka, Sakurako (Sherry) (2000).
681:) at the junction of the Amur and
14:
3532:
3481:13th century in the Mongol Empire
2274:
789:exiles of the newly-extinguished
651:Mongol interest in Northeast Asia
2130:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars
1993:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
3516:Wars involving the Yuan dynasty
2287:
1855:Second Mongol invasion of Burma
1520:Hokutō Ajia no rekishi to bunka
1499:. University of Hawai'i Press.
577:; to the south, it crossed the
3506:Invasions by the Mongol Empire
1880:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo
1485:
783:military-agricultural colonies
1:
3521:Wars involving Imperial China
3496:Military history of Manchuria
3457:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
3154:Division of the Mongol Empire
2163:The Story of the Western Wing
2034:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass
1758:Division of the Mongol Empire
1554:新しいアイヌ史の構築 : 先史編・古代編・中世編
879:
859:rose up against the powerful
531:
40:Sakhalin and its surroundings
2039:Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)
1790:conquest of the Song dynasty
814:
735:, could refer to any of the
708:
561:culture from the north, the
21:Mongol invasions of Sakhalin
7:
2404:Manghit / Mangudai
2059:Jinan Great Southern Mosque
1650:. Leiden, The Netherlands.
1566:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
28:Mongol campaigns in Siberia
10:
3537:
3486:1310s in the Mongol Empire
3207:
3183:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
1945:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
1824:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
654:
585:on the northern shores of
437:Hungary and Croatia (
3454:
3365:
3284:
3217:
3213:
3202:
3146:
3095:
2998:(1223 / 1236–40)
2944:
2921:
2904:(1257 / 1284–88)
2874:
2799:
2744:
2733:
2713:
2604:
2550:
2527:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
2462:
2458:
2435:
2350:
2297:
2293:
2282:
2189:
2067:
2026:
1982:
1900:
1860:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
1748:
702:Mongol invasions of Japan
657:Manchuria under Yuan rule
422:Poland and Bohemia (
389:
382:
363:
331:
273:
223:
202:
197:
192:
126:
99:
44:
33:
25:
20:
1974:Goryeo under Mongol rule
1780:Mongol conquest of China
1646:Zgusta, Richard (2015).
1600:Journal of Asian History
1553:
1545:
1522:
1515:
1177:8:151: 征東招討使塔匣剌請征骨嵬部，不允。
884:
688:Chinese tributary system
2480:Invasions and conquests
2399:Paiza / Gerege
2049:Pagoda of Bailin Temple
1870:1344 Yellow River flood
1865:War of the Two Capitals
1775:Kublai Khan's campaigns
537:The peoples of Sakhalin
500:(and its successor the
496:From 1264 to 1308, the
3476:13th-century conflicts
3137:(1260 / 1301)
2865:(1274 / 1281)
2532:Franco-Mongol alliance
2149:The Injustice to Dou E
2054:Temple of Azure Clouds
1984:Science and technology
1841:Battle of Ngasaunggyan
1785:anti-Mongol fortresses
1627:Walker, Brett (2001).
1562:Stephan, John (1971).
1466:, p. 161 note 86.
727:
601:"Nivkh" in the 1930s.
546:
508:off the east coast of
127:Commanders and leaders
1885:Battle of Lake Poyang
1875:Red Turban Rebellions
721:
544:
3028:Serbia and Bulgaria
1546:元・明代の史料にみえるアイヌとアイヌ文化
1165:Trekhsviatskyi (2007
726:in Chinese accounts.
183:Mongol invasions and
3501:History of Sakhalin
3275:Khagans of the Yuan
3004:Poland and Bohemia
2780:Khwarazmian Empire
2505:Society and economy
2068:Society and culture
1795:Battle of Xiangyang
1564:Sakhalin: A History
1387:Trekhsviatskyi 2007
1351:Trekhsviatskyi 2007
1335:Trekhsviatskyi 2007
1305:Trekhsviatskyi 2007
1293:Trekhsviatskyi 2007
1250:Trekhsviatskyi 2007
1238:Trekhsviatskyi 2007
1226:Trekhsviatskyi 2007
1187:Trekhsviatskyi 2007
1131:Trekhsviatskyi 2007
1037:Trekhsviatskyi 2007
623:population pressure
575:Kamchatka Peninsula
516:allies against the
454:Bulgaria and Serbia
3020:Holy Roman Empire
2475:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
2156:The Orphan of Zhao
1925:Imperial Preceptor
1591:10.14288/1.0076926
873:Kamakura shogunate
733:Tungusic languages
728:
686:incorporating the
547:
3463:
3462:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3175:Kaidu–Kublai war
3167:Berke–Hulagu war
3159:Toluid Civil War
2940:
2939:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2512:House of Borjigin
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2242:
2241:
1516:「北からの蒙古襲来」をめぐる諸問題
1478:, pp. 427–9.
1425:, pp. 100–1.
1401:, pp. 228–9.
1295:, pp. 142–3.
1240:, pp. 143–4.
1228:, pp. 141–2.
1039:, pp. 145–6.
752:Strait of Tartary
647:on the mainland.
579:La Pérouse Strait
526:Strait of Tartary
491:
490:
486:
485:
449:Holy Roman Empire
149:
148:
95:
94:
70:Strait of Tartary
3528:
3261:
3248:
3245:Töregene Khatun
3235:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2932:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2866:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2813:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2765:
2757:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2715:
2714:
2677:Shangdu (Xanadu)
2667:Sarai Batu/Berke
2572:Chagatai Khanate
2460:
2459:
2437:
2436:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2283:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2212:ʼPhags-pa script
2142:The Chalk Circle
2123:Zhongyuan Yinyun
2010:Shiyi Dexiaofang
1768:Kaidu–Kublai war
1763:Toluid Civil War
1734:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1683:
1677:
1669:
1642:
1623:
1594:
1577:
1558:
1540:
1510:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1323:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1163:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1013:
1007:
1001:
991:
985:
984:, pp. 93–4.
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
737:Tungusic peoples
700:contemporaneous
583:Satsumon culture
555:Neolithic period
469:Byzantine Thrace
195:
194:
187:
175:
168:
161:
152:
151:
46:
45:
38:
18:
17:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3442:
3361:
3280:
3259:
3246:
3233:
3209:
3190:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3142:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3104:
3091:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2980:Volga Bulgaria
2973:
2965:
2956:
2954:
2936:
2930:
2917:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2886:
2884:
2870:
2864:
2854:
2845:
2843:
2836:
2835:Southern China
2828:
2820:
2819:Northern China
2811:
2809:
2795:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2763:
2755:
2729:
2728:
2701:
2600:
2577:House of Ögedei
2546:
2517:House of Ögedei
2485:Destructiveness
2454:
2453:
2423:
2360:
2346:
2289:
2278:
2273:
2243:
2238:
2218:History of Yuan
2185:
2116:Wenxian Tongkao
2081:History of Liao
2063:
2044:Miaoying Temple
2022:
1978:
1896:
1892:Ispah rebellion
1744:
1738:
1707:
1690:
1688:Further reading
1671:
1670:
1658:
1639:
1574:
1555:
1547:
1537:
1524:
1517:
1507:
1493:Hudson, Mark J.
1488:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:, p. 133;
1345:
1341:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:, p. 144;
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1175:History of Yuan
1170:History of Yuan
1161:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:, p. 415;
992:
988:
980:
976:
968:
964:
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
896:
892:
887:
882:
817:
779:
724:poisoned arrows
716:
711:
661:As part of the
659:
653:
567:Okhotsk culture
539:
534:
494:
493:
492:
487:
364:Other invasions
188:
184:
181:
179:
144:
142:
137:
135:
133:
113:
86:
72:
66:Outer Manchuria
39:
12:
11:
5:
3534:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3258:Oghul Qaimish
3255:
3250:
3242:
3237:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:Mongol Armenia
2519:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2102:Shilin Guangji
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1952:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1930:Zhongshu Sheng
1927:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1787:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1656:
1643:
1637:
1624:
1606:(2): 131–155.
1595:
1578:
1572:
1559:
1541:
1535:
1511:
1505:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1442:, p. 427.
1427:
1415:
1413:, p. 100.
1403:
1391:
1389:, p. 151.
1379:
1367:
1365:, p. 133.
1355:
1353:, p. 150.
1339:
1337:, p. 145.
1324:
1322:, p. 228.
1309:
1307:, p. 143.
1297:
1285:
1283:, p. 139.
1270:
1268:, p. 419.
1258:
1256:, p. 427.
1242:
1230:
1218:
1216:, p. 416.
1206:
1204:, p. 418.
1191:
1189:, p. 141.
1179:
1160:, p. 417.
1150:
1148:, p. 417.
1135:
1133:, p. 140.
1120:
1118:, p. 415.
1105:
1093:
1091:, p. 226.
1081:
1079:, p. 428.
1069:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1027:, p. 132.
1014:
1012:, p. 227.
1002:
986:
974:
962:
950:
938:
926:
914:
902:
889:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
816:
813:
778:
775:
771:Jingshi Dadian
715:
712:
710:
707:
652:
649:
619:Sea of Okhotsk
591:Middle Chinese
538:
535:
533:
530:
489:
488:
484:
483:
482:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
435:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
398:Volga Bulgaria
395:
387:
386:
380:
379:
378:
377:
372:
365:
361:
360:
359:
358:
353:
342:
335:
333:Southeast Asia
329:
328:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
305:
304:
299:
294:
289:
277:
271:
270:
269:
268:
267:
266:
256:
251:
250:
249:
239:
234:
227:
221:
220:
219:
218:
213:
206:
200:
199:
193:
190:
189:
178:
177:
170:
163:
155:
147:
146:
139:
129:
128:
124:
123:
117:
102:
101:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:
85:
84:
83:Mongol victory
80:
78:
74:
73:
64:, mainland of
60:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
31:
30:
23:
22:
16:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3533:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3458:
3453:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:Chagatai Khan
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3201:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:Latin Empire
3034:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2565:Northern Yuan
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:Imperial Seal
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2383:Pax Mongolica
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2276:Mongol Empire
2270:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2235:
2234:Northern Yuan
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:Mongol Empire
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2160:
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2157:
2153:
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2150:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2139:
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2134:
2132:
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2127:
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2120:
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2110:
2106:
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2103:
2099:
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2089:
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2078:
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2066:
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2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
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1918:
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1911:
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1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:Java invasion
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
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1697:
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1681:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1657:9789004300439
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1638:9780520248342
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1573:9780198215509
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1538:
1536:9784832967342
1532:
1528:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1506:9780824864194
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1477:
1476:Nakamura 2010
1472:
1465:
1460:
1454:, p. 78.
1453:
1448:
1441:
1440:Nakamura 2010
1436:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1377:, p. 21.
1376:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1281:Nakamura 2012
1277:
1275:
1267:
1266:Nakamura 2010
1262:
1255:
1254:Nakamura 2010
1251:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1214:Nakamura 2010
1210:
1203:
1202:Nakamura 2010
1198:
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1183:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1158:Nakamura 2010
1154:
1147:
1146:Nakamura 2010
1142:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1117:
1116:Nakamura 2010
1112:
1110:
1103:, p. 36.
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1077:Nakamura 2010
1073:
1066:
1062:
1061:Nakamura 2010
1057:
1051:, p. 96.
1050:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1011:
1006:
1000:, p. 21.
999:
995:
994:Nakamura 2010
990:
983:
978:
972:, p. 60.
971:
966:
960:, p. 58.
959:
954:
948:, p. 71.
947:
942:
936:, p. 91.
935:
930:
924:, p. 83.
923:
918:
912:, p. 84.
911:
906:
900:, p. 81.
899:
894:
890:
877:
874:
870:
866:
865:Ezo Rebellion
862:
858:
852:
850:
846:
845:
839:
834:
831:
827:
823:
812:
808:
806:
801:
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792:
788:
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772:
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766:
761:
755:
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749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
725:
720:
706:
703:
697:
694:
689:
684:
680:
676:
675:Udege peoples
672:
668:
664:
658:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:
628:
624:
620:
615:
611:
607:
606:Yamato people
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:Kuril Islands
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
543:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:to aid their
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:Mongol Empire
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
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460:
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444:
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217:
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196:
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169:
164:
162:
157:
156:
153:
140:
131:
130:
125:
122:
118:
116:
111:
107:
106:Mongol Empire
104:
103:
98:
88:
87:
82:
81:
79:
76:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
48:
47:
43:
37:
32:
29:
24:
19:
3491:Ainu history
3227:Genghis Khan
2996:Kievan Rus'
2974:(1237–1300s)
2966:(1237–1300s)
2810:Western Xia
2772:Qara Khitai
2761:
2605:Major cities
2584:Golden Horde
2560:Yuan dynasty
2447:Organization
2381:
2332:Khong Tayiji
2216:
2190:Other topics
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2109:Menggu Ziyun
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2027:Architecture
2015:
2008:
1991:
1808:
1741:Yuan dynasty
1706:
1699:
1647:
1628:
1603:
1599:
1582:
1563:
1550:
1526:
1519:
1496:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1375:Stephan 1971
1370:
1358:
1342:
1300:
1288:
1261:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1182:
1174:
1168:
1153:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1065:Walker (2001
1056:
1044:
1032:
1005:
998:Stephan 1971
989:
977:
965:
953:
941:
929:
917:
905:
893:
853:
849:ethnographic
842:
838:Mongol peace
835:
830:Ming dynasty
818:
809:
791:Song dynasty
780:
770:
763:
760:Cape Crillon
756:
748:Yuan dynasty
745:
729:
698:
660:
645:Amur estuary
640:
636:
630:
603:
581:and met the
563:Heishui Mohe
551:Nivkh people
548:
502:Yuan dynasty
495:
459:Latin Empire
318:
247:Nizari state
204:Central Asia
115:Nivkh people
110:Yuan dynasty
100:Belligerents
3302:Sartaq Khan
3271:Kublai Khan
3266:Möngke Khan
3240:Ögedei Khan
3219:Great Khans
3185:(1314–1318)
3177:(1268–1301)
3129:(1260–1323)
3113:(1253–1256)
3096:Middle East
2990:(1238–1239)
2931:(1221–1327)
2790:(1219–1256)
2782:(1219–1221)
2764:(1264–1308)
2756:(1207-1308)
2622:Azov (Azaq)
2288:Terminology
2075:Yuan poetry
1913:family tree
1523:北東アジアの歴史と文化
1486:Works cited
1464:Tanaka 2000
1452:Tanaka 2000
1423:Zgusta 2015
1411:Zgusta 2015
1399:Hudson 1999
1363:Walker 2001
1347:Walker 2001
1320:Hudson 1999
1101:Zgusta 2015
1089:Hudson 1999
1049:Zgusta 2015
1025:Walker 2001
1010:Hudson 1999
982:Zgusta 2015
970:Zgusta 2015
958:Zgusta 2015
946:Zgusta 2015
934:Zgusta 2015
922:Zgusta 2015
910:Zgusta 2015
898:Zgusta 2015
787:Han Chinese
679:Tyr, Russia
667:Eastern Xia
627:Ainu people
297:Eastern Xia
287:Western Xia
211:Qara Khitai
136:Yangwuludai
3470:Categories
3438:Nogai Khan
3322:Özbeg Khan
3253:Güyük Khan
3147:Civil wars
3135:Palestine
3044:Lithuania
2964:Circassia
2697:Xacitarxan
2682:Soltaniyeh
2419:Darughachi
1901:Government
1700:nippon.com
880:References
655:See also:
532:Background
408:Durdzuketi
393:Kievan Rus
134:Tata'erdai
3307:Orda Khan
3297:Batu Khan
3161:(1260–64)
3105:(1241–43)
3103:Anatolia
3078:(1287–88)
3070:(1285–86)
3062:(1264–65)
3054:(1259–60)
3046:(1258–59)
3022:(1241–42)
3014:(1241–42)
3006:(1240–41)
2982:(1229–36)
2972:Chechnya
2912:(1300–02)
2876:Southeast
2855:(1253–56)
2837:(1235–79)
2829:(1231–60)
2821:(1211–34)
2774:(1216–18)
2762:Sakhalin
2722:Campaigns
2672:Saray-Jük
2662:Samarkand
2637:Karakorum
2596:Ilkhanate
2354:Political
2224:Khanbaliq
1965:Dpon-chen
1955:Manchuria
1920:Empresses
1674:cite book
1666:912504787
1612:0021-910X
861:Andō clan
815:Aftermath
805:Lake Kizi
800:falconers
709:Conflicts
671:Manchuria
595:Russified
464:Lithuania
413:Circassia
275:East Asia
264:Palestine
232:Caucassus
225:West Asia
185:conquests
119:Sakhalin
52:1264–1308
3433:Boroldai
3413:Khubilai
3393:Bo'orchu
3366:Military
3260:(regent)
3247:(regent)
3234:(regent)
3119:Baghdad
3068:Hungary
3012:Hungary
2955:Georgia
2902:Vietnam
2754:Siberia
2652:Maragheh
2552:Khanates
2500:Religion
2495:Military
2444:Politics
2394:Kurultai
2357:Military
2207:Borjigin
2017:Nong Shu
1999:Jiaochao
1950:Mongolia
1908:Emperors
1809:Sakhalin
1620:41933457
1495:(1999).
869:Nichiren
641:repunkur
587:Hokkaido
522:Hokkaido
506:Sakhalin
319:Sakhalin
237:Anatolia
216:Khwarezm
143:Yushannu
62:Sakhalin
57:Location
26:Part of
3403:Boroqul
3398:Guo Kan
3388:Negudar
3373:Subutai
3273: (
3111:Alamut
3084:Serbia
3076:Poland
3060:Thrace
3052:Poland
2988:Alania
2853:Yunnan
2788:Persia
2746:Central
2725:Battles
2632:Bolghar
2627:Bukhara
2612:Almalik
2414:Kheshig
2342:Tarkhan
2229:Shangdu
2197:Mongols
2181:Fashion
2004:Coinage
1819:Vietnam
1750:History
857:Tsugaru
844:iomante
826:Poronay
637:yaunkur
599:endonym
510:Siberia
479:Gazaria
403:Cumania
375:Siberia
344:Burma (
340:Vietnam
254:Baghdad
132:Taxiala
3383:Muqali
3357:Ghazan
3352:Arghun
3342:Hulegu
3232:Tolui
3208:People
3169:(1262)
3127:Syria
3121:(1258)
3086:(1291)
3038:(1242)
3030:(1242)
2946:Europe
2929:India
2910:Burma
2896:(1293)
2885:Burma
2863:Japan
2844:Tibet
2827:Korea
2687:Tabriz
2657:Qarshi
2617:Avarga
2463:Topics
2367:Jarlig
2327:Jinong
2322:Khanum
2317:Khatun
2307:Khagan
2299:Titles
1743:topics
1664:
1654:
1635:
1618:
1610:
1570:
1533:
1503:
1162:
765:chashi
614:Emishi
610:Honshu
559:Koryak
474:Serbia
443:Second
428:Second
418:Alania
384:Europe
350:Second
259:Levant
242:Persia
145:Others
141:Waying
138:Others
77:Result
68:, and
3511:Nivkh
3428:Kadan
3423:Bayan
3408:Jelme
3347:Abaqa
3337:Kebek
3317:Toqta
3312:Berke
3292:Jochi
3285:Khans
2922:South
2894:Java
2647:Majar
2589:Wings
2409:Tümen
2389:Yassa
2372:Örtöö
2337:Noyan
2176:Islam
1960:Tibet
1846:Pagan
1836:Burma
1814:Japan
1800:Yamen
1616:JSTOR
1525:[
885:Notes
795:Nayan
741:Uilta
693:Sable
683:Amgun
632:yukar
514:Nivkh
439:First
432:Third
424:First
370:India
346:First
324:Japan
314:Korea
309:Tibet
282:China
3378:Jebe
3332:Duwa
2801:East
2738:Asia
2692:Ukek
2642:Dadu
2450:Life
2377:Orda
2312:Khan
2171:Semu
2136:Zaju
2095:Song
1680:link
1662:OCLC
1652:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1608:ISSN
1568:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1501:ISBN
836:The
665:and
549:The
518:Ainu
356:Java
302:Song
198:Asia
121:Ainu
49:Date
3418:Aju
2088:Jin
1587:doi
822:Tym
608:in
292:Jin
3472::
1698:.
1676:}}
1672:{{
1660:.
1614:.
1604:41
1602:.
1430:^
1327:^
1312:^
1273:^
1194:^
1138:^
1123:^
1108:^
1017:^
807:.
441:,
430:,
426:,
348:,
3277:)
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2261:t
2254:v
1733:e
1726:t
1719:v
1702:.
1682:)
1668:.
1641:.
1622:.
1593:.
1589::
1576:.
1539:.
1509:.
445:)
434:)
352:)
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160:v
112:)
108:(
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