Mongolia under Qing rule

1075: 1230:, and in return leading lineages of those groups were titled by Nurhaci and married with his extended family. Nurhaci chose to variously emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with the Mongols for political reasons. Nurhaci said to the Mongols that "The languages of the Han and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. It is the same with us Manchus (Jušen) and Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based in any real shared culture, rather it was for pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism", when he said to the Mongols: "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages." As Nurhaci formally declared independence from the 1689: 1398: 6247: 1644:, three main factors combined to reinforce the decline of the Mongol's once-glorious military power and the decay of the nomadic economy. The first was the administrative unit of the banners, which the Qing rulers employed to divide the Mongols and sever their traditional lines of tribal authority; no prince could expand and acquire predominant power, and each of the separate banners was directly responsible to the Qing administration. If a banner prince made trouble, the Qing government had the power to dismiss him immediately without worrying about his lineage. The second important factor in the taming of the once powerful Mongols was the " 1436: 1149: 1394:

Manchuria and tens of thousands of hectares in Inner Mongolia by the 1780s. This settlement was partially enabled by the extensive borrowing of Mongol princes, who gave Banner lands to Han farmers as remittance for their debt to Han merchants. Accordingly, in 1791, the Qing government was petitioned by the Mongol prince of the Ghorlos Front Banner to legalize the Han settlers in the area. By the late 19th and early 20th century, Qing and Mongol nobles had sold the grassland of the Horqin region to Han Chinese farmers, resulting in a major degradation to the soil quality of the region.

2116: 261: 275: 1284: 1280:, with 3,000 Chahar Mongol followers joining in on the revolt. The Qing then crushed the rebels in a battle on April 20, 1675, killing Abunai and all his followers. Their title was abolished, all Chahar Mongol royal males were executed even if they were born to Manchu Qing princesses, and all Chahar Mongol royal females were sold into slavery except the Manchu Qing princesses. The Chahar Mongols were then put under the direct control of the Qing Emperor unlike the other Inner Mongol leagues which maintained their autonomy. 1908: 5529: 60: 473: 1383:) of each banner was chosen by Qing authorities, although existing Mongol princes were often picked for the position. This had the impact of weakening relations between different Mongol clans, while also increasing ties between Mongol culture and the Qing court. Additionally, the Banner structure heightened the influence of Chinese culture over the Mongol clans, especially within Inner Mongolia, where Mongol princes used Chinese architecture to build their palaces. 1060: 2055: 1452: 1603: 1390:(the Han Chinese 18 provinces). Doing so would result in serious punishment, thereby keeping the Mongol clans isolated and disconnected, preventing the formation of united Khanate and maintaining Qing control in these regions. Mongol pilgrims wanting to leave their banner's borders for religious reasons such as pilgrimage had to apply for passports to give them permission. 1826: 3035: 1818:

leaders themselves like Hung Taiji did not personally believe in Tibetan Buddhism and did not want to convert, in fact the words "incorrigibles" and liars" were used to describe the Lamas by Hung Taiji, however Hung Taiji patronized Buddhism in order to exploit the Tibetans and Mongols belief in the religion. According to the Manchu historian

1723:. After all, Han Chinese economic penetration served the dynasty's interests, because it not only provided support of the government's Mongolian administrative apparatus, but also bound the Mongols more tightly to the rest of empire. The Qing administrators, increasing in league with Han Chinese trading firms, solidly supported Chinese 1556:, though it is sometimes translated in English as the "Court of Colonial Affairs" or the "Board for the Administration of Outlying Regions". This office reported to the Qing emperor and would eventually be responsible not only for the administration of Inner and Outer Mongolia, but also oversaw the appointments of 1756:, although there was also popular resentment against oppressive taxation, Han settlement, shrinkage of pasture, as well as debts and abuse of the banner princes' authority. Many impoverished Mongols also began to take up farming in the steppe, renting farmlands from their banner princes or from Han merchant 1184:(1768), a treaty with the Russian Empire concerning criminal jurisdiction over bandits, referred to people from the Qing as "people from the Central Kingdom (Dulimbai Gurun)", and the usage of "Chinese" (Dulimbai gurun i niyalma) in the convention certainly referred to the Mongols. In the Manchu official 1925:

Mongolia during Qing period was divided into two main parts: Inner (Manchu: Dorgi) Mongolia and Outer (Manchu: Tülergi) Mongolia. The division affected today's separation of modern Mongolia and Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China. In addition to the Outer Mongolian 4 aimags and Inner Mongolian

1727:. There was little that ordinary Mongols, who remained in the banners and continued their lives as herdsmen, could do to protect themselves against the growing exactions that banner princes, monasteries, and Han creditors imposed upon them, and ordinary herdsmen had little resource against exorbitant 1042:

The Qing dynasty ruled Inner and Outer Mongolia for over 200 years. During this period, Qing rulers established separate administrative structures to govern each region. While the empire maintained firm control in both Inner and Outer Mongolia, the Mongols in Outer Mongolia (which is further from the

1589:

in westernmost Outer Mongolia, the region later became an independent administrative post. The Qing government administered both Inner and Outer Mongolia in accordance with the Collected Statutes of the Qing dynasty (Da Qing Hui Dian) and their precedents. Only in internal disputes the Outer Mongols

1584:

had general supervision over the eastern part of the region, the tribal domains or aimags of the Tushiyetu Khan and Sechen Khan, in contrast to the domains of the Sayin Noyan Khan and Jasaghtu Khan located in the west, under the supervision of the governor at Uliastai. While the military governor of

1426:

Inner Mongols and Khalkha Mongols rarely knew their ancestors past 4 generations and Mongol tribal society was not organized among patrilineal clans contrary to what was commonly thought, but included unrelated people at the base unit of organization. The Qing tried but failed to promote the Chinese

1817:

that the Mongols believed in. In private however, he viewed the belief in the Buddhist faith by the Mongols with disdain and thought to be destructive to Mongol identity; he said "The Mongolian princes are abandoning the Mongolian language; their names are all in imitation of the lamas". The Manchu

1422:

where they would serve as slaves in Han Banner garrisons in Guangzhou. Russian, Oirats and Muslims (Oros. Ulet. Hoise jergi weilengge niyalma) such as Yakov and Dmitri were exiled to the Han banner garrison in Guangzhou. In the 1780s after the Muslim rebellion in Gansu started by Zhang Wenqing 張文慶

1256:

eventually submitted to Hong Taiji in 1635 and the Yuan seal is also said to be handed in to latter, ending the Northern Yuan. Ejei Khan was given the title of Prince (Qin Wang, 親王). The surrendered Inner Mongols were divided into separate administrative banners. Soon afterwards the Manchus founded

1878:

instead of the Khalkha Mongol which they wanted to be appointed. The decision was first protested against by the Outer Mongol Khalkha nobles and then the Khalkhas sought to have him placed at a distance from them at Dolonnor, but Qianlong snubbed both of their requests, sending the message that he

1680:

merchants to establish their commercial control throughout Mongolia and provided them with direct access to the steppe. While the Han merchants frequently provoked the anger of the monasteries and the laity for several reasons, the net effect of the monasteries' role was support for Chinese trade.

1575:

Unlike Tibet, Mongolia during the Qing period did not have any overall indigenous government. In Inner Mongolia, the empire maintained its presence through the Qing military forces based along Mongolia's southern and eastern frontiers, and the region was under tight control. In Outer Mongolia, the

1409:

A group of Han Chinese during the Qing dynasty called "Mongol followers" immigrated to Inner Mongolia who worked as servants for Mongols and Mongol princes and married Mongol women. Their descendants continued to marry Mongol women and changed their ethnicity to Mongol as they assimilated into the

1323:

was able to turn his attentions to this problem and tried diplomatic negotiations. But Galdan ended up with attacking the Khalkha lands, and Kangxi's responded by personally leading Eight Banner contingents with heavy guns into the field against Galdan's forces, eventually defeating the latter. In

1238:

in 1616, he gave himself a Mongolian-style title, consolidating his claim to the Mongolian traditions of leadership. The banners and other Manchu institutions are examples of productive hybridity, combining "pure" Mongolian elements (such as the script) and Han Chinese elements. Intermarriage with

1109:

had driven a number of Mongol tribes to ally with the Later Jin. The Later Jin conquered a Mongol tribe in the process of war against the Ming. Nurhaci's early relations with the Mongols tribes was mainly an alliance. After Ligden's defeat and death his son had to submit to the Later Jin, and when

1853:

and his own interest in Tibetan Buddhism gave credence to the Qianlong Emperor's patronage of Tibetan Buddhist art and patronage of translations of the Buddhist canon. The accounts in court records and Tibetan language sources affirm his personal commitment. He quickly learned to read the Tibetan

1627:

consisting of specified items to the Emperor. In return, they would receive imperial gifts intended to be at least equal in value to the tribute, and thus the Qing court did not consider the presentation of tribute to be an economic burden to the tributaries. The Mongolian commoners, on the other

1310:

The three khans of Khalkha in Outer Mongolia had established close ties with the Qing dynasty since the reign of Hong Taiji, but had remained effectively self-governing. While Qing rulers had attempted to achieve control over this region, the Oyirods to the west of Khalkha under the leadership of

1739:

was increasingly converted to agricultural use. Even during the 18th century growing number of Han settlers had already illegally begun to move into the Inner Mongolian steppe and to lease land from monasteries and banner princes, slowing diminishing the grazing areas for the Mongols' livestock.

1632:

and service obligations to their banner princes as well as the Qing government. The banner subjects each belonged to a given banner, which they could not legally leave without the permission of the banner princes, who assigned pasturage rights to his subjects as he saw fit, in proportion to the

1393:

During the 18th century, despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement onto Manchu and Mongol lands, the Qing decided to settle Han refugees escaping the famine, floods, and drought of northern China into Manchuria and Inner Mongolia. Consequently, Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in

1423:

was defeated, Muslims like Ma Jinlu 馬進祿 were exiled to the Han Banner garrison in Guangzhou to become slaves to Han Banner officers. The Qing code regulating Mongols in Mongolia sentenced Mongol criminals to exile and to become slaves to Han bannermen in Han Banner garrisons in China proper.

1866:

in Beijing on a stele entitled "Lama Shuo" (on Lamas) in 1792, and he also said it was "merely in pursuance of Our policy of extending Our affection to the weak." which led him to patronize the Yellow Church. Mark Elliott concludes that these actions delivered political benefits but "meshed

1870:

Qianlong turned the Palace of Harmony (Yonghegong) into a Tibetan Buddhist temple for Mongols in 1744 and had an edict inscribed on a stele to commemorate it in Tibetan, Mongolian, Chinese, and Manchu, with most likely Qianlong having first wrote the Chinese version before the Manchu.

1932:

Inner Mongolia's original 24 Aimags were torn apart and replaced by 49 khoshuus (banners) which would later be organized into six chuulgans (leagues, assemblies). The eight Chakhar khoshuus and the two Tümed khoshuus around Guihua were directly administered by the Qing government.

1594:

were permitted to settle their differences in accordance with the traditional Khalkha Code. To the Manchus, the Mongol link was martial and military. Originally as "privileged subjects", the Mongols were obligated to assist the Qing court in conquest and suppression of

1672:, which was even higher than Tibet where only about one third of male population were monks. The third factor in Mongolia's social and economic decline was an outgrowth of the previous factor. The building of monasteries had open Mongolia to the penetration of Chinese 1252:, resolutely opposed the growing Manchu power and viewed himself as the legitimate representative of the Mongolian imperial tradition. But after his repeated losses in battle to the Manchus in the 1620s and early 1630s, as well as his own death in 1634, his son 2167:, capital of Mongolia) was home for rich culture. Hüree style songs constitute a large amount of the Mongolian traditional culture; some examples include "Alia Sender", "Arvan Tavnii Sar", "Tsagaan Sariin Shiniin Negen", "Zadgai Tsagaan Egule" and many more. 1189: 1854:

language and studied Buddhist texts assiduously. His beliefs are reflected in the Tibetan Buddhist imagery of his tomb, perhaps the most personal and private expression of an emperor's life. He supported the Yellow Church (the Tibetan Buddhist

1332:

in 1691, at which the Khalkha khans formally declared allegiance to him. The war against Galdan essentially brought the Khalkhas to the empire, and the three khans of the Khalkha were formally inducted into the inner circles of the Qing

1417:

In addition to sending Han exiles convicted of crimes to Xinjiang to be slaves of Banner garrisons there, the Qing also practiced reverse exile, exiling Inner Asian (Mongol, Russian and Muslim criminals from Mongolia and Inner Asia) to

1622:

held a rank in the Qing aristocracy, and there were ten ranks in total, while only the banner princes ruled with temporal power. In acknowledgement of their subordination to the Qing dynasty, the banner princes annually presented

1243:

further expanded the marriage alliance policy; he used the marriage ties to draw in more of the twenty-one Inner Mongolian tribes that joined the alliance with the Manchus. Despite the growing intimacy of Manchu-Mongol ties,

1760:

who had acquired them for agriculture as settlement for debts. Anyway, the Qing attitude towards Han Chinese colonization of Mongolian lands grew more and more favorable under pressure of events, particularly after the

2982:

The Mongolia-Tibet Interface: Opening New Research Terrains in Inner Asia : PIATS 2003 : Tibetan Studies : Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford,

1681:

Nevertheless, the empire did make various attempts to restrict the activities of these Han merchants such as the implementation of annual licensing, because it had been the Qing policy to keep the Mongols as a

4431: 1740:

While alienation of pasture in this way was largely illegal, the practice continued unchecked. By 1852, Han Chinese merchants had deeply penetrated Inner Mongolia, and the Mongols had run up unpayable

1180:

peoples like the Inner Mongols, Eastern Mongols, Oirat Mongols, and Tibetans together with the "inner" Han people, into "one family" united in the Qing state. The Manchu language version of the

2690:

BORJIGIN, BURENSAIN. “The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891.” Inner Asia, vol. 6, no. 1, 2004, pp. 41–60. JSTOR,

1660:

with Chinese religious ideas insofar as Mongolian sentiment would allow. For example, the widely-respected Shu Han General known for his loyalty during the Three Kingdom period Guan Yu, the

3172:

Vol. 12, Volume 15 of Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte (illustrated ed.). Aschendorff (Druck und Verlag der Aschendorffschen Buchhandlung).

1874:

The Khalkha nobles' power was deliberately undermined by Qianlong when he appointed the Tibetan Ishi-damba-nima of the Lithang royal family of the eastern Tibetans as the 3rd reincarnated

1676:. Previously Mongolia had little internal trade other than non-market exchanges on a relatively limited scale, and there was no Mongolian merchant class. The monasteries greatly aided the 4495: 1199:, it was mentioned that the Torghut Mongols were unlike the Russians but were instead like the "people of the Central Kingdom" (中國之人; Dulimbai gurun i niyalma) such as the Manchus. 5051: 1879:

was putting an end to Outer Mongolian autonomy. The decision to make Tibet the only place where the reincarnation came from was intentional by the Qing to curtail the Mongols.

1926:

6 leagues, there were also large areas such as the Khobdo frontier and the guard post zone along the Russian border where Qing administration exercised more direct control.

4329: 30:

This article is about the rule of the Qing dynasty over the Mongolian steppe. For the historical region of the Qing dynasty roughly corresponding to modern Mongolia, see

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Ejei Khan died in 1661 and was succeeded by his brother Abunai. After Abunai showed disaffection with Manchu Qing rule, he was placed under house arrested in 1669 in

1176:

was now absorbed into "China" (Dulimbai Gurun) in a Manchu language memorial. The Qing expounded on their ideology that they were bringing together the "outer" non-

1169: 1668:. While the Mongolian population was shrinking, the number of monasteries was growing. In both Inner and Outer Mongolia, about half of the male population became 1685:

reservoir, and it was considered that the Han Chinese trade penetration would undermine this objective, although in many cases such attempts had little effects.

2443: 6589: 1656:

were exempt from taxes and services and enjoyed many privileges. The Qing government wanted to tie the Mongols to the empire and it was Qing policy to fuse

4424: 3751: 1599:

throughout the empire. Indeed, during much of the dynasty the Qing military power structure drew heavily on Mongol forces to police and expand the empire.

6584: 5095: 4931: 2645: 2371: 2431: 2419: 3756: 3746: 3559: 3483:

Zhao, Gang (January 2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century".

3263:. Vol. 12, Volume 15 of Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 1707:

in that century. Since the dynasty placed the Mongols well under its control, the government no longer feared of them. At the same time, as the ruling

1636:

By the end of the eighteenth century, Mongolian nomadism had significantly decayed. The old days of nomad power and independence were gone. Apart from

6415: 3913: 1370:

and led a rebellion against the Qing at the same time as the Dzungars. The Qing crushed the rebellion and executed Chingünjav and his entire family.

1074: 4770: 3907: 1920: 1386:

Furthermore, Mongols were forbidden by the Qing from crossing the borders of their banners, even into other Mongol Banners, and from crossing into

2467: 5564: 4510: 1097:

During the course of the 17th and 18th centuries, most regions inhabited by ethnic Mongols, notably Outer and Inner Mongolia became part of the

3830: 4915: 4886: 4505: 3961: 3835: 2338:

Tumen jalafun jecen akū: Manchu studies in honour of Giovanni Stary By Giovanni Stary, Alessandra Pozzi, Juha Antero Janhunen, Michael Weiers

953: 1699:

The first half of the 19th century saw the heyday of the Qing order. Both Inner and Outer Mongolia continued to supply the Qing armies with

1276:

gave his title to his son Borni. Abunai then bid his time and then he and his brother Lubuzung revolted against the Qing in 1675 during the

4587: 1822:, Buddhism was used by Qing rulers to control Mongolians and Tibetans; it was of little relevance to ordinary Manchus in the Qing dynasty. 3458:

Die Eroberung von Qinghai unter Berücksichtigung von Tibet und Khams 1717 - 1727: anhand der Throneingaben des Grossfeldherrn Nian Gengyao

2492:

Haines, Spencer (2017). "The 'Military Revolution' Arrives on the Central Eurasian Steppe: The Unique Case of the Zunghar (1676 - 1745)".

4126: 6604: 1516: 4468: 6246: 5372: 4575: 4560: 3669: 2076: 1488: 1469: 17: 2703:

Porter, David. "Ethnic and Status Identity in Qing China: The Hanjun Eight Banners." PhD Diss. Harvard University, 2008. pp. 227-229

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in 1578, nearly all Mongols had become Buddhist within 50 years, including tens of thousands of monks, almost all followers of the

758: 713: 6326: 6306: 2537: 2259:

capital of Outer Mongolia because the Qing Amban located its headquarters in Uliastai to keep eye on the Khalkhas and the Oirats.

2667:

Reins of Liberation: An Entangled History of Mongolian Independence, Chinese Territoriality, and Great Power Hegemony, 1911-1950

1495: 1181: 6599: 5298: 4637: 3552: 1094:

Mongols. 7 Khorchin nobles died at the hands of Khalkha and Chahars in 1625. This started the Khorchin alliance with the Qing.

2479: 6609: 6282: 5792: 5329: 4570: 3380: 3018: 2991: 2963: 2936: 2833: 2807: 1202:

From the early years, the Manchus' relations with the neighboring Mongol tribes had been crucial in the dynasty development.

6114: 5741: 4799: 4550: 4463: 4187: 2665: 1373:

Once brought under Qing control, the traditional clan structures of Inner and Outer Mongolia were replaced with the Manchu

1502: 6508: 6277: 4372: 4202: 2631: 2383: 2347: 1719:

emerged, the dynasty began to abandon its earlier attempts to block Han Chinese trade penetration and settlement in the

1337:

by 1694. Thus, by the end of the 17th century the Qing dynasty had put both Inner and Outer Mongolia under its control.

6072: 5652: 5608: 5385: 5015: 4384: 4257: 4081: 3466: 3438: 3352: 3324: 3296: 3268: 3233: 3205: 3177: 3149: 3121: 3093: 2860: 2769: 2742: 2561: 2513: 2525: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6594: 5785: 5304: 5145: 5020: 4377: 3954: 3545: 2102: 1849:

The Tibetan Buddhism was adored by the Qing court. The long association of the Manchu rulership with the Bodhisattva

1535: 1484: 1130:

were conquered in 1723/24. The Dzungars were finally destroyed, and their territory conquered, in 1756/57 during the

946: 254: 3390:

Reardon-Anderson, James (Oct 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty".

2577:

Reardon-Anderson, James (Oct 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty".

2455: 2407: 2395: 2084: 5734: 5576: 5115: 3527: 2359: 1142: 2653:(Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Central Eurasian Studies, Indiana University). ProQuest LLC. p. 7. 5491: 5232: 4475: 4162: 4048: 1316: 1277: 887: 1688: 6015: 5846: 5501: 4816: 4682: 4450: 4197: 4136: 4106: 4096: 2980: 2675: 2314: 2080: 1892:

Annually Mongol nobles had to pay a visit to the Qing Emperor who was referred to as "Bogda Khan", in Beijing.

1473: 900: 322: 3008: 2953: 2175:

Many books, including chronicles and poems, were written by the Mongols during the Qing period. Notable ones:

5828: 5751: 5630: 5401: 5365: 5250: 5025: 4881: 4565: 4555: 4540: 4535: 4367: 4317: 4297: 4237: 4071: 1580:, a post only held by Qing bannermen, although in practice by the beginning of the 19th century the Amban at 1011:

saw much of his power weakened due to the disunity of the Mongol tribes. He was subsequently defeated by the

482: 336: 1572:. Apart from day-to-day work, the office also edited its own statutes and a code of law for Outer Mongolia. 5870: 5549: 5513: 5496: 5476: 5009: 4787: 4654: 4520: 4414: 4024: 4014: 3947: 1020: 939: 910: 883: 853: 166: 2619: 5944: 5934: 5775: 5591: 4926: 4909: 4419: 4394: 4357: 4267: 4227: 3979: 1440: 1397: 1086:

Mongols allied with Nurhaci and the Jurchens in 1626, submitting to his rule for protection against the

6440: 6407: 6369: 6294: 5713: 5657: 5598: 5581: 5554: 5518: 5309: 4755: 2214: 920: 438: 2761:

The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia

2734:

The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia

1509: 6472: 6425: 6382: 6264: 6000: 5954: 5729: 5613: 5586: 5319: 5038: 4967: 4760: 4292: 4217: 4086: 4004: 2194: 1235: 1157: 1012: 389: 3600: 3533:

From Alliance to Tutelage: A Historical Analysis of Manchu Mongol Relations before the Qing Conquest

1882:

The Bogda Khan Mountain had silk, candles, and incense sent to it from Urga by the two Qing ambans.

1664:, was equated with a figure which had long been identified with the Tibetan and Mongolian folk hero 6487: 6430: 6420: 6387: 6311: 6197: 6170: 6165: 6107: 5972: 5929: 5882: 5833: 5763: 5695: 5506: 5481: 5431: 5358: 5240: 5060: 4794: 4515: 2199: 2189: 2065: 1858:

sect) to "maintain peace among the Mongols" since the Mongols were followers of the Dalai Lama and

1377:. This new administrative structure had drastic consequences for Mongolian culture, as the leader ( 863: 686: 268: 3037:

Tanggu meyen and other Manchu reading lessons: Romanised text and English translation side by side

1652:. The monasteries and lamas under the authority of the reincarnating lama resident in the capital 6175: 5818: 5768: 4836: 4302: 4287: 4121: 4019: 3141:

Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-Century China and Japan

3113:

Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-Century China and Japan

2069: 1462: 690: 3795: 2329:

Marriage and inequality in Chinese society By Rubie Sharon Watson, Patricia Buckley Ebrey, p.177

1218:

from them in the early 17th century. He also consolidated his relationship with portions of the

999:

aimags from the 17th century to the end of the dynasty. The term "Mongolia" is used here in the

6160: 5995: 5823: 5780: 5718: 5486: 5217: 5105: 4986: 4811: 4029: 2209: 1813:, he took on more and more the trappings of a universal king, including the sponsorship of the 873: 682: 563: 2926: 2876: 2759: 1148: 6482: 6448: 6392: 5914: 5856: 5838: 5756: 5746: 5708: 5537: 5456: 5291: 5150: 5110: 4777: 4739: 4627: 4607: 4525: 4324: 4307: 4172: 4141: 4076: 2912: 2900: 2888: 2823: 2797: 2732: 2551: 2304: 2204: 2115: 1834: 1435: 1064: 512: 492: 487: 140: 2784: 6514: 6377: 6321: 6033: 6005: 5683: 5406: 5222: 5189: 5155: 5100: 4980: 4962: 4672: 4602: 4409: 4192: 2224: 533: 522: 507: 1633:

number of adult males rather than in proportion to the amount of livestock that to graze.

1239:

Mongolian noble families had significantly cemented the alliance between the two peoples.

8: 6272: 6207: 6100: 6065: 5964: 5851: 5806: 5571: 5393: 5275: 5125: 5065: 4997: 4677: 4530: 4485: 4232: 4111: 4091: 3999: 3631: 2229: 1548:

For the administration of Mongol regions, a bureau of Mongol affairs was founded, called

1048: 808: 593: 502: 464: 1427:

Neo-Confucian ideology of organizing society along patrimonial clans among the Mongols.

1295:

The Khalkha Mongols were more reluctant to come under Qing rule, only submitting to the

5985: 5939: 5924: 5919: 5700: 5618: 5528: 5160: 4871: 4866: 4692: 4632: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4436: 4282: 4101: 3685: 3635: 3508: 3500: 3415: 3407: 2602: 2594: 2136: 1619: 603: 583: 553: 543: 517: 497: 282: 2978: 1703:, although the government had tried to keep the Outer Mongols apart from the empire's 6547: 6081: 6046: 6020: 6010: 5990: 5949: 5645: 5640: 5170: 5165: 5140: 5085: 5080: 5003: 4951: 4856: 4687: 4592: 4490: 4389: 4352: 4277: 4207: 4177: 4131: 3856: 3689: 3512: 3462: 3434: 3419: 3376: 3348: 3320: 3292: 3264: 3229: 3201: 3173: 3145: 3117: 3089: 3014: 2987: 2959: 2932: 2856: 2829: 2803: 2765: 2738: 2671: 2606: 2557: 2310: 2040:

Alasha khoshuu (modern day Alxa left and right banners in Alxa aimag, Inner Mongolia)

1352: 978: 1576:

entire territory was technically under the jurisdiction of the military governor of

1405:

for the leaders of Dörbet Mongols (Choros) tribes in Chengde Mountain Resort in 1754

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in 1860. This would reach a peak during the early 20th century, under the name of "

1692: 1657: 1649: 1402: 1283: 1165: 1131: 1000: 992: 723: 668: 613: 403: 359: 3428: 1907: 1899:" (or "Bogda Khakan") was used by the Mongols to refer to the Emperor (Hwang-ti). 6543: 6536: 6526: 6236: 5892: 5635: 5466: 5339: 5285: 5135: 5120: 4944: 4399: 4362: 4312: 4272: 4222: 4167: 4036: 3887: 3861: 3820: 3456: 3370: 3342: 3314: 3286: 3258: 3223: 3195: 3167: 3139: 3111: 3083: 2135:. Literate Mongols in the 19th century produced many historical writings in both 2012: 1952: 1762: 1300: 1115: 1068: 1036: 1032: 818: 623: 241: 3741: 3461:. Vol. 2 of Tunguso Sibirica (reprint ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 1995: 1168:), and referred to it as "Dulimbai Gurun" in the Manchu language. When the Qing 1047:) enjoyed a higher degree of autonomy, and also retained their own language and 6255: 6231: 6182: 6132: 5202: 5075: 4841: 4804: 4252: 4242: 4182: 3851: 3787: 3723: 3576: 3316:

Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864

3194:

Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A (2004).

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The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

2647:

MONGOLIZATION OF HAN CHINESE AND MANCHU SETTLERS IN QING MONGOLIA, 1700–1911

1359: 1110:

the Qing dynasty was founded the following year, most of what is now called

59: 6553: 6519: 6354: 6336: 5667: 5451: 5436: 5334: 5031: 4973: 4662: 4644: 4500: 3970: 3927: 3825: 3705: 3537: 3251:

Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism and the State in Late Imperial China.

3197:

New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde

3010:

Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism, And the State in Late Imperial China

2306:

Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism, And the State in Late Imperial China

1875: 1859: 1770: 1716: 1712: 1419: 1262: 1258: 1231: 1227: 1102: 1098: 974: 788: 733: 366: 46: 2850: 2293:

Paula L. W. Sabloff- Modern mongolia: reclaiming Genghis Khan, p. 32.

6344: 6038: 5603: 5559: 5270: 4991: 4712: 4707: 3777: 3772: 3679: 2164: 2034: 1830: 1810: 1736: 1732: 1677: 1334: 1245: 1177: 1106: 1008: 472: 3664: 3504: 2691: 6558: 6460: 6359: 6123: 5461: 4938: 4782: 4732: 4702: 4545: 3411: 3085:

Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China

2598: 2219: 2132: 2128: 1962: 1896: 1819: 1806: 1802: 1790: 1665: 1581: 1553: 1476: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1411: 1240: 1196: 1024: 3939: 2928:

The Great Wall: The Extraordinary Story of China's Wonder of the World

2764:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 105, 106. 2127:

While the majority of the Mongolian population during this period was

1862:

of the Yellow Church, and Qianlong had this explanation placed in the

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and banner princes had leased many pasture lands to Han Chinese as

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Uliastai originally had direct jurisdiction over the region around

1577: 1565: 1367: 1325: 1269: 1219: 1172:, they proclaimed that the new land which formerly belonged to the 1119: 1083: 1035:

in Outer Mongolia continued to rule until they were overrun by the

1004: 79: 3615: 2875:

Elisabeth Benard, "The Qianlong Emperor and Tibetan Buddhism," in

6531: 6202: 6145: 6140: 5907: 5897: 5887: 5421: 5416: 5197: 3897: 3891: 3805: 3728: 3646: 2152: 1957: 1947: 1855: 1838: 1700: 1653: 1624: 1591: 1348: 1341: 1288: 1203: 1185: 1135: 1127: 1123: 1087: 1044: 648: 153: 97: 92: 2825:

The Cambridge History of China: Pt. 1; The Ch'ing Empire to 1800

2799:

The Cambridge History of China: Pt. 1; The Ch'ing Empire to 1800

2737:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 112. 2670:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 117. 2309:(illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 14. 2179:

Höh Sudar (The Blue Sutra), by Borjigin Vanchinbaliin Injinashi.

1744:. The monasteries had taken over substantial grazing lands, and 1610:

The Mongolian society consisted essentially of two classes, the

1003:, and includes an area much larger than the modern-day state of 6025: 5902: 3881: 3877: 3800: 3620: 3605: 3595: 2979:

International Association for Tibetan Studies. Seminar (2007).

1976: 1968:

Plus, followings were directly controlled by the Qing emperor.

1766: 1720: 1708: 1661: 1641: 1569: 1414:. They distinguished themselves apart from "true Mongols" 真蒙古. 1379: 1312: 1304: 84: 6465: 4921: 4480: 3917: 3732: 3641: 3033: 2955:

Nomads on Pilgrimage: Mongols on Wutaishan (China), 1800-1940

2553:

Nomads on Pilgrimage: Mongols on Wutaishan (China), 1800-1940

2170: 1912: 1842: 1798: 1794: 1673: 1645: 1637: 1561: 1557: 1215: 985: 3228:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. 6187: 5091:

Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet

4580: 3815: 3193: 2119:

Two columns of Tara Mother monastery that was given by the

1741: 1669: 1226:

populations of eastern Mongols. They recognized Nurhaci as

1207: 3372:

the Cambridge History of China, the Ch'ing dynasty to 1800

3291:(reprint, revised ed.). University of Chicago Press. 1315:

were also actively making such attempts. After the end of

1118:

in Outer Mongolia joined in 1691 when their defeat by the

1825: 1704: 1629: 1134:. The last Mongols to join the empire were the returning 1039:

in 1690, and they submitted to the Qing dynasty in 1691.

3344:

China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia

2494:

Mongolica: An International Journal of Mongolian Studies

1410:

Mongol people, an example of this were the ancestors of

1299:

after they came under an invasion from the Oirat Mongol

1214:

with the Khalkha Mongols since 1594, and also received

443: 3288:

Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West

2044: 1885:

The Jebtsundamba and Panchen Lama were referred to as

1628:

hand, were for the most part banner subjects who owed

1152:

The Manchus conquered the Mongolian tribes, 1634–1758.

1122:

left them without a chance to remain independent. The

3052:

Die Mongolen. Beiträge zu ihrer Geschichte und Kultur

2877:

Dunnell & Elliott & Foret & Millward 2004

2123:

to the Mongols in 1753, Amgalan district, Ulaanbaatar

371: 3088:(illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. 5096:

Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory

3319:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. 1101:. Even before the dynasty began to take control of 2852:金启孮谈北京的满族 (Jin Qicong Talks About Beijing Manchus) 2828:. Cambridge University Press. 1978. pp. 65–. 2802:. Cambridge University Press. 1978. pp. 64–. 1845:province, built in 1755 under the Qianlong Emperor 1351:rebelled against the Qing during the reign of the 3144:(illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. 2951: 6576: 3389: 2576: 1921:Administrative divisions of Mongolia during Qing 3006: 1640:'s industrial and technical advantage over the 1328:of the rulers of Khalkha and Inner Mongolia in 408: 394: 4496:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations 3347:(reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. 2158: 2147:. This period also saw many translations from 6590:States and territories disestablished in 1912 6122: 6108: 5366: 4916:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China 4887:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 3955: 3553: 3000: 947: 341: 327: 3567: 3253:Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2006. 3013:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 81–. 2945: 3426: 2972: 2284:The Cambridge History of China, vol10, pg49 2083:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1902: 6585:States and territories established in 1635 6115: 6101: 5373: 5359: 3962: 3948: 3560: 3546: 3257:Hauer, Erich (2007). Corff, Oliver (ed.). 3027: 2171:Scholarship in Mongolia during Qing period 2033:Ejine khoshuu (modern day Ejina banner in 1552:in Manchu. By 1638 it had been renamed to 954: 940: 58: 4576:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty 2816: 2302: 2131:, the Mongols did produce some excellent 2103:Learn how and when to remove this message 1809:'s campaign against the last Mongol khan 1536:Learn how and when to remove this message 4425:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi 3368: 3312: 2924: 2549: 2114: 1915:during the early period of the Qing rule 1906: 1824: 1687: 1601: 1434: 1396: 1282: 1147: 1073: 1058: 5032:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries 3969: 3528:Manchu Years in the History of Mongolia 3221: 2918: 2020:Ili 13 khoshuu (in modern-day Xinjiang) 1114:already belonged to the new state. The 14: 6577: 3340: 3165: 3137: 3109: 3081: 3034:Michie Forbes Anderson Fraser (1924). 2757: 2730: 2491: 6096: 5380: 5354: 5330:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions 4571:Principles of the Constitution (1908) 3943: 3541: 3284: 3256: 2855:. Zhonghua Book Company. p. 95. 2692:https://www.jstor.org/stable/23615320 2509: 2507: 1867:seamlessly with his personal faith." 1317:the war against the Three Feudatories 1160:, the Qing identified their state as 1027:in 1635, thus ending the rule of the 989: 152:• The surrender of the northern 4551:Ministry of Posts and Communications 3482: 2643: 2081:adding citations to reliable sources 2048: 1695:and Mongol officials in Khüree, 1910 1474:adding citations to reliable sources 1445: 1439:Torture in the Manchu Qing dynasty, 445:Chin ulsyn zakhirgaand baisan Mongol 27:1635–1911 Chinese rule over Mongolia 6509:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia 6278:Protectorate of the Western Regions 5299:History of Qing (People's Republic) 2848: 2663: 2163:During Qing era, Hüree (modern day 2045:Culture in Mongolia under Qing rule 1780: 1358:Khalkha Mongol rebels under Prince 888:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate 24: 5016:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor 4385:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) 4378:1909 Provincial Assembly elections 4258:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874) 4082:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) 3454: 3433:. University of California Press. 3260:Handwörterbuch der Mandschusprache 2952:Isabelle Charleux (29 June 2015). 2504: 1735:had been spread in the steppe and 1015:and died soon afterwards. His son 396:Чин улсын захиргаанд байсан Монгол 25: 6641: 6605:History of Qing dynasty by region 5305:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty 5146:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) 5021:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty 4173:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war) 3521: 1731:and levies. In the 19th century, 1568:, as well as Qing relations with 6245: 5527: 5116:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking 4432:Articles of Favourable Treatment 4188:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856) 3067:, Ulaanbaatar 2001, p. 244 (map) 2053: 2001:Sain Noyon Khan aimag 24 khoshuu 1450: 1324:the meantime Kangxi organized a 1031:in Inner Mongolia. However, the 471: 287: 273: 259: 234: 220: 4163:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 4049:Revolt of the Three Feudatories 3138:Cassel, Par Kristoffer (2012). 3110:Cassel, Par Kristoffer (2011). 3057: 3044: 2931:. Da Capo Press, Incorporated. 2906: 2894: 2882: 2869: 2842: 2790: 2778: 2751: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2684: 2657: 2637: 2625: 2613: 2570: 2543: 2531: 2519: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2401: 2389: 2377: 2023:Khökh Nuur 29 khoshuu (Qinghai) 1461:needs additional citations for 1355:but were crushed and defeated. 1278:Revolt of the Three Feudatories 71:within the Qing Empire, c. 1820 4817:Guest House of Imperial Envoys 4107:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas 3427:WAKEMAN JR., FREDERIC (1986). 3375:. Cambridge University Press. 3040:. Luzac & co. p. 182. 2365: 2353: 2341: 2332: 2323: 2296: 2287: 2278: 2247: 1789:to Mongolia and conversion of 444: 373:Qīngcháo tǒngzhì xià de ménggǔ 372: 342: 328: 13: 1: 6600:History of Mongolia by period 5251:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank 5026:Islam during the Qing dynasty 4882:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty) 4566:Provincial military commander 4556:Nine Gates Infantry Commander 4541:Imperial Household Department 4368:Preparative Constitutionalism 4072:Sino-Russian border conflicts 3369:Peterson, Willard J. (2002). 3082:Berger, Patricia Ann (2003). 2644:Tsai, Wei-chieh (June 2017). 2266: 2004:Zasagtu Khan aimag 19 khoshuu 1430: 1287:Camp of the Qing military in 1164:(中國, the term for "China" in 5010:Researches on Manchu Origins 4415:Mongolian Revolution of 1911 4025:Transition from Ming to Qing 4015:Later Jin invasion of Joseon 2271: 1785:After the invitation of the 1606:Mongolian noblewoman in 1908 7: 5565:Historical cities and towns 5502:Mongolian People's Republic 4910:Changzhou School of Thought 4420:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang 4395:Railway Protection Movement 4373:1909 Parliamentary election 4358:British expedition to Tibet 4268:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang 4228:Self-Strengthening Movement 4203:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856) 3313:Millward, James A. (1998). 3116:. Oxford University Press. 2550:Charleux, Isabelle (2015). 2183: 2159:Hüree Soyol (Hüree culture) 1992:Secen Khan aimag 23 khoshuu 1773:" or "New Administration" ( 1715:and population pressure in 1441:National Museum of Mongolia 1170:conquered Dzungaria in 1759 1078:Mongolia in the map of 1747 10: 6646: 6378:against Northwest khanates 5310:Legacy of the Qing dynasty 4198:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873) 4137:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806) 4127:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa 4097:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736) 3871:Mongols in other provinces 3074: 3054:, Darmstadt 1986, p. 416ff 2925:John Man (4 August 2009). 2215:Qing dynasty in Inner Asia 2017:Kobdo Territory 30 khoshuu 1918: 1485:"Mongolia under Qing rule" 1105:in 1644, the escapades of 1054: 29: 6500: 6439: 6406: 6368: 6335: 6293: 6263: 6254: 6243: 6131: 6059: 5963: 5878: 5869: 5814: 5805: 5691: 5682: 5545: 5536: 5525: 5392: 5320:Names of the Qing dynasty 5263: 5231: 5188: 5181: 5050: 4968:Manchu Han Imperial Feast 4895: 4827: 4748: 4653: 4449: 4340: 4298:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896) 4293:Gongche Shangshu movement 4238:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) 4150: 4087:Chinese Rites controversy 4057: 3987: 3978: 3870: 3844: 3786: 3765: 3722: 3575: 3285:Lopez, Donald S. (1999). 3222:Elliott, Mark C. (2001). 2303:Elverskog, Johan (2006). 2195:Manchuria under Qing rule 2143:and considerable work in 1248:, the last Khan from the 1067:between Qing dynasty and 455: 437: 432: 428: 409: 402: 395: 388: 383: 365: 358: 353: 349: 335: 321: 316: 312: 307: 199: 195: 191: 187: 177: 167:declares its independence 163: 150: 133: 129: 121: 117: 107: 103: 91: 75: 57: 52: 44: 39: 18:Mongolia during Qing rule 6630:20th century in Mongolia 6625:19th century in Mongolia 6620:18th century in Mongolia 6615:17th century in Mongolia 6610:China–Mongolia relations 6595:Mongolia under Qing rule 6171:Western Turkic Khaganate 6166:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 5742:Administrative divisions 5432:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 5241:Great Qing Treasure Note 5061:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) 4771:Administrative divisions 4588:Administrative divisions 4516:Flag of the Qing dynasty 3569:Mongolia under Qing rule 3497:10.1177/0097700405282349 3341:Perdue, Peter C (2009). 3050:Michael Weiers (editor) 3007:Johan Elverskog (2006). 2986:. BRILL. pp. 212–. 2240: 2200:Xinjiang under Qing rule 2190:Mongolia under Yuan rule 1903:Administrative divisions 1801:school and loyal to the 1711:had become increasingly 1261:and became the ruler of 1001:broader historical sense 967:Mongolia under Qing rule 691:Second Turkic Khaganates 323:Traditional Chinese 308:Mongolia under Qing rule 269:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia 135:• The surrender of 40:Mongolia under Qing rule 6176:Second Turkic Khaganate 4837:Chengde Mountain Resort 4638:Three Eastern Provinces 4288:First Sino-Japanese War 4263:Northern Chinese Famine 4122:Lin Shuangwen rebellion 4020:Qing invasion of Joseon 3845:Other Mongolian regions 3166:Dvořák, Rudolf (1895). 2958:. BRILL. pp. 59–. 1401:A banquet given by the 337:Simplified Chinese 6161:First Turkic Khaganate 5996:Goyol Fashion Festival 5786:Chief of General Staff 5218:Great Qing Copper Coin 5106:Convention of Tientsin 5039:Annotated Bibliography 4987:Qing official headwear 4030:Battle of Shanhai Pass 3766:Western Hetao Mongolia 3065:Khövsgöl aimgiin tüükh 2758:Sneath, David (2007). 2731:Sneath, David (2007). 2664:Liu, Xiaoyuan (2006). 2210:Taiwan under Qing rule 2124: 1916: 1846: 1696: 1618:. Every member of the 1607: 1443: 1406: 1292: 1190:account of his meeting 1153: 1079: 1071: 564:Munkhkhairkhan culture 179:• Disestablished 169:from the Qing dynasty 165:• Outer Mongolia 6303:against Western Turks 5757:Third neighbor policy 5457:Northern Yuan dynasty 5292:Draft History of Qing 5151:Treaty of Shimonoseki 4932:performance criticism 4536:Imperial Commissioner 4526:Great Qing Legal Code 4325:Eight-Nation Alliance 4308:Third plague pandemic 4218:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars 4142:White Lotus Rebellion 3778:Ejine Torghuud Banner 3392:Environmental History 3169:Chinas religionen ... 2579:Environmental History 2556:. BRILL. p. 15. 2205:Tibet under Qing rule 2118: 1910: 1828: 1691: 1605: 1438: 1400: 1362:had plotted with the 1286: 1194:Torghut Mongol leader 1182:Convention of Kyakhta 1151: 1077: 1062: 1029:Northern Yuan dynasty 1007:. By the early 1630s 981:, including the four 911:Democratic Revolution 141:Northern Yuan dynasty 6515:Greater Central Asia 6016:Traditional medicine 5735:Constitutional Court 5577:Environmental issues 5407:Prehistoric Mongolia 5223:Great Qing Gold Coin 5156:Treaty of Tarbagatai 5101:Convention of Peking 4981:Pentaglot Dictionary 4963:Literary inquisition 4673:Ever Victorious Army 4506:Deliberative Council 4410:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil 4363:1905 Batang uprising 4303:Hundred Days' Reform 4193:Small Swords Society 3826:Altai Nuur Uriankhai 3796:Dörbet (Choros clan) 3742:Tüshiyetu Khan Aimag 2849:Jin, Qicong (2009). 2077:improve this section 1470:improve this article 1051:during this period. 969:was the rule of the 5701:State Great Khural 5492:Soviet intervention 5276:Anti-Qing sentiment 5126:Treaty of the Bogue 5066:Treaty of Nerchinsk 4998:Complete Tang Poems 4678:Green Standard Army 4561:Provincial governor 4531:Imperial Clan Court 4511:Diplomatic missions 4486:Consultative Bureau 4233:Tongzhi Restoration 4112:Afaqi Khoja revolts 4092:Ten Great Campaigns 4000:Jurchen unification 3455:Wu, Shuhui (1995). 2712:Porter, pp. 226-227 2230:History of Mongolia 2028:West Hetao Mongolia 1234:and proclaimed the 1188:'s Manchu language 1158:conquering the Ming 884:People's Revolution 854:National Revolution 809:Oirat Confederation 594:Deer stones culture 465:History of Mongolia 5940:List of Mongolians 5847:Telecommunications 5487:Chinese occupation 5161:Treaty of Tientsin 4872:Western Qing tombs 4867:Eastern Qing tombs 4693:Peking Field Force 4437:Manchu Restoration 4330:Declaration of war 4283:Jindandao incident 4102:Lhasa riot of 1750 3752:Zasagtu Khan Aimag 3710:Khalkha Right Wing 3249:Elverskog, Johan. 2125: 1917: 1847: 1697: 1620:Mongolian nobility 1608: 1444: 1407: 1293: 1154: 1080: 1072: 1021:Yuan imperial seal 977:of China over the 874:Chinese occupation 604:Slab-grave culture 584:Ulaanzuukh culture 554:Chemurchek culture 544:Afanasievo culture 390:Mongolian Cyrillic 283:Uryankhay Republic 6572: 6571: 6548:Chinese Turkestan 6496: 6495: 6317:Mongolian Plateau 6090: 6089: 6055: 6054: 5865: 5864: 5801: 5800: 5793:Political parties 5752:Foreign relations 5678: 5677: 5348: 5347: 5259: 5258: 5171:Treaty of Whampoa 5166:Treaty of Wanghia 5141:Treaty of Nanking 5111:Li–Lobanov Treaty 5086:Chefoo Convention 5081:Burlingame Treaty 4952:Kangxi Dictionary 4857:Old Summer Palace 4688:Firearm Battalion 4491:Cup of Solid Gold 4445: 4444: 4390:Manchurian plague 4353:Late Qing reforms 4344:(1901–1912) 4278:Sikkim expedition 4208:Panthay Rebellion 4178:Taiping Rebellion 4154:(1801–1900) 4132:Sino-Nepalese War 4077:Dzungar–Qing Wars 4063:(1683–1799) 3991:(1616–1683) 3937: 3936: 3878:Guihua Town Tümed 3773:Alxa Ööled Banner 3661:Khalkha Left Wing 3601:Dörbet (Borjigid) 3382:978-0-521-24334-6 3020:978-0-8248-3021-2 2993:978-90-04-15521-3 2965:978-90-04-29778-4 2938:978-0-7867-3177-0 2835:978-0-521-24334-6 2809:978-0-521-24334-6 2113: 2112: 2105: 2037:, Inner Mongolia) 1979:) Tümed 2 khoshuu 1972:Chakhar 8 khoshuu 1958:Ulaan Chab league 1829:The giant wooden 1546: 1545: 1538: 1520: 1353:Yongzheng Emperor 1303:under its leader 1065:Dzungar–Qing Wars 1013:Later Jin dynasty 979:Mongolian Plateau 964: 963: 929: 928: 901:People's Republic 837: 836: 742: 741: 714:Tang protectorate 632: 631: 459: 458: 451: 450: 379: 378: 360:Standard Mandarin 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 294: 255:Republic of China 247: 246: 109: • Type 16:(Redirected from 6637: 6261: 6260: 6249: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6094: 6093: 6075: 6068: 6042: 6041:(New Year's Day) 6029: 5981: 5908:Southern Mongols 5876: 5875: 5842: 5812: 5811: 5722: 5704: 5689: 5688: 5543: 5542: 5531: 5427:Rouran Khaganate 5375: 5368: 5361: 5352: 5351: 5325:New Qing History 5208:Qianlong Tongbao 5186: 5185: 5131:Treaty of Canton 5071:Unequal treaties 4877:Fuling Mausoleum 4476:Advisory Council 4405:Wuchang Uprising 4345: 4248:Tianjin Massacre 4213:Second Opium War 4155: 4117:Sino-Burmese War 4064: 4042:Battle of Penghu 4010:Seven Grievances 3992: 3985: 3984: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3941: 3940: 3757:Secen Khan Aimag 3747:Sain Noyan Aimag 3562: 3555: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3516: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3430:GREAT ENTERPRISE 3423: 3386: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3068: 3061: 3055: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2794: 2788: 2785:Wakeman Jr. 1986 2782: 2776: 2775: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2502: 2501: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2260: 2251: 2225:Dzungar–Qing War 2121:Qianlong Emperor 2108: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2057: 2049: 1998:aimag 20 khoshuu 1953:Shilingol League 1889:by the Mongols. 1815:Tibetan Buddhism 1781:Tibetan Buddhism 1658:Tibetan Buddhism 1650:Tibetan Buddhism 1648:" school of the 1541: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1519: 1478: 1454: 1446: 1403:Qianlong Emperor 1132:Dzungar genocide 991: 956: 949: 942: 850: 849: 763:9th–12th century 755: 754: 724:Uyghur Khaganate 669:Rouran Khaganate 645: 644: 614:Chandman culture 540: 539: 475: 461: 460: 447: 446: 430: 429: 424: 423: 422: 404:Mongolian script 398: 397: 375: 374: 351: 350: 345: 344: 331: 330: 305: 304: 291: 290: 277: 276: 263: 262: 251: 250: 238: 237: 224: 223: 217: 216: 201: 200: 110: 87:(Inner Mongolia) 82:(Outer Mongolia) 62: 37: 36: 21: 6645: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6544:Western Regions 6537:Chinese Tartary 6527:Eurasian nomads 6492: 6449:against Dzungar 6435: 6416:against Mongols 6402: 6364: 6331: 6289: 6273:against Xiongnu 6256:Chinese empires 6250: 6241: 6133:Nomadic empires 6127: 6121: 6091: 6086: 6078: 6071: 6064: 6051: 6040: 6027: 5979: 5959: 5955:Writing systems 5945:Sex trafficking 5935:Public holidays 5861: 5840: 5797: 5776:Law enforcement 5720: 5702: 5674: 5532: 5523: 5519:Modern Mongolia 5514:1990 Revolution 5497:1921 Revolution 5477:1911 Revolution 5467:Dzungar Khanate 5442:Medieval tribes 5388: 5379: 5349: 5344: 5340:Willow Palisade 5286:Chuang Guandong 5255: 5227: 5177: 5136:Treaty of Kulja 5121:Treaty of Aigun 5054: 5046: 4945:History of Ming 4897: 4891: 4829: 4823: 4749:Special regions 4744: 4683:Imperial Guards 4649: 4441: 4400:1911 Revolution 4346: 4343: 4336: 4313:Boxer Rebellion 4273:Sino-French War 4223:Amur Annexation 4168:First Opium War 4156: 4153: 4146: 4065: 4062: 4053: 4037:Great Clearance 3993: 3990: 3974: 3968: 3938: 3933: 3914:Damxung Mongols 3888:Qinghai Mongols 3866: 3862:Tannu Uriankhai 3840: 3821:Altai Uriankhai 3782: 3761: 3726: 3718: 3579: 3571: 3566: 3524: 3519: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3404:10.2307/3985584 3383: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3077: 3072: 3071: 3063:Ch. Banzragch, 3062: 3058: 3049: 3045: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2591:10.2307/3985584 2575: 2571: 2564: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2505: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2263: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2186: 2173: 2161: 2109: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2074: 2058: 2047: 2013:Tannu Uriankhai 1923: 1905: 1783: 1763:Amur Annexation 1542: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1479: 1477: 1467: 1455: 1433: 1301:Dzungar Khanate 1174:Dzungar Mongols 1116:Khalkha Mongols 1069:Dzungar Khanate 1057: 1037:Dzungar Khanate 1033:Khalkha Mongols 997:Inner Mongolian 983:Outer Mongolian 960: 931: 930: 921:Modern Mongolia 894: 847: 839: 838: 819:Dzungar Khanate 759:Mongol khanates 752: 751:Medieval period 744: 743: 697: 642: 634: 633: 624:Pazyryk culture 537: 420: 418: 416: 414: 412: 410: 288: 274: 260: 242:Dzungar Khanate 235: 221: 180: 170: 156: 143: 108: 83: 63: 45:Regions of the 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6643: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6529: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6512: 6504: 6502: 6501:Related topics 6498: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6445: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6421:against Turpan 6418: 6412: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6374: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6341: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6283:Chief Official 6275: 6269: 6267: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6215: 6210: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126:history series 6120: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6097: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6077: 6076: 6069: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6036: 6031: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5857:Transportation 5854: 5849: 5844: 5836: 5834:Stock Exchange 5831: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5778: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5724: 5716: 5714:Prime Minister 5711: 5706: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5655: 5653:National parks 5650: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5398: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5378: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5203:Kangxi Tongbao 5200: 5194: 5192: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5076:Boxer Protocol 5068: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4924: 4919: 4912: 4907: 4901: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4842:Forbidden City 4839: 4833: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4805:General of Ili 4802: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4788:List of ambans 4785: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4763: 4758: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4455: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4253:Margary Affair 4250: 4245: 4243:Mudan incident 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4183:Nian Rebellion 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3989: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3967: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3921: 3911: 3908:Middle Khoshut 3905: 3895: 3885: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3724:Outer Mongolia 3720: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3577:Inner Mongolia 3573: 3572: 3565: 3564: 3557: 3550: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3522:External links 3520: 3518: 3517: 3480: 3468:978-3447037563 3467: 3452: 3440:978-0520048041 3439: 3424: 3398:(4): 503–530. 3387: 3381: 3366: 3354:978-0674042025 3353: 3338: 3326:978-0804729338 3325: 3310: 3298:978-0226493114 3297: 3282: 3270:978-3447055284 3269: 3254: 3247: 3235:978-0804746847 3234: 3219: 3207:978-1134362226 3206: 3191: 3179:978-0199792054 3178: 3163: 3151:978-0199792054 3150: 3135: 3123:978-0199792122 3122: 3107: 3095:978-0824825638 3094: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3056: 3043: 3026: 3019: 2999: 2992: 2971: 2964: 2944: 2937: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2868: 2862:978-7101068566 2861: 2841: 2834: 2815: 2808: 2789: 2777: 2771:978-0231511674 2770: 2750: 2744:978-0231511674 2743: 2723: 2721:Porter, p. 226 2714: 2705: 2696: 2683: 2676: 2656: 2636: 2624: 2620:Twitchett 1978 2612: 2569: 2563:978-9004297784 2562: 2542: 2530: 2518: 2503: 2484: 2472: 2460: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2400: 2388: 2376: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2331: 2322: 2315: 2295: 2286: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2235:Sangiin Kherem 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2172: 2169: 2160: 2157: 2111: 2110: 2061: 2059: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1993: 1984:Outer Mongolia 1981: 1980: 1973: 1966: 1965: 1963:Ihe Juu League 1960: 1955: 1950: 1948:Juu Uda League 1945: 1940: 1930:Inner Mongolia 1919:Main article: 1904: 1901: 1793:, king of the 1787:3rd Dalai Lama 1782: 1779: 1550:Monggol jurgan 1544: 1543: 1458: 1456: 1449: 1432: 1429: 1321:Kangxi Emperor 1297:Kangxi Emperor 1274:Kangxi Emperor 1206:had exchanged 1166:modern Chinese 1112:Inner Mongolia 1056: 1053: 995:) and the six 962: 961: 959: 958: 951: 944: 936: 933: 932: 927: 926: 923: 917: 916: 913: 907: 906: 903: 897: 896: 891: 880: 879: 876: 870: 869: 866: 864:Bogd Khaganate 860: 859: 856: 848: 845: 844: 841: 840: 835: 834: 831: 825: 824: 821: 815: 814: 811: 805: 804: 801: 795: 794: 791: 785: 784: 781: 775: 774: 771: 765: 764: 761: 753: 750: 749: 746: 745: 740: 739: 736: 730: 729: 726: 720: 719: 716: 710: 709: 706: 700: 699: 694: 675: 674: 671: 665: 664: 661: 655: 654: 651: 643: 641:Ancient period 640: 639: 636: 635: 630: 629: 626: 620: 619: 616: 610: 609: 606: 600: 599: 596: 590: 589: 586: 580: 579: 576: 574:Sagsai culture 570: 569: 566: 560: 559: 556: 550: 549: 546: 538: 532: 531: 528: 527: 526: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 477: 476: 468: 467: 457: 456: 453: 452: 449: 448: 441: 435: 434: 433:Transcriptions 426: 425: 406: 400: 399: 392: 386: 385: 384:Mongolian name 381: 380: 377: 376: 369: 363: 362: 356: 355: 354:Transcriptions 347: 346: 339: 333: 332: 325: 319: 318: 314: 313: 310: 309: 301: 300: 297: 296: 293: 292: 285: 279: 278: 271: 265: 264: 257: 248: 245: 244: 239: 231: 230: 225: 213: 212: 207: 197: 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 178: 175: 174: 171: 164: 161: 160: 157: 151: 148: 147: 144: 134: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 115: 114: 113:Qing hierarchy 111: 105: 104: 101: 100: 95: 89: 88: 77: 73: 72: 69:Inner Mongolia 65:Outer Mongolia 55: 54: 50: 49: 42: 41: 32:Outer Mongolia 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6642: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6565: 6564:Greater China 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6398:Northern Yuan 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6350:Northern Liao 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6312:against Tibet 6310: 6308: 6307:Eastern Turks 6304: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6218:Mongol Empire 6216: 6214: 6213:Khamag Mongol 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6111: 6106: 6104: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 6001:Horse culture 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5730:Supreme Court 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5447:Mongol Empire 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5412:Proto-Mongols 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5364: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5315:Manchu people 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5281:Canton System 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5246:Hubu Guanpiao 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4896:Society & 4894: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4862:Summer Palace 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852:Mukden Palace 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4828:Palaces & 4826: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4668:Eight Banners 4666: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4521:Grand Council 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4341:20th century 4339: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4151:19th century 4149: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3958: 3953: 3951: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3929: 3925: 3924:Barga Mongols 3922: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3470: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3453: 3442: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3367: 3356: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3339: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3311: 3300: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3283: 3272: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3237: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3220: 3209: 3203: 3200:. Routledge. 3199: 3198: 3192: 3181: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3164: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3136: 3125: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3108: 3097: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3047: 3039: 3038: 3030: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3003: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2975: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2948: 2940: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2921: 2914: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2878: 2872: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2837: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2819: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2793: 2786: 2781: 2773: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2754: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2727: 2718: 2709: 2700: 2693: 2687: 2679: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2660: 2649: 2648: 2640: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2573: 2565: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2528:, p. 67. 2527: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2481: 2480:Peterson 2002 2476: 2469: 2464: 2457: 2452: 2445: 2440: 2433: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2409: 2404: 2397: 2392: 2385: 2380: 2373: 2368: 2361: 2356: 2349: 2344: 2335: 2326: 2318: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2258: 2257: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2168: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2117: 2107: 2104: 2096: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2062:This section 2060: 2056: 2051: 2050: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1996:Tüsheetu Khan 1994: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1943:Josutu League 1941: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1914: 1909: 1900: 1898: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1864:Yonghe Temple 1861: 1857: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835:Puning Temple 1832: 1827: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1795:Tümed Mongols 1792: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1604: 1600: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1540: 1537: 1529: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1487: – 1486: 1482: 1481:Find sources: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1459:This section 1457: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1413: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1375:Banner system 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345:Upper Mongols 1343: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1076: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 987: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 957: 952: 950: 945: 943: 938: 937: 935: 934: 924: 922: 919: 918: 914: 912: 909: 908: 904: 902: 899: 898: 892: 889: 885: 882: 881: 877: 875: 872: 871: 867: 865: 862: 861: 857: 855: 852: 851: 846:Modern period 843: 842: 832: 830: 827: 826: 822: 820: 817: 816: 812: 810: 807: 806: 802: 800: 799:Northern Yuan 797: 796: 792: 790: 787: 786: 782: 780: 779:Mongol Empire 777: 776: 772: 770: 769:Khamag Mongol 767: 766: 762: 760: 757: 756: 748: 747: 737: 735: 732: 731: 727: 725: 722: 721: 717: 715: 712: 711: 707: 705: 702: 701: 695: 692: 688: 684: 680: 677: 676: 672: 670: 667: 666: 662: 660: 659:Xianbei state 657: 656: 652: 650: 647: 646: 638: 637: 627: 625: 622: 621: 617: 615: 612: 611: 607: 605: 602: 601: 597: 595: 592: 591: 587: 585: 582: 581: 577: 575: 572: 571: 567: 565: 562: 561: 557: 555: 552: 551: 547: 545: 542: 541: 535: 530: 529: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 479: 478: 474: 470: 469: 466: 463: 462: 454: 442: 440: 436: 431: 427: 407: 405: 401: 393: 391: 387: 382: 370: 368: 364: 361: 357: 352: 348: 340: 338: 334: 326: 324: 320: 315: 311: 306: 286: 284: 281: 280: 272: 270: 267: 266: 258: 256: 253: 252: 249: 243: 240: 233: 232: 229: 228:Northern Yuan 226: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 208: 206: 203: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 176: 173:December 1911 172: 168: 162: 158: 155: 149: 145: 142: 138: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 106: 102: 99: 96: 94: 90: 86: 81: 78: 74: 70: 66: 61: 56: 51: 48: 43: 38: 33: 19: 6554:China proper 6520:Central Asia 6507: 6477: 6355:Eastern Liao 6345:Western Liao 6039:Tsagaan Sar 5973:Architecture 5930:Prostitution 5883:Demographics 5764:Human rights 5703:(parliament) 5696:Constitution 5507:World War II 5482:Bogd Khanate 5471: 5452:Yuan dynasty 5437:Liao dynasty 5335:Treaty ports 5297: 5290: 5264:Other topics 5037: 5030: 5008: 4996: 4979: 4974:Peiwen Yunfu 4972: 4950: 4943: 4914: 4765: 4663:Beiyang Army 4645:Zongli Yamen 4501:Da-Qing Bank 4318:Red Lanterns 3971:Qing dynasty 3928:Heilongjiang 3898:Old Torghuud 3831:New Torghuud 3788:Khovd region 3580:(Southern 6 3568: 3488: 3485:Modern China 3484: 3472:. Retrieved 3457: 3444:. Retrieved 3429: 3395: 3391: 3371: 3358:. Retrieved 3343: 3330:. Retrieved 3315: 3302:. Retrieved 3287: 3274:. Retrieved 3259: 3250: 3239:. Retrieved 3224: 3211:. Retrieved 3196: 3183:. Retrieved 3168: 3155:. Retrieved 3140: 3127:. Retrieved 3112: 3099:. Retrieved 3084: 3064: 3059: 3051: 3046: 3036: 3029: 3009: 3002: 2981: 2974: 2954: 2947: 2927: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2879:, pp. 123-4. 2871: 2851: 2844: 2824: 2818: 2798: 2792: 2780: 2760: 2753: 2733: 2726: 2717: 2708: 2699: 2686: 2666: 2659: 2646: 2639: 2627: 2615: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2552: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2475: 2463: 2451: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2386:, pp. 76-77. 2384:Dunnell 2004 2379: 2372:Elliott 2001 2367: 2360:Dunnell 2004 2355: 2348:Dunnell 2004 2343: 2334: 2325: 2305: 2298: 2289: 2280: 2254: 2249: 2174: 2162: 2151:and Tibetan 2126: 2099: 2093:October 2007 2090: 2075:Please help 2063: 2027: 2026: 1983: 1982: 1967: 1938:Jirim League 1929: 1928: 1924: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1876:Jebtsundamba 1873: 1869: 1860:Panchen Lama 1848: 1784: 1774: 1771:New Policies 1717:China proper 1698: 1635: 1609: 1574: 1549: 1547: 1532: 1526:October 2020 1523: 1513: 1506: 1499: 1492: 1480: 1468:Please help 1463:verification 1460: 1425: 1420:China proper 1416: 1408: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1378: 1372: 1357: 1339: 1309: 1294: 1267: 1263:China proper 1259:Qing dynasty 1232:Ming dynasty 1201: 1161: 1155: 1103:China proper 1096: 1090:Mongols and 1081: 1063:Map showing 1041: 975:Qing dynasty 966: 965: 925:1990–present 829:Qing dynasty 828: 789:Yuan dynasty 734:Liao dynasty 653:209 BC–93 AD 588:1450–1150 BC 578:1500–1000 BC 568:1800–1600 BC 558:2750–1900 BC 548:3300–2500 BC 367:Hanyu Pinyin 317:Chinese name 210:Succeeded by 209: 204: 47:Qing dynasty 6327:Tarim Basin 5819:Agriculture 5719:Government 5604:Gobi Desert 5560:Ulaanbaatar 5271:Aisin Gioro 5233:Paper money 4992:Qing poetry 4713:Wuwei Corps 4708:Shuishiying 4469:Family tree 3836:New Khoshut 3690:Left Banner 3636:Left Banner 3491:(1): 3–30. 2913:Berger 2003 2901:Berger 2003 2889:Berger 2003 2526:Rawski 1998 2468:Perdue 2009 2456:Perdue 2009 2432:Cassel 2012 2420:Cassel 2011 2408:Cassel 2012 2396:Cassel 2011 2253:It was the 2165:Ulaanbaatar 1831:bodhisattva 1811:Ligdan Khan 1746:monasteries 1737:pastureland 1733:agriculture 1693:Amban Sando 1678:Han Chinese 1335:aristocracy 1246:Ligdan Khan 1107:Ligden Khan 1099:Qing Empire 1019:handed the 1009:Ligdan Khan 608:1100–300 BC 598:1400–700 BC 534:Prehistoric 205:Preceded by 6579:Categories 6559:Sinosphere 6461:Lifan Yuan 6360:Later Liao 6124:Inner Asia 6028:(festival) 6006:Literature 5841:(currency) 5726:Judiciary 5462:Four Oirat 4939:Four Wangs 4830:mausoleums 4783:Golden Urn 4756:Inner Asia 4733:Xiang Army 4703:Hushenying 4628:Liangguang 4608:Liangjiang 4546:Lifan Yuan 4451:Government 3910:(Xinjiang) 3696:Sizi Tribe 2677:0804754268 2632:Elvin 1998 2585:(4): 506. 2538:Bulag 2012 2514:Black 1991 2500:: 170–185. 2316:0824830210 2267:References 2220:Lifan Yuan 2133:literature 2129:illiterate 2035:Alxa aimag 1911:Mongolian 1897:Bogda Khan 1895:The term " 1820:Jin Qicong 1807:Hong Taiji 1803:Dalai Lama 1791:Altan Khan 1666:Geser Khan 1646:Yellow Hat 1554:Lifan Yuan 1496:newspapers 1431:Governance 1412:Li Shouxin 1360:Chingünjav 1340:The Oirat 1241:Hong Taiji 1212:concubines 1197:Ayuki Khan 1025:Hong Taiji 628:600–300 BC 618:700–300 BC 6473:Manchuria 6426:Manchuria 6383:Manchuria 5978:Biyelgee 5915:Education 5829:Companies 5747:Elections 5721:(cabinet) 5709:President 5631:Mountains 5609:Grassland 5538:Geography 5472:Qing rule 4761:Manchuria 4728:Huai Army 4718:Yong Ying 4603:Shaan-Gan 4059:High Qing 4005:Later Jin 3857:Dariganga 3701:Muminggan 3652:Ar Horqin 3513:144587815 3420:143541438 2787:, p. 203. 2634:, p. 241. 2622:, p. 356. 2607:143541438 2470:, p. 127. 2458:, p. 218. 2446:, pp. 14. 2444:Zhao 2006 2410:, p. 205. 2398:, p. 205. 2374:, p. 503. 2272:Citations 2145:philology 2137:Mongolian 2064:does not 1805:. During 1758:landlords 1750:merchants 1713:sinicized 1616:commoners 1597:rebellion 1254:Ejei Khan 1236:Later Jin 1224:Kharachin 1192:with the 1145:in 1771. 993:"leagues" 905:1924–1992 895:1921–1924 878:1919–1921 868:1911–1919 833:1691–1911 823:1634–1757 813:1399–1634 803:1368–1635 793:1271–1368 783:1206–1368 773:1130–1206 704:Xueyantuo 513:Geography 137:Ejei Khan 53:1635–1912 6488:Xinjiang 6478:Mongolia 6454:genocide 6388:Mongolia 6223:Chagatai 6156:Göktürks 6082:Category 6034:Religion 5925:Language 5781:Military 5684:Politics 5619:Khövsgöl 5402:Timeline 5386:articles 5382:Mongolia 5213:Hongqian 5182:Currency 5052:Treaties 4958:Kaozheng 4905:Booi Aha 4847:Hetu Ala 4800:Timeline 4795:Xinjiang 4766:Mongolia 4723:Chu Army 4698:New Army 4655:Military 4593:Viceroys 3902:Xinjiang 3811:Zakhchin 3675:Khuuchid 3665:Üzemchin 3657:Hexigten 3630:Bairin ( 3611:Kharchin 3591:Khorchin 3505:20062627 3474:10 March 3446:10 March 3360:10 March 3332:10 March 3304:10 March 3276:10 March 3241:10 March 3213:10 March 3185:10 March 3157:10 March 3129:10 March 3101:10 March 2915:, p. 17. 2903:, p. 26. 2891:, p. 34. 2540:, p. 41. 2516:, p. 47. 2482:, p. 31. 2434:, p. 44. 2422:, p. 44. 2362:, p. 83. 2350:, p. 77. 2256:de facto 2184:See also 2009:Khövsgöl 1989:Khalkha 1975:Guihua ( 1851:Manjusri 1775:xinzheng 1754:farmland 1729:taxation 1725:commerce 1683:military 1625:tributes 1614:and the 1592:Khalkhas 1578:Uliastai 1566:Xinjiang 1368:Amursana 1326:congress 1272:and the 1270:Shenyang 1220:Khorchin 1162:Zhongguo 1120:Dzungars 1084:Khorchin 1043:capital 1023:over to 1005:Mongolia 738:907–1125 679:Göktürks 523:Religion 518:Language 508:Politics 498:Nobility 483:Timeline 439:SASM/GNC 419:ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ 417:ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠭᠠᠨ 343:清朝统治下的蒙古 329:清朝統治下的蒙古 80:Uliastai 6532:Tartary 6322:Beiting 6237:Dzungar 6232:Timurid 6183:Tibetan 6146:Xianbei 6141:Xiongnu 6066:Outline 6026:Naadam 5991:Cuisine 5980:(dance) 5965:Culture 5898:Buryats 5893:Khalkha 5888:Mongols 5871:Society 5852:Tourism 5839:Tögrög 5824:Banking 5807:Economy 5663:Selenga 5646:Khentii 5641:Khangai 5592:Mammals 5572:Climate 5550:Borders 5422:Xianbei 5417:Xiongnu 5394:History 5198:Zhiqian 5190:Coinage 4927:Economy 4898:culture 4633:Yun-Gui 4623:Min-Zhe 4618:Sichuan 4613:Huguang 4459:Emperor 3980:History 3892:Qinghai 3852:Chakhar 3806:Myangad 3729:Khalkha 3684:Sonid ( 3670:Abganar 3647:Ongniud 3582:leagues 3412:3985584 3075:Sources 2599:3985584 2153:fiction 2149:Chinese 2141:Tibetan 2085:removed 2070:sources 1856:Gelukpa 1839:Chengde 1709:Manchus 1701:cavalry 1654:Beijing 1590:or the 1510:scholar 1366:leader 1364:Dzungar 1349:Qinghai 1342:Khoshut 1291:in 1688 1289:Khalkha 1250:Chakhar 1204:Nurhaci 1186:Tulisen 1141:at the 1139:Kalmyks 1128:Qinghai 1124:Khoshud 1088:Khalkha 1055:History 1049:culture 1045:Beijing 728:744–840 718:647–682 708:628–646 698:682–744 696:555–630 687:Eastern 673:330–555 649:Xiongnu 503:Culture 154:Khalkha 139:of the 122:History 98:Mongols 93:Demonym 76:Capital 6203:Mongol 6198:Kyrgyz 6193:Uyghur 6151:Rouran 5986:Cinema 5920:Health 5903:Oirats 5668:Orkhon 5658:Rivers 5555:Cities 5384: 4812:Taiwan 3988:Early 3973:topics 3882:Shanxi 3801:Khoton 3733:aimags 3626:Naiman 3606:Gorlos 3596:Jalaid 3511: 3503: 3465: 3437: 3418: 3410: 3379: 3351: 3323: 3295: 3267: 3232: 3204: 3176: 3148: 3120: 3092: 3017: 2990: 2962: 2935: 2859: 2832: 2806: 2768: 2741: 2674: 2605: 2597: 2560: 2313: 1977:Hohhot 1913:aimags 1767:Russia 1721:steppe 1662:Guandi 1642:steppe 1612:nobles 1570:Russia 1558:Ambans 1512: 1505: 1498: 1491: 1483: 1380:Jasagh 1330:Duolun 1319:, the 1313:Galdan 1305:Galdan 1216:titles 1156:After 1136:Torgud 1092:Chahar 990:a.k.a. 986:aimags 971:Manchu 689:, and 663:93–234 536:period 493:Rulers 488:States 421:ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ 125: 85:Hohhot 6483:Tibet 6466:Amban 6431:Tibet 6393:Tibet 6208:Tatar 6073:Index 6047:Sport 6021:Music 6011:Media 5950:Women 5636:Altai 5614:Lakes 5599:Flora 5587:Birds 5582:Fauna 5004:Queue 4922:Dibao 4778:Tibet 4598:Zhili 4481:Amban 3918:Tibet 3714:Ordos 3686:Right 3642:Jarud 3632:Right 3621:Aohan 3616:Tümed 3509:S2CID 3501:JSTOR 3416:S2CID 3408:JSTOR 2651:(PDF) 2603:S2CID 2595:JSTOR 2241:Notes 1887:bogda 1843:Hebei 1799:Gelug 1742:debts 1674:trade 1670:monks 1638:China 1587:Kobdo 1562:Tibet 1517:JSTOR 1503:books 1388:neidi 1208:wives 973:-led 683:First 6441:Qing 6408:Ming 6370:Yuan 6337:Liao 6295:Tang 6188:Zubu 5769:LGBT 4740:Navy 4581:Ejen 4464:List 3816:Olot 3706:Urad 3688:and 3680:Abag 3634:and 3476:2014 3463:ISBN 3448:2014 3435:ISBN 3377:ISBN 3362:2014 3349:ISBN 3334:2014 3321:ISBN 3306:2014 3293:ISBN 3278:2014 3265:ISBN 3243:2014 3230:ISBN 3215:2014 3202:ISBN 3187:2014 3174:ISBN 3159:2014 3146:ISBN 3131:2014 3118:ISBN 3103:2014 3090:ISBN 3015:ISBN 2988:ISBN 2983:2003 2960:ISBN 2933:ISBN 2857:ISBN 2830:ISBN 2804:ISBN 2766:ISBN 2739:ISBN 2672:ISBN 2558:ISBN 2311:ISBN 2139:and 2068:any 2066:cite 1705:wars 1582:Urga 1564:and 1489:news 1257:the 1228:Khan 1222:and 1210:and 1082:The 1017:Ejei 915:1990 893:1921 858:1911 413:ᠤᠯᠤᠰ 183:1912 159:1691 146:1635 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