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or spore-producing capsule. Even when capable of photosynthesis, as in mosses and hornworts, bryophyte sporophytes require additional photosynthate from the gametophyte to sustain growth and spore development and are dependent on the gametophyte for their supplies of water, mineral nutrients and
377:
and variability (given a sufficiently large variable mating population). If isolated, however, organisms may only reproduce asexually, which could present a severe selective disadvantage over time. Bryophyte sperm dispersal can therefore be key to species longevity, particularly in dioicous
364:
There can be both selective advantages and selective disadvantages for organisms that are monoicous or dioicous. Monoicous bryophytes can easily reproduce sexually, since both sexes can be found on the same organism. On the other hand, this can lead to
378:
species. While sperm dispersal is typically passive, with sperm dispersing through water, certain species exhibit very active dispersal mechanisms, such as aerial dispersal recently described in the liverwort
304:
are often clustered. A cluster of antheridia is called an androecium while a cluster of archegonia is called a gynoecium. (Note these terms have a different meaning when used to refer to flower structures.)
230:
is the dominant generation. However, this usage, although precise, is not universal, and "monoecious" and "dioecious" are still used by some bryologists for the gametophyte.
311:
Gametangia are typically borne on the tips of shoots, but may also be found in the axils of leaves, under thalli or on elaborate structures called gametangiophores.
321:
meaning that androecia and gynoecia are found on the same individual (monoicous) but in distinctly separate locations. If these are on separate branches, the term
308:
Bryophytes have the most elaborate gametophytes of all living land plants, and thus have a wide variety of gametangium positions and developmental patterns.
649:
Thomas, R.J.; Stanton, D.S.; Longendorfer, D.H.; Farr, M.E. (1978). "Physiological evaluation of the nutritional autonomy of a hornwort sporophyte".
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is a more straightforward modern way.) Generally, the terms "monoicous" and "dioicous" have been restricted to description of haploid sexuality (
143:
It has been suggested that monoicy may have benefits in dry habitats where the ability to produce sporophytes is limited due to lack of water.
347:
bryophyte species may be either monoicous or sequentially dioicous depending on environmental conditions. This condition is also called
218:
in which the gametophyte is the dominant generation. Meanwhile, "monoecious" and "dioecious" are used to describe diploid sexuality (
691:. Ebook sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. Accessed on 4 March 2013 at
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714:"Sporophytic inbreeding depression in mosses occurs in a species with separate sexes but not in a species with combined sexes"
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plant is the gametophyte. The sporophyte in mosses and liverworts consists of an unbranched stalk (a seta) bearing a single
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The ancestral sexual system in bryophytes is unknown but it has been suggested monoicy and dioicy evolved several times.
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Buck WR & Goffinet B (2000). "Morphology and classification of mosses". In Shaw AJ & Goffinet B (ed.).
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802:"Invited perspective: bryophytes as models for understanding the evolution of sexual systems"
528:"Correlates of monoicy and dioicy in hornworts, the apparent sister group to vascular plants"
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Windsor, Jon and Lesley Lovett-Doust
Professor of Biology the University of (1988-07-07).
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and reduce genetic variation within populations. Dioicous organisms necessarily exchange
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bryophytes produce antheridia and archegonia in separate clusters in different leaf axils.
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Characteristic of species that produce gametes of both sexes on the same gametophyte
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Shimamura, Masaki; Yamaguchi, Tomio; Deguchi, Hironori (2007). "Airborne sperm of
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Plant
Reproductive Ecology : Patterns and Strategies: Patterns and Strategies
140:, so that sperm and eggs are genetically identical with their parent gametophyte.
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335:) bryophytes produce antheridia and archegonia interspersed in the same cluster.
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it was found that monoicy was a recent evolutionary acquisition connected to
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154:) and refers to separate male and female cones or flowers on the same plant.
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Ramawat, Kishan Gopal; Merillon, Jean-Michel; Shivanna, K. R. (2016-04-19).
84:, where each gametophyte produces only sperm or eggs but never both. Both
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with other organisms of the species during sexual reproduction, increasing
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Genomes and
Evolution of Charophytes, Bryophytes, Lycophytes and Ferns
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443:. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. (1993+).
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are derived from οἶκος or οἰκία and δι- (di-), twice, double. (
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Crandall-Stotler, B.J. & Bartholomew-Began, S.E. (2007).
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McDaniel, Stuart F.; Perroud, Pierre-François (2012).
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Taylor, P.J.; Eppley, S.M. & Jesson, L.K. (2007).
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http://www.bryoecol.mtu.edu/chapters/5-9Sporophyte.pdf
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76:) where both sperm and eggs are produced on the same
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447:. 16+ vols. New York and Oxford. Volume 27, 2007.
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sexuality), and are thus used primarily to describe
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146:Monoicy is similar to, and often conflated with,
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132:gametophytes produce gametes in gametangia by
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285:dominated. The longer lived, more prominent
628:. Academic Press. 2016-03-23. p. 109.
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222:sexuality), and thus are used to describe
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204:the Latin way of transliterating Greek οι
589:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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458:Green plants, their origin and diversity
456:Bell, P.R. & Helmsley, A.R. (2000).
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526:Villarreal, J.C.; Renner, S.S. (2013).
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441:Morphology of Mosses (Phylum Bryophyta)
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460:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
445:Flora of North America North of Mexico
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281:Bryophytes have life cycles that are
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170:are derived from the Greek mόνος (
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611:Taylor, Eppley & Jesson 2007
505:. Oxford University Press, USA.
394:Evolution of sexual reproduction
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150:, which applies to seed plants (
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226:(vascular plants) in which the
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273:40% of mosses are monoicious.
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718:American Journal of Botany
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314:Bryophyte species may be:
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818:10.1639/0007-2745-115.1.1
771:10.1007/s10265-007-0128-6
759:Journal of Plant Research
553:10.1186/1471-2148-13-239
532:BMC Evolutionary Biology
19:Not to be confused with
482:Oxford University Press
401:In the liverwort genus
731:10.3732/ajb.94.11.1853
166:and the related forms
757:(Conocephalaceae)"".
689:Physiological Ecology
488:on December 21, 2021.
478:UK English Dictionary
158:Etymology and history
755:Conocephalum conicum
683:Glime, J.M. (2007).
381:Conocephalum conicum
544:2013BMCEE..13..239V
411:, arising 6 times.
277:Bryophyte sexuality
80:, in contrast with
905:Plant reproduction
698:2013-03-26 at the
538:(239): 1471–2148.
253:. You can help by
879:978-1-4822-0133-8
685:Bryophyte Ecology
651:Botanical Gazette
635:978-0-12-801324-3
596:978-0-521-66794-4
587:Bryophyte Biology
512:978-0-19-802192-6
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262:October 2021
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212:gametophytic
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182:) or οἰκία (
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168:mon(o)ecious
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136:rather than
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26:
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812:(1): 1–11.
687:. Vol. 1.
471:"monoicous"
345:Heteroicous
333:androgynous
287:autotrophic
283:gametophyte
220:sporophytic
196:di(o)ecious
78:gametophyte
894:Categories
852:2021-08-23
427:References
409:epiphytism
367:inbreeding
353:polyoicous
349:polygamous
302:archegonia
298:Antheridia
294:nitrogen.
291:sporangium
234:Occurrence
228:sporophyte
216:bryophytes
206:, whereas
74:bryophytes
826:0007-2745
609:See e.g.
388:Evolution
339:Paroicous
329:Synoicous
319:Autoicous
164:monoicous
162:The word
86:monoicous
846:Archived
842:85943617
834:41486736
787:37902329
779:18058191
740:21636380
696:Archived
671:84413961
572:24180692
415:See also
192:dioicous
129:dioicous
563:4228369
540:Bibcode
148:monoecy
138:meiosis
134:mitosis
70:haploid
64:) is a
27:Monoicy
21:Monoecy
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476:Lexico
404:Radula
176:single
126:) and
82:dioicy
838:S2CID
830:JSTOR
783:S2CID
667:S2CID
371:genes
188:house
184:oikía
180:oîkos
172:mónos
874:ISBN
822:ISSN
775:PMID
736:PMID
630:ISBN
591:ISBN
568:PMID
507:ISBN
300:and
200:(o)e
194:and
814:doi
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767:doi
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558:PMC
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351:or
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