232:
646:
549:
MNRAS publishes peer-reviewed articles on original research in astronomy and astrophysics. Two sorts of article are carried by MNRAS: papers, which can be of any length, and letters, which are published more quickly but are limited to five pages in length. Editorial control of the journal is
532:
The journal is no longer monthly, with thirty-six issues a year divided into nine volumes. The
Letters section had originally appeared on pink paper in the print edition, but moved online only in the early 2000s. Print publication ceased after the April 2020 volume, during the
36:
1758:
621:. There were no fees for authors, from the founding of the journal in 1927 until the end of 2023, with all costs of publications being met by subscriptions. Green open access was encouraged through
593:(APC) on the authors. As of June 2024, the APCs are £2310 for a standard article and £1100 for a letter; RAS Fellows receive a 20% discount on these fees. In many cases the APCs are paid for by a
1587:
940:
304:
1502:
1733:
686:
1728:
1217:
1857:
601:
are entitled to an APC waiver. If an author is not from a developing country but is unable to pay the APC, MNRAS provides partial or full waivers on a case-by-case basis.
594:
280:
329:
838:
202:
1780:
792:
481:(OUP), who publish and market the journal. Despite its name, MNRAS is no longer monthly, nor does it carry the notices of the RAS. In 2024 MNRAS became a purely
1105:
1842:
1775:
1419:
1553:
507:
1852:
1832:
1545:
698:
1161:
976:
948:
300:
1190:
833:
848:
344:
321:
215:
1582:
1447:
781:
253:
190:
1827:
1529:
1521:
227:
633:
preprint server. Fellows of the RAS were provided with free online access to the RAS journals as part of their membership benefits.
1847:
1442:
1412:
766:
1075:
272:
268:
462:(of any length) and letters (limited to five pages). MNRAS publishes more articles per year than any other astronomy journal.
657:
505:(RAS). Until 1960 it carried the monthly notices of the RAS, at which time these were transferred to the newly established
653:
1405:
1837:
1004:
1486:
1113:
1753:
1738:
813:
797:
1743:
1723:
786:
497:
and it has been in continuous publication ever since. It took its current name from the second volume, after the
46:
818:
498:
1748:
517:(since 1997). Until 1965, MNRAS was published in-house by the society; from 1965 to 2012 it was published by
589:(CC-BY) licence. There are no subscription fees for readers, instead the costs of publication are met by an
1135:
1822:
1656:
904:
808:
761:
676:
The following persons have served as Editor-in-Chief (formerly titled
Managing Editor or simply Editor):
160:
1801:
1625:
1428:
1369:
1353:
1224:
1109:
1079:
944:
502:
474:
133:
120:
206:
1769:
1620:
1494:
1452:
911:
897:
734:
590:
513:
1661:
1314:
890:
872:
771:
626:
586:
317:
211:
194:
165:
526:
478:
116:
365:
359:
1341:
853:
292:
1051:
1269:
1047:
598:
567:
1076:"MNRAS moves online-only after almost 200 years of print | The Royal Astronomical Society"
8:
1682:
1666:
1615:
1537:
1345:
863:
740:
614:
110:
1392:
1273:
585:
journal, making all articles free to read online as soon as they are published, under a
977:"Royal Astronomical Society announces all journals to publish as open access from 2024"
722:
618:
443:
338:
1060:
1035:
776:
610:
534:
455:
389:
375:
352:
1796:
1055:
802:
582:
482:
459:
152:
1763:
1605:
756:
559:
551:
522:
518:
466:
223:
70:
1610:
1324:
622:
538:
470:
124:
573:
In 2022 MNRAS published 3441 articles, more than any other astronomy journal.
1816:
1646:
1397:
877:
728:
716:
175:
1260:(1997). "A tribute to Roger J. Tayler (25 October 1929 – 23 January 1997)".
1361:
704:
680:
563:
451:
76:
55:
288:
1651:
1257:
692:
555:
440:
396:
145:
1638:
1162:"Read and Publish agreements – participating journals and institutions"
415:
1320:
447:
51:
309:
1385:
823:
420:
410:
381:
843:
858:
828:
597:
between the author's institution and OUP, and authors based in
469:
journal has been in continuous existence since 1827 and became
1366:
History of the Royal
Astronomical Society: Volume 2, 1920–1980
1350:
History of the Royal
Astronomical Society: Volume 1, 1820–1920
35:
630:
493:
The first issue of MNRAS was published on 9 February 1827 as
241:
1759:
Magnetosphere
Ionosphere and Solar-Terrestrial physics group
941:"RAS journals to be published by Oxford University Press"
793:
525:) on behalf of the RAS. From 2013, MNRAS is published by
711:
Function performed by the
Secretaries of the RAS Council
1313:"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society".
495:
Monthly
Notices of the Astronomical Society of London
96:
Monthly
Notices of the Astronomical Society of London
1218:"EU study on scientific publications – RAS response"
477:(RAS), who select and peer-review the contents, and
1858:
Journals published between 27 and 51 times per year
508:
Quarterly
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
473:in 2020. It operates as a partnership between the
231:
1479:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1285:
1283:
1243:
1241:
432:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
27:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1814:
1005:"Journal Rankings on Astronomy and Astrophysics"
834:International Aerospace Abstracts & Database
999:
997:
849:Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts
1427:
1280:
1238:
1100:
1098:
1096:
511:(1960–1996) and then to its successor journal
1413:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1262:Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India
1033:
1843:Royal Astronomical Society academic journals
1340:
994:
782:Computer & Information Systems Abstracts
1448:President of the Royal Astronomical Society
1250:
1093:
746:
609:Prior to 2024, MNRAS used a combination of
1420:
1406:
1292:
751:The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
1853:1827 establishments in the United Kingdom
1833:Oxford University Press academic journals
1059:
970:
968:
966:
1443:Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society
1029:
1027:
1025:
805:/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
767:Aerospace & High Technology Database
1215:
1815:
1360:
1256:
974:
963:
1401:
1068:
1022:
938:
934:
932:
1185:
1183:
640:
625:by authors on personal webpages, in
1306:
636:
13:
1034:Carswell, Bob; Clube, Kim (2008).
1009:Scimago Journal & Country Rank
929:
14:
1869:
1487:Geophysical Journal International
1377:
1180:
454:and related fields. It publishes
1828:Publications established in 1827
1754:International Astronomical Union
1739:British Astronomical Association
1503:RAS Techniques & Instruments
1061:10.1111/j.1468-4004.2008.49514.x
975:Kahlon, Gurjeet (1 March 2023).
814:Earthquake Engineering Abstracts
798:CSA Technology Research Database
644:
604:
550:exercised by the RAS through an
230:
34:
16:Peer-reviewed scientific journal
1848:Astronomy in the United Kingdom
1744:British Geophysical Association
1724:Astrobiology Society of Britain
1209:
787:CSA Civil Engineering Abstracts
581:In January 2024 MNRAS became a
1334:
1216:Elliott, David (25 May 2006).
1154:
1128:
819:Engineered Materials Abstracts
576:
499:Astronomical Society of London
119:(since 2013) on behalf of the
1:
1749:European Astronomical Society
1734:Astrophysical Chemistry Group
1316:2022 Journal Citation Reports
1112:. 2 July 2012. Archived from
939:Smith, Keith (28 June 2012).
918:
1036:"Monthly Notices of the RAS"
923:
905:Astronomy & Astrophysics
587:Creative Commons Attribution
539:journal becoming online-only
40:Cover image of MNRAS in 2022
7:
1729:Astroparticle Physics Group
1657:Harold Jeffreys Lectureship
1106:"New MNRAS Editor-in-Chief"
883:
809:Current Index to Statistics
762:Advanced Polymers Abstracts
421:MNRAS Letters online access
10:
1874:
1802:National Astronomy Meeting
1626:Gerald Whitrow Lectureship
1495:Astronomy & Geophysics
1429:Royal Astronomical Society
1370:Royal Astronomical Society
1354:Royal Astronomical Society
1225:Royal Astronomical Society
1110:Royal Astronomical Society
1080:Royal Astronomical Society
1040:Astronomy & Geophysics
981:Royal Astronomical Society
945:Royal Astronomical Society
912:Astronomy & Geophysics
627:institutional repositories
595:read and publish agreement
544:
514:Astronomy & Geophysics
503:Royal Astronomical Society
488:
475:Royal Astronomical Society
121:Royal Astronomical Society
1838:English-language journals
1789:
1716:
1675:
1637:
1621:George Darwin Lectureship
1598:
1575:
1568:
1513:
1470:
1463:
1435:
1136:"Instructions to Authors"
898:The Astrophysical Journal
876:, the journal has a 2022
617:(36 months) and optional
591:article processing charge
407:
402:
387:
373:
350:
336:
264:
252:
247:Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.
240:
186:
172:
159:
142:
132:
109:
101:
87:
82:
69:
61:
45:
33:
1662:James Dungey Lectureship
891:The Astronomical Journal
873:Journal Citation Reports
772:Astrophysics Data System
747:Abstracting and indexing
1699:Group achievement Award
1690:Anges Mary Clerke Medal
1195:Oxford University Press
1166:Oxford University Press
1140:Oxford University Press
1052:2008A&G....49e..14C
839:Materials Business File
558:; since July 2012, the
527:Oxford University Press
479:Oxford University Press
117:Oxford University Press
1781:UK Solar Physics group
1530:Geophysical Supplement
854:Science Citation Index
187:Standard abbreviations
1630:Michael Penston Prize
1319:(Science ed.).
658:adding missing items
599:developing countries
568:University of Durham
519:Blackwell Publishing
259:Mon Not R Astron Soc
1705:Honorary Fellowship
1687:Annie Maunder Medal
1683:Patrick Moore Medal
1667:Keith Runcorn Prize
1616:Jackson-Gwilt Medal
1538:Geophysical Journal
1323:. 2023 – via
1274:1997BASI...25..143M
1191:"APC waiver policy"
1116:on 16 December 2014
864:VINITI Database RAS
741:Richard Sheepshanks
615:delayed open access
416:MNRAS online access
83:Publication details
30:
1823:Astronomy journals
1776:UK Planetary Forum
1346:Turner, Herbert H.
1342:Dreyer, John L. E.
656:; you can help by
619:hybrid open access
444:scientific journal
24:
1810:
1809:
1712:
1711:
1591:
1564:
1563:
1554:Quarterly Journal
1456:
870:According to the
777:Ceramic Abstracts
674:
673:
611:green open access
535:COVID-19 pandemic
456:original research
428:
427:
1865:
1797:Burlington House
1585:
1573:
1572:
1546:Occasional Notes
1468:
1467:
1450:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1393:RAS journal page
1389:
1388:
1386:Official website
1373:
1357:
1329:
1328:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1290:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1102:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1031:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1001:
992:
991:
989:
987:
972:
961:
960:
958:
956:
947:. Archived from
936:
803:Current Contents
669:
666:
648:
647:
641:
637:Editors-in-chief
583:gold open access
554:of professional
483:gold open access
458:in two formats:
411:Journal homepage
393:
378:
362:
355:
341:
332:
236:
234:
233:
178:
148:
91:
38:
31:
28:
23:
21:Academic journal
1873:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1785:
1770:The Observatory
1764:Science Council
1708:
1671:
1633:
1606:Eddington Medal
1594:
1560:
1509:
1459:
1431:
1426:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1348:, eds. (1923).
1337:
1332:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1104:
1103:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1032:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1003:
1002:
995:
985:
983:
973:
964:
954:
952:
937:
930:
926:
921:
886:
868:
757:Academic Search
749:
723:Richard Proctor
699:John Shakeshaft
687:Robert Carswell
670:
664:
661:
645:
639:
607:
579:
560:editor-in-chief
552:editorial board
547:
523:Wiley-Blackwell
521:(later part of
491:
467:learned society
388:
374:
369:
364:
358:
351:
337:
308:
267:
266:
210:
189:
188:
179:
174:
149:
144:
128:
97:
92:
89:
41:
26:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1871:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1717:Related bodies
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1611:Herschel Medal
1608:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1579:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1506:(2022–present)
1499:
1498:(1997–present)
1491:
1490:(1989–present)
1483:
1482:(1827–present)
1474:
1472:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1379:
1378:External links
1376:
1375:
1374:
1364:, ed. (1987).
1358:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:Web of Science
1305:
1303:Dreyer, p. 187
1291:
1289:Dreyer, p. 239
1279:
1249:
1247:Tayler, p. 201
1237:
1208:
1179:
1153:
1127:
1092:
1067:
1021:
993:
962:
951:on 13 May 2018
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
908:
901:
894:
885:
882:
867:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
800:
795:
790:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
753:
748:
745:
744:
743:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
683:(2012–present)
672:
671:
651:
649:
638:
635:
623:self-archiving
606:
603:
578:
575:
546:
543:
490:
487:
426:
425:
424:
423:
418:
413:
405:
404:
400:
399:
394:
385:
384:
379:
371:
370:
356:
348:
347:
342:
334:
333:
262:
261:
256:
250:
249:
244:
238:
237:
184:
183:
180:
173:
170:
169:
163:
157:
156:
150:
143:
140:
139:
136:
130:
129:
125:United Kingdom
115:
113:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
93:
90:Former name(s)
88:
85:
84:
80:
79:
74:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
49:
43:
42:
39:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1870:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1704:
1702:Service Award
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:Chapman Medal
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1453:Mike Lockwood
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:Tayler, Roger
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1244:
1242:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1010:
1006:
1000:
998:
982:
978:
971:
969:
967:
950:
946:
942:
935:
933:
928:
914:
913:
909:
907:
906:
902:
900:
899:
895:
893:
892:
888:
887:
881:
879:
878:impact factor
875:
874:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
752:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
729:Arthur Cayley
727:
724:
721:
718:
717:Arthur Cayley
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
678:
677:
668:
659:
655:
652:This list is
650:
643:
642:
634:
632:
629:, and on the
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:Former policy
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
574:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
542:
540:
536:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:
510:
509:
504:
500:
496:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
442:
441:peer-reviewed
438:
434:
433:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
406:
401:
398:
395:
391:
386:
383:
380:
377:
372:
367:
363: (print)
361:
357:
354:
349:
346:
343:
340:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
263:
260:
257:
255:
251:
248:
245:
243:
239:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
185:
181:
177:
176:Impact factor
171:
167:
164:
162:
158:
154:
151:
147:
141:
137:
135:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
94:
86:
81:
78:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
50:
48:
44:
37:
32:
29:
19:
1768:
1696:Winton Award
1693:Fowler Award
1552:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1478:
1477:
1464:Publications
1365:
1349:
1315:
1308:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1228:. Retrieved
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1194:
1170:. Retrieved
1165:
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1139:
1130:
1118:. Retrieved
1114:the original
1083:. Retrieved
1070:
1043:
1039:
1012:. Retrieved
1008:
984:. Retrieved
980:
953:. Retrieved
949:the original
910:
903:
896:
889:
871:
869:
750:
735:Robert Grant
710:
705:Roger Tayler
681:David Flower
675:
662:
608:
580:
572:
564:David Flower
548:
531:
512:
506:
494:
492:
464:
452:astrophysics
436:
431:
430:
429:
325:
313:
296:
284:
276:
258:
246:
219:
198:
168:(since 2024)
155:(since 2024)
105:1827–present
77:David Flower
56:astrophysics
25:
18:
1652:Price Medal
1557:(1960–1996)
1549:(1938–1960)
1541:(1958–1988)
1533:(1922–1957)
1525:(1822–1977)
1335:Works cited
1014:21 December
731:(1860–1872)
725:(1872–1874)
719:(1874–1881)
713:(1881–1979)
695:(1994–2008)
693:Andy Fabian
689:(2008–2012)
577:Open access
556:astronomers
537:, with the
501:became the
471:online only
368: (web)
146:Open access
1817:Categories
1639:Geophysics
1588:Recipients
1583:Gold Medal
1576:Gold Medal
1451:(Current:
1368:. London:
1352:. London:
1268:(1): 143.
1258:Mestel, L.
919:References
789:(ProQuest)
654:incomplete
382:sf85001279
224:MathSciNet
182:4.8 (2022)
47:Discipline
1599:Astronomy
1321:Clarivate
1046:(5): 14.
924:Citations
665:July 2012
562:has been
485:journal.
448:astronomy
392: no.
366:1365-2966
360:0035-8711
134:Frequency
111:Publisher
52:Astronomy
1793:See also
884:See also
880:of 4.8.
824:InfoTrac
737:(?–1881)
707:(1979–?)
701:(?–1994)
397:10340650
265:Indexing
203:Bluebook
73: by
62:Language
1522:Memoirs
1471:Current
1436:Members
1270:Bibcode
1230:21 July
1201:25 June
1172:25 June
1146:25 June
1085:11 June
1048:Bibcode
986:25 June
955:20 July
844:METADEX
545:Content
529:(OUP).
489:History
439:) is a
324:)
295:)
283:)
218:)
197:)
161:License
138:36/year
123: (
102:History
65:English
1569:Awards
1514:Former
1197:. 2024
1168:. 2024
1142:. 2024
1120:2 July
859:Scopus
829:Inspec
460:papers
345:MNRAA4
330:Scopus
326:·
314:·
312:
297:·
285:·
277:·
275:
220:·
199:·
71:Edited
1221:(PDF)
631:arXiv
437:MNRAS
403:Links
339:CODEN
328:
316:
299:
289:JSTOR
287:
279:
269:CODEN
242:ISO 4
222:
201:
191:ISO 4
166:CC-BY
1676:Both
1232:2007
1203:2024
1174:2024
1148:2024
1122:2012
1087:2020
1016:2023
988:2024
957:2017
465:The
390:OCLC
376:LCCN
353:ISSN
310:MIAR
301:LCCN
281:alt2
153:Gold
1056:doi
660:.
570:).
446:in
322:alt
318:NLM
305:alt
293:alt
273:alt
254:NLM
228:alt
216:alt
212:NLM
207:alt
195:alt
1819::
1344:;
1294:^
1282:^
1266:25
1264:.
1240:^
1223:.
1193:.
1182:^
1164:.
1138:.
1108:.
1095:^
1078:.
1054:.
1044:49
1042:.
1038:.
1024:^
1007:.
996:^
979:.
965:^
943:.
931:^
613:,
541:.
450:,
54:,
1590:)
1586:(
1455:)
1421:e
1414:t
1407:v
1372:.
1356:.
1327:.
1276:.
1272::
1234:.
1205:.
1176:.
1150:.
1124:.
1089:.
1064:.
1058::
1050::
1018:.
990:.
959:.
667:)
663:(
566:(
435:(
320:(
307:)
303:(
291:(
271:(
235:)
226:(
214:(
209:)
205:(
193:(
127:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.