148:
981:. Such tephra layers can be used to compare the timing of events across wide regions. Tephra particles from Hudson have varying shapes and colours, but similar compositions. The closest tephra record to Hudson is the Laguna Miranda record 50 kilometres (30 mi) away, which shows on average one tephra layer every 225 years although it only records eruptions that distributed ash in the direction of the lake. Several Hudson tephra layers from Juncal Alto 92 kilometres (57 mi) have been named T1 through T9, and another set from lakes in the
539:
47:
1551:
141:
6853:
1627:. The ash fall buried vegetation and roads and caused house roofs to collapse. Animals saw their pastures buried and food contaminated by ash, their wools weighed down, and people reported problems with breathing and eyesight owing to the irritating ash. Ailments caused by the ash and preceding harsh winter killed about half of all grazing animals in the directly affected areas such as Argentina's
801:, with mean annual temperatures of 8 to 10 °C (46 to 50 °F). Precipitation at the coast reaches 3,000 millimetres (10 ft) per year, increasing to 10,000 millimetres (30 ft) in the Andes and declining to 800 millimetres (31 in) in the eastern valleys. Precipitation is brought by westerly winds and enhanced on the western slopes of the Andes by
1770:
Other high-risk areas are the northern, southwestern and southeastern slopes of the volcano. Medium hazards occur in the rest of the valleys around Hudson
Volcano, with low hazard areas in the more distant valleys east of the volcano. As of 2023, the municipal planning of the municipalities on the Chilean side close to the volcano largely ignores volcanic hazards.
465:, and has an eroded appearance, with steep valleys cutting as much as 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) into the outer reaches of the volcano. The total volume of the volcano is about 147 cubic kilometres (35 cu mi), larger than other SVZ volcanoes, and it covers an area of about 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi).
1361:
layers have been attributed to two eruptions in 11,910 and 9,960 years before present. These are isolated occurrences, indicating that they are not the products of very intense eruptions that would be expected to leave widespread deposits. Westward spread of Hudson tephras was more common in the earliest
Holocene, when the
1566:
commenced on August 8 at 18:20 in the northwestern sector of the caldera. The phreatomagmatic phase formed a 4-kilometre-long (2.5 mi) fissure and a 400-metre-wide (1,300 ft) crater. On August 12, a
Plinian eruption formed an 800-metre-wide (2,600 ft) crater in the southwestern sector.
901:
took place at that time. The melting of the ice would have depressurized the buried magma systems, thus enhancing volcanic activity immediately after deglaciation. After deglaciation was complete, the volumes of the intense Hudson eruptions decreased. On the other hand, glaciation has removed most of
1733:
activity, the latter lasting for a few days. The eruption began on
October 26 and ended on November 1. Three vents formed in the southern sector of the caldera. Ash columns rose to almost 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) altitude. Lahars ran along several valleys surrounding the volcano, probably caused by
1393:
The tephra was emplaced northeastward. Its thickness exceeded 50 centimetres (20 in) up to present-day
Coihaique and the border with Argentina. Tephra from the H0 eruption has been found in Lago Churasco, Lago Élida, Lago Mellizas, Lago Quijada, Lago Toro, Lago Shaman and Lago Unco northeast of
954:
probably associated with the formation of the caldera occurs all around Hudson. A Holocene lava flow extends along the
Huemules valley and is 1 to 5 metres (3 to 16 ft) thick. The flow may be either 1,000 or 13,000 years old; it was possibly the product of multiple eruptions. The volcanic cones
477:
outside of the caldera, especially in the
Sorpresa Sur valley. There are two cones northeast of the caldera and one in the far southwest. The landscape of the Andes around Hudson is formed by numerous mountains (including the Cerros Hudson 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south of the volcano) with deep,
1706:
On the morning of 12 August 1971, tremors heralded the onset of a new eruption. It lasted for three days and reached a volcanic explosivity index of 3 to 4, smaller than the 1991 eruption. An eruption column rose 5 to 12 kilometres (3 to 7 mi) above the volcano and deposited tephra to the east
1599:
within the caldera. A 4-kilometre-long (2.5 mi) lava flow was emplaced on the caldera ice and flowed down the
Huemules River. Part of the ice cap melted. A lahar with a volume of about 0.04 to 0.045 cubic kilometres (0.0096 to 0.0108 cu mi) ran for 40 kilometres (25 mi) down the
1467:
exceeding 55 kilometres (34 mi) height or to strong winds. Similar to the 1991 eruption, the H1 eruption would have buried food and water resources and caused various health ailments. This would have caused a collapse of the terrestrial ecosystems in
Patagonia, possibly causing a lasting shift
1360:
of
Antarctica have been attributed to Hudson, but for the older eruption there is no evidence in South America of an appropriately sized event. The Las Guanacas cave 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of Hudson preserves ash from Hudson more than 10,000 years old. On the Taitao Peninsula, tephra
597:
cut through the downgoing plate, one of which (either the Taitao or the Darwin fracture zone) may project under Hudson. South of the volcano, the Tres Montes Fracture Zone forms the northern boundary of the slab window. The subducted plate is still young and hot. The position of Hudson just east of
514:. During eruptions, pyroclastic material and lava can melt the ice. Other glaciers emanating from the ice cap are the Desplayado, Bayo, Ibáñez, El Frio, Sorpresa Sur and Sorpresa Norte glaciers. They were up to 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long in 1974 but have retreated since then. Together with the
1579:
and magma mixing. Initially, basaltic magma rose in the edifice and entered a trachyandesitic reservoir at 2 to 3 kilometres (1.2 to 1.9 mi) depth, until the stresses opened up another pathway along local-scale fractures. This formed the northwestern vent and associated lava flows. Later, the
1769:
published a volcano hazard map in 2014, which shows areas threatened by lahars, lava flows, pyroclastic fall, pyroclastic flows, tephra fallout and volcanic bombs. According to the map, the highest hazards exist in the Huemules and Sorpresas valleys, in the caldera and its immediate surroundings.
1737:
Between 1991 and 2008, uplift took place at the volcano. Initially at a pace of 5 centimetres per year (2 in/year), after 2004 it decreased to a rate of 2 centimetres per year (0.8 in/year). The uplift was probably caused by the entry of new magma in Hudson's plumbing system. Presently,
1505:
wiped out. After the eruption, activities at the Túnel 1 archaeological site changed from a terrestrial lifestyle to one that relied on coastal food sources which were less vulnerable to volcanic impacts. A hypothesis claim that the island may have been resettled over a millennium later by people
1698:
There are reports of historical eruptions in the late 19th century, but only an 1891 eruption can be attributed to Hudson. There are single reports of eruptions in 1930 and 1965. A crater in the centre-western sector of the caldera may have been active around 1973. A lahar in that year killed a
1492:
The green-brown tephra deposits in Tierra del Fuego were produced by this eruption. On Tierra del Fuego, the H1 tephra covers an area exceeding 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi). Thicknesses reach 4 to 20 centimetres (2 to 8 in), thicker than deposits closer to the volcano.
1750:
The 1991 eruption has drawn attention to hazards stemming from Hudson and other Patagonian volcanoes. About 84,000 people live within 50 kilometres (31 mi) of Hudson. Despite the low population density in the regions of Argentina downwind of Hudson, ash fall could cause serious impacts on
1381:
The H0 eruption took place between 17,440–17,300 BP during late glacial times. It is the largest known eruption of Hudson, yielding more than 20 cubic kilometres (4.8 cu mi) of tephra, and may have initiated the growth of the caldera. The eruption occurred during deglaciation and was
914:
took place during the Holocene, including three intense eruptions among the largest of Holocene South America. There is a regularity, with intense explosive eruptions occurring about every 3,870 years, but their volumes have decreased over time and erupted rocks have become less mafic. Smaller
784:
that ascended through the window can take part. Magmas ascending into Hudson halt about 6 to 24 kilometres (4 to 15 mi) underground and undergo a first phase of differentiation. Later the magma ascends into shallower reservoirs and is then stored at a few kilometres depth before the large
5590:
Koffman, Bess G.; Goldstein, Steven L.; Winckler, Gisela; Kaplan, Michael R.; Bolge, Louise; Biscaye, Pierre (April 2023). "Abrupt changes in atmospheric circulation during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age recorded by Sr-Nd Isotopes in the Siple Dome Ice Core, Antarctica".
1402:
The largest Holocene eruption of Hudson – and the largest in the southern Andes – took place in 7,750 BP, and is known as the H1 eruption. It produced about 18 cubic kilometres (4.3 cu mi) of trachydacitic or trachyandesitic rocks, thus reaching a
460:
that rises 1,000 to 1,200 metres (3,300 to 3,900 ft) above the surrounding terrain. Only the western and southern margins are well-defined. The highest point reaches 1,905 metres (6,250 ft) elevation. The edifice consists partly of volcanic rocks and partly of uplifted
401:
passes 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the volcano. The volcano can be accessed either from the sea along the Huemules River valley or by land via the valley of the Blanco River from Lago Elizalde-Lago Claro. Small populations, mostly farmers, live in the surrounding valleys.
1518:
The H2 eruption occurred about 4,200 years ago. Pumices form three or four distinct layers, which consist mostly of trachydacite and/or trachyrhyolite. The eruption was smaller than the H1 eruption, but larger than the H3, reaching a volcanic explosivity index of six. It or
385:
of Aysen; the eastern and southern parts are in the municipalities of Coihaique and Rio Ibáñez, respectively. Owing to its remoteness and the dense vegetation at its foot, the volcano is poorly studied; it was recognized as a volcano only in 1970. The closest cities are
5110:
Evangelista, Heitor; Castagna, Alexandre; Correia, Alexandre; Potocki, Mariusz; Aquino, Francisco; Alencar, Alexandre; Mayewski, Paul; Kurbatov, Andrei; Jaña, Ricardo; Nogueira, Juliana; Licinio, Marcus; Alves, Elaine; Simões, Jefferson C. (8 April 2022).
4764:
Bertrand, Sébastien; Daga, Romina; Bedert, Robin; Fontijn, Karen (December 2014). "Deposition of the 2011-2012 Cordón Caulle tephra (Chile, 40°S) in lake sediments: Implications for tephrochronology and volcanology: Tephra deposition in lake sediments".
429:; erroneously, it is often referred to as the southernmost. Farther south there is the 350-kilometre-long (220 mi) Patagonian Volcanic Gap in the Andean Volcanic Belt, which separates Hudson from the Austral Volcanic Zone and its first volcano,
1427:
on the volcano, drove the phreatomagmatic activity. Water interaction was more intense during H1 than during the H2 and H3 eruptions, which may imply that the caldera collapse occurred during this eruption, causing effective magma-ice interaction.
5322:
1496:
The H1 eruption had a severe impact on the environment of Tierra del Fuego, with the vegetation being buried by ash fall. The impact on human populations in Tierra del Fuego would have been severe, possibly causing the total extinction of
1619:. The northern ash was produced by the phreatomagmatic phase and the southeastern one by the Plinian phase. Ash fell over an area of about 150,000 square kilometres (58,000 sq mi) in Chile and Argentina, reaching as far as the
1382:
probably caused by the unloading of the magmatic system, when the overlying ice melted. The eruption occurred in several stages that yielded distinct rock compositions, and like the 1991 AD eruption it included two distinct chemistries.
661:
and lies 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of the volcano. The LOFZ moves at a rate of about 1 to 2 centimetres per year (0.4 to 0.8 in/year) in the area. Recently active faults around the volcano can be recognized in the vegetation.
1574:
The initial phreatomagmatic eruption was basaltic. The chemistry of the erupted rocks changed during the course of the eruption from trachyandesite to trachydacite, perhaps due to fractional crystallization of phenocrysts or
5726:
Kurbatov, A. V.; Zielinski, G. A.; Dunbar, N. W.; Mayewski, P. A.; Meyerson, E. A.; Sneed, S. B.; Taylor, K. C. (27 June 2006). "A 12,000 year record of explosive volcanism in the Siple Dome Ice Core, West Antarctica".
5058:
De Pascale, Gregory P.; Froude, Melanie; Penna, Ivanna; Hermanns, Reginald L.; Sepúlveda, Sergio A.; Moncada, Daniel; Persico, Mario; Easton, Gabriel; Villalobos, Angelo; Gutiérrez, Francisco (17 December 2021).
505:
is at its beginning and occupies a crater of the 1991 eruption. Most of the ice in the caldera was destroyed by the 1971 eruption, but by 1979 it had built up again. During the 1991 eruption, cones surrounded by
557:
at a rate—at Hudson's latitude—of about 9 centimetres per year (3.5 in/year). This subduction is responsible for volcanism in the SVZ and the rest of the Andean Volcanic Belt except for the AVZ, where the
6622:
Vanneste, Kris; Wils, Katleen; Van Daele, Maarten (November 2018). "Probabilistic Evaluation of Fault Sources Based on Paleoseismic Evidence From Mass-Transport Deposits: The Example of Aysén Fjord, Chile".
6188:
Panaretos, Panayiotis; Albert, Paul G.; Thomas, Zoë A.; Turney, Chris S.M.; Stern, Charles R.; Jones, Gwydion; Williams, Alan N.; Smith, Victoria C.; Hogg, Alan G.; Manning, Christina J. (August 2021).
530:, the Rio Sorpresa Sur, Rio Sorpresa Norte all to the southeast, and the Huemules River to the northwest. Volcanic activity might be responsible for fluctuations in the discharge of the Huemules River.
5946:"Registro Histórico de Antecedentes Volcánicos y Sísmicos en la Patagonia Austral y la Tierra del Fuego. Historic Record of Volcanic and Seismic Precedents in Southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego"
4968:
Del Carlo, Paola; Di Roberto, Alessio; D'Orazio, Massimo; Petrelli, Maurizio; Angioletti, Andrea; Zanchetta, Giovanni; Maggi, Valter; Daga, Romina; Nazzari, Manuela; Rocchi, Sergio (September 2018).
4970:"Late Glacial-Holocene tephra from southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego (Argentina, Chile): A complete textural and geochemical fingerprinting for distal correlations in the Southern Hemisphere"
1352:. The 1,000 years ago date of the Huemules lava flow may correlate it to a mafic eruption 1,000 years ago, which also deposited tephra east and northeast from the volcano. Tephra layers from 1035
785:
Holocene eruptions. During historical eruptions, the vents opened up in the southwestern sector of the caldera. Some magmas can bypass the magma chamber and directly ascend to the surface through
5162:"Relationships between terrestrial animal exploitation, marine hunter-gatherers and palaeoenvironmental conditions during the Middle-Late Holocene in the Beagle Channel region (Tierra del Fuego)"
858:
Hudson has been active for more than one million years. The northeastern sector of the volcano is older than the southeastern, which has yielded ages of 120,000–100,000 years, but the incomplete
1538:
for the H2 eruption. Unlike the H1 and H3 eruptions, the H2 ash was dispersed mainly to the east and at larger distances to the southeast, forming a wider deposit. It has been identified in the
5882:
Marzocchi, Warner; Casarotti, Emanuele; Piersanti, Antonio (November 2002). "Modeling the stress variations induced by great earthquakes on the largest volcanic eruptions of the 20th century".
4931:
Cooper, Emma-Louise; Thorndycraft, Varyl R.; Davies, Bethan J.; Palmer, Adrian P.; García, Juan-Luis (1 December 2021). "Glacial geomorphology of the former Patagonian Ice Sheet (44–46 °S)".
1686:
had already spread worldwide when Hudson erupted. Unlike the Pinatubo eruption, Hudson mostly produced volcanic ash which fell out more quickly. However, the Hudson cloud led to substantial
493:, forming an ice surface at about 1,505 to 1,520 metres (4,940 to 4,990 ft) elevation. Ice flows out of the northwestern margin of the caldera and forms the Ventisquero de los Huemules
1611:
More than 4 cubic kilometres (1 cu mi) of tephra fell along two axes: A narrow northern one and a much wider and longer east-southeast trending axis from the volcano in southern
6660:
Watt, Sebastian F.L.; Pyle, David M.; Mather, Tamsin A. (July 2013). "The volcanic response to deglaciation: Evidence from glaciated arcs and a reassessment of global eruption records".
6414:
Smith, Rebecca E.; Smith, Victoria C.; Fontijn, Karen; Gebhardt, A. Catalina; Wastegård, Stefan; Zolitschka, Bernd; Ohlendorf, Christian; Stern, Charles; Mayr, Christoph (August 2019).
333:
during the Holocene. A smaller eruption occurred in 1971. The 7,750 BP and 1991 eruptions had a substantial impact on the human population of Patagonia and (for the 7,750 BP eruption)
1595:
eruption. With a volcanic explosivity index of 5, it is one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the 20th century. It formed a 12-kilometre-high (7.5 mi) eruption column and
1711:
descended the Huemules River, killing at least five people and damaging houses and farms. The lahar dragged blocks of ice along, swept the valley clear of trees and produced a
919:
occur about every 500 to 1000 years. Having erupted 55 times during the past 22,000 years, Hudson Volcano is the most active volcano in Patagonia and of the southernmost SVZ.
593:
and a gap to open up between the SVZ and the AVZ. The collision began 14 million years ago; since then, the triple junction and the volcanic gap are migrating north. Several
1608:
region produced continued ash fall, which was sometimes mistaken for renewed activity, and 1.5-metre-thick (4.9 ft) wind-blown dust accumulations formed in some areas.
497:. The Huemules Glacier is the largest glacier of Hudson Volcano, being 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) long, and the headwater of the Huemules River. The glacier is covered by
6191:"Distal ash fall from the mid-Holocene eruption of Mount Hudson (H2) discovered in the Falkland Islands: New possibilities for Southern Hemisphere archive synchronisation"
6354:
La cordillera de los Andes entre las latitude 46:̊ 50 ̊S. Luis Riso Patrón S.: ex-injeniero jefe de la segunda subcomisión chilena de limites con la República arjentina
1734:
ice interacting with the hydrothermal system of the volcano. Chilean authorities evacuated about 140 people from the region due to the threat from ash fall and lahars.
5810:"Single particle mineralogy of microparticles from Himalayan ice-cores using SEM/EDX and ATR-FTIR imaging techniques for identification of volcanic ash signatures"
1580:
roof of the reservoir failed, allowing the trachyandesitic magma to ascend to the surface and form the southwestern vent. The eruption may have been triggered by
1542:, Cerro Tres Tetas and La María archaeological sites; evidence at the Los Toldos archaeological site indicates that humans left the area after the H2 eruption.
2971:
2969:
4864:"Tephrostratigraphy of a deep-sea sediment sequence off the south Chilean margin: New insight into the Hudson volcanic activity since the last glacial period"
5777:"First seismic record for intra-arc strike-slip tectonics along the Liquiñe-Ofqui fault zone at the obliquely convergent plate margin of the southern Andes"
5160:
Fernández, Marilén; Ponce, Juan Federico; Zangrando, Francisco J.; Borromei, Ana María; Musotto, Lorena Laura; Alunni, Daniela; Vázquez, Martín (May 2020).
2966:
1631:, where damage exceeded 10,000,000 dollars. Along with other climatic and economic crises, the Hudson eruption led to a severe depopulation in the region.
337:: The 7,750 BP eruption devastated the local ecosystem and may have caused substantial shifts in human settlement and lifestyle. During the 1991 eruption,
1715:
in the sea off the mouth of the Huemules River. No pyroclastic flows formed during this eruption, while subglacial lava flows may or may not have formed.
5430:"The Hudson Volcano and surrounding monogenetic centres (Chilean Patagonia): An example of volcanism associated with ridge–trench collision environment"
889:
that covered the entire region with ice more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) thick. Tephra from its eruptions fell on the ice and was carried away by
1581:
893:, ending up in their moraines. The deglaciation that began 17,900 years ago may have enhanced volcanic activity; the largest eruptions of Hudson,
1813:
While it is often stated that the 1971 eruption led to its recognition as a volcano, an unpublished report about the caldera was written in 1970.
1742:
takes place under Hudson and south of it, between 0 to 10 kilometres (0 to 6 mi) underground, and is probably related to volcanic activity.
526:. Numerous rivers originate on Hudson; clockwise from north to south they include the Rio Desplayado to the north, the Rio Bayo to the east, the
501:
and its surface is at too low an altitude for the tephra to be buried under snow; thus from the air the glacier looks like a lava flow. A small
1527:
5494:
6773:"Sources of dissolved silica to the fjords of northern Patagonia (44–48°S): the importance of volcanic ash soil distribution and weathering"
942:; they occur mostly on the northeastern and southern sides of the caldera. Outside of the caldera, especially to the south, are widespread
79:
6034:
5247:
6008:"Upper crustal decompression due to deglaciation-induced flexural unbending and its role on post-glacial volcanism at the Southern Andes"
5209:
Franklin, William L. (July 2022). "Guanaco colonisation of Tierra del Fuego Island from mainland Patagonia: Walked, swam, or by canoe?".
1754:
Most eruptions led to tephra fallout around the volcano, with more intense eruptions producing pyroclastic flows outside of the caldera.
1415:
and the ignimbrite surrounding Hudson probably came from this eruption. The tephra deposits have three layers; an intermediary aggregate
1423:
activity from a tall eruption column, and two overlying and underlying layers of pumiceous lapilli. Water, presumably from glaciers and
765:
eruptions produced uniform magmas with temperatures of 943 to 972 °C (1,729 to 1,782 °F), a few percent water by weight and a
657:(LOFZ) which runs parallel to the volcanic belt. In the Hudson area, the LOFZ is formed by two branches connected through perpendicular
6885:
5019:"The 2011 Hudson volcano eruption (Southern Andes, Chile): Pre-eruptive inflation and hotspots observed with InSAR and thermal imagery"
846:
with grasses, herbs and scrubs. Since the 19th century, the vegetation has been altered by human intervention. South of Hudson is the
6123:
5911:
Masiokas, Mariano H.; Rivera, Andrés; Espizua, Lydia E.; Villalba, Ricardo; Delgado, Silvia; Aravena, Juan Carlos (October 2009).
6457:
A revised age of 7430±250 14C yrs BP for the very large mid-Holocene explosive H1 eruption of the Hudson volcano, southern Chile
6122:
Orihashi, Yuji; Naranjo, José A.; Motoki, Akihisa; Sumino, Hirochika; Hirata, Daiji; Anma, Ryo; Nagao, Keisuke (December 2004).
6288:"The peopling of the Fuego-Patagonian fjords by littoral hunter–gatherers after the mid-Holocene H1 eruption of Hudson Volcano"
4689:(Report). Carta Geológica de Chile, Serie Geología Ambiental 20 (in Spanish). Santiago: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería
4916:"Aprovisionamiento, explotación y circulación de obsidianas durante el holoceno tardío en Pali Aike (provincia de Santa Cruz)"
598:
the triple junction may be responsible for the unusually high activity of the volcano. Older volcanism in the region includes
7549:
5988:
4852:
1463:. The Patagonian-Tierra del Fuego Tephra II originated in this eruption. The wide dispersal of the ash was either due to the
7589:
7564:
922:
The Hudson caldera probably formed during the Holocene and grew incrementally. Pre-caldera outcrops are rare and consist of
5756:
Lachowycz, S.; Fontijn, K.; Smith, V.; Pyle, D. M.; Mather, T. A.; Mee, K.; Rawson, H. L.; Naranjo, J. A. (December 2016).
4649:
Agurto-Detzel, Hans; Rietbrock, Andreas; Bataille, Klaus; Miller, Matthew; Iwamori, Hikaru; Priestley, Keith (April 2014).
1804:
One source claims that it is technically the correct name of the volcano, giving the name "Hudson" to a different mountain.
955:
outside of the caldera are weathered and covered by vegetation; they are of Holocene age. Other geologic processes such as
758:
6416:"Refining the Late Quaternary tephrochronology for southern South America using the Laguna Potrok Aike sedimentary record"
6367:"Climate change and resilience of deciduous Nothofagus forests in central–east Chilean Patagonia over the last 3200 years"
6232:"Aplicación de un modelo de advección-difusión para dispersión de ceniza volcánica:\ erupción volcán Hudson (1991), Chile"
1647:, circling the continent in a month and reaching Chile again after a week. Ash from the eruption was found in snow at the
1758:
caused by melting of ice or erosion of tephra and pyroclastic deposits have occurred in the Huemules and Ibáñez valleys.
862:
of the edifice, which is largely covered with ice, precludes establishing a proper history of its growth. There are few
5061:"Author Correction: Liquiñe-Ofqui's fast slipping intra-volcanic arc crustal faulting above the subducted Chile Ridge"
7574:
7559:
6276:
5679:"Role of cryptic amphibole crystallization in magma differentiation at Hudson volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile"
5572:
1431:
Ash from the H1 eruption fell south-southeast from the volcano, extending over all of southern Patagonia and part of
5808:
Malek, Md Abdul; Eom, Hyo-Jin; Hwang, Heejin; Hur, Soon Do; Hong, Sungmin; Hou, Shugui; Ro, Chul-Un (January 2019).
1394:
Hudson. After the eruption had ended, winds redeposited the tephras over distances of 400 kilometres (250 mi).
510:
and small lakes formed in the ice. The recovery of the ice after the 1991 eruption was slower, and by 2002 Huemules
321:
deposits both in the proximity of Hudson and in the wider region. Four large eruptions took place in 17,300–17,440
6321:"Recent glacier variations on active ice capped volcanoes in the Southern Volcanic Zone (37°–46°S), Chilean Andes"
5522:"Hazardous processes and events from glacier and permafrost areas: lessons from the Chilean and Argentinean Andes"
5463:"Age and origin of tephras recorded in postglacial lake sediments to the west of the southern Andes, 44°S to 47°S"
1259:
Also found southeast of the volcano and with an estimated volume of 0.05 cubic kilometres (0.012 cu mi)
6531:
Stern, Charles R. (February 2018). "Obsidian sources and distribution in Patagonia, southernmost South America".
6124:"Quaternary volcanic activity of Hudson and Lautaro volcanoes, Chilean Patagonia: New constraints from K-Ar ages"
6089:
Narcisi, Biancamaria; Petit, Jean Robert; Delmonte, Barbara; Scarchilli, Claudio; Stenni, Barbara (August 2012).
4683:
1679:
962:
Pyroclastic fall and tephra deposits from Hudson and other volcanoes have been identified in marine cores in the
1600:
Huemules River to the Pacific Ocean. Ash deposited by the volcano was eroded by rivers and redeposited in their
140:
6878:
5113:"The 1991 explosive Hudson volcanic eruption as a geochronological marker for the Northern Antarctic Peninsula"
1722:
release killed animals in the Huemules valley. They do not appear to be linked to (visible) volcanic activity.
1707:
into the South Atlantic Ocean. Ashfall buried pastures and left deposits in lakes of the Chonos Archipelago. A
1628:
649:
under the volcano is about 30 kilometres (19 mi) thick. The volcanism in the SVZ is heavily influenced by
511:
5323:"Prehistoric human occupation of Southern Andean forests: Evidence from Alero Largo, Aysén, Chilean Patagonia"
7579:
6857:
6516:
Along arc petrochemical variations in the southernmost Andean SVZ (43.5-46°S): implications for Magma Genesis
6514:
847:
1294:
Estimated volume of 0.05 cubic kilometres (0.012 cu mi). The attribution of a tephra layer in the
489:
The caldera is filled with about 2.5 cubic kilometres (0.6 cu mi) of 40-metre-thick (130 ft)
7569:
6771:
Vandekerkhove, Elke; Bertrand, Sébastien; Reid, Brian; Bartels, Astrid; Charlier, Bernard (30 March 2016).
726:. The composition of Hudson rocks diverges from that of other SVZ volcanoes, with higher concentrations of
518:, the Hudson glaciers make up a large part of the regional glacier inventory, and have left well-preserved
72:
17:
5759:
Revision of the Post-Glacial explosive eruption history of Hudson Volcano (Chile) using tephrostratigraphy
4804:"Sedimentology and event timing of a catastrophic volcaniclastic mass flow, Volcan Hudson, Southern Chile"
4703:
409:
includes four volcanic zones separated by gaps without recent volcanoes. From north to south they are the
345:, causing high mortality in farm animals, aggravating an existing economic crisis, and reaching as far as
218:
654:
7341:
6910:
6091:"A 16,000-yr tephra framework for the Antarctic ice sheet: a contribution from the new Talos Dome core"
1404:
610:
450:
6415:
6320:
6287:
6190:
6156:
6090:
5912:
5809:
5776:
5462:
5429:
4969:
4863:
4724:
4650:
7554:
7228:
6871:
4704:"Imágenes y contenidos. Un caso de Cueva de las Manos, 9400-7700 años AP. (Río Pinturas, Santa Cruz)"
1690:
loss over Antarctica and had comparable effects in the southern hemisphere to the Pinatubo eruption.
6474:"Holocene tephrochronology record of large explosive eruptions in the southernmost Patagonian Andes"
5850:
5273:
4651:"Seismicity distribution in the vicinity of the Chile Triple Junction, Aysén Region, southern Chile"
1480:
lineages. More controversially, the eruption may have caused a cessation of the southern Patagonian
7584:
5501:
5408:
5321:
Garvey, Raven; Carrasco, Eduardo Silva; Solís, Constanza Roa; Bortolaso, Camila Charó (June 2023).
1585:
1563:
802:
7411:
5112:
1501:
on Tierra del Fuego or even of all human life on the island. Vertebrates were decimated and large
373:. Another name of the volcano is Cerro de los Ventisqueros. Politically, Hudson Volcano is in the
286:. South of Hudson is a smaller volcano, followed by a long gap without active volcanoes, then the
5945:
5757:
5413:
4896:
4723:
Barr, Iestyn D.; Lynch, Colleen M.; Mullan, Donal; De Siena, Luca; Spagnolo, Matteo (July 2018).
1539:
1477:
7431:
6730:
Weller, D. J.; Miranda, C. G.; Moreno, P. I.; Villa-Martínez, R.; Stern, C. R. (December 2015).
5363:
7093:
6040:
5677:
Kratzmann, David J.; Carey, Steven; Scasso, Roberto A.; Naranjo, Jose-Antonio (February 2010).
5251:
746:
670:
Hudson has erupted a wide range of volcanic rocks. The cones outside the caldera have produced
418:
410:
382:
263:
211:
189:
6731:
6690:
6590:
6473:
5678:
5629:
5018:
426:
298:
emerges from the northwestern side of the caldera. The volcano has erupted rocks ranging from
7083:
7043:
6560:
Torrent, Juan Carlos Rodríguez; Herrera, Sonia Reyes; Bustamante, Fernando Mandujano (2016).
4898:
Deconvolving the atmospheric impacts of the 1991 eruptions of Mount Pinatubo and Cerro Hudson
1591:
The eruption is the second-largest historic volcanic eruption in Chile, only behind the 1932
578:
574:
515:
422:
414:
287:
7406:
7351:
6772:
6366:
6255:
Perucca, Laura P.; Moreiras, Stella M. (2009). "Seismic and Volcanic Hazards in Argentina".
5851:"Holocene glacial variations in Central Patagonia, Aisen, Chile: geomorphological evidences"
5521:
7416:
7386:
7283:
7158:
7020:
6894:
6784:
6743:
6702:
6669:
6632:
6540:
6485:
6427:
6378:
6332:
6299:
6202:
6168:
6102:
6061:
5924:
5891:
5821:
5788:
5775:
Lange, D.; Cembrano, J.; Rietbrock, A.; Haberland, C.; Dahm, T.; Bataille, K. (July 2008).
5763:
5736:
5690:
5641:
5600:
5567:. Géodynamique Andine : Symposium International, 2. Oxford: ORSTOM. pp. 385–388.
5533:
5474:
5441:
5285:
5218:
5173:
5072:
5030:
4981:
4940:
4902:
4875:
4815:
4736:
4662:
1616:
898:
882:
813:
809:. Winds usually blow from the north or northwest and are strong; easterly winds are rare.
739:
502:
406:
283:
7446:
7346:
7268:
6365:
Simi, E.; Moreno, P. I.; Villa-Martínez, R.; Vilanova, I.; de Pol-Holz, R. (August 2017).
6049:
6007:
5630:"Compositional variations and magma mixing in the 1991 eruptions of Hudson volcano, Chile"
5017:
Delgado, Francisco; Pritchard, Matthew; Lohman, Rowena; Naranjo, José Antonio (May 2014).
2956:
2954:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2260:
1571:
activity continued for the next months, and small eruptions may have occurred in October.
8:
7371:
6975:
6689:
Weller, D.; Miranda, C. G.; Moreno, P. I.; Villa-Martínez, R.; Stern, C. R. (June 2014).
6231:
5972:
Archaeology of Piedra Museo Locality: An Open Window to the Early Population of Patagonia
2771:
2747:
1700:
1656:
1456:
1452:
1432:
1362:
835:
750:
614:
554:
6788:
6747:
6706:
6673:
6636:
6561:
6544:
6489:
6431:
6382:
6336:
6303:
6206:
6172:
6106:
6065:
5928:
5895:
5825:
5792:
5767:
5740:
5694:
5645:
5604:
5537:
5478:
5445:
5428:
Gutiérrez, F.; Gioncada, A.; González Ferran, O.; Lahsen, A.; Mazzuoli, R. (July 2005).
5289:
5222:
5177:
5076:
5034:
4985:
4944:
4906:
4879:
4819:
4740:
4666:
2978:, Discussion and conclusion: Evolution of Hudson and Lautaro volcanoes - Hudson Volcano.
2599:
2597:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
1510:. These immigrants would then have reintroduced mammals such as guanacos on the island.
7504:
7336:
7063:
6808:
6759:
6718:
6648:
6501:
6460:
6443:
6402:
6218:
6077:
5994:
5837:
5714:
5665:
5616:
5549:
5391:
5350:
5309:
5234:
5197:
5148:
5093:
5060:
5046:
5005:
4956:
4831:
4803:
4790:
4752:
3441:
3405:
2951:
2368:
1884:
1861:
Formerly it was thought that it had been largely inactive during the past 10,000 years.
1473:
1440:
982:
911:
830:
780:
Magma genesis processes can be complex in slab window areas, as melts derived from the
462:
6268:
5970:
5628:
Kratzmann, David J; Carey, Steven; Scasso, Roberto; Naranjo, Jose-Antonio (May 2009).
5486:
3549:
7494:
7451:
7426:
7288:
6965:
6930:
6915:
6833:
6763:
6652:
6610:
6577:
6505:
6447:
6272:
6243:
6222:
6143:
6081:
5998:
5984:
5957:
5870:
5841:
5718:
5669:
5620:
5578:
5568:
5553:
5453:
5395:
5383:
5354:
5342:
5313:
5301:
5238:
5201:
5152:
5140:
5132:
5098:
5050:
5009:
4960:
4887:
4848:
4835:
4794:
4756:
4711:
3161:
3037:
3035:
2867:
2804:
2759:
2720:
2660:
2636:
2594:
2499:
2437:
2402:
2237:
2105:
1940:
1535:
1444:
1349:
950:. Lahar deposits contain blocks of lava embedded within a fine-grained substrate. An
671:
527:
430:
395:
358:
6812:
6722:
6681:
6439:
6406:
6214:
6139:
6114:
5520:
Iribarren Anacona, Pablo; Mackintosh, Andrew; Norton, Kevin Patrick (January 2015).
4993:
4748:
7509:
7499:
7421:
7401:
7356:
7233:
7198:
6960:
6935:
6800:
6792:
6751:
6710:
6677:
6640:
6602:
6569:
6548:
6523:
6493:
6435:
6394:
6386:
6340:
6307:
6264:
6210:
6176:
6135:
6110:
6069:
6019:
5976:
5975:. The Latin American Studies Book Series. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
5932:
5899:
5862:
5829:
5796:
5744:
5706:
5698:
5657:
5649:
5608:
5541:
5482:
5449:
5375:
5334:
5293:
5226:
5189:
5181:
5124:
5088:
5080:
5038:
4997:
4989:
4948:
4883:
4823:
4782:
4774:
4744:
4670:
1620:
1596:
1274:
Estimated volume of 0.5 cubic kilometres (0.12 cu mi). Also found in the
943:
939:
916:
566:
362:
334:
233:
122:
5849:
Mardones, Maria; Gonzalez, Liubow; King, Robert; Campos, Eduardo (9 August 2011).
5833:
5368:
Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos sobre Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres REDER
5128:
4952:
4553:
4334:
4332:
3032:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2737:
2735:
2626:
2624:
1895:
Conversion of CE to BP by adding 1950, and from AD by subtracting the AD from 1950
606:
rocks in the Taitao Peninsula that were emplaced during the last 4 million years.
7326:
7298:
7163:
6985:
6925:
6552:
6344:
6311:
6180:
5936:
5562:
5274:"Towards the development of the first permanent volcano observatory in Argentina"
5264:
5185:
4674:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
1652:
1498:
1464:
1460:
1420:
956:
798:
786:
766:
754:
723:
658:
650:
646:
559:
267:
7391:
5800:
4473:
4344:
4131:
4083:
3501:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1484:
trade, and a shift towards the use of coastal resources by people in Patagonia.
842:
occur in the coastal areas. To the east there is a transition to the Patagonian
325:("H0 eruption"), 7,750 BP ("H1 eruption"), 4,200 BP ("H2 eruption") and in 1991
7218:
7143:
5913:"Glacier fluctuations in extratropical South America during the past 1000years"
5564:
Geology, geochemistry and recent activity of the Hudson volcano, Southern Chile
5403:
5161:
5084:
4915:
4380:
4356:
4329:
4317:
4188:
4119:
3872:
3824:
3537:
3525:
3477:
3369:
3197:
2927:
2915:
2783:
2732:
2621:
2468:
1927:
1914:
1699:
number of animals and two shepherds; it may either be non-volcanic or due to a
1523:
climate change may have caused changes in the vegetation close to the volcano.
1387:
821:
735:
618:
586:
374:
322:
170:
6755:
6714:
6497:
5980:
5702:
5653:
5250:(Report). Revistas de Recursos Naturales de Chile (in Spanish). Archived from
5042:
4437:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
3725:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3173:
3071:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2425:
2291:
2132:
686:
rock suite straddling the alkaline-subalkaline line. Rocks contain only a few
7543:
7461:
7441:
7073:
6837:
6581:
6562:"El proyecto nueva Chaitén: La asincronía entre Estado, academia y comunidad"
6247:
6147:
5961:
5874:
5582:
5387:
5346:
5305:
5136:
4715:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4278:
4229:
4227:
3381:
3103:
3101:
2821:
2819:
2567:
2555:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2014:
1668:
1624:
963:
927:
839:
781:
715:
699:
683:
594:
330:
206:
94:
81:
7466:
6945:
6573:
6036:
La erupción del volcán Hudson en 1991 (46°S) : Región IX, Aisén, Chile.
5866:
5379:
5297:
4684:
Peligros del volcán Hudson, Región Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo
4512:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3608:
3606:
3429:
3185:
2531:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
1558:
The 1991 Plinian eruption is known as the H3 eruption. After a few hours of
761:, possibly along with the assimilation of crustal material. The three major
438:
329:("H3 eruption"); the second is among the most intense volcanic eruptions in
7514:
7476:
7253:
7193:
7118:
6732:"Tephrochronology of the southernmost Andean Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile"
6614:
6464:
6357:
5144:
5102:
4239:
4095:
4064:
4052:
3645:
2879:
2855:
2065:
2063:
1726:
1719:
1644:
1448:
1436:
1408:
859:
770:
731:
634:
473:
reach heights of 200 to 300 metres (660 to 980 ft) and are sources of
470:
387:
378:
370:
366:
338:
202:
6691:"The large late-glacial Ho eruption of the Hudson volcano, southern Chile"
6073:
4524:
4449:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4266:
4224:
4212:
4178:
4176:
4163:
4161:
3992:
3489:
3098:
2843:
2816:
2696:
2672:
2648:
2331:
2314:
757:- or sediment-derived components, while the caldera magmas formed through
7471:
7321:
7188:
7183:
7173:
7113:
6920:
6644:
6024:
5903:
5748:
5612:
4778:
4107:
4016:
3956:
3603:
3561:
3113:
3020:
2993:
2480:
1766:
1712:
1412:
875:
867:
719:
582:
570:
547:
466:
434:
310:
279:
5338:
5001:
4786:
2981:
2609:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2060:
773:
composition. The H2 eruption led to a change of magma chemistry to more
7381:
7213:
7208:
7168:
7138:
7048:
7015:
7010:
6970:
6804:
6606:
6398:
6286:
Prieto, Alfredo; Stern, Charles R.; Estévez, Jordi E. (December 2013).
6157:"Mid-Holocene littoral adaptation at the southern end of South America"
5710:
5661:
5500:. International Commission on Stratigraphy. August 2018. Archived from
5193:
4967:
4827:
4425:
4404:
4200:
4173:
4158:
4040:
3447:
3411:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1739:
1648:
1640:
1526:
Ash layers have been found at various sites close to the volcano, with
1520:
1507:
1424:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1295:
1275:
951:
806:
727:
707:
687:
642:
522:. The path of some of the glaciers may be influenced by local tectonic
346:
275:
6039:, Revistas de Recursos Naturales de Chile (in Spanish), archived from
5427:
3633:
3167:
2873:
2810:
2777:
2765:
2753:
2726:
2666:
2642:
2603:
2543:
2510:
2450:
2419:
2266:
2254:
2126:
1765:
initiated a monitoring programme for Argentine volcanoes. The Chilean
1725:
The last eruption was in October 2011, and was preceded by increasing
7331:
7316:
7293:
7258:
7238:
7223:
7078:
7058:
6796:
6390:
5545:
5230:
4862:
Carel, Mélanie; Siani, Giuseppe; Delpech, Guillaume (December 2011).
2831:
2343:
1850:
1664:
1612:
1576:
1568:
1531:
975:
886:
874:
transition time close to the volcano, but several have been found in
679:
523:
474:
391:
342:
116:
6940:
4648:
4559:
3754:
3752:
3737:
3256:
1991:
1962:
1960:
7519:
7456:
7366:
7203:
7133:
7128:
7098:
7068:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6980:
6863:
4895:
Case, P. A.; Colarco, P. R.; Toon, B.; Aquila, V. (December 2017).
3788:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
1672:
1660:
1605:
1481:
978:
967:
871:
762:
703:
691:
675:
638:
603:
599:
507:
446:
425:(AVZ). Hudson is the second-southernmost volcano of the SVZ, after
314:
306:, but large parts of the caldera are formed by non-volcanic rocks.
303:
7396:
7273:
4392:
4305:
4295:
4293:
1152:
Estimated volume of 0.05 cubic kilometres (0.012 cu mi)
1136:
Estimated volume of 0.05 cubic kilometres (0.012 cu mi)
1120:
Estimated volume of 0.05 cubic kilometres (0.012 cu mi)
994:
Date BP, sources unless given otherwise, margins of error omitted
777:
compositions, followed by a reversal during the last 1,000 years.
7361:
7278:
7263:
7248:
7153:
7123:
6955:
6950:
6729:
6688:
5519:
5109:
4479:
4386:
4362:
4350:
4338:
4323:
4194:
4137:
4125:
4089:
3932:
3749:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3507:
3483:
3465:
3375:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3203:
3179:
3092:
3041:
2798:
2741:
2630:
2431:
2308:
2210:
2208:
2151:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2025:
1957:
1871:
1762:
1755:
1730:
1683:
1592:
1567:
The eruption continued for the following three days. Seismic and
1559:
1469:
1416:
1328:
Estimated volume of 0.1 cubic kilometres (0.024 cu mi)
1313:
Estimated volume of 0.1 cubic kilometres (0.024 cu mi)
1213:
Estimated volume of 0.1 cubic kilometres (0.024 cu mi)
923:
890:
817:
711:
695:
630:
622:
590:
550:
519:
494:
483:
479:
457:
398:
357:
Hudson Volcano lies in the Andes of southern Chile, northwest of
295:
291:
259:
194:
6830:
La erupcion del volcan Hudson (Andes Patagonicos) en agosto 1991
6770:
6364:
5259:
Fuenzalida-Ponce, R (September 1974). Gonzalez-Ferran, O (ed.).
4368:
4256:
4254:
4148:
4146:
4004:
3920:
3713:
3662:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3233:
2933:
2921:
2474:
538:
7436:
7376:
7243:
7178:
7148:
7108:
7088:
7053:
7025:
6852:
6050:"Holocene explosive activity of Hudson Volcano, southern Andes"
6033:
Naranjo S., José A.; Moreno R., Hugo; Banks, Norman G. (1993),
5774:
5725:
5159:
4443:
4290:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3878:
3830:
3731:
3623:
3621:
3191:
3059:
3010:
3008:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2456:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2157:
2095:
2093:
1678:
The 1991 eruption of Hudson took place in the same year as the
1601:
1502:
1383:
947:
894:
863:
843:
626:
498:
318:
299:
62:
46:
6088:
5589:
4930:
4847:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, Dordrecht.
3578:
3576:
3435:
3387:
2684:
2584:
2582:
2573:
2561:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2205:
2174:
2172:
2043:
1667:
in Australia. Particles from Hudson have been found in ice at
902:
the volcanic record of Patagonia pre-dating 14,500 years ago.
7103:
6990:
5910:
5364:"Los peligros volcánicos en la planificación urbana en Chile"
5057:
5016:
4625:
4601:
4577:
4518:
4502:
4500:
4461:
4251:
4143:
4077:
3357:
3304:
3266:
2861:
2678:
2537:
2337:
1708:
1687:
1228:
Estimated volume of 1 cubic kilometre (0.24 cu mi)
1182:
Estimated volume of 1 cubic kilometre (0.24 cu mi)
931:
825:
774:
274:, having erupted most recently in 2011. It was formed by the
271:
177:
5561:
Kilian, R.; Ippach, P.; Lopez-Escobar, L. (September 1993).
5320:
3975:
3860:
3674:
3618:
3513:
3453:
3393:
3221:
3209:
3047:
3005:
2939:
2896:
2890:
2521:
2519:
2385:
2090:
1550:
1371:
7531:
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
6187:
6121:
5969:
Miotti, Laura; Salemme, Monica; Hermo, Darío, eds. (2022).
5881:
5676:
5627:
4245:
4113:
4101:
4022:
3969:
3656:
3573:
3137:
3107:
2975:
2960:
2849:
2825:
2708:
2702:
2654:
2579:
2379:
2325:
2272:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2169:
2080:
2078:
971:
935:
5848:
5248:
Hallazgo de una caldera volcánica en la Provincia de Aisén
4613:
4541:
4497:
3998:
3691:
3689:
3593:
3591:
3125:
3026:
2999:
456:
The volcano is a 10-kilometre-wide (6 mi) ice-filled
6413:
5755:
5560:
5263:. Proc Symp Andean & Antarctic Volcanology Problems.
4763:
4725:"Volcanic impacts on modern glaciers: A global synthesis"
4589:
3612:
3567:
3495:
3417:
3149:
2987:
2837:
2615:
2516:
490:
442:
6559:
6513:
Stern, Charles R; Naranjo, José Antonio (October 2015).
6032:
4431:
4419:
4206:
4182:
4058:
4046:
2362:
2220:
2075:
2008:
1831:
The epoch between 23.03 and 5.333 million years ago
1786:
The epoch between 2,58 million and 11,700 years ago
1604:, enlarging them. Wind-driven erosion of the ash in the
665:
6832:. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco.
6048:
Naranjo, José A.; Stern, Charles R. (4 February 1998).
4722:
4167:
4028:
3944:
3908:
3896:
3884:
3836:
3764:
3686:
3588:
2549:
326:
6591:"Fueguian crania and the circum-Pacific rim variation"
5461:
Haberle, Simon G.; Lumley, Susie H. (September 1998).
3800:
3776:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
1822:
It appears to consist of two or three nested calderas.
290:. Hudson has the form of a 10-kilometre-wide (6-mile)
6621:
6230:
Parra, Juan A.; Figueroa, Dante M. (1 January 1999).
5362:
Geoffroy, Carolina; Ciocca, Isabella (20 July 2023).
5272:
Garcia, Sebastian; Badi, Gabriela (1 November 2021).
4894:
4398:
3848:
3812:
3701:
3639:
6589:
Turbon, D.; Arenas, C.; Cuadras, C. M. (June 2017).
5246:
Fuenzalida, Ricardo P.; Espinosa, Walter N. (1974).
4485:
2031:
1840:
The epoch between about 145 and 66 million years ago
959:
have modified the appearance of the Hudson volcano.
6588:
4920:
Relaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropología
4565:
3794:
2184:
1703:. Other lahars may have occurred in 1972 and 1979.
6285:
5968:
5245:
4311:
3938:
3926:
3758:
3743:
3719:
2462:
2163:
2054:
5917:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
5762:. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2016.
4901:. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2017.
4861:
3471:
3260:
3065:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1761:After the 1991 eruption of Hudson, the Argentine
1634:
1348:An uncertain eruption may have occurred in 8,010
789:, forming the volcanic cones surrounding Hudson.
7541:
5807:
5258:
4374:
2690:
2214:
1376:
6319:Rivera, Andrés; Bown, Francisca (August 2013).
6254:
4480:Iribarren Anacona, Mackintosh & Norton 2015
4299:
4195:Iribarren Anacona, Mackintosh & Norton 2015
985:and Taitao Peninsula is named HW1 through HW7.
390:58 kilometres (36 mi) north-northeast and
341:covered a large area in Chile and neighbouring
309:The volcano erupted numerous times in the late
6659:
5467:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
5434:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
5361:
4868:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
4767:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface
4631:
4607:
4583:
4260:
3351:
3053:
3014:
2945:
2099:
1972:
1651:, arriving there in December, in ice cores of
352:
6879:
6356:(in Spanish). Imprenta Cervantes – via
6229:
6006:Mora, David; Tassara, Andrés (1 March 2019).
5460:
4467:
3363:
3275:
3227:
3215:
2909:
2396:
1487:
581:. The subduction of the ridge has produced a
445:95 kilometres (59 mi) from Hudson, then
251:
243:
6625:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
6512:
6047:
5884:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
5729:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
4010:
3986:
3866:
3680:
3668:
3627:
3459:
3399:
2714:
2588:
2285:
2178:
1926:Older estimates of its age are 3600 or 3920
1693:
546:Off the western coast of South America, the
6454:
6005:
4681:
4619:
4506:
3582:
3519:
3423:
3155:
3143:
2231:
2084:
6886:
6872:
6318:
5271:
4595:
4547:
2525:
805:, while the eastern slopes are within the
641:) that were variously emplaced during the
394:75 kilometres (47 mi) northeast; the
6595:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
6455:Stern, Charles R.; Weller, Derek (2012).
6023:
5683:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
5495:"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"
5092:
4842:
4114:Marzocchi, Casarotti & Piersanti 2002
3131:
1372:Significant eruptions and recent activity
792:
6325:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
5208:
5117:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
4655:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
4034:
3950:
3914:
3902:
3890:
3770:
3695:
3597:
1549:
1534:. The occurrence at Lago Quijada is the
1513:
1435:. It has been recovered from lakes like
1397:
537:
6351:
6257:Developments in Earth Surface Processes
6154:
4913:
4701:
3842:
3806:
3782:
2616:Kilian, Ippach & Lopez-Escobar 1993
2037:
1655:, and in various sites of the northern
1545:
613:, a 1,000-kilometre-long (600 mi)
14:
7542:
4432:Torrent, Herrera & Bustamante 2016
4420:Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993
4207:Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993
4183:Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993
4059:Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993
4047:Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993
2363:Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993
2009:Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993
1913:Older date estimates are 8260 or 6700
1643:and in the westerlies surrounding the
885:, Hudson was at the centre of a large
433:. The next volcanoes to the north are
147:
6867:
6777:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
6530:
6471:
5943:
5593:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
5526:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
4571:
3854:
3818:
3707:
1000:Chonos Archipelago lacustrine tephra
666:Composition and magma plumbing system
6893:
4801:
4702:Aschero, Carlos (16 December 2021).
4491:
2199:
1795:The epoch beginning 11,700 years ago
1639:Winds transported the plume towards
1554:Cerro Hudson after the 1991 eruption
589:, causing volcanism to cease in the
6522:. XIV Chilean Geological Congress.
6472:Stern, Charles R. (February 2008).
6155:Orquera, Luis Abel (January 2005).
5493:
5402:
4535:
4455:
4284:
4272:
4233:
4218:
4152:
3640:Vanneste, Wils & Van Daele 2018
3298:
3119:
2493:
2069:
1985:
1966:
1472:populations, a population shift at
989:Selected tephra layers from Hudson
853:
24:
6459:. 13th Chilean Geologic Congress.
25:
7601:
6845:
6352:Sánchez, Luis Risopatrón (1905).
6012:Geophysical Journal International
3795:Turbon, Arenas & Cuadras 2017
6851:
5944:Mateo, Mateo (9 December 2008).
5454:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.01.014
4888:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.09.011
4312:Miotti, Salemme & Hermo 2022
4287:, Bulletin Report BGVN 16:09-10.
3939:Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013
3927:Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013
3759:Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013
3744:Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013
3720:Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013
1933:
1920:
1907:
1898:
381:. Most of the volcano is in the
146:
139:
45:
6821:
6682:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.03.007
6440:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.06.001
6215:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107074
6140:10.4067/S0716-02082004000200002
6115:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.06.011
4994:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.07.028
4845:Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards
4749:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.04.008
3472:Carel, Siani & Delpech 2011
3261:Carel, Siani & Delpech 2011
3066:Carel, Siani & Delpech 2011
1889:
1877:
1864:
1855:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1680:1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
1298:of Antarctica is questionable.
1167:Tentatively assigned to Hudson
437:35 kilometres (22 mi) and
6828:Bitschene, Peter René (1995).
5211:Geo: Geography and Environment
4682:Amigo, A.; Bertin, D. (2014).
2463:Fuenzalida & Espinosa 1974
2164:Fuenzalida & Espinosa 1974
2055:Fuenzalida & Espinosa 1974
1789:
1780:
1751:farming and animal husbandry.
1718:During the 1990s, episodes of
1663:noted the ash cloud as far as
1659:, where it arrived in August.
1635:Intercontinental spread of ash
1390:were the dominant components.
1368:were located north of Hudson.
542:Schematic of a subduction zone
361:. The name "Hudson" refers to
294:filled with ice; the Huemules
13:
1:
6371:Journal of Quaternary Science
6269:10.1016/S0928-2025(08)10014-1
5834:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.11.010
5487:10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00037-7
5129:10.1590/0001-3765202220210810
4953:10.1080/17445647.2021.1986158
4843:Bobrowsky, P.T., ed. (2013).
4538:, Bulletin Report BGVN 38:12.
4458:, Bulletin Report CSLP 43-73.
4275:, Bulletin Report BGVN 16:10.
4236:, Bulletin Report BGVN 16:09.
4221:, Bulletin Report BGVN 16:11.
3122:, Bulletin Report BGVN 20:02.
2496:, Bulletin Report BGVN 16:07.
2072:, Bulletin Report CSLP 80-71.
1950:
1904:Which may be an overestimate.
1455:. More distant sites include
1377:H0 eruption: 17,300–17,440 BP
848:Northern Patagonian Ice Field
7550:20th-century volcanic events
6553:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.07.030
6345:10.1016/j.jsames.2013.02.004
6312:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.06.024
6181:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.07.019
5937:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.08.006
5186:10.1016/j.quaint.2018.05.032
4802:Best, James L (April 1992).
4675:10.1016/j.jsames.2013.12.011
3352:Watt, Pyle & Mather 2013
3054:Watt, Pyle & Mather 2013
3015:Watt, Pyle & Mather 2013
2946:Watt, Pyle & Mather 2013
262:in the southern part of the
67:1,905 m (6,250 ft)
7:
5801:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.04.014
4300:Perucca & Moreiras 2009
905:
602:volcanoes in Patagonia and
353:Geography and geomorphology
10:
7606:
6568:(in Spanish) (19): 73–79.
6420:Quaternary Science Reviews
6236:Revista Mexicana de Física
6195:Quaternary Science Reviews
6128:Revista Geológica de Chile
6095:Quaternary Science Reviews
5085:10.1038/s41598-021-03919-z
4974:Quaternary Science Reviews
4641:
4632:Geoffroy & Ciocca 2023
4608:Geoffroy & Ciocca 2023
4584:Geoffroy & Ciocca 2023
4261:Geoffroy & Ciocca 2023
2100:Geoffroy & Ciocca 2023
1943:, as is commonly reported.
1745:
1488:Impact on Tierra del Fuego
1405:volcanic explosivity index
1003:Juncal Alto tephra layers
997:Taitao marine core tephra
946:deposits formed by banded
759:fractional crystallization
533:
7590:Volcanoes of Aysén Region
7565:Mountains of Aysén Region
7528:
7485:
7307:
7034:
6901:
6756:10.1007/s00445-015-0991-2
6715:10.1007/s00445-014-0831-9
6498:10.1007/s00445-007-0148-z
5981:10.1007/978-3-030-92503-1
5703:10.1007/s00410-009-0426-1
5654:10.1007/s00445-008-0234-x
5267:: IAVCEI. pp. 78–87.
5043:10.1007/s00445-014-0815-9
4710:(in Spanish) (8): 48–76.
4560:Agurto-Detzel et al. 2014
4468:Haberle & Lumley 1998
3364:Haberle & Lumley 1998
3276:Haberle & Lumley 1998
3228:Haberle & Lumley 1998
3216:Haberle & Lumley 1998
2910:Haberle & Lumley 1998
2475:Vandekerkhove et al. 2016
2397:Parra & Figueroa 1999
1694:Other historical activity
1443:, peat bogs including at
966:, sediments in lakes and
812:The region is covered by
797:The climate at Hudson is
678:. The Hudson rocks are a
217:
200:
188:
183:
169:
133:
128:
115:
110:
71:
61:
56:
44:
39:
34:
7575:Stratovolcanoes of Chile
7560:Holocene stratovolcanoes
6533:Quaternary International
6292:Quaternary International
6161:Quaternary International
5409:Global Volcanism Program
5327:Latin American Antiquity
5166:Quaternary International
4914:Charlin, Judith (2009).
4011:Naranjo & Stern 1998
3987:Naranjo & Stern 1998
3867:Naranjo & Stern 1998
3681:Naranjo & Stern 1998
3669:Naranjo & Stern 1998
3628:Naranjo & Stern 1998
3460:Naranjo & Stern 1998
3400:Naranjo & Stern 1998
2715:Stern & Naranjo 2015
2589:Stern & Naranjo 2015
2286:Naranjo & Stern 1998
2179:Naranjo & Stern 1998
1773:
1586:1960 Valdivia earthquake
1564:phreatomagmatic eruption
1476:, and the extinction of
803:orographic precipitation
655:Liquine-Ofqui Fault Zone
451:Puyuhuapi volcanic field
6736:Bulletin of Volcanology
6695:Bulletin of Volcanology
6574:10.4206/aus.2016.n19-12
6478:Bulletin of Volcanology
6054:Bulletin of Volcanology
5867:10.5027/andgeoV38n2-a07
5634:Bulletin of Volcanology
5414:Smithsonian Institution
5380:10.55467/reder.v7i2.123
5298:10.30909/vol.04.S1.2148
5023:Bulletin of Volcanology
4808:Bulletin of Volcanology
4620:Amigo & Bertin 2014
4507:Amigo & Bertin 2014
4387:Evangelista et al. 2022
4363:Evangelista et al. 2022
4351:Evangelista et al. 2022
4339:Evangelista et al. 2022
4324:Evangelista et al. 2022
4138:Evangelista et al. 2022
4126:Evangelista et al. 2022
3583:Stern & Weller 2012
3520:Mora & Tassara 2019
3424:Amigo & Bertin 2014
3156:Amigo & Bertin 2014
3144:Amigo & Bertin 2014
2232:Amigo & Bertin 2014
2085:Amigo & Bertin 2014
1478:human mitochondrial DNA
745:The cone lavas include
565:West of Hudson and the
7308:Southern Volcanic Zone
7094:Andagua volcanic field
6902:Northern Volcanic Zone
5123:(suppl 1): e20210810.
4596:Garcia & Badi 2021
4548:Rivera & Bown 2013
2679:De Pascale et al. 2021
2526:Rivera & Bown 2013
2338:De Pascale et al. 2021
1969:, General Information.
1870:A lahar is a volcanic
1584:changes caused by the
1555:
793:Climate and vegetation
753:components as well as
747:mid-ocean ridge basalt
609:Hudson rises from the
543:
482:carved valleys. Thick
419:Southern Volcanic Zone
411:Northern Volcanic Zone
282:under the continental
264:Southern Volcanic Zone
252:
244:
237:
212:Southern Volcanic Zone
51:Aerial photo from 1991
7486:Austral Volcanic Zone
7412:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
7084:Huambo volcanic field
7035:Central Volcanic Zone
6662:Earth-Science Reviews
6074:10.1007/s004450050193
6043:on September 25, 2023
5254:on November 23, 2023.
4729:Earth-Science Reviews
4246:Kratzmann et al. 2010
4102:Kratzmann et al. 2009
4023:Panaretos et al. 2021
3970:Panaretos et al. 2021
3879:Fernández et al. 2020
3831:Fernández et al. 2020
3657:Kratzmann et al. 2010
3448:Del Carlo et al. 2018
3412:Del Carlo et al. 2018
3168:Gutiérrez et al. 2005
3108:Kratzmann et al. 2010
2874:Gutiérrez et al. 2005
2850:Kratzmann et al. 2010
2838:Lachowycz et al. 2016
2826:Kratzmann et al. 2010
2811:Gutiérrez et al. 2005
2778:Gutiérrez et al. 2005
2766:Gutiérrez et al. 2005
2754:Gutiérrez et al. 2005
2727:Gutiérrez et al. 2005
2703:Kratzmann et al. 2010
2691:Fuenzalida-Ponce 1974
2667:Gutiérrez et al. 2005
2655:Kratzmann et al. 2010
2643:Gutiérrez et al. 2005
2604:Gutiérrez et al. 2005
2511:Gutiérrez et al. 2005
2451:Gutiérrez et al. 2005
2420:Gutiérrez et al. 2005
2326:Kratzmann et al. 2009
2267:Gutiérrez et al. 2005
2255:Gutiérrez et al. 2005
2215:Fuenzalida-Ponce 1974
2127:Gutiérrez et al. 2005
1553:
1514:H2 eruption: 4,200 BP
1398:H1 eruption: 7,750 BP
1141:12,000/11,060/11,428
1125:14,110/13,890/13,798
1109:16,100/14,560/14,533
974:, and potentially in
814:temperate rainforests
740:incompatible elements
579:Chile Triple Junction
541:
423:Austral Volcanic Zone
415:Central Volcanic Zone
317:, forming widespread
288:Austral Volcanic Zone
258:) is the most active
7580:Subduction volcanoes
7021:Licto volcanic field
6860:at Wikimedia Commons
6645:10.1029/2018jb016289
5904:10.1029/2001jb001391
5749:10.1029/2005jd006072
5613:10.1029/2022pa004543
4779:10.1002/2014jf003321
3999:Mardones et al. 2011
3732:Kurbatov et al. 2006
3558:, pp. 7, 8, 13.
3496:Bertrand et al. 2014
3192:Kurbatov et al. 2006
3027:Mardones et al. 2011
3000:Mardones et al. 2011
2976:Orihashi et al. 2004
2961:Orihashi et al. 2004
2538:Masiokas et al. 2009
2380:Orihashi et al. 2004
2269:, pp. 209, 216.
1617:South Atlantic Ocean
1546:H3 eruption: 1991 AD
1453:archaeological sites
1356:and 9,216 BC in the
883:last glacial maximum
836:Magellanic moorlands
611:Patagonian Batholith
407:Andean Volcanic Belt
284:South American Plate
7570:South Volcanic Zone
6789:2016ESPL...41..499V
6748:2015BVol...77..107W
6707:2014BVol...76..831W
6674:2013ESRv..122...77W
6637:2018JGRB..123.9842V
6545:2018QuInt.468..190S
6490:2008BVol...70..435S
6432:2019QSRv..218..137S
6383:2017JQS....32..845S
6337:2013JSAES..45..345R
6304:2013QuInt.317....3P
6207:2021QSRv..26607074P
6173:2005QuInt.132..107O
6107:2012QSRv...49...52N
6066:1998BVol...59..291N
5929:2009PPP...281..242M
5896:2002JGRB..107.2320M
5826:2019ChGeo.504..205M
5793:2008Tectp.455...14L
5768:2016AGUFM.V11A2757L
5741:2006JGRD..11112307K
5695:2010CoMP..159..237K
5646:2009BVol...71..419K
5605:2023PaPa...38.4543K
5538:2015ESPL...40....2I
5479:1998JVGR...84..239H
5446:2005JVGR..145..207G
5339:10.1017/laq.2022.18
5290:2021Volca...4S..21G
5223:2022GeoGE...9E.110F
5178:2020QuInt.549..208F
5077:2021NatSR..1124405D
5035:2014BVol...76..815D
4986:2018QSRv..195..153D
4945:2021JMaps..17..661C
4907:2017AGUFM.A21I2275C
4880:2011JVGR..208...99C
4820:1992BVol...54..299B
4741:2018ESRv..182..186B
4667:2014JSAES..51....1A
4519:Delgado et al. 2014
4078:Delgado et al. 2014
4013:, pp. 291–292.
3671:, pp. 305–306.
3436:Koffman et al. 2023
3388:Narcisi et al. 2012
3301:, Eruption history.
2963:, Hudson Volcano 2.
2862:Delgado et al. 2014
2780:, pp. 225–226.
2756:, pp. 215–216.
2382:, Hudson Volcano 1.
1701:subglacial eruption
1657:Antarctic Peninsula
1629:Santa Cruz Province
1457:Isla de los Estados
1363:Southern Hemisphere
990:
912:explosive eruptions
751:ocean island basalt
555:South America Plate
486:occur in the area.
91: /
7407:Carrán-Los Venados
7352:Nevados de Chillán
7337:Descabezado Grande
6607:10.1002/ajpa.23207
6461:Antofagasta, Chile
6025:10.1093/gji/ggy473
5261:The Hudson volcano
5065:Scientific Reports
4828:10.1007/bf00301484
4090:Weller et al. 2014
4061:, pp. 25, 27.
3556:Weller et al. 2014
3544:Weller et al. 2014
3532:Weller et al. 2014
3508:Weller et al. 2014
3484:Weller et al. 2014
3376:Weller et al. 2015
3204:Weller et al. 2015
3180:Weller et al. 2015
3093:Weller et al. 2014
3042:Weller et al. 2014
2891:Garvey et al. 2023
2799:Weller et al. 2014
2742:Weller et al. 2014
2631:Weller et al. 2015
2574:Cooper et al. 2021
2562:Cooper et al. 2021
2432:Weller et al. 2015
2309:Weller et al. 2014
2152:Weller et al. 2014
2026:Weller et al. 2014
1885:argon-argon dating
1556:
1474:Cueva de las Manos
1459:and Siple Dome in
1441:Laguna Potrok Aike
988:
983:Chonos Archipelago
831:Nothofagus pumilio
544:
57:Highest point
7537:
7536:
7347:Nevado de Longaví
7289:Cueros de Purulla
7269:Cordón del Azufre
6931:Nevado del Tolima
6856:Media related to
6631:(11): 9842–9865.
5990:978-3-030-92502-4
4854:978-1-4020-4399-4
4773:(12): 2555–2573.
4444:Lange et al. 2008
4375:Malek et al. 2019
3746:, pp. 10–11.
3613:Smith et al. 2019
3568:Smith et al. 2019
3044:, pp. 13–14.
2988:Smith et al. 2019
1597:pyroclastic flows
1536:reference section
1445:Puerto del Hambre
1346:
1345:
940:pyroclastic rocks
917:Plinian eruptions
672:basaltic andesite
585:in the downgoing
575:Peru–Chile Trench
396:Carretera Austral
359:Lago Buenos Aires
227:
226:
27:Mountain in Chile
16:(Redirected from
7597:
7555:Active volcanoes
7532:
7402:Mocho-Choshuenco
6936:Nevado del Huila
6895:Andean volcanoes
6888:
6881:
6874:
6865:
6864:
6855:
6841:
6816:
6797:10.1002/esp.3840
6767:
6726:
6685:
6656:
6618:
6585:
6556:
6527:
6521:
6509:
6468:
6451:
6410:
6391:10.1002/jqs.2948
6361:
6348:
6315:
6282:
6251:
6226:
6184:
6151:
6118:
6085:
6044:
6029:
6027:
6018:(3): 1549–1559.
6002:
5965:
5940:
5923:(3–4): 242–268.
5907:
5878:
5845:
5814:Chemical Geology
5804:
5771:
5752:
5722:
5673:
5624:
5586:
5557:
5546:10.1002/esp.3524
5516:
5514:
5512:
5506:
5499:
5490:
5473:(3–4): 239–256.
5457:
5440:(3–4): 207–233.
5424:
5422:
5420:
5399:
5358:
5317:
5268:
5255:
5242:
5231:10.1002/geo2.110
5205:
5156:
5106:
5096:
5054:
5013:
4964:
4927:
4910:
4891:
4858:
4839:
4798:
4760:
4719:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4688:
4678:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4402:
4399:Case et al. 2017
4396:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4249:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4171:
4168:Barr et al. 2018
4165:
4156:
4155:, Photo Gallery.
4150:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4062:
4056:
4050:
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4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
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3930:
3924:
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3834:
3828:
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3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3616:
3610:
3601:
3595:
3586:
3580:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3302:
3296:
3279:
3273:
3264:
3258:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3146:, pp. 9–10.
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3096:
3090:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2964:
2958:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2934:Simi et al. 2017
2931:
2925:
2922:Simi et al. 2017
2919:
2913:
2907:
2894:
2888:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2550:Barr et al. 2018
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2514:
2508:
2497:
2491:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2400:
2394:
2383:
2377:
2366:
2360:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2312:
2306:
2289:
2283:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2235:
2229:
2218:
2212:
2203:
2197:
2182:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2130:
2124:
2103:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2012:
2006:
1989:
1983:
1970:
1964:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1621:Falkland Islands
1499:hunter-gatherers
991:
987:
944:pyroclastic fall
878:west of Hudson.
854:Eruption history
653:, including the
567:Taitao Peninsula
363:Francisco Hudson
335:Tierra del Fuego
257:
249:
173:
150:
149:
143:
123:Francisco Hudson
106:
105:
103:
102:
101:
96:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
49:
32:
31:
21:
7605:
7604:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7585:VEI-6 volcanoes
7540:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7530:
7524:
7487:
7481:
7309:
7303:
7299:Ojos del Salado
7229:Aguas Calientes
7036:
7030:
6926:Nevado del Ruiz
6903:
6897:
6892:
6848:
6827:
6824:
6819:
6519:
6279:
5991:
5575:
5510:
5508:
5507:on 31 July 2018
5504:
5497:
5418:
5416:
5265:Santiago, Chile
4933:Journal of Maps
4874:(3–4): 99–111.
4855:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4618:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4570:
4566:
4558:
4554:
4546:
4542:
4534:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4505:
4498:
4490:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4430:
4426:
4418:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4373:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4345:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4298:
4291:
4283:
4279:
4271:
4267:
4259:
4252:
4244:
4240:
4232:
4225:
4217:
4213:
4205:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4100:
4096:
4088:
4084:
4076:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4009:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3985:
3976:
3968:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3877:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3853:
3849:
3841:
3837:
3829:
3825:
3817:
3813:
3805:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3757:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3667:
3663:
3655:
3646:
3642:, p. 9862.
3638:
3634:
3626:
3619:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3522:, p. 1556.
3518:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3498:, p. 2571.
3494:
3490:
3482:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3305:
3297:
3282:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2897:
2889:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2500:
2492:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2403:
2395:
2386:
2378:
2369:
2361:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2315:
2307:
2292:
2284:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2238:
2230:
2221:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2133:
2125:
2106:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2015:
2007:
1992:
1984:
1973:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1748:
1696:
1682:. The Pinatubo
1653:East Antarctica
1637:
1582:tectonic stress
1548:
1516:
1506:arriving using
1490:
1465:eruption column
1461:West Antarctica
1421:phreatomagmatic
1419:formed through
1411:deposit in the
1400:
1379:
1374:
957:glacial erosion
908:
856:
822:broadleaf trees
795:
767:trachyandesitic
724:titanomagnetite
668:
619:intrusive rocks
560:Antarctic Plate
536:
516:Queulat Ice Cap
355:
278:of the oceanic
268:Andes Mountains
171:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
158:
157:
156:
155:
151:
99:
97:
95:45.92°S 72.95°W
93:
90:
85:
82:
80:
78:
77:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7603:
7593:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7535:
7534:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7491:
7489:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7313:
7311:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7219:Purico complex
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7040:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6907:
6905:
6899:
6898:
6891:
6890:
6883:
6876:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6847:
6846:External links
6844:
6843:
6842:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6783:(4): 499–512.
6768:
6727:
6686:
6657:
6619:
6601:(2): 295–316.
6586:
6557:
6528:
6510:
6484:(4): 435–454.
6469:
6452:
6411:
6377:(6): 845–856.
6362:
6349:
6316:
6283:
6277:
6252:
6242:(5): 466–471.
6227:
6185:
6167:(1): 107–115.
6152:
6134:(2): 207–224.
6119:
6086:
6060:(4): 291–306.
6045:
6030:
6003:
5989:
5966:
5952:(in Spanish).
5941:
5908:
5879:
5861:(2): 371–392.
5857:(in Spanish).
5855:Andean Geology
5846:
5805:
5787:(1–4): 14–24.
5781:Tectonophysics
5772:
5753:
5723:
5689:(2): 237–264.
5674:
5640:(4): 419–439.
5625:
5587:
5573:
5558:
5517:
5491:
5458:
5425:
5404:"Cerro Hudson"
5400:
5370:(in Spanish).
5359:
5333:(2): 366–384.
5318:
5269:
5256:
5243:
5206:
5157:
5107:
5055:
5014:
4965:
4939:(2): 661–681.
4928:
4922:(in Spanish).
4911:
4892:
4859:
4853:
4840:
4814:(4): 299–318.
4799:
4761:
4720:
4699:
4679:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4624:
4612:
4600:
4588:
4576:
4564:
4552:
4550:, p. 348.
4540:
4523:
4511:
4496:
4494:, p. 303.
4484:
4472:
4470:, p. 244.
4460:
4448:
4436:
4424:
4403:
4391:
4379:
4377:, p. 207.
4367:
4355:
4343:
4328:
4316:
4314:, p. 426.
4304:
4302:, p. 288.
4289:
4277:
4265:
4250:
4248:, p. 240.
4238:
4223:
4211:
4199:
4187:
4172:
4170:, p. 193.
4157:
4142:
4130:
4118:
4106:
4104:, p. 436.
4094:
4082:
4063:
4051:
4039:
4027:
4015:
4003:
4001:, p. 389.
3991:
3989:, p. 301.
3974:
3955:
3943:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3895:
3883:
3881:, p. 210.
3871:
3869:, p. 299.
3859:
3857:, p. 451.
3847:
3845:, p. 110.
3835:
3833:, p. 214.
3823:
3821:, p. 196.
3811:
3799:
3797:, p. 310.
3787:
3775:
3763:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3710:, p. 444.
3700:
3685:
3683:, p. 306.
3673:
3661:
3659:, p. 239.
3644:
3632:
3630:, p. 300.
3617:
3615:, p. 142.
3602:
3587:
3585:, p. 878.
3572:
3570:, p. 152.
3560:
3548:
3536:
3524:
3512:
3500:
3488:
3476:
3474:, p. 109.
3464:
3462:, p. 305.
3452:
3450:, p. 167.
3440:
3428:
3416:
3414:, p. 166.
3404:
3402:, p. 297.
3392:
3380:
3368:
3366:, p. 250.
3356:
3303:
3280:
3278:, p. 253.
3265:
3263:, p. 104.
3232:
3230:, p. 247.
3220:
3218:, p. 254.
3208:
3196:
3184:
3172:
3170:, p. 231.
3160:
3148:
3136:
3132:Bobrowsky 2013
3124:
3112:
3110:, p. 237.
3097:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3031:
3029:, p. 381.
3019:
3004:
3002:, p. 376.
2992:
2990:, p. 150.
2980:
2965:
2950:
2938:
2936:, p. 847.
2926:
2924:, p. 846.
2914:
2912:, p. 241.
2895:
2893:, p. 367.
2878:
2876:, p. 228.
2866:
2854:
2852:, p. 262.
2842:
2830:
2828:, p. 261.
2815:
2813:, p. 227.
2803:
2782:
2770:
2768:, p. 222.
2758:
2746:
2731:
2729:, p. 216.
2719:
2717:, p. 424.
2707:
2705:, p. 255.
2695:
2683:
2671:
2669:, p. 211.
2659:
2657:, p. 238.
2647:
2645:, p. 210.
2635:
2620:
2618:, p. 386.
2608:
2606:, p. 229.
2593:
2591:, p. 426.
2578:
2576:, p. 674.
2566:
2564:, p. 663.
2554:
2552:, p. 196.
2542:
2540:, p. 245.
2530:
2528:, p. 350.
2515:
2513:, p. 212.
2498:
2479:
2477:, p. 504.
2467:
2455:
2453:, p. 213.
2436:
2424:
2422:, p. 215.
2401:
2399:, p. 468.
2384:
2367:
2342:
2330:
2328:, p. 420.
2313:
2290:
2288:, p. 292.
2271:
2259:
2257:, p. 209.
2236:
2219:
2204:
2202:, p. 301.
2183:
2181:, p. 291.
2168:
2156:
2131:
2129:, p. 208.
2104:
2089:
2074:
2059:
2042:
2030:
2013:
1990:
1971:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1932:
1919:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1876:
1863:
1854:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1747:
1744:
1695:
1692:
1636:
1633:
1547:
1544:
1515:
1512:
1489:
1486:
1399:
1396:
1388:trachyandesite
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1333:−21 (1971 AD)
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
907:
904:
855:
852:
840:cushion plants
794:
791:
736:titanium oxide
667:
664:
645:-Miocene. The
595:fracture zones
577:, forming the
535:
532:
512:was retreating
484:volcanic soils
421:(SVZ) and the
375:Aysen Province
354:
351:
230:Hudson Volcano
225:
224:
221:
215:
214:
209:
198:
197:
192:
186:
185:
181:
180:
175:
167:
166:
159:
154:Hudson Volcano
153:
152:
145:
144:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
131:
130:
126:
125:
119:
113:
112:
108:
107:
100:-45.92; -72.95
75:
69:
68:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
35:Hudson Volcano
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7602:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7527:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7484:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7442:Michinmahuida
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7306:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7284:San Francisco
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7194:Aucanquilcha
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7074:Hualca Hualca
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6904:(6° N – 3° S)
6900:
6896:
6889:
6884:
6882:
6877:
6875:
6870:
6869:
6866:
6859:
6854:
6850:
6849:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6826:
6825:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6529:
6525:
6518:
6517:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6284:
6280:
6278:9780444531179
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6037:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5890:(B11): 2320.
5889:
5885:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5574:2-7099-1154-X
5570:
5566:
5565:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5503:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5426:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5284:(S1): 21–48.
5283:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4708:Anuario TAREA
4705:
4700:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4646:
4634:, p. 49.
4633:
4628:
4622:, p. 27.
4621:
4616:
4610:, p. 44.
4609:
4604:
4598:, p. 23.
4597:
4592:
4586:, p. 41.
4585:
4580:
4573:
4568:
4561:
4556:
4549:
4544:
4537:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4521:, p. 16.
4520:
4515:
4509:, p. 11.
4508:
4503:
4501:
4493:
4488:
4482:, p. 15.
4481:
4476:
4469:
4464:
4457:
4452:
4446:, p. 16.
4445:
4440:
4434:, p. 73.
4433:
4428:
4422:, p. 10.
4421:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4400:
4395:
4388:
4383:
4376:
4371:
4364:
4359:
4353:, p. 10.
4352:
4347:
4340:
4335:
4333:
4325:
4320:
4313:
4308:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4281:
4274:
4269:
4263:, p. 43.
4262:
4257:
4255:
4247:
4242:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4220:
4215:
4209:, p. 27.
4208:
4203:
4196:
4191:
4185:, p. 12.
4184:
4179:
4177:
4169:
4164:
4162:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4140:, p. 12.
4139:
4134:
4127:
4122:
4115:
4110:
4103:
4098:
4092:, p. 15.
4091:
4086:
4079:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4060:
4055:
4049:, p. 11.
4048:
4043:
4037:, p. 12.
4036:
4035:Franklin 2022
4031:
4024:
4019:
4012:
4007:
4000:
3995:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3953:, p. 26.
3952:
3951:Franklin 2022
3947:
3941:, p. 12.
3940:
3935:
3928:
3923:
3917:, p. 15.
3916:
3915:Franklin 2022
3911:
3905:, p. 28.
3904:
3903:Franklin 2022
3899:
3893:, p. 16.
3892:
3891:Franklin 2022
3887:
3880:
3875:
3868:
3863:
3856:
3851:
3844:
3839:
3832:
3827:
3820:
3815:
3809:, p. 58.
3808:
3803:
3796:
3791:
3785:, p. 51.
3784:
3779:
3773:, p. 23.
3772:
3771:Franklin 2022
3767:
3761:, p. 11.
3760:
3755:
3753:
3745:
3740:
3734:, p. 14.
3733:
3728:
3721:
3716:
3709:
3704:
3698:, p. 14.
3697:
3696:Franklin 2022
3692:
3690:
3682:
3677:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3641:
3636:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3600:, p. 13.
3599:
3598:Franklin 2022
3594:
3592:
3584:
3579:
3577:
3569:
3564:
3557:
3552:
3545:
3540:
3533:
3528:
3521:
3516:
3510:, p. 13.
3509:
3504:
3497:
3492:
3485:
3480:
3473:
3468:
3461:
3456:
3449:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3413:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3390:, p. 60.
3389:
3384:
3377:
3372:
3365:
3360:
3354:, p. 82.
3353:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3206:, p. 11.
3205:
3200:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3158:, p. 10.
3157:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3068:, p. 99.
3067:
3062:
3056:, p. 87.
3055:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3023:
3017:, p. 84.
3016:
3011:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2948:, p. 83.
2947:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2875:
2870:
2864:, p. 14.
2863:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2812:
2807:
2801:, p. 16.
2800:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2744:, p. 12.
2743:
2738:
2736:
2728:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2693:, p. 80.
2692:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2644:
2639:
2633:, p. 22.
2632:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2217:, p. 79.
2216:
2211:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2102:, p. 40.
2101:
2096:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2040:, p. 33.
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2010:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1669:Mount Everest
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1625:South Georgia
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:reaching the
1529:
1524:
1522:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:, Antarctica
1277:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
992:
986:
984:
980:
977:
973:
969:
965:
964:Pacific Ocean
960:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:hyaloclastite
925:
920:
918:
913:
903:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
790:
788:
783:
782:asthenosphere
778:
776:
772:
771:trachydacitic
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:orthopyroxene
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:clinopyroxene
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:calc-alkaline
681:
677:
673:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
556:
552:
549:
540:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
476:
472:
471:spatter cones
468:
464:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
400:
397:
393:
389:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:South America
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
255:
248:
247:
241:
240:
239:Volcán Hudson
235:
231:
222:
220:
219:Last eruption
216:
213:
210:
208:
204:
199:
196:
193:
191:
190:Mountain type
187:
182:
179:
176:
174:
168:
142:
132:
127:
124:
120:
118:
114:
109:
104:
76:
74:
70:
66:
64:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7392:Quetrupillán
7254:Llullaillaco
7119:Huaynaputina
6858:Cerro Hudson
6829:
6822:Bibliography
6780:
6776:
6739:
6735:
6698:
6694:
6665:
6661:
6628:
6624:
6598:
6594:
6565:
6536:
6532:
6515:
6481:
6477:
6465:ResearchGate
6463:– via
6456:
6423:
6419:
6374:
6370:
6358:Google Books
6353:
6328:
6324:
6295:
6291:
6260:
6256:
6239:
6235:
6198:
6194:
6164:
6160:
6131:
6127:
6098:
6094:
6057:
6053:
6041:the original
6035:
6015:
6011:
5971:
5953:
5949:
5920:
5916:
5887:
5883:
5858:
5854:
5817:
5813:
5784:
5780:
5758:
5732:
5728:
5686:
5682:
5637:
5633:
5596:
5592:
5563:
5529:
5525:
5509:. Retrieved
5502:the original
5470:
5466:
5437:
5433:
5417:. Retrieved
5407:
5374:(2): 36–56.
5371:
5367:
5330:
5326:
5281:
5277:
5260:
5252:the original
5214:
5210:
5169:
5165:
5120:
5116:
5071:(1): 24405.
5068:
5064:
5026:
5022:
5002:11568/926084
4977:
4973:
4936:
4932:
4923:
4919:
4897:
4871:
4867:
4844:
4811:
4807:
4787:11336/180546
4770:
4766:
4732:
4728:
4707:
4691:. Retrieved
4658:
4654:
4627:
4615:
4603:
4591:
4579:
4574:, p. 6.
4567:
4562:, p. 8.
4555:
4543:
4514:
4487:
4475:
4463:
4451:
4439:
4427:
4394:
4389:, p. 1.
4382:
4370:
4365:, p. 9.
4358:
4346:
4341:, p. 2.
4326:, p. 8.
4319:
4307:
4280:
4268:
4241:
4214:
4202:
4197:, p. 2.
4190:
4133:
4128:, p. 7.
4121:
4116:, p. 7.
4109:
4097:
4085:
4080:, p. 2.
4054:
4042:
4030:
4025:, p. 3.
4018:
4006:
3994:
3972:, p. 4.
3946:
3934:
3929:, p. 9.
3922:
3910:
3898:
3886:
3874:
3862:
3850:
3843:Orquera 2005
3838:
3826:
3814:
3807:Charlin 2009
3802:
3790:
3783:Aschero 2021
3778:
3766:
3739:
3727:
3722:, p. 4.
3715:
3703:
3676:
3664:
3635:
3563:
3551:
3546:, p. 8.
3539:
3534:, p. 6.
3527:
3515:
3503:
3491:
3486:, p. 9.
3479:
3467:
3455:
3443:
3438:, p. 6.
3431:
3426:, p. 8.
3419:
3407:
3395:
3383:
3378:, p. 6.
3371:
3359:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3194:, p. 7.
3187:
3182:, p. 1.
3175:
3163:
3151:
3139:
3127:
3115:
3095:, p. 5.
3061:
3049:
3022:
2995:
2983:
2941:
2929:
2917:
2869:
2857:
2845:
2833:
2806:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2681:, p. 1.
2674:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2611:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2470:
2465:, p. 2.
2458:
2434:, p. 5.
2427:
2365:, p. 9.
2340:, p. 9.
2333:
2311:, p. 3.
2262:
2234:, p. 7.
2166:, p. 3.
2159:
2154:, p. 4.
2087:, p. 6.
2057:, p. 1.
2038:Sánchez 1905
2033:
2028:, p. 2.
2011:, p. 6.
1935:
1922:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1879:
1866:
1857:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1760:
1753:
1749:
1736:
1727:hydrothermal
1724:
1720:volcanic gas
1717:
1705:
1697:
1677:
1645:polar vortex
1638:
1610:
1590:
1573:
1562:activity, a
1557:
1528:cryptotephra
1525:
1517:
1495:
1491:
1449:Punta Arenas
1437:Lago Cardiel
1430:
1409:mass wasting
1401:
1392:
1380:
1347:
1303:1,090/1,072
1283:1,920/1,560
1264:2,070/2,054
1249:2,740/2,558
1244:H2 eruption
1218:4,200/4,717
1203:5,840/7,221
1198:H1 eruption
1187:6,700/7,540
1172:6,910/7,765
961:
921:
909:
880:
876:marine cores
860:stratigraphy
857:
829:
811:
796:
779:
744:
732:sodium oxide
690:, including
669:
635:granodiorite
608:
564:
553:beneath the
545:
488:
455:
404:
388:Puerto Aysen
383:municipality
379:Aysen Region
371:hydrographer
369:captain and
367:Chilean Navy
356:
339:volcanic ash
308:
254:Monte Hudson
253:
246:Cerro Hudson
245:
238:
229:
228:
172:Parent range
121:Named after
40:Cerro Hudson
29:
18:Mount Hudson
7488:(49°–55° S)
7472:Mate Grande
7322:Tupungatito
7310:(33°–46° S)
7189:Olca-Paruma
7184:Irruputuncu
7174:Tata Sabaya
7114:Pichu Pichu
7044:Quimsachata
7037:(14°–27° S)
6921:Cerro Bravo
6805:2268/198359
6742:(12): 107.
6539:: 190–205.
6426:: 137–156.
6399:11336/48452
6331:: 345–356.
6263:: 267–300.
5956:(2): 5–18.
5820:: 205–215.
5711:11336/68727
5662:11336/75682
5532:(1): 2–21.
5419:23 November
5194:11336/86435
5172:: 208–217.
4980:: 153–170.
4735:: 186–203.
1767:SERNAGEOMIN
1713:pumice raft
1508:bark canoes
1413:Aysen Fjord
881:During the
868:Pleistocene
720:plagioclase
688:phenocrysts
617:made up of
583:slab window
573:enters the
571:Chile Ridge
548:Nazca Plate
503:crater lake
435:Mate Grande
377:of Chile's
311:Pleistocene
280:Nazca Plate
98: /
73:Coordinates
7544:Categories
7432:Hornopirén
7417:Casablanca
7387:Villarrica
7382:Sollipulli
7342:Cerro Azul
7214:Licancabur
7209:Sairecabur
7169:Guallatiri
7159:Parinacota
7139:Purupuruni
7049:Auquihuato
7016:Tungurahua
7011:Chimborazo
6971:Reventador
6946:Doña Juana
6668:: 77–102.
6201:: 107074.
5950:Magallania
5511:22 October
4693:4 February
4572:Mateo 2008
3855:Stern 2008
3819:Stern 2018
3708:Stern 2008
1951:References
1849:Including
1740:seismicity
1649:South Pole
1641:Antarctica
1540:Los Toldos
1521:neoglacial
1433:Magallanes
1425:permafrost
1366:westerlies
1358:Siple Dome
1296:Talos Dome
1276:Talos Dome
952:ignimbrite
926:formed by
899:Villarrica
816:formed by
807:rainshadow
728:iron oxide
708:oligoclase
643:Cretaceous
562:subducts.
528:Rio Ibáñez
524:lineaments
475:lava flows
347:Antarctica
276:subduction
7452:Corcovado
7372:Lonquimay
7332:Calabozos
7317:Tupungato
7294:Incahuasi
7259:Lastarria
7239:Chiliques
7079:Sabancaya
7059:Sara Sara
6976:Pichincha
6911:Paipa-Iza
6838:883455940
6764:264200335
6653:134520351
6582:0718-7262
6524:La Serena
6506:140710192
6448:197679210
6248:2683-2224
6223:237258918
6148:0716-0208
6101:: 52–63.
6082:129252515
5999:246573778
5962:0718-2244
5875:0718-7106
5842:134692024
5719:129692378
5670:195240386
5621:257683043
5583:0767-2896
5554:129032404
5396:260044573
5388:0719-8477
5355:248787969
5347:1045-6635
5314:240436373
5306:2610-3540
5278:Volcanica
5239:250635602
5202:134055720
5153:248139547
5137:0001-3765
5051:129659146
5010:135055583
4961:245064581
4836:140699337
4795:134154972
4757:135327483
4716:2469-0422
4492:Best 1992
2200:Best 1992
1941:fluorosis
1851:amphibole
1665:Melbourne
1613:Patagonia
1577:amphibole
1569:fumarolic
1532:Falklands
979:ice cores
976:Antarctic
968:peat bogs
910:Numerous
887:ice sheet
866:from the
680:potassium
615:formation
508:crevasses
480:glacially
427:Rio Murta
392:Coihaique
343:Argentina
201:Volcanic
129:Geography
117:Etymology
63:Elevation
7520:Fueguino
7505:Aguilera
7457:Mentolat
7367:Callaqui
7204:Zapaleri
7134:Yucamane
7129:Tutupaca
7099:Chachani
7069:Coropuna
7064:Solimana
7006:Quilotoa
7001:Cotopaxi
6996:Illiniza
6981:Antisana
6813:54943497
6723:53612778
6615:28374500
6407:55547438
6298:: 3–13.
5145:35442299
5103:34921212
4661:: 1–11.
4536:GVP 2023
4456:GVP 2023
4285:GVP 2023
4273:GVP 2023
4234:GVP 2023
4219:GVP 2023
4153:GVP 2023
3299:GVP 2023
3134:, Lahar.
3120:GVP 2023
2494:GVP 2023
2070:GVP 2023
1986:ICC 2018
1967:GVP 2023
1756:Mudflows
1738:shallow
1684:aerosols
1673:Himalaya
1661:Aircraft
1615:and the
1606:semiarid
1482:obsidian
1407:of 6. A
1318:210/252
934:, mafic
924:breccias
906:Holocene
891:glaciers
872:Holocene
818:conifers
763:Holocene
704:ilmenite
692:andesine
676:andesite
639:tonalite
604:adakitic
600:back-arc
551:subducts
520:moraines
463:basement
449:and the
447:Mentolat
315:Holocene
304:rhyolite
7495:Lautaro
7447:Chaitén
7427:Calbuco
7362:Copahue
7279:Peinado
7264:Lazufre
7249:Socompa
7154:Taapaca
7124:Ticsani
6966:Cayambe
6956:Azufral
6951:Galeras
6916:Romeral
6785:Bibcode
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