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those staying overnight. The offering is surprisingly wide, given that most supplies, often including fresh water, must be flown in by helicopter, and may include glucose-based snacks (such as candy bars) on which climbers and walkers wish to stock up, cakes and pastries made at the hut, a variety of hot and cold drinks (including beer and wine), and high carbohydrate dinners in the evenings. Not all huts offer a catered service, though, and visitors may need to provide for themselves. Some huts offer facilities for both, enabling visitors wishing to keep costs down to bring their own food and cooking equipment and to cater using the facilities provided. Booking for overnight stays at huts is deemed obligatory, and in many cases is essential as some popular huts, even with more than 100 bed spaces, may be full during good weather and at weekends. Once made, the cancellation of a reservation is advised as a matter of courtesy – and, indeed, potentially of safety, as many huts keep a record of where climbers and walkers state they plan to walk to next. Most huts may be contacted by telephone and most take credit cards as a means of payment.
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Mountaineers who use this style are usually, but not always, part of a large team of climbers and support staff (such as porters and guides). To cover large distances with their massive amounts of gear, sleds and pack animals are commonly used. Climbers will set up multiple camps along the mountain, and will haul their gear up the mountain multiple times, returning to a lower camp after each haul until all the gear is at a higher camp; and repeating this procedure until they reach the summit. This technique is also helpful for acclimatization. While it is the original style in which high mountains were climbed, expedition style is rare these days as more mountains have become accessible to the general public with
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1531:. Alpine style ascents have been done throughout history on extreme altitude (above 5,000 m) peaks also, albeit in lower volume to expedition style ascents. Climbers generally carry their loads between camps without backtracking, in a single push for the summit. If the summit is reachable from the base camp or trailhead within one day, then alpine-style mountaineers will not change camps at all, and only carry the slightest of loads (necessary nourishment and equipment) up to the summit. "Light and fast" is the mantra of the alpine mountaineer.
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128:-recognized world organization for mountaineering and climbing. The consequences of mountaineering on the natural environment can be seen in terms of individual components of the environment (land relief, soil, vegetation, fauna, and landscape) and the location/zone of mountaineering activity (hiking, trekking, or climbing zone). Mountaineering impacts communities on economic, political, social and cultural levels, often leading to changes in people's worldviews influenced by globalization, specifically foreign cultures and lifestyles.
1211:. The facilities are usually rudimentary, but, given their locations, huts offer vital shelter, make routes more widely accessible (by allowing journeys to be broken and reducing the weight of equipment needing to be carried), and offer good value. In Europe, all huts are staffed during the summer (mid-June to mid-September) and some are staffed in the spring (mid-March to mid-May). Elsewhere, huts may also be open in the fall. Huts also may have a part that is always open, but unstaffed, a so-called winter hut.
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temperature of a correctly made snow cave will hover around freezing, which relative to outside temperatures can be very warm. They can be dug anywhere where there is at least four feet of snow. The addition of a good quality bivouac bag and closed cell foam sleeping mat will also increase the warmth of the snow cave. Another shelter that works well is a
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Common symptoms of heat stroke can be an altered state of mind, rapid pulse and respiratory rate, headache, hot skin, loss of coordination, and possible seizures. This is a life-threatening illness that must be dealt with right away. While mountaineering, snow and ice can be used to cool the body and
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In remote locations, mountaineers will set up a "base camp," which is an area used for staging attempts at nearby summits. Base camps are positioned to be relatively safe from harsh terrain and weather. Where the summit cannot be reached from base camp in a single day, a mountain will have additional
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When open and staffed, the huts are generally run by full-time employees, but some are staffed on a voluntary basis by members of alpine clubs. The manager of the hut, termed a guardian or warden in Europe, will usually also sell refreshments and meals, both to those visiting only for the day and to
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help climbers build anchors and move up the ice, as well as traditional rock climbing equipment for anchoring in mixed terrain. Often, mountaineers climbing steep snow or mixed snowy rock terrain will not use a fixed belay. Instead, each climber on the team will climb at the same time while attached
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Once anchored, the leader will then belay the climber coming up from below. Once the follower reaches the leader, the leader will often transfer all necessary protection devices (known as a rack) to the follower. The follower then becomes the leader and will ascend the next pitch. This process will
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Mountaineering lacks formal rules – though appropriately empowered bodies make many pertaining to specific use of mountains and practices on them. In theory, any person may climb a mountain and call themself a mountaineer. In practice, the sport is defined by the safe and necessary use of
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The best treatment for hypothermia is to deal with it before it occurs, using preventative measures instead of waiting for symptoms to appear. Mountaineering requires a slower pace to avoid sweating and fatigue that could lead to these dangerous conditions. Other tips for preventing hypothermia
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are another way to shelter high on the mountain. Some climbers do not use tents at high altitudes unless the snow conditions do not allow for snow caving, since snow caves are silent and much warmer than tents. They can be built relatively easily, given sufficient time, using a snow shovel. The
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In the UK the term "hut" is used for any cottage or cabin used as a base for walkers or climbers. These are mostly owned by mountaineering clubs for use by members or visiting clubs and generally do not have wardens or permanent staff, but have cooking and washing facilities and heating. In the
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Alpine style, or informal variations of it, is the most common form of mountaineering today. It involves a single, straightforward climb of the mountain, with no backtracking. This style is most suited for medium-sized mountain areas close to civilization with elevations of 2,000–5,000 m
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The
European alpine regions, in particular, have a large network of huts. Such huts exist at many different heights, including in the high mountains themselves – in extremely remote areas, more rudimentary shelters may exist. The mountain huts are of varying size and quality, but each is
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which involves proceeding on steep sections of blank ice with crampons and ice axes. This activity often requires progressing on steep and blank sections of ice. Most mountaineers have to rely on ice climbing skills to climb upon the higher peaks in the
European Alps, Himalayas and Canadian
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The alpine style contrasts with "expedition style". With this style, climbers will carry large amounts of equipment and provisions up and down the mountain, slowly making upward progress. Climbing in an expedition style is preferred if the summit is very high or distant from civilization.
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Climbers use a few different forms of shelter depending on the situation and conditions; alpine shelters or arctic shelters. Shelter is a very important aspect of safety for the climber as weather in the mountains may be very unpredictable. Tall mountains may require many days of camping.
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Mountaineering techniques vary greatly depending on location, season, terrain, and route. Both techniques and hazards vary by terrain, spanning trails, rock, snow, and ice. Mountaineers must possess adequate food, water, information, equipment, stamina, and skill to complete their tasks.
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Long the domain of the wealthy elite and their agents, the emergence of the middle-class in the 19th and 20th centuries resulted in mass interest in mountaineering. It became a popular pastime and hobby of many people. Some have come to criticize the sport as becoming too much of a
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and is sometimes also used on ice, however, the risk of dropping frequently displaced ice on the lower team member(s) limits its usefulness on ice. Traditional belays are also used; in this case, this is sometimes necessary due to ice fall hazard, steepness, or other factors.
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Camping is not always an option, or may not be suitable if a mountain is close to civilization. Some regions may legally prohibit primitive camping due to concern for the environment, or due to issues with crowds. In lieu of camping, mountaineers may choose to stay in
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from the
Dolomites mountain range (Italy) was then the first to climb all eight-thousanders up to 1986, in addition to being the first without supplemental oxygen. In 1978 he climbed Mount Everest with Peter Habeler without supplemental oxygen, the first men to do so.
1164:. The ability of these shelters to provide protection from the elements is dependent on their design. Mountaineers who climb in areas with cold weather or snow and ice will use more heavy-duty shelters than those who climb in more forgiving environments.
1080:. At times snowbridges can be as thin as a few inches and may collapse from people walking over them. Should a climber fall, being protected by a rope greatly reduces the risk of injury or death. The other members of the rope team may proceed with a
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It is not always wise for climbers to form a rope team, since one falling climber may pull the entire team off the mountain. However, the risks of individual, unprotected travel are often so great that groups have no choice but to form a rope team.
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or religious concepts. Nonetheless, there are many documented examples of people climbing mountains prior to the formal development of the sport in the 19th century, although many of these stories are sometimes considered fictional or legendary.
1049:. Teams of climbers may choose to attach everyone together with a rope, to form a rope team. The team may then secure themselves by attaching the rope to anchors. These anchors are sometimes unreliable and include snow stakes or pickets,
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Rapid Alpine-style ascents do not leave the climber exposed to hazards (such as accidents, deteriorating health at altitude, and avalanches of snow or rock) as long as an expedition-style climb; however, they also leave less time for
1393:. Common symptoms of heat exhaustion include headaches, cool and clammy skin, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, thirst, and rapid pulse. The best treatment is resting with feet elevated, replenishing fluids, and removing excess clothing.
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technical skills in mountainous terrain: in particular, roped climbing and snow travel abilities. A variety of techniques have been developed to help people climb mountains that are widely applied among practitioners of the sport.
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to anchors, in groups of two. This allows for safety should the entire team be taken off their feet which also allows for greater speed than the traditional technique of belaying one climber at a time. This technique is known as
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Traditional mountaineering involves identifying a specific mountain and route to climb, and executing the plan by whatever means appropriate. A mountain summit is almost always the goal. This activity is strongly associated with
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From 1947 to 2018 in the United States "2,799 people were reported to be involved in mountaineering accidents and 43% of these accidents resulted in death." Climbers themselves are responsible for nearly all climbing accidents.
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and Beaupré. Because ropes, ladders and iron hooks were used, and because it was the first climb of any technical difficulty to be officially verified, this ascent is widely recognized as being the birth of mountaineering.
1328:. The best treatment is to descend immediately. The climber's motto at high altitude is "climb high, sleep low", referring to the regimen of climbing higher to acclimatise but returning to lower elevation to sleep. In the
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are required to travel efficiently and safely over snow and ice. Crampons attach to the bottom of a mountaineer's boots and provide additional traction on hard snow and ice. For loose snow, crampons are less suitable, and
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When planning and preparing for a trip, safe climbers know what hazards to look for and how to recognize them. In situations where hazards are not able to be avoided, the climber must use their decision-making skills to
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Despite its lack of defined rules and non-competitive nature, certain aspects of mountaineering have much of the trappings of an organized sport, with recognition of specific climbing activities – including
335:, in which four of the party members fell to their deaths. By this point the sport of mountaineering had largely reached its modern form, with a large body of professional guides, equipment, and methodologies.
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In alpine climbing, it is common for climbers to see routes of mixed terrain. This means climbers may need to move efficiently from climbing glacier, to rock, to ice, back and forth in a number of variations.
357:. In the later years, it shifted to a more competitive orientation as pure sportsmen came to dominate the London-based Alpine Club and alpine mountaineering overall. The first president of the Alpine Club,
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Coalter, F., Dimeo, P., Morrow, S., & Taylor, J. (2010). The
Benefits of Mountaineering and Mountaineering Related Activities: A Review of Literature. A Report to the Mountaineering Council of Scotland
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contributed greatly to the popularization of mountaineering in Norway among the international mountaineering community. Around the turn of the century, a young generation of
Norwegian mountaineers such as
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those hazards. Climbers improve upon their ability to become a safe decision maker and recognize hazards by receiving proper education, training, practice, and experience as well as learning how to spot
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In the 19th century, the focus of mountaineering turned towards mountains beyond the Alps. One of the earliest mountain areas to be explored beyond the Alps in the 19th century were the mountains of
584:, the third highest mountain in the world, in an attempt which Isserman, Angas Weaver and Molenaar describe as "misguided" and "lamentable" due to Crowley's many failings as an expedition leader.
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long distances to a base camp or the beginning of rough terrain, either following trails or using navigation techniques to travel cross-country. Hiking may be a strenuous activity, and adequate
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For most of antiquity, climbing mountains was a practical or symbolic activity, usually undertaken for economic, political, or religious purposes. A commonly cited example is the 1492 ascent of
1280:, and other environmental conditions. Subjective hazards relate to a climber's poor judgement, poor planning, lack of skills, faulty analysis and conclusions, or inadequate conditioning.
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Unlike most sports, mountaineering lacks widely applied formal rules, regulations, and governance; mountaineers adhere to a large variety of techniques and philosophies (including
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In certain environmental conditions body heat can be lost due to evaporation, radiation, convection, and conduction. A cold-related illness can occur when that body heat is lost.
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2780:(Report). US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report. USARIEM-TN94-2. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009
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In high mountains, atmospheric pressure is lower and this means that less oxygen is available to breathe. This is the underlying cause of altitude sickness. Everyone needs to
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typically centred on a communal dining room and have dormitories equipped with mattresses, blankets or duvets, and pillows; guests are expected to bring and use their own
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Eckenstein was also a pioneer in developing new equipment and climbing methods. He started using shorter ice axes that could be used single-handedly, designed the modern
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Common symptoms of altitude sickness include severe headache, sleep problems, nausea, lack of appetite, lethargy and body ache. Mountain sickness may progress to HACE (
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Whitlock, W., Van Romer, K., & Becker, H. (1991). Nature Based
Tourism: An Annotated Bibliography Clemson SC: Strom Thurmond Institute, Regional Development Group.
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pose a grave danger to a climber who is not roped in. These giant cracks in the ice are not always visible as snow can be blown and freeze over the top to make a
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involves technical skills including the ability to place anchors into the rock to safely ascend a mountain. In some cases, climbers may have to climb multiple
209:, A mid-16th Century physician, botanist and naturalist from Switzerland, is widely recognized as being the first person to hike and climb for sheer pleasure.
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who is stationary and creates tension on the rope to catch a climber should he or she fall, and a climber who ascends the rock. The first climber, called the
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Short trips lasting less than a day generally do not require shelter, although for safety, most mountaineers will carry an emergency shelter, such a light
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472:(20,549 ft (6,263 m)) and explored the mountains of Ecuador. It took until the late 19th century for European explorers to penetrate Africa.
445:, the third oldest mountaineering association in the world. By the turn of the 20th century, mountaineering had acquired a more international flavour.
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966:, which will secure subsequent climbers. Anchors could be created by using slings around a tree or boulder, or by using protection devices like
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2689:"Fall or Slip on Rock, Falling Rock, Failure to Follow Route, Washington, Mount Thompson – Search The American Alpine Journal and Accidents"
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and familiarity with the wilderness is necessary to complete a hike; it is also a prerequisite of success in all aspects of mountaineering.
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The term "walk-up" or "trek" is used to describe terrain in which no technical equipment is needed. To traverse this terrain, mountaineers
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include staying well fed and hydrated, putting on more clothes when feeling cold, and wearing adequate equipment to keep warm and dry.
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Die
Besteigung der Berge – Die Dolomitgipfel werden erobert (German: The ascent of the mountains – the dolomite peaks are conquered)
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may be preferred. Using various techniques from alpine skiing to ascend/descend a mountain is a form of the sport by itself, called
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reached 8,320 metres (27,300 ft) before being aborted on the third summit attempt after an avalanche killed seven porters. The
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580:. They reached 22,000 feet (6,700 m) before turning back due to weather and other mishaps. Undaunted, in 1905 Crowley led the
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climbing wall disciplines, there are no "official" world championships or other similar competitions for mountaineering broadly.
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270:. The climb is usually considered an epochal event in the history of mountaineering, a symbolic mark of the birth of the sport.
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For extremely slippery or steep snow, ice, and mixed rock and ice terrain climbers must use more advanced techniques, called
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Possible higher exposure to objective hazards such as avalanches or rockfall, due to slower travel times between camps
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Avoidance of being trapped in storms at high altitudes and being forced to descend in treacherous avalanche conditions
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There is a higher margin of safety in relation to equipment, food, time, and ability to wait out storms at high camps.
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1354:, even exceptional mountaineers that have been to high altitude before. Generally speaking, mountaineers start using
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In terms of objective hazards, the dangers mountaineers face include loose or falling rocks, falling ice, snow-
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camps above base camp. For popular mountains, base camps may be at a fixed location and become famous. The
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1240:, which is excavated from a pile of snow that has been work hardened or sintered (typically by stomping).
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Hypothermia, Frostbite, and Other Cold
Injuries : Prevention, Recognition, and Prehospital Treatment
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820:. Unlike traditional mountaineering, routes are less well-defined and summiting may not be the main goal.
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in France. He then offered a reward to anyone who could climb the mountain, which was claimed in 1786 by
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US Army
Research Inst. Of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report
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Mountaineering
Adventure Tourism and Local Communities: Social, Environmental and Economics Interactions
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are used by some climbers, but are deceptively difficult to build and require specific snow conditions.
553:(one of the first professional female mountaineers) made ascents in the Himalayas, including one of the
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Hermann Hinterstoisser: Das Edelweiß – Alpenblume mit Symbolkraft. In: Truppendienst, 2012, Nr. 5/329.
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Group sizes are often larger than alpine-style climbs because more supplies are carried between camps.
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and their subjects. The highest they are known for certain to have climbed is 6739 m at the summit of
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Military Mountaineering, Army Field Manual FM 3–97.61 (Aug 2002) − Federation of American Scientists
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Exposure to hot environments or activities involving exertion cause heat to build up in the body. A
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Acute Mountain Sickness and High-Altitude Cerebral Edema. In: Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments
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support mountaineers by hosting resources and social activities. A federation of alpine clubs, the
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Fallen giants: a history of Himalayan mountaineering from the age of empire to the age of extremes
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Fallen Giants: A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes
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Apollo, Michal (2017). "The true accessibility of mountaineering: The case of the High Himalaya".
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Szymczak, Robert K.; Marosz, Michał; Grzywacz, Tomasz; Sawicka, Magdalena; Naczyk, Marta (2021).
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are maintained to break up cross country long routes and act as base camps to certain mountains.
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is the general activity of ascending peaks that are on a list of notable mountains, such as the
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saw another height record achieved but still failed to reach the summit with confirmation when
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2012:
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Pomfret, G. (2006). "Mountaineering adventure tourists: a conceptual framework for research".
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and different footwork techniques that have been developed over the past century, such as the
216:, around the late 1400s and early 1500s many ascents were made of extremely high peaks by the
157:. However, the highest mountains were rarely visited early on, and were often associated with
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For extremely vertical rocks, or to overcome certain logistical challenges, climbers may use
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The beginning of mountaineering as a sport in the UK is generally dated to the ascent of the
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316:, who made mountaineering fashionable in Britain. This inaugurated what became known as the
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Climbers climb the route only once, bringing their own supplies; there is no camp-stocking.
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198:(2,085 m (6,841 ft)) by Antoine de Ville, a French military officer and lord of
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Edelweiß, die Symbolpflanze der Alpen (German: Edelweiss, the symbolic plant of the Alps)
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lines are often used to minimize the danger involved in continually moving between camps.
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involves skiing on mountainous terrain, usually in terrain much more rugged than typical
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are also considered variants of mountaineering by some, but are part of a wide group of
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2498:"Reinhold Messner museum project ends on a high, with breathtaking Zaha Hadid venue..."
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Scottish Highlands small simple unstaffed shelters without cooking facilities known as
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2815:"Review and Analysis of Mountaineering Accidents in the United States from 1947–2018"
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Danger of being trapped at high altitude due to storms, potentially being exposed to
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Ramble On: How Hiking Became One of the Most Popular Outdoor Activities in the World
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is climbing more than one significant summit in one outing, usually on the same day.
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Messner, Reinhold (2002). Überlebt – Alle 14 Achttausender mit Chronik (in German).
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disappeared on the final attempt. The summit was finally reached on 29 May 1953 by
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mountaineering and contributed greatly to its popularization with his classic book
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was climbed in 1953 after the British had made several attempts in the 1920s; the
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3057:"Death Zone Weather Extremes Mountaineers Have Experienced in Successful Ascents"
2718:
2239:
1986:
1965:
1690:
1628:
1528:
1386:
1351:
1161:
1145:
1129:
1081:
978:
continue until the climbers either reach the top, or run into different terrain.
666:
500:
442:
90:
86:
2435:
1740:
Beedie, P.; Hudson, S. (2003). "Emergence of mountain-based adventure tourism".
353:", scientific pursuits were intermixed with the sport, such as by the physicist
5832:
5706:
5686:
5560:
5451:
5435:
5418:
5279:
5205:
5195:
4915:
4726:
4699:
4604:
4574:
4439:
4386:
4329:
4324:
4274:
4215:
4151:
4022:
4005:
3922:
3756:
3721:
3686:
3681:
3636:
3565:
3515:
3503:
3120:
Mountaineering first aid : a guide to accident response and first aid care
2778:
Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments. A Handbook for Medical Officers
1780:
1655:
1355:
1312:
1140:
971:
892:
689:
639:
635:
627:
607:
603:
519:
419:
332:
290:
263:
236:
206:
188:
102:
94:
3138:
3073:
2934:
2917:
1900:
1005:
385:
154:
5891:
5570:
5383:
5289:
5224:
5042:
5007:
4997:
4962:
4946:
4689:
4589:
4534:
4495:
4394:
4344:
4319:
4230:
4083:
3939:
3905:
3726:
3701:
3580:
3570:
3527:
3510:
3454:
3273:
3265:
3082:
2943:
1623:
1598:
1363:
1017:
Compacted snow conditions allow mountaineers to progress on foot. Frequently
947:
865:
799:
615:
370:
366:
298:
278:
254:
marked a change of attitudes towards high mountains. In 1757 Swiss scientist
195:
174:
44:
4203:
3330:
3299:
3190:
5837:
5797:
5736:
5555:
5545:
5540:
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5428:
5352:
5330:
5262:
5200:
5157:
5135:
5049:
5022:
5012:
5002:
4987:
4982:
4967:
4809:
4704:
4584:
4520:
4399:
4354:
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3949:
3910:
3895:
3706:
3631:
3619:
3469:
3100:
2951:
2838:
1650:
1640:
1538:
Fewer supplies are used on the climb, therefore fewer personnel are needed.
1474:
1453:
1200:
1088:
982:
846:
823:
795:
697:
654:
650:
535:
354:
313:
240:
158:
2830:
1984:
1037:
Ascending and descending a steep snow slope safely requires the use of an
5822:
5716:
5701:
5646:
5565:
5347:
5335:
5299:
5294:
5140:
5125:
5115:
5054:
5032:
4972:
4644:
4639:
4376:
4269:
4168:
3954:
3888:
3711:
3691:
3653:
3641:
3607:
3358:"Olympic Peninsula Community Museum – Online Exhibits – The Mountaineers"
3280:
Life and death on Mt. Everest : Sherpas and Himalayan mountaineering
2874:
2005:
1413:
1390:
1382:
1010:
840:
833:
670:
485:
411:
338:
251:
117:
82:
3382:
3169:
S., Wilkerson, James A., 1934- Bangs, Cameron, C. Hayward, John (1986).
2979:
High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema. In: Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments
1436:
1336:
leaves has been traditionally used to treat altitude sickness symptoms.
530:
Himalayas, and climbed a peak of 23,000 ft (7,000 m). In 1895
232:
5792:
5787:
5676:
5378:
5320:
5315:
5246:
5152:
5120:
5092:
5082:
5064:
5017:
4954:
4225:
4106:
4039:
3900:
3671:
3648:
3486:
2413:
1491:
1466:
1409:
1296:
1192:
1077:
1054:
986:
756: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
661:, completing the last 1,300 meters walking alone, self-medicating with
469:
468:
in South America began when English mountaineer Edward Whymper climbed
350:
309:
259:
141:
Humans have been present in mountains since prehistory. The remains of
98:
3118:
2812:
2744:
1485:
Uses multiple trips between camps to carry supplies up to higher camps
1378:
can occur when the body is unable to lose that heat through the skin.
568:
In 1902 the Eckenstein–Crowley Expedition, led by English mountaineer
5726:
5489:
5190:
5077:
5027:
4548:
4541:
4409:
4404:
4314:
4279:
4193:
4138:
4044:
3988:
3927:
3676:
3396:– official organisation of mountaineering and climbing recognised by
2155:"The Matterhorn: Edward Whymper and the Golden Age of Mountaineering"
1867:
1478:
1417:
1358:
when they climb above 7,000 m. Exceptional mountaineers have climbed
1284:
1232:
1173:
1092:
599:
527:
515:
374:
362:
342:
294:
199:
70:
3223:"Cold Injuries: Practice Essentials, Overview, Systemic Hypothermia"
3170:
2405:
2381:
1985:
Ludovic Seifert; Peter Wolf; Andreas Schweizer (19 September 2016).
731:
5842:
5812:
5782:
5711:
5691:
5586:
5575:
5481:
5182:
5097:
5087:
4624:
4474:
4210:
4173:
4131:
4121:
3439:
1958:
1473:
into mountainous regions. It is still common in ranges such as the
1470:
1096:
1073:
1023:
1018:
955:
954:
of rock to reach the top. Typically, for any one pitch, there is a
662:
588:
377:
also established itself as a symbol of alpinists and mountaineers.
286:
227:
166:
74:
5827:
5666:
5325:
5172:
5037:
4240:
4126:
4076:
3932:
3696:
2972:
1317:
1237:
1184:
1153:
1069:
1058:
1038:
985:
techniques. This involves the use of equipment, such as ladders,
896:
807:
803:
715:
673:
591:, and improved on the nail patterns used for the climbing boots.
554:
150:
2663:"Recap of the Piolets d'Or 2018 Ceremony in Ladek Zdroj, Poland"
872:; on a club level, the prominent international sport federation
843:
involves traversing ladder-like paths on highly exposed terrain.
301:
became the first woman to climb Mont Blanc, followed in 1838 by
142:
73:. Mountaineering-related activities include traditional outdoor
5746:
5731:
5721:
5696:
5525:
4088:
4054:
3022:(USARIEM–TN–04–05). Archived from the original on 23 April 2009
1265:
931:
558:
543:
453:
407:
394:
282:
78:
1440:
Fixed lines and ladders are distinguishing characteristics of
4837:
4684:
4156:
4034:
3866:
3054:
2436:
Maurice Isserman; Stewart Angas Weaver; Dee Molenaar (2010).
2382:"A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa"
1329:
1241:
1220:
891:
The premier award in mountaineering is the privately granted
643:
514:
The last and greatest mountain range to be conquered was the
465:
457:
217:
213:
4838:
Union Internationale des Associations de Guides de Montagnes
3013:
2013:"Medieval Sourcebook: Petrarch: The Ascent of Mount Ventoux"
39:
5499:
3408:
3394:
International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA)
3339:"::: The Mountaineers Photograph Album Collection :::"
2875:
Roach, Robert; Stepanek, Jan & Hackett, Peter. (2002).
2634:
1524:
1381:
Problems that can arise from this type of exposure include
1333:
1268:. When climbing mountains, there are two types of hazards,
1157:
1027:
565:, and a good deal of exploration was accomplished by them.
274:
789:
There are different activities associated with the sport.
5373:
3393:
2813:
Emma P. DeLoughery; Thomas G. DeLoughery (14 June 2022).
1968:
of Ötzi at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology web site
696:. In 1964, the final eight-thousander to be climbed was
681:
577:
518:
in South Asia. They had initially been surveyed by the
464:
and party. In 1879–1880 the exploration of the highest
2916:
Biondich, Amy Sue; Joslin, Jeremy D. (December 2015).
476:
in Africa was climbed in 1889 by Austrian mountaineer
5853:
4780:
Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada
2681:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
4832:
International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation
4785:
Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade
3405:– virtual exhibit of British Columbia mountaineering
1691:"Alpinism Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com"
684:(8,611m), the second-highest peak in the world, was
365:, which for decades were the focus of climbers like
327:
One of the most dramatic events was the spectacular
122:
International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation
4844:
Union of International Mountain Leader Associations
3311:
Hold the heights: the foundations of mountaineering
1562:
Lower capital expenditures and a shorter time scale
1513:
Higher capital expenditures and a longer time scale
1013:; other climbers are visible further up the slopes.
962:, will reach a point on the rock and then build an
700:(8,013m), the lowest of all the 8,000-metre peaks.
557:peaks (23,300 ft (7,100 m)). A number of
549:In 1899, 1903, 1906, and 1908 American mountaineer
495:
258:made the first of several unsuccessful attempts on
3308:
3277:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2554:
2464:
2420:
2125:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
30:"Mountaineer" redirects here. For other uses, see
2973:Roach, James M. & Schoene, Robert B. (2002).
2918:"Coca: High Altitude Remedy of the Ancient Incas"
2334:
1931:
5889:
4945:
2531:"How Mount Everest became a tourist destination"
2296:] (in Norwegian). Dreyer. pp. 156–157.
1839:Mountaineering Methodology – Part 1 – The Basics
1812:"Mountaineering Tourism: A Critical Perspective"
886:French Federation of Mountaineering and Climbing
522:for military and strategic reasons. In 1892 Sir
228:The Enlightenment and the Golden Age of Alpinism
3007:
2981:. Vol. 2. Borden Institute, Washington, DC
2883:. Vol. 2. Borden Institute, Washington, DC
2775:
2762:
2716:
2044:
1971:
1347:), both of which can be fatal within 24 hours.
1117:"Basecamp" redirects here. For other uses, see
993:to help the climber push themself up the rock.
3242:
2915:
1408:Problems that can arise from the cold include
1084:to pull the fallen climber from the crevasse.
561:sepoys were trained as expert mountaineers by
331:in 1865 by a party led by English illustrator
5602:
4931:
3424:
2870:
2868:
2712:
2710:
2635:Cox, Steven M.; Fulsaas, Kris, eds. (2009) .
2471:. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. pp.
2070:
2068:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
1835:
1448:There are two main styles of mountaineering:
1091:or mixed climbing. Specialized tools such as
380:
177:(1,912 m (6,273 ft)) in one of his
3203:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3151:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2806:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1809:
1739:
659:1953 German–Austrian Nanga Parbat expedition
361:, is considered to be the discoverer of the
2655:
2641:(7th ed.). Seattle: The Mountaineers.
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2152:
1895:. SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science.
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1431:
1009:Mountaineers proceed across snow fields on
669:used by soldiers during World War II), the
542:took an expedition to the snowy regions of
320:, with the first mountaineering club – the
5609:
5595:
4938:
4924:
4826:International Federation of Sport Climbing
3431:
3417:
3207:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2999:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2966:
2901:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2865:
2707:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2557:"Some Tips for the Apprentice Mountaineer"
2065:
2031:
1988:The Science of Climbing and Mountaineering
1400:
1369:
116:) when climbing mountains. Numerous local
3284:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3090:
3072:
3014:Muza, SR; Fulco, CS; Cymerman, A (2004).
2933:
2376:
2370:
2128:Women on High: Pioneers of Mountaineering
1822:
1810:Apollo, M.; Wengel, Y. (1 October 2021).
1769:Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism
1760:
902:
772:Learn how and when to remove this message
345:, a plant associated with mountain sports
3306:
2638:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills
2366:. No. 92. 15 April 1880. p. 3.
2328:
2287:
2185:"1865: the Golden Age of Mountaineering"
1796:
1635:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills
1435:
1311:
1183:
1139:
1004:
906:
499:
384:
337:
231:
38:
2922:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
2585:
2467:In The Throne Room of the Mountain Gods
2210:A History of Mountaineering in the Alps
1892:Environmental Impacts of Mountaineering
1712:
1619:List of mountaineering equipment brands
1549:is rarely used, or used more sparingly.
854:
598:but two had been climbed starting with
452:(18,008 ft (5,489 m)) on the
273:By the early 19th century, many of the
136:
14:
5890:
3272:
2495:
2462:
2262:
1888:
1766:
1666:World altitude record (mountaineering)
1176:are among the most famous base camps.
880:as its members, while others, such as
5590:
4919:
3412:
3164:
3162:
3112:
3110:
2123:
2079:. Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp.
2074:
1247:
426:were early pioneers. Slingsby's book
5616:
4886:
3250:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2819:High Altitude Medicine & Biology
2017:Internet History Sourcebooks Project
1932:Apollo, M.; Andreychouk, V. (2022).
1523:(6,600–16,400 ft), such as the
754:adding citations to reliable sources
725:
414:—where British mountaineers such as
4898:
2555:Andrew J. Kauffman (30 June 1948).
2132:. Appalachian Mountain Club Books.
1609:List of deaths on eight-thousanders
1459:
1260:List of deaths on eight-thousanders
312:in 1854 by English mountaineer Sir
24:
3236:
3168:
3159:
3116:
3107:
2745:"The Mountain Bothies Association"
2720:Walking Austria's Alps: Hut to Hut
2573:from the original on 29 March 2020
1671:National Outdoor Leadership School
1316:Climber approaching the summit of
925:
868:-based competition – by the
576:was the first to attempt to scale
25:
5909:
4795:South African Climbing Federation
3376:
1604:List of climbers and mountaineers
1068:For example, when traveling over
582:first expedition to Kangchenjunga
5875:
5863:
4897:
4885:
4874:
4873:
4861:
3767:IFSC World Championships winners
3016:"Altitude Acclimatization Guide"
1057:, or buried equipment or rocks.
810:on glaciers and similar terrain.
730:
676:, and a stimulant tea made from
612:1950 French Annapurna expedition
496:The last frontier: The Himalayas
3398:International Olympic Committee
3215:
3048:
2909:
2749:Mountain Bothies Association UK
2737:
2548:
2523:
2514:
2489:
2456:
2355:
2310:
2281:
2265:Norsk fjellsport gjennom 200 år
2256:
2244:
2226:
2215:
2202:
2177:
2146:
2117:
2093:
2045:Peter H. Hansen (14 May 2013).
1952:
1925:
1882:
1842:. Tomas Kublak – MMPublishing.
1517:
1264:Mountaineers face a variety of
1000:
870:International Olympic Committee
741:needs additional citations for
721:
429:Norway, the Northern Playground
400:Norway, the Northern Playground
126:International Olympic Committee
4765:British Mountaineering Council
2290:Jotunheimen: gjennom historien
1856:
1787:
1733:
1706:
1697:
1683:
1584:Hazards in the Rocky Mountains
393:became known as the father of
329:first ascent of the Matterhorn
13:
1:
3315:. Seattle: The Mountaineers.
2496:Wilkes, Rob (5 August 2015).
2267:. Andresen & Butenschøn.
2103:. National Geographic. 2006.
1836:Thomas Kublak (8 June 2014).
1754:10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00043-4
1727:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.08.003
1677:
1345:high-altitude pulmonary edema
1254:Hazards of outdoor recreation
784:
614:. The highest of these peaks
505:
183:, claiming to be inspired by
4947:Extreme and adventure sports
3438:
2566:. Vol. 4, no. 19.
2294:Jotunheimen: through history
2208:Claire Eliane Engel (1950),
2159:Encyclopædia Britannica BLOG
2153:Kara Rogers (14 July 2010).
2051:. Harvard University Press.
1959:Description of the Discovery
1574:Exploration of the High Alps
1341:high-altitude cerebral edema
1226:
460:border was summitted by the
441:appeared, and later founded
277:were reached, including the
32:Mountaineer (disambiguation)
7:
1938:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
1566:
1545:For the highest mountains,
1497:For the highest mountains,
1307:
349:In the early years of the "
256:Horace-Bénédict de Saussure
10:
5914:
3362:content.lib.washington.edu
3343:content.lib.washington.edu
3246:; Weaver, Stewart (2008).
2723:. The Mountaineers Books.
2335:House, William P. (1939).
2124:Brown, Rebecca A. (2002).
2075:Doran, Jeffrey J. (2023).
1781:10.1016/j.jort.2016.12.001
1742:Annals of Tourism Research
1589:Highest unclimbed mountain
1579:Glossary of climbing terms
1257:
1251:
1152:Typical shelters used for
1135:
1119:Base camp (disambiguation)
1116:
1112:
918:
381:Expansion around the world
131:
29:
27:Sport of mountain climbing
5775:
5624:
5513:
5480:
5444:
5424:Aggressive inline skating
5406:
5366:
5308:
5255:
5181:
5106:
5063:
4953:
4857:
4818:
4755:Appalachian Mountain Club
4725:
4718:
4562:
4512:
4431:
4424:
4307:
4186:
4097:
3857:
3848:
3841:
3739:
3664:
3593:
3558:
3462:
3453:
3446:
3117:D., Carline, Jan (2004).
3074:10.3389/fphys.2021.696335
3040:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2935:10.1016/j.wem.2015.07.006
2798:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2442:. Yale University Press.
2048:The Summits of Modern Man
1901:10.1007/978-3-030-72667-6
1324:Rapid ascent can lead to
1231:Where conditions permit,
1191:, a mountain hut in the
876:counts numerous national
653:made the first ascent of
649:Just a few months later,
324:– being founded in 1857.
239:(1840–1911), painting by
4670:Mountain Safety Research
4665:Mountain Equipment Co-op
2717:Jonathan Hurdle (1999).
2386:The Geographical Journal
2362:"Ascent of Chimborazo".
1991:. Taylor & Francis.
1964:13 December 2011 at the
1594:Index of climbing topics
1432:Styles of mountaineering
1274:subjective (human-based)
802:, as well as the use of
708:
665:(based on the stimulant
171:his 26 April 1336 ascent
69:that involves ascending
4800:South Tyrol Alpine Club
4595:Eastern Mountain Sports
4461:Canadian Alpine Journal
4454:American Alpine Journal
3717:Roof and tunnel hacking
3307:Unsworth, Walt (1994).
3061:Frontiers in Physiology
2776:Cymerman, A; Rock, PB.
2378:Mackinder, Halford John
2341:American Alpine Journal
2322:Encyclopædia Britannica
2263:Schage, Pål V. (2008).
1469:and the penetration of
1401:Cold-related conditions
1370:Heat-related conditions
941:
828:4000m peaks of the Alps
657:(8,125 m), on the
642:from the south side in
563:Charles Granville Bruce
5752:Ultralight backpacking
4620:Holubar Mountaineering
4432:Magazines and journals
3762:IFSC World Cup winners
3123:. Mountaineers Books.
2463:Rowell, Galen (1977).
2343:. American Alpine Club
2288:Aasgaard, Jan (2016).
1866:. UIAA. Archived from
1445:
1321:
1195:
1179:
1149:
1014:
912:
911:Antique climbing tools
903:Terrain and techniques
888:, remain independent.
594:By the 1950s, all the
572:and English occultist
534:died while attempting
511:
416:William Cecil Slingsby
403:
391:William Cecil Slingsby
346:
318:Golden Age of Alpinism
268:Michel-Gabriel Paccard
243:
51:
5300:Parachuting/Skydiving
4745:Alpine Club of Canada
4655:Marmot Mountain Works
4610:GERRY Mountain Sports
2831:10.1089/ham.2021.0085
2238:16 April 2021 at the
2189:Vertebrate Publishing
1614:List of first ascents
1439:
1315:
1272:(mountain-based) and
1187:
1143:
1008:
910:
551:Fanny Bullock Workman
524:William Martin Conway
503:
480:and German geologist
388:
341:
303:Henriette d'Angeville
235:
42:
5657:Backpacking (hiking)
5652:Backpacking (travel)
5642:Adventure recreation
5414:Freestyle scootering
5240:Traditional climbing
4775:Club Alpino Italiano
4760:Austrian Alpine Club
4750:American Alpine Club
3383:A Climber's Glossary
3175:. The Mountaineers.
1376:heat-related illness
855:Rules and governance
818:cross-country skiing
750:improve this article
686:first scaled in 1954
389:British mountaineer
373:. At that time, the
248:Age of Enlightenment
180:epistolae familiares
137:Early mountaineering
89:in their own right.
5637:Adjectival tourisms
5341:Powered paragliding
5168:Whitewater kayaking
5163:Whitewater canoeing
4770:Club Alpin Français
4144:Mountaineering boot
3757:Piolet d'Or winners
3403:Climbing the clouds
2695:. 24 September 1989
2398:1900GeogJ..15..453M
2339:. Feature Article.
2324:. 21 November 2023.
1889:Apollo, M. (2021).
1547:supplemental oxygen
1501:is frequently used.
1499:supplemental oxygen
1209:sleeping bag liners
478:Ludwig Purtscheller
462:Duke of the Abruzzi
437:, Eilert Sundt and
222:Volcan Llullaillaco
185:Philip V of Macedon
145:, who lived in the
43:Climbers ascending
5632:Accessible tourism
5472:Ski mountaineering
5235:Free solo climbing
5173:Whitewater rafting
4790:German Alpine Club
3229:. 16 October 2021.
1715:Tourism Management
1661:Snow Leopard award
1646:Ski mountaineering
1446:
1322:
1248:Safety and hazards
1196:
1170:Everest base camps
1150:
1032:ski mountaineering
1015:
913:
814:Ski mountaineering
694:Achille Compagnoni
636:Sir Edmund Hillary
540:Douglas Freshfield
512:
404:
347:
297:in 1813. In 1808,
244:
149:, were found in a
67:outdoor activities
52:
49:Little Tahoma Peak
5851:
5850:
5757:Urban exploration
5584:
5583:
5230:Big wall climbing
4978:Kite landboarding
4913:
4912:
4853:
4852:
4805:Swiss Alpine Club
4558:
4557:
4513:Non-fiction films
4489:Planinski Vestnik
4482:Himalayan Journal
4420:
4419:
4182:
4181:
3811:Historical events
3782:Eight-thousanders
3735:
3734:
3589:
3588:
3322:978-0-89886-379-6
3291:978-0-691-00689-5
3274:Ortner, Sherry B.
3257:978-0-300-16420-6
3244:Isserman, Maurice
2730:978-0-89886-640-7
2648:978-0-89886-828-9
2482:978-0-87156-184-8
2449:978-0-300-16420-6
2274:978-82-7981-052-0
2058:978-0-674-07452-1
2019:. 26 January 1996
1998:978-1-317-40315-9
1910:978-3-030-72666-9
1864:"UIAA Activities"
1849:978-80-87715-12-3
1332:, the chewing of
1326:altitude sickness
782:
781:
774:
596:eight-thousanders
532:Albert F. Mummery
490:Halford Mackinder
474:Mount Kilimanjaro
450:Mount Saint Elias
439:Kristian Tandberg
293:in 1812, and the
147:4th millennium BC
85:that have become
81:, and traversing
59:mountain climbing
18:Mountain climbing
16:(Redirected from
5905:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5859:
5767:Wildlife tourism
5762:Volunteer travel
5672:Cultural tourism
5618:Adventure travel
5611:
5604:
5597:
5588:
5587:
5521:Adventure racing
5495:Extreme sledding
5462:Freestyle skiing
5273:Ski-BASE jumping
5146:Technical diving
4993:Mountainboarding
4940:
4933:
4926:
4917:
4916:
4901:
4900:
4889:
4888:
4877:
4876:
4865:
4723:
4722:
4675:Outdoor Research
4429:
4428:
3855:
3854:
3846:
3845:
3816:Grade milestones
3625:Expedition style
3460:
3459:
3451:
3450:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3410:
3409:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3334:
3314:
3303:
3283:
3269:
3231:
3230:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3194:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3142:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3076:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3039:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2937:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2849:. Archived from
2810:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2773:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2693:AAC Publications
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2669:. 5 October 2018
2659:
2653:
2652:
2632:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2561:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2470:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2433:
2418:
2417:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2318:"Mountaineering"
2314:
2308:
2307:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2161:. Archived from
2150:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1833:
1820:
1819:
1807:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1542:acclimatization.
1460:Expedition style
1450:expedition style
1442:expedition style
1360:8000-metre peaks
1189:Cabane du Trient
1047:German technique
1043:French technique
936:physical fitness
921:Grade (climbing)
882:The Mountaineers
777:
770:
766:
763:
757:
734:
726:
702:Reinhold Messner
574:Aleister Crowley
570:Oscar Eckenstein
538:, while in 1899
510:
507:
424:Howard Priestman
165:The famous poet
21:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5876:
5874:
5864:
5862:
5854:
5852:
5847:
5818:Nude recreation
5803:Mountain biking
5771:
5682:Extreme tourism
5662:Bicycle touring
5620:
5615:
5585:
5580:
5551:Obstacle racing
5536:Extreme ironing
5509:
5476:
5440:
5402:
5391:Mountain biking
5362:
5358:Wingsuit flying
5304:
5251:
5218:Alpine climbing
5177:
5102:
5059:
4949:
4944:
4914:
4909:
4849:
4814:
4714:
4580:Cascade Designs
4554:
4508:
4416:
4303:
4178:
4112:Abalakov thread
4093:
3837:
3731:
3660:
3585:
3554:
3538:Deep-water solo
3442:
3437:
3379:
3366:
3364:
3356:
3347:
3345:
3337:
3323:
3292:
3258:
3239:
3237:Further reading
3234:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3196:
3195:
3183:
3167:
3160:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3115:
3108:
3053:
3049:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3012:
3008:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2982:
2971:
2967:
2914:
2910:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2873:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2853:on 11 July 2022
2811:
2807:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2774:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2715:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2633:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2535:Washington Post
2529:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2434:
2421:
2406:10.2307/1774261
2375:
2371:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2333:
2329:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2240:Wayback Machine
2231:
2227:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2165:on 18 July 2014
2151:
2147:
2140:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2043:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1983:
1972:
1966:Wayback Machine
1957:
1953:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1911:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1834:
1823:
1808:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1765:
1761:
1738:
1734:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1629:Mountain rescue
1569:
1529:Rocky Mountains
1520:
1462:
1434:
1403:
1387:heat exhaustion
1372:
1320:at 8,163 metres
1310:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1229:
1182:
1144:Winter campers
1138:
1122:
1115:
1082:crevasse rescue
1053:devices called
1003:
944:
928:
926:Walk-up terrain
923:
905:
857:
787:
778:
767:
761:
758:
747:
735:
724:
711:
667:methamphetamine
624:1924 expedition
620:1922 expedition
508:
498:
443:Norsk Tindeklub
383:
230:
139:
134:
124:(UIAA), is the
103:mountain sports
91:Indoor climbing
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5911:
5901:
5900:
5898:Mountaineering
5885:
5884:
5872:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5833:River trekking
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5808:Mountaineering
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5707:Jungle tourism
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5687:Freighthopping
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5614:
5613:
5606:
5599:
5591:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5531:Cheese rolling
5528:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5452:Extreme skiing
5448:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5436:Roller skating
5433:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5419:Inline skating
5416:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5280:Bungee jumping
5277:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5213:Mountaineering
5210:
5209:
5208:
5206:Mixed climbing
5198:
5196:Crane climbing
5193:
5187:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5112:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5069:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4920:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4895:
4883:
4871:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4700:The North Face
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4630:Sierra Designs
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4605:Frostline Kits
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4496:Rock & Ice
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4440:Alpine Journal
4435:
4433:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4330:Climbing route
4327:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4275:Simul-climbing
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4216:Front pointing
4213:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4152:Avalanche cord
4146:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4119:
4117:Bottled oxygen
4114:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3863:
3861:
3852:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3772:IFSC victories
3769:
3764:
3759:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3599:
3597:
3595:Mountaineering
3591:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3457:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3400:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3377:External links
3375:
3374:
3373:
3354:
3335:
3321:
3304:
3290:
3270:
3256:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3214:
3181:
3158:
3129:
3106:
3047:
3006:
2965:
2928:(4): 567–571.
2908:
2864:
2825:(2): 114–118.
2805:
2761:
2736:
2729:
2706:
2680:
2654:
2647:
2584:
2547:
2522:
2513:
2488:
2481:
2455:
2448:
2419:
2392:(5): 453–476.
2369:
2364:The Cornishman
2354:
2327:
2309:
2302:
2280:
2273:
2255:
2243:
2225:
2214:
2212:, chapter VII.
2201:
2176:
2145:
2138:
2116:
2109:
2101:The Ice Maiden
2092:
2086:979-8373963923
2085:
2064:
2057:
2030:
2004:
1997:
1970:
1951:
1944:
1924:
1909:
1881:
1870:on 11 May 2011
1855:
1848:
1821:
1795:
1786:
1759:
1748:(3): 625–643.
1732:
1721:(1): 113–123.
1705:
1696:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1550:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1461:
1458:
1444:mountaineering
1433:
1430:
1422:immersion foot
1402:
1399:
1371:
1368:
1356:bottled oxygen
1309:
1306:
1252:Main article:
1249:
1246:
1228:
1225:
1181:
1178:
1137:
1134:
1114:
1111:
1102:simul-climbing
1002:
999:
943:
940:
927:
924:
904:
901:
856:
853:
852:
851:
844:
837:
831:
821:
811:
786:
783:
780:
779:
738:
736:
729:
723:
720:
710:
707:
690:Lino Lacedelli
640:Tenzing Norgay
628:George Mallory
608:Louis Lachenal
604:Maurice Herzog
520:British Empire
504:Mountaineers,
497:
494:
420:Harold Raeburn
410:—particularly
382:
379:
333:Edward Whymper
291:Finsteraarhorn
264:Jacques Balmat
237:Edward Whymper
229:
226:
207:Conrad Gessner
138:
135:
133:
130:
95:sport climbing
55:Mountaineering
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5910:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5883:
5873:
5871:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5612:
5607:
5605:
5600:
5598:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5571:Ultramarathon
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5384:Freestyle BMX
5382:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5290:Cliff jumping
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5225:Rock climbing
5223:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5043:River surfing
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5033:Street luging
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5008:Skateboarding
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:Riverboarding
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4963:Bellyboarding
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4936:
4934:
4929:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4906:
4905:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:International
4817:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4719:Organizations
4717:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:Early Winters
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:Black Diamond
4568:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4535:The Dawn Wall
4532:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4395:Bachar ladder
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:Climbing wall
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:Approach shoe
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3940:Climbing rope
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3821:First ascents
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3455:Rock climbing
3452:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3182:0-89886-024-5
3178:
3174:
3173:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3130:0-89886-878-5
3126:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3111:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3037:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3002:
2996:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2898:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2869:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2795:
2779:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2711:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2517:
2502:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2459:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2365:
2358:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2305:
2303:9788282651417
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2141:
2139:1-929173-13-X
2135:
2130:
2129:
2120:
2112:
2110:9780792259121
2106:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1947:
1945:9781802209372
1941:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1700:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:Mountain film
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:Lead climbing
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1416:, frost nip,
1415:
1411:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1305:
1303:
1302:personal bias
1298:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1201:mountain huts
1194:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1162:bivouac sacks
1159:
1155:
1147:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1110:
1107:
1106:running belay
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1012:
1007:
998:
994:
992:
988:
984:
979:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
948:rock climbing
939:
937:
933:
922:
917:
909:
900:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:climbing wall
861:
848:
845:
842:
838:
835:
832:
829:
825:
822:
819:
815:
812:
809:
805:
801:
800:free climbing
797:
792:
791:
790:
776:
773:
765:
755:
751:
745:
744:
739:This section
737:
733:
728:
727:
719:
717:
706:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:Andrew Irvine
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:Mount Everest
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
526:explored the
525:
521:
517:
502:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
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436:
431:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
402:
401:
396:
392:
387:
378:
376:
372:
371:Angelo Dibona
368:
367:Paul Grohmann
364:
360:
356:
352:
344:
340:
336:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
299:Marie Paradis
296:
292:
289:in 1811, the
288:
285:in 1804, the
284:
281:in 1800, the
280:
279:Grossglockner
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
242:
238:
234:
225:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
201:
197:
196:Mont Aiguille
192:
190:
187:'s ascent of
186:
182:
181:
176:
175:Mount Ventoux
172:
168:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
129:
127:
123:
119:
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72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
50:
46:
45:Mount Rainier
41:
37:
33:
19:
5838:Scuba diving
5807:
5798:Hang gliding
5737:Slum tourism
5561:Powerbocking
5556:Orienteering
5546:Fell running
5541:Extreme Pogo
5467:Speed skiing
5429:Vert skating
5353:Speed flying
5331:Hang gliding
5285:Cliff-diving
5263:BASE jumping
5212:
5201:Ice climbing
5158:Water skiing
5136:Scuba diving
5108:Water sports
5050:Wakeboarding
5023:Snowboarding
5013:Skimboarding
5003:Sandboarding
4988:Longboarding
4983:Kiteboarding
4968:Bodyboarding
4902:
4890:
4878:
4866:
4810:USA Climbing
4710:Wild Country
4705:Therm-a-Rest
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4521:The Alpinist
4519:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4400:Campus board
4355:First ascent
4099:Ice and snow
3896:Belay device
3747:Alpine clubs
3707:Ropes course
3620:Alpine style
3594:
3365:. Retrieved
3361:
3346:. Retrieved
3342:
3310:
3279:
3247:
3226:
3217:
3171:
3119:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3036:cite journal
3024:. Retrieved
3019:
3009:
2983:. Retrieved
2978:
2968:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2885:. Retrieved
2880:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:the original
2822:
2818:
2808:
2782:. Retrieved
2752:. Retrieved
2748:
2739:
2719:
2697:. Retrieved
2692:
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2667:Rock and Ice
2666:
2657:
2637:
2575:. Retrieved
2563:
2550:
2538:. Retrieved
2534:
2525:
2516:
2506:12 September
2504:. Retrieved
2500:
2491:
2466:
2458:
2438:
2389:
2385:
2380:(May 1900).
2372:
2363:
2357:
2345:. Retrieved
2340:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2264:
2258:
2252:Das Edelweiß
2246:
2228:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2192:. Retrieved
2188:
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2163:the original
2158:
2148:
2127:
2119:
2100:
2095:
2076:
2047:
2021:. Retrieved
2016:
2007:
1987:
1954:
1934:
1927:
1891:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:the original
1858:
1838:
1815:
1789:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1699:
1685:
1651:Snow goggles
1641:Peak bagging
1633:
1521:
1518:Alpine style
1475:Alaska Range
1463:
1454:alpine style
1447:
1426:
1407:
1404:
1395:
1380:
1373:
1349:
1343:) and HAPE (
1338:
1323:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1230:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1166:
1151:
1130:bivouac sack
1127:
1123:
1105:
1101:
1089:ice climbing
1086:
1067:
1063:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1016:
1001:Snow and ice
995:
983:aid climbing
980:
976:
959:
945:
929:
914:
890:
878:alpine clubs
862:
858:
847:Ice climbing
841:via ferratas
824:Peak bagging
796:aid climbing
788:
768:
759:
748:Please help
743:verification
740:
722:Organisation
712:
698:Shishapangma
655:Nanga Parbat
651:Hermann Buhl
648:
593:
586:
567:
548:
536:Nanga Parbat
513:
447:
427:
405:
398:
355:John Tyndall
348:
326:
314:Alfred Wills
307:
275:alpine peaks
272:
252:Romantic era
245:
241:Lance Calkin
211:
205:
193:
178:
164:
159:supernatural
140:
118:alpine clubs
107:
83:via ferratas
65:is a set of
62:
58:
54:
53:
36:
5823:Paragliding
5717:Overlanding
5702:Hitchhiking
5647:Agritourism
5566:Slacklining
5348:Parasailing
5336:Paragliding
5295:Tombstoning
5141:Cave diving
5126:High diving
5116:Coasteering
5065:Motorsports
5055:Windsurfing
5028:Snowskating
4973:Dirtsurfing
4955:Boardsports
4904:WikiProject
4740:Alpine Club
4735:Access Fund
4645:Lowe Alpine
4640:La Sportiva
4377:Fall factor
4270:Self-arrest
4246:Redpointing
4169:Snow anchor
3923:Boulder mat
3872:Daisy chain
3842:Terminology
3833:Terminology
3712:Rooftopping
3654:Hillwalking
3642:Dry-tooling
3608:Via ferrata
3521:Traditional
3499:Competition
3480:Multi-pitch
3463:Disciplines
2794:cite report
2754:13 November
2699:9 September
2023:9 September
1656:Piolet d'Or
1414:hypothermia
1391:heat stroke
1383:heat cramps
1362:(including
1352:acclimatise
1148:in the snow
1011:South Tyrol
987:fixed lines
893:Piolet d'Or
834:Enchainment
671:vasodilator
602:in 1950 by
509: 1900
488:in 1899 by
486:Mount Kenya
435:George Paus
412:Jotunheimen
322:Alpine Club
189:Mount Haemo
155:Ötztal Alps
47:looking at
5843:Zip-lining
5793:Geohashing
5788:Geocaching
5776:Activities
5677:Ecotourism
5576:Zip-lining
5457:Freeriding
5379:BMX racing
5321:Air racing
5316:Aerobatics
5247:Skyrunning
5153:Snorkeling
5131:Jet Skiing
5121:Freediving
5093:Rally raid
5083:Rallycross
5018:Skysurfing
4528:El Capitan
4292:Traversing
4241:Onsighting
4221:Glissading
4204:Dülfersitz
4199:Australian
4162:Transeiver
4107:Alpenstock
4040:Portaledge
4028:Copperhead
3967:Descenders
3901:Auto belay
3692:Commercial
3672:Buildering
3649:Scrambling
3559:Rock types
3550:Top roping
3487:Bouldering
3139:1131535523
2577:27 October
2347:9 December
2169:2 November
1678:References
1492:Fixed rope
1467:air travel
1410:wind chill
1285:avalanches
1258:See also:
1233:snow caves
1193:Swiss Alps
1093:ice screws
1078:snowbridge
919:See also:
785:Activities
762:April 2021
718:activity.
482:Hans Meyer
470:Chimborazo
351:golden age
310:Wetterhorn
260:Mont Blanc
169:describes
114:guidebooks
99:bouldering
5882:Mountains
5727:Rogaining
5490:Bobsleigh
5268:Free BASE
5191:Canyoning
5078:Motocross
4680:Patagonia
4563:Companies
4549:Hard Grit
4542:Free Solo
4410:MoonBoard
4405:Hangboard
4391:Training
4340:Guidebook
4315:Ape index
4280:Rope team
4194:Abseiling
4139:Ice screw
4045:Quickdraw
3928:Carabiner
3850:Equipment
3828:Technique
3794:Equipment
3677:Canyoning
3615:Himalayan
3543:Rope solo
3533:Free solo
3266:181424034
3227:eMedicine
3199:cite book
3147:cite book
3083:1664-042X
2995:cite book
2985:5 January
2944:1080-6032
2897:cite book
2887:5 January
2847:247361980
2337:"K2-1938"
1919:234774157
1874:2 January
1816:Routledge
1775:: 29–43.
1479:Himalayas
1418:frostbite
1270:objective
1227:Snow cave
1221:"bothies"
1174:Camp Muir
1146:bivouaced
1097:ice picks
1074:crevasses
1024:snowshoes
991:ascenders
839:Climbing
600:Annapurna
528:Karakoram
516:Himalayas
395:Norwegian
375:edelweiss
363:Dolomites
359:John Ball
343:Edelweiss
295:Breithorn
200:Domjulien
71:mountains
5892:Category
5870:Climbing
5813:Naturism
5783:Climbing
5742:Tramping
5712:Kloofing
5692:Glamping
5505:Skeleton
5482:Sledding
5396:Downhill
5183:Climbing
5098:Snocross
5088:Rallying
5073:Drifting
4880:Category
4727:National
4625:JanSport
4600:Five Ten
4475:Desnivel
4468:Climbing
4447:Alpinist
4372:Exposure
4350:Chipping
4297:Tyrolean
4287:Spotting
4258:Crevasse
4236:Flashing
4226:Jumaring
4211:Belaying
4174:Snowshoe
4132:Ice tool
4122:Crampons
3972:Figure-8
3884:Ascender
3752:Climbers
3492:Highball
3475:Big wall
3440:Climbing
3331:28547900
3300:41326318
3276:(1999).
3191:13062884
3101:34290622
2960:33306058
2952:26507611
2839:35263173
2673:29 March
2568:Archived
2564:Up Rope!
2501:We Heart
2236:Archived
1962:Archived
1567:See also
1477:and the
1471:highways
1308:Altitude
1297:mitigate
1278:exposure
1156:include
1070:glaciers
1059:Bollards
1019:crampons
897:toproped
884:and the
874:the UIAA
808:crampons
680:leaves.
663:pervitin
589:crampons
448:In 1897
287:Jungfrau
250:and the
167:Petrarch
75:climbing
63:alpinism
5856:Portals
5828:Rafting
5667:Camping
5407:Rolling
5367:Cycling
5326:Gliding
5256:Falling
5038:Surfing
4892:Commons
4846:(UIMLA)
4840:(UIAGM)
4231:Leading
4148:Rescue
4127:Ice axe
4077:Camalot
4011:Lanyard
3994:Skyhook
3979:Harness
3950:Dynamic
3933:Maillon
3906:Glasses
3787:Everest
3778:Deaths
3697:Parkour
3092:8287323
3026:5 March
2857:11 July
2784:5 March
2414:1774261
2394:Bibcode
1527:or the
1364:Everest
1318:Manaslu
1266:hazards
1238:quinzee
1154:camping
1136:Camping
1113:Shelter
1051:deadman
1039:ice axe
956:belayer
952:pitches
946:Alpine
850:ranges.
804:ice axe
716:tourist
674:padutin
610:on the
555:Nun Kun
212:In the
153:in the
151:glacier
132:History
110:grading
5747:Travel
5732:Safari
5722:Picnic
5697:Hiking
5526:Caving
5514:Others
5445:Skiing
5309:Flying
4868:Portal
4834:(UIAA)
4828:(IFSC)
4660:Millet
4650:Mammut
4615:Grivel
4585:Deuter
4503:Summit
4387:Guides
4382:Grades
4253:Rescue
4187:Action
4089:Tricam
4055:Grigri
4001:Hammer
3955:Static
3911:Gloves
3879:Anchor
3799:Brands
3603:Alpine
3367:12 May
3348:12 May
3329:
3319:
3298:
3288:
3264:
3254:
3189:
3179:
3137:
3127:
3099:
3089:
3081:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2845:
2837:
2727:
2645:
2540:12 May
2479:
2446:
2412:
2300:
2271:
2194:12 May
2136:
2107:
2083:
2055:
1995:
1942:
1917:
1907:
1846:
1420:, and
1397:head.
1389:, and
1242:Igloos
1055:flukes
989:, and
964:anchor
960:leader
559:Gurkha
544:Sikkim
454:Alaska
408:Norway
283:Ortler
97:, and
87:sports
79:skiing
5625:Types
4685:Petzl
4635:Kelty
4425:Media
4360:Pitch
4325:Clean
4308:Other
4157:RECCO
4084:Shoes
4072:SLCDs
4067:Sling
4035:Piton
3984:Hooks
3962:Chalk
3889:Croll
3867:Aider
3804:Knots
3740:Lists
3722:Slide
3687:Grass
3682:Crane
3665:Other
3637:Mixed
3566:Crack
3516:Sport
3504:Speed
3447:Types
3390:(PDF)
2956:S2CID
2843:S2CID
2571:(PDF)
2560:(PDF)
2473:36–40
2410:JSTOR
2292:[
1915:S2CID
1330:Andes
1158:tents
1104:or a
709:Today
644:Nepal
466:Andes
458:Yukon
218:Incas
214:Andes
61:, or
5500:Luge
4575:CAMP
4365:Topo
4335:Beta
4263:Self
4060:Revo
4050:SLDs
3989:Fifi
3945:Cord
3918:Bolt
3859:Rock
3727:Tree
3702:Pole
3581:Slab
3576:Roof
3571:Face
3528:Solo
3511:Free
3369:2020
3350:2020
3327:OCLC
3317:ISBN
3296:OCLC
3286:ISBN
3262:OCLC
3252:ISBN
3209:link
3205:link
3187:OCLC
3177:ISBN
3153:link
3135:OCLC
3125:ISBN
3097:PMID
3079:ISSN
3042:link
3028:2009
3001:link
2987:2009
2975:"25"
2948:PMID
2940:ISSN
2903:link
2889:2009
2877:"24"
2859:2022
2835:PMID
2800:link
2786:2009
2756:2023
2725:ISBN
2701:2019
2675:2020
2643:ISBN
2579:2022
2542:2020
2508:2022
2477:ISBN
2444:ISBN
2349:2016
2298:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2196:2020
2171:2010
2134:ISBN
2105:ISBN
2081:ISBN
2053:ISBN
2025:2019
1993:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1876:2015
1844:ISBN
1558:HACE
1554:HAPE
1525:Alps
1452:and
1334:coca
1172:and
1160:and
1095:and
1045:and
1028:skis
972:nuts
970:and
968:cams
942:Rock
932:hike
806:and
798:and
692:and
678:coca
638:and
630:and
606:and
422:and
369:and
266:and
246:The
143:Ötzi
112:and
5374:BMX
4695:REI
4690:Rab
4023:Nut
4016:PAC
4006:Hex
3632:Ice
3470:Aid
3087:PMC
3069:doi
2930:doi
2827:doi
2402:doi
1897:doi
1777:doi
1750:doi
1723:doi
1556:or
1180:Hut
1026:or
752:by
688:by
173:of
5894::
3360:.
3341:.
3325:.
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3225:.
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2067:^
2033:^
2015:.
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1903:.
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1798:^
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1744:.
1719:27
1717:.
1481:.
1456:.
1424:.
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1385:,
1304:.
1203:.
1132:.
1072:,
1034:.
974:.
682:K2
646:.
578:K2
546:.
506:c.
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224:.
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