Munich massacre - Knowledge

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switchyard, where he encountered a police sniper. The third sniper on the airbase tower had already targeted "Issa" and "Tony" and was waiting for the first shot. However, when he opened fire, he could no longer hit them from his position. The two snipers on the tower, who had already shot at the hostage-takers near the helicopters, turned and aimed at "Issa" and "Tony". Although "Issa" was hit in the leg, he managed to hide with "Tony" in the shadow of the eastern helicopter's rotor blades, from where they kept the upper part of the airbase tower under constant fire. The two snipers positioned on the ground were barely able to intervene in the exchange of fire due to their positions to the east and north of the helicopters. After the first shots were fired, one of the hostage-takers lay behind the rear of the western helicopter, pretending to be dead until he was arrested.

2803: 2862: 939:. Berger was an expatriate American with dual citizenship, while Slavin, the youngest of the hostages at 18, had only arrived in Israel from the Soviet Union four months before the Olympic Games began. Gutfreund, physically the largest of the hostages, was bound to a chair (Groussard describes him as being tied up like a mummy); the rest were lined up four apiece on the two beds in Springer and Shapira's room, and bound at the wrists and ankles, and then to each other. Romano's bullet-riddled corpse was left at his bound comrades' feet as a warning. Several of the hostages were beaten during the standoff, with some suffering broken bones as a result. 2834: 2882: 804: 2819: 1499:

field of fire to the east, but could also fire north. Sniper No. 1, along with an observer, was positioned behind a discreetly placed airbase fire truck, to the side of and at a distance from the switchyard, on the grass area beyond the runway northeast of the control tower, with a field of fire in all directions. Sniper No. 2 was positioned behind the low concrete square frame surrounding the switchyard, with a field of fire to the southeast. The field of fire was intensely illuminated with airbase mast lighting, designed to enhance the snipers' accuracy and blind the hostage-takers.

1466:, was assigned, along with five colleagues and four civilian drivers, to provide transport during the Games for athletes, visitors, officials, and security personnel using two Mercedes minibusses with a total of 22 seats between them. In the evening, they received a request for one of the minibusses to go to the basement garage. Kuhr volunteered because he was single, while his colleague on the other bus was married with children. At 9:03 pm, Kuhr made his way. He was instructed to drive the minibus to the underground garage with exterior lights off, and interior lights on, and wait. 1859:, he stated that he had also been directed to pose as a flight crew member in the second assault plan involving the Lufthansa Boeing 727 aircraft at Fürstenfeldbruck airbase. He and his fellow police officers, who had willingly volunteered to bravely undertake the risky and ill-equipped hostage rescue operation during the first assault attempt in the Olympic Village, understood the second assault plan to be a suicide mission. Consequently, the group unanimously resolved to abandon the second assault plan in the Lufthansa aircraft. None of them were reprimanded. 1008:, came face-to-face with the terrorists, who were pointing weapons at them. They told the terrorists they were Chinese from Hong Kong and wanted to leave. Chan recalls, "He spoke good English and was polite. He told us to come out of the room and we can leave. Once he said that, we felt that we were safe." Wong, Chan, and Mok managed to escape by climbing onto the roof of the apartment building. Unfortunately, in the desperate scramble, the judo and swimming coaches, due to their age and reduced physical capability, were unable to climb out and became stranded. 796: 872:, a wrestling referee, was awakened by a faint scratching noise at the door of Apartment 1, which housed the Israeli coaches and officials. Investigating the noise, he saw the door begin to open and masked men with guns on the other side. Shouting a warning to his sleeping roommates, he threw his 135 kg (300 lb) weight against the door in an attempt to stop the intruders from forcing their way in. Gutfreund's actions gave his roommate, weightlifting coach Tuvia Sokolovsky, enough time to escape through a window. Meanwhile, wrestling coach 1665:

of the hostage-takers threw a hand grenade into the eastern helicopter and attempted to flee towards the switchyard, but was shot by a police sniper. The grenade detonated, setting the helicopter ablaze. David Berger died in the helicopter from smoke inhalation. The other eight hostages had already been shot by the hostage-takers: Yossef Gutfreund, Kehat Schor, Mark Slavin, Andrei Spitzer, and Amitzur Shapira in the western helicopter, and Yakov Springer, Eliezer Halfin, Ze'ev Friedman, and David Berger in the eastern one.

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north to avoid coming under fire. However, two of the hostage-takers had already exited and prevented them from doing so. Meanwhile, operations manager Wolf was lying on the roof of the airbase tower, still unaware of the exact number of hostage-takers. Additionally, the helicopters' rotor blades cast large shadows, providing cover for the hostage-takers. This crucial detail had not been considered during daylight planning, making a starting point for a successful rescue operation far from ideal.

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escorted to the apartment building, where he was allowed inside. In several reports, Sales said he encountered the leader of the Black September group, who told him that he thought the entire Hong Kong delegation had already left the building. Led by one of the terrorists to the Hong Kong room, Sales brought the two Hong Kong coaches out. On the way out, Sales said to the terrorist, "Thank you, is there anything I can do for you?" to which the terrorist replied, "No, thank you," and let them go.

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of this, "Sniper 2" didn't fire a single shot until late in the gunfight, when hostage-taker Khalid Jawad attempted to escape on foot and ran right at the exposed sniper. "Sniper 2" killed the fleeing perpetrator but was in turn badly wounded by a fellow police officer, who was unaware that he was shooting at one of his men. One of the helicopter pilots, Gunnar Ebel, was lying near "Sniper 2" and was also wounded by friendly fire. Both Ebel and the sniper recovered from their injuries.

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snipers took positions on the northern balustrade of the tower and targeted the hostage-takers threatening the pilots. Only after they fired would the third sniper on the airbase tower open fire on "Issa" and "Tony". However, the order to fire was delayed because the pilots were in the line of fire. Meanwhile, "Issa" and "Tony" had arrived at the Lufthansa aircraft. Realizing there were no personnel on board, they recognized the trap and immediately sprinted back to the helicopters.

1446: 7993: 7688: 1583:) helicopters approached Fürstenfeldbruck airbase with the terrorists and hostages onboard, the West German police officers assigned to board the awaiting Lufthansa Boeing 727 aircraft decided it was too dangerous due to inadequate security precautions. They were ill-equipped and poorly protected inside the aircraft, resolving to abandon their mission. This left only the five police sharpshooters to try to overpower a larger and more heavily armed group. 7988: 7683: 3053: 1454:

route first from Connollystraße 31 to the helicopters. He became suspicious and demanded to travel the entire route from Munich to Fürstenfeldbruck by bus. The German negotiators did not agree to this, as the entire route could not be adequately secured. Eventually, the crisis team and the hostage-takers agreed to transport the group by bus to the helicopters. Thus, the plan to free the hostages in the basement garage of the Olympic Village had failed.

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sound, from a cost-benefit point of view. If I'm very hard-headed, I can say, what is the political benefit in killing this person? Will it bring us nearer to peace? Will it bring us nearer to an understanding with the Palestinians or not? In most cases I don't think it will. But in the case of Black September we had no other choice and it worked. Is it morally acceptable? One can debate that question. Is it politically vital? It was.

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Beirut and killed him on 22 January 1979 with a remote-controlled car bomb. The attack killed four passersby and injured 18 others. According to CIA officer Duane "Dewey" Claridge, chief of operations of the CIA Near East Division from 1975 to 1978, in mid-1976, Salameh offered Americans assistance and protection with Arafat's blessings during the American embassy pull-out from Beirut during the down-spiraling chaos of the

3067: 1714:, spoke as a spokesperson for the German government, in several TV interviews. Despite the ongoing attempt to rescue the Israeli team, he described it, based on the information he had received, as a "fortunate and successful operation." Initial news reports published all over the world, indicated that all the hostages were alive and that all the attackers had been killed. Only later did a representative for the 2802: 1868:

potential terrorist attacks during the Olympics, though none specifically targeted Israelis. It described contacts with Israeli representatives about the security of the Israeli Olympic team, indicating no dissatisfaction with the arrangements. The authors concluded that, given the terrorists' intent, even significant security reinforcements would not have prevented the attack on the Israelis.

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two politicians and one police chief. The program mentioned that a year before the Games, Schreiber had participated in another hostage crisis (a failed bank robbery) where he ordered a sharpshooter to shoot one of the perpetrators, but only managed to wound the robber. As a result, the robbers shot an innocent woman dead. Schreiber was consequently charged with

1382:, where they intended to continue negotiations for the prisoners' release. To verify the hostages were still alive, Minister Genscher and Walter Tröger, the mayor of the Olympic Village, were briefly allowed into the apartments to speak with the hostages. Clearly, in fear for their lives, they agreed to fly to the Egyptian capital with the terrorists. 1098:, the hostage situation presented an extremely difficult political situation for the Germans because the hostages were Jewish. Cooley reported that the Germans offered the Palestinians an unlimited ransom for the release of the athletes, as well as the substitution of high-ranking German officials. However, the kidnappers refused both offers. 758:, which shared housing with the Israelis, claimed that he found Nazzal inside 31 Connollystraße less than 24 hours before the attack. However, since Nazzal was recognized as a worker in the Village, nothing was thought of it at the time. The other members of the group entered Munich via train and plane in the days leading up to the attack. 1144:

further source evidence, that the hostage-takers had demanded the release of 234 Palestinians from Israeli custody, as well as the German Red Army Faction terrorists Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof. According to historians Anna Greithanner, Dominik Aufleger, and Robert Wolff, who found the original list of the hostage-takers in the

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moving a millimeter or daring to breathe. "Issa" found the bus too small and told Kuhr he could drive away. The encounter lasted a mere 2 minutes. The hostage-takers and hostages later boarded a larger bus from the basement garage to the helicopters, an event that was filmed live and captured by news photographers.

1788:, prompting governments "to think about terrorism as an enduring challenge to security, international and domestic, and to respond to it with a wide range of government resources". This costly lesson led directly to the rapid founding of the German federal border guard's counter-terrorism intervention unit, 1695:'s body was relatively intact; he had been blown clear of the helicopter by the explosion. In some cases, the exact cause of death for the hostages in the eastern helicopter was difficult to establish because the rest of the corpses were burned almost beyond recognition in the explosion and subsequent fire. 1091:, Bruno Merk, who headed the crisis centre jointly with Genscher and Munich's police chief Manfred Schreiber, denies that such an Israeli offer ever existed. Furthermore, such an offer of foreign military intervention could never be entertained due to the sovereignty of the Federal Republic of Germany. 2349:

reported that following the massacre, Germany began secret meetings with Black September, at the behest of the West German government, due to the fear that Black September would carry out other terrorist attacks in Germany. The government proposed a clandestine meeting between German Foreign Minister

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reported that much of the information on the mishandling of the massacre was covered up by the German authorities. For twenty years, Germany refused to release any information about the attack and did not accept responsibility for the results. The magazine reported that the government had been hiding

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of East Germany. However, she withdrew from the competition in sympathy with the Israeli victims. She said that she was leaving in protest of the "obscene" decision to continue with the Olympic Games. Many athletes, dazed by the tragedy, similarly felt that their desire to compete had been destroyed,

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devices. The officers were chosen due to their excellent performance in shooting exercises. During a subsequent German investigation, an officer identified as "Sniper No. 2" stated: "I am of the opinion that I am not a sharpshooter." At that time, the Munich police had already acquired the relatively

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A feigned agreement had been reached. The terrorists from Black September and their nine Israeli hostages were to be flown out of the Munich Olympic Village by helicopter to an awaiting aircraft at Fürstenfeldbruck airbase. It was only through this maneuver that they were able to extend the ultimatum

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In the meantime, camera crews filmed the actions of the police officers from nearby apartments in the Olympic Village and broadcast the images live on television. This allowed the terrorists to watch the police prepare for the attack and hear it on the radio. A press image shows one of the terrorists

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to present some threat scenarios to aid in planning security, and he presented 26 scenarios. His "Situation 21" scenario accurately predicted an incursion of Palestinian elements into the Olympic Village. However, the organizers did not forward the document to the West German authorities, as guarding

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and Aaron J. Klein, Lalkin said he had expressed concerns to the relevant authorities about his team's lodgings. The team was housed in a relatively isolated part of the Olympic Village, on the ground floor of a small building close to a gate, which Lalkin felt made them particularly vulnerable to an

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was intended to exact vengeance for the families of the athletes killed in Munich, "few relatives wanted such a violent reckoning with the Palestinians." Reeve states the families were instead desperate to know the truth of the events surrounding the Munich massacre. Reeve outlines what he sees as a

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The second section reviewed the efforts to release the hostages, concluding that a rescue without force or flying them to Cairo was impossible, partly due to Israel's refusal to release Palestinian prisoners. The third section examined the airbase operation, raising operational questions but finding

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There were also numerous tactical errors. As mentioned earlier, "Sniper 2", who was stationed behind the switchyard, wound up directly in the line of fire of his fellow snipers on the control tower, without any protective gear and without any other police officer being aware of his location. Because

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The impact did not hit me at the time, when we were in Munich. It was when we arrived back in Israel. At the airport in Lod there was a huge crowd—maybe 20,000 people—and each one of us, the survivors, stood by one of the coffins on the runway. Some friends came up to me and tried to kiss me and hug

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police armoured personnel carriers, which had been held up in traffic, arrived from Munich. They were tasked with rescuing the injured and providing protection for police officers approaching the helicopters. As Wolf drove towards the helicopters in an armoured personnel carrier, he was shot at. One

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The helicopters landed next to each other just after 10:30 pm, and the four pilots got out first. As previously agreed with the operations team, they opened the doors to the passenger compartments where the hostage-takers and the hostages were. The operational plan called for the pilots to then head

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aircraft was positioned on the tarmac east of the airbase control tower, with its engines running. The plan was to have the police officers involved in the earlier assault attempt disguised as flight crew inside. It was agreed that "Issa" and "Tony" would inspect the plane. The police officers would

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Moments later, he met "Issa", who was carrying a weapon. Surprisingly, "Issa" didn't check Kuhr for weapons. He even reasured Kuhr by saying in German that he had nothing to fear and only wanted to inspect the bus. As "Issa" checked under the seats with a torch, Kuhr remained static in his seat, not

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A plan was devised to walk the Palestinians and Israelis through the basement garage of the Olympic Village to the helicopters. The West German police saw an opportunity to ambush the terrorists and positioned sharpshooters in the garage basement. However, at 8:30 pm, "Issa" insisted on checking the

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said it obtained secret reports by authorities, embassy cables, and minutes of cabinet meetings that demonstrate the lack of professionalism of the German officials in handling the massacre. The newspaper also wrote that the German authorities were told that Palestinians were planning an "incident"

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commandos was taken in nine missile boats and a small fleet of patrol boats to a deserted Lebanese beach, before driving in two cars to downtown Beirut, where they killed Najjar, Adwan, and Nassir. Two further detachments of commandos blew up the PFLP's headquarters in Beirut and a Fatah explosives

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We had no choice. We had to make them stop, and there was no other way ... we are not very proud about it. But it was a question of sheer necessity. We went back to the old biblical rule of an eye for an eye ... I approach these problems not from a moral point of view, but, hard as it may

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There is a memorial outside the Olympic stadium in Munich in the form of a stone tablet at the bridge linking the stadium to the former Olympic Village. There is a memorial tablet to the slain Israelis outside the front door of their former lodging at 31 Connollystraße. On 15 October 1999 (almost a

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magazine reconstruction of the long-suppressed Bavarian prosecutor's report indicates that a third hostage-taker (Reeve identifies Adnan Al-Gashey) stood at the door of the western helicopter and raked the remaining five hostages with machine gun fire; Gutfreund, Shorr, Slavin, Spitzer, and Shapira

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Due to the danger to the police officers' lives, Wolf felt it was unjustifiable to risk freeing the hostages who might still be alive. He decided to wait for the police armoured personnel carriers requested from the Olympic Village before attempting another assault. However, these vehicles had only

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To add further insult to injury, the police officers were also informed and had signed a declaration that they had to return the Olympic training suits the next day, washed and cleaned, despite not knowing if they would survive or what was about to confront them. They planned to crawl down from the

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The site contains comprehensive information in text and pictures about the attack for educational purposes, including the original typewritten English-language communiqués (with German translations) of 'Black September' and the complete name list of the 328 detainees to be released. Source: Munich

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No. We were not engaged in vengeance. We are accused of having been guided by a desire for vengeance. That is nonsense. What we did was to concretely prevent in the future. We acted against those who thought that they would continue to perpetrate acts of terror. I am not saying that those who were

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In the wake of the hostage-taking, competition was suspended for 34 hours, for the first time in modern Olympic history, after public criticism of the Olympic Committee's decision to continue the games. On 6 September, a memorial service attended by 80,000 spectators and 3,000 athletes was held in

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at that time, had a 460-millimetre (18 in) barrel; at the distances the snipers were required to shoot, a 690-millimetre (27 in) barrel would have ensured far greater accuracy. None of the rifles were equipped with telescopic or night vision sights. Additionally, none of the snipers were

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As mentioned earlier, the five West German police snipers at Fürstenfeldbruck airbase lacked radio contact with each other and the German authorities conducting the rescue operation, making it impossible to coordinate their fire. Their only contact with the operational leadership was through Georg

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According to the same program, the crisis committee responsible for making decisions on how to handle the incident consisted of Bruno Merk (the Bavarian interior minister), Hans-Dietrich Genscher (the West German interior minister), and Manfred Schreiber (Munich's Chief of Police); in other words,

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profile on the massacre stated that the helicopters were supposed to land sideways and to the west of the control tower, a maneuver which would have allowed the snipers clear shots into them as the kidnappers threw open the helicopter doors. Instead, the helicopters landed facing the control tower

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When I was a kid, my father used to say "Our greatest hopes and our worst fears are seldom realized." Our worst fears have been realized tonight. They've now said that there were eleven hostages. Two were killed in their rooms yesterday morning, nine were killed at the airport tonight. They're all

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However, the police officers, arriving by car with blue lights flashing, were initially hampered by airbase security and informed they were not authorized to allow anyone onto the airfield. The officers took cover in a ditch and could see the aircraft, fully fueled and with engines running loudly,

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The terrorists demanded by 9 am, the release of Palestinians and non-Arabs held captive in Israel, as well as Baader and Meinhof, who were imprisoned in West Germany. They also requested safe passage for themselves and the hostages to an Arab capital, using a plane provided for this purpose, where

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Leading the intruders past Apartment 2, Weinberg lied, telling them that the residents were not Israelis. Instead, he directed them to Apartment 3, where the gunmen corralled six wrestlers and weightlifters as additional hostages. Weinberg might have hoped that the stronger men would have a better

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and a Black September operative. Five Mossad agents, including two women, were captured by the Norwegian authorities, while others managed to slip away. The five were convicted of the killing and imprisoned but were released and returned to Israel in 1975. Mossad later found Ali Hassan Salameh in

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The families of some victims have asked the IOC to establish a permanent memorial to the athletes. The IOC has declined, saying that introducing a specific reference to the victims could "alienate other members of the Olympic community," according to the BBC. Alex Gilady, an Israeli IOC official,

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By 4:30 pm, a hastily improvised team of 13 West German police officers, who had signed a declaration to willingly participate in a bold and risky hostage rescue operation, could be seen scaling the building in the Olympic Village. Awkwardly disguised in Olympic training suits, wearing heavy

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Shortly before 5:00 am, the Munich police, the organizing committee, and paramedics were alerted. Ambulances arrived, and the blood-soaked Weinberg that the terrorists had thrown in front of the apartment building entrance (Connollystraße 31), who could not be saved, was recovered. The paramedics

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The shootout with the well-trained Black September members underscored a significant lack of preparation by the German authorities. They were ill-equipped to handle such an unprecedented threat from Palestinian terrorists, a type of threat previously unknown in Germany. The problem was even more

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More police armoured personnel carriers arrived on the airbase. The arriving police officers, confused by the situation, mistakenly shot at a police sniper and the helicopter pilot at the switchyard, thinking they were hostage-takers; both were injured. Five hostage-takers, including the leaders

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Only when "Issa" and "Tony" had almost reached the eastern helicopter did the police snipers simultaneously shoot at the two hostage-takers threatening the pilots. Both fell to the ground, unable to use their weapons. The pilots tried to get to safety, with one fleeing behind the low wall of the

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roles. From behind the cover provided by the balustrade of the control tower platform, Sniper No. 3, supported by an observer, was positioned with a field of fire to the east. Sniper No. 4 had a field of fire to the northeast, while Sniper No. 5 was at the northeast corner of the platform with a

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The operation in Fürstenfeldbruck was designed as an alternative to one in the Olympic Village. Georg Wolf, Schreiber's deputy, who later led the police team in Fürstenfeldbruck, advocated to the crisis team for freeing the hostages at the Fürstenfeldbruck airbase. This location was advantageous

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There are different reports about the exact number of individuals to be released and whether non-Arab terrorists were included. For a long time, there was talk of two hundred Palestinians. In non-fiction books by Simon Reeve, Luis Palme, and Kay Schiller, it was stated from 2006 onwards, without

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Once Wong, Chan, and Mok had escaped, they did a headcount and realized that the judo and swimming coaches were missing. Sales, who was staying at a hotel, rushed to the scene. As the deadline given by the terrorists approached, Sales knew he had to act. He spoke to some German officials and was

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While two of the hostage-takers threatened the pilots at gunpoint, their leader "Issa" went to inspect the Lufthansa aircraft immediately after landing, with "Tony", the second leader, following at a distance. Wolf decided to first free the four pilots from their dangerous situation. Two police

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Heinz Hohensinn, one of the lead police officers, then received a radio message to proceed to the aircraft and was informed of the plan. In the complete helplessness of the situation, he learned they were to disguise themselves as flight crew, board the aircraft, and conduct the assault inside.

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organizing committee, initially sought to cancel the remainder of the Games, but in the afternoon Brundage and others who wished to continue the Games prevailed, stating that they could not let the incident halt the Games. Brundage stated "The Games must go on, and we must ... and we must

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By 10:06 pm, the heavily armed hostage-takers led the bound hostages onto the provided bus that transported them to the helicopters. After a brief inspection, "Issa" ordered the Israeli athletes to board the helicopters, with four hostage-takers sitting next to the hostages in each helicopter.

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A quarter of an hour before the noon ultimatum expired, an extension of three hours, until 3 pm, was negotiated with the terrorists. During the negotiations, the mayor of the Olympic Village, Walther Tröger, along with Willi Daume, Manfred Schreiber, the Munich Police President and the head of

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As the situation evolved, Fliegerbauer and two other colleagues were instructed to take up positions at the foot of the airbase control tower, crouched behind a wall, directly across from where the two Bell UH-1 helicopters transporting the hostages and terrorists would land. Armed with their

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On September 20, the West German report was published. It examined three key aspects: security measures in Munich and the Olympic Village, efforts to release the hostages without force, and the police operation at the Olympic Village and Fürstenfeldbruck airbase. The report noted warnings of

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A West German police officer was also killed in the crossfire. The West German government faced criticism for the rescue attempt and its handling of the incident. The three surviving perpetrators were arrested but were released the following month in a hostage exchange after the hijacking of

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The crisis team made a final attempt to buy time by announcing that no plane was available for the flight to Cairo, which extended the ultimatum to 9 pm. However, this deadline also passed. At 9:36 pm, the Lufthansa plane was ready at the Fürstenfeldbruck airbase, and Wolf then flew back to

1911:. He explained that while the West German authorities had a plan and were fully committed to rescuing the hostages, they struggled to improvise and adapt to the unfolding events. This inability to find solutions as the events were occurring partially contributed to the operation's failure. 1047:

The hostage-takers threw the body of Weinberg out of the front door of the apartment building to demonstrate their resolve. Israel's response was immediate and absolute: there would be no negotiation. Israel's official policy at the time was to refuse to negotiate with terrorists under any

2408:, claiming to still fear retribution from Israel. He is the only one of the surviving terrorists to consent to interviews since 1972, having granted an interview in 1992 to a Palestinian newspaper, and having briefly emerged from hiding in 1999 to participate in an interview for the film 1262:, the senior member of the Israeli delegation, had a brief conversation with West German officials while standing at the second-floor window of the besieged building, with two kidnappers holding guns on them. When Spitzer attempted to answer a question, he was clubbed with the butt of an 1250:

rejected the blackmail in order not to risk the lives of its citizens abroad for all time. Ambassador Ben Horin underscored Israel's faith in the German authorities' ability to save the hostages and demanded that the sporting competitions be halted until the hostage-taking was concluded.

1127:, observing the unfolding events from the balcony of his nearby lodging, was quoted as saying, "Imagine those poor guys over there. Every five minutes a psycho with a machine gun says, 'Let's kill 'em now,' and someone else says, 'No, let's wait a while.' How long could you stand that?" 1645:) Arved Semerak recalls standing just 20 meters away when Fliegerbauer was fatally hit by a stray bullet from the hostage-takers. In the chaos, Semerak didn't notice what had happened until paramedics began attending to Fliegerbauer. The bullet struck the side of his head, killing him. 2861: 661:

the Games against such threats conflicted with their goal of hosting "Carefree Games" without heavy security. Despite having clear intelligence from multiple sources and technically considering the possibility of such an attack, the Bavarian State police were still taken by surprise.

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sidearms, one spare magazine each, and one radio between them, they had taken up positions crouched behind a wall at the foot of the Fürstenfeldbruck airbase control tower, directly across from where the two Bell UH-1 helicopters landed. Amid the gunfire, Fliegerbauer's team leader

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Police chief Schreiber discovered the exact number of hostage-takers when they boarded the helicopters, realizing there were eight instead of the previously believed five. He did not relay this information to Fürstenfeldbruck airbase, assuming the operations team was already aware.

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airbase that the number of kidnappers was larger than initially believed. Despite this new information, Schreiber decided to proceed with the rescue operation as originally planned. Unfortunately, the new information could not reach the police snipers because they had no radios.

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After "Issa" threatened to kill some of the hostages and the police cover had been blown by the television coverage, the police were forced to suspend the rescue operation to avoid a bloodbath and retreated from the premises. The press were also removed from the Olympic Village.

2120:, known for her pro-Palestinian activism. The campaign faced criticism from various groups due to Hadid's controversial remarks, prompting Adidas to issue an apology. The company acknowledged the unintended connection to tragic events and announced plans to revise the campaign. 1586:

Wolf observed from the airbase control tower that the police officers, disguised as flight crew, were exiting the Lufthansa airliner. Wolf could not adjust the operation plan as the two helicopters with the hostage-takers and hostages were already approaching Fürstenfeldbruck.

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Over the next hour, shots were repeatedly fired as the tense standoff continued. Police Chief Schreiber had instructed Officer Anton Fliegerbauer and two colleagues to provide fire support for the snipers positioned on the airfield. Armed with standard police-issue 6-shot

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However, he rejected the idea as a certain failure. He believed the terrorists would not board the aircraft like a "goose march", and if they realized that it was an ambush and that they would not be flown out, the outcome with a fully fueled aircraft would be disastrous.

2746:) Arved Semerak recalls standing just 20 meters away when Fliegerbauer was fatally hit by a stray bullet from the hostage-takers. In the chaos, Semerak didn't notice what had happened until paramedics began attending to Fliegerbauer. According to Simon Reeve, author of 1919:

The bodies of the five Palestinian attackers—Afif, Nazzal, Chic Thaa, Hamid, and Jawad—killed during the Fürstenfeldbruck gun battle were delivered to Libya, where they received heroes' funerals and were buried with full military honours. On 8 September, Israeli planes

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The first helicopter to arrive, carrying crisis team members, advisors, and two Israeli security experts, landed at Fürstenfeldbruck airbase. This helicopter was separate from the two helicopters carrying the hostage-takers and hostages that would arrive shortly later.

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Munich police chief Manfred Schreiber and Bruno Merk, the interior minister of Bavaria, negotiated directly with the kidnappers, repeatedly offering an unlimited ransom. According to Cooley, the reply was that "money means nothing to us; our lives mean nothing to us."

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claims that security in the athletes' Village was inadequate for the Games. Athletes could bypass security and enter other countries' rooms by climbing over the 6 1/2-foot-high chain-link fence surrounding the Olympic Village, rather than using the official entrances.

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security for the Games of the XX Olympiad, Bavarian Minister of the Interior Bruno Merk, and Federal Minister of the Interior and Vice President of the German NOC, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, offered themselves to the terrorists as replacement hostages, but to no avail.

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As a sovereign state, the Federal Republic of Germany could not tolerate the hostage-takers forcibly transporting foreign guests to another territory at gunpoint. Moreover, none of the Arab states supported the diplomatic efforts of the German Federal Chancellor

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Wolf, Schreiber's deputy, who was lying next to the three snipers on the control tower, giving them direct orders. The two snipers at ground level received vague instructions to shoot when the other snipers began firing and were left to fend for themselves.

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also tried in vain to negotiate with the attackers at the building entrance to attend to the injured person inside, Romano. Despite their efforts, the attackers would not allow them to enter the building, and he eventually succumbed to his gunshot injuries.

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At 3:25 pm, the ultimatum was postponed to 5 pm. By 3:38 pm, the Olympic Games were suspended, allowing ongoing competitions to be completed. The terrorists repeatedly changed their clothes and appeared on the balcony, with their number estimated at five.

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Meanwhile, the terrorists learned from radio and television broadcasts that the police were approaching and had planned a rescue operation. The authorities had failed to cut off the terrorists' electricity and remove the press from the Olympic Village.

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severe. There was no single authority overseeing the situation. The Munich police, Bavarian authorities, West German authorities, and even the Olympic committee all intervened, which increased the confusion and difficulty in handling the crisis.

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Elsewhere in the village, athletes carried on as normal, seemingly oblivious to the events unfolding nearby. The Games continued until mounting pressure on the IOC forced a suspension some 12 hours after the first athlete had been murdered.

754:, Afif (the son of a Jewish mother and Christian father), Nazzal, and one of their confidantes had all worked in various capacities in the Olympic Village and had spent a couple of weeks scouting for their potential target. A member of the 2791:, Fliegerbauer is described in a sentence that reads, "The police failed in this attempt, and the operation ended in disaster. All of the hostages and the German police officer Anton Fliegerbauer, as well as five of the terrorists, died." 1677:

had escaped injury completely. Almost 90 minutes had passed since the helicopters landed at Fürstenfeldbruck airbase. By around midnight on 6 September, the battle was over. The operation had failed, none of the hostages could be rescued.

1989:

carried noisemakers and waved flags, but when several spectators unfurled a banner reading "17 dead, already forgotten?" security officers removed the sign and expelled those responsible from the grounds. During the memorial service, the

1116:(IOC), also helped try to win concessions from the kidnappers but to no avail. However, the German negotiators were able to convince the terrorists that their demands were being considered, as "Issa" granted several deadline extensions. 691:, the authorities failed to act on the tip and never acknowledged it in the following 40 years. The magazine claimed this was part of a 40-year cover-up by German authorities regarding their mishandling of the response to the massacre. 1965:

made little reference to the murdered athletes during a speech praising the strength of the Olympic movement and equating the attack on the Israeli sportsmen with the recent arguments about encroaching professionalism and disallowing

1939:

was hijacked and threatened to be blown up if the Munich attackers were not released. Safady and the Al-Gasheys were immediately released by West Germany, receiving a tumultuous welcome when they touched down in Libya and (as seen in

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The terrorists wanted to first check the transport that would drive them the 400-meter distance to the helicopters and requested it be brought to the basement garage. Jürgen Kuhr, a soldier and driver in a transport squadron with the

1044:. Evidence uncovered in later years from the Munich Public Prosecutor's Office, held in the Munich State Archives, revealed that the original typewritten English-language communiqués of Black September contained a list of 328 names. 6489: 2780:

At a memorial service held at Fürstenfeldbruck Airbase in 2012, commemorating the 40th anniversary of the Munich massacre, Fliegerbauer was remembered alongside the eleven members of the Israeli delegation slain by the terrorists.

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because the West German police could arrive before the hostage-takers and set up the operation. Additionally, being a military airbase, it could be easily cleared, ensuring no external parties would be at risk during a shootout.

2393:, and Safady was found by remaining in touch with family in Lebanon. This account was challenged in a book by Aaron J. Klein, who claims that Al-Gashey died of heart failure in the 1970s and that Safady was killed by Christian 2093:

In 2014 the International Olympic Committee agreed to contribute $ 250,000 towards a memorial to the murdered Israeli athletes. After 44 years, the IOC commemorated the victims of the Munich massacre for the first time in the

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As the ultimatum neared its expiry, the crisis team resumed negotiations with the German-speaking leader of the terrorists, "Issa", who hid his face under a mask and wore a white hat. With the assistance of an envoy from the

2310:. There was a general feeling that Americans could be trusted. However, the scene of cooperation came to an end abruptly after the assassination of Salameh. Americans were generally blamed as Israel's principal benefactors. 9639: 1389:

at the hands of the terrorists and that David Berger had been shot in his left shoulder. Tröger spoke of being very moved by the dignity with which the Israelis held themselves, and that they seemed resigned to their fate.

2734:, where the Munich police had planned to rescue the nine Israeli hostages held by eight Black September terrorists. Their initial task was to set up barriers at the airbase: no one was allowed in, no one was allowed out. 2187:, appealed to other countries to "save our citizens and condemn the unspeakable criminal acts committed." She also stated, "if we should give in, then no Israeli anywhere in the world shall feel that his life is safe 4073: 2515:, declined several offers to meet with Abu Daoud, saying that the only place she wants to meet him is in a courtroom. According to Spitzer, "He didn't pay the price for what he did." In 2006, during the release of 849: ft) chain-link fence with the assistance of unsuspecting athletes who were also sneaking into the Olympic Village. The athletes were originally identified as Americans but were later claimed to be Canadians. 1358:, with no experience in counter-terrorism or hostage rescue. Quoting Hohensinn, they realized from the onset that the bulletproof vests alone would not withstand the Russian ammunition the terrorists were using. 6141: 1405:

to 7 pm. From 6 pm, Schreiber's deputy Georg Wolf, and five police officers began preparing for a potential operation in Fürstenfeldbruck airbase, knowing it would be their last option for freeing the hostages.

3450: 2833: 2271:'s intelligence arm, which ran Black September, according to Morris; Kamal Adwan, who headed the PLO's Western Sector, which controlled PLO action inside Israel; and Kamal Nassir, the PLO spokesman. A group of 1951:

incident have produced theories of a secret agreement between the German government and Black September on the release of the surviving terrorists in exchange for assurances of no further attacks on Germany.

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Many of the errors made by the German authorities during the rescue attempt were ultimately detailed by leading police officer Heinz Hohensinn, who had participated in Operation Sunshine earlier that day. In

3816: 2812:, translates as: "The team of the State of Israel stayed in this building during the 20th Olympic Summer Games from 21 August to 5 September 1972. On 5 September, died a violent death. Honor their memory". 956:, who said something like, "Arabs have shot Muni," referring to Moshe Weinberg. Ladany escaped by jumping from the rear second-story balcony. He then ran to the American dormitory, woke up U.S. track coach 9395: 255: 6847: 5711: 5732: 5307: 7236: 1620:

At around 4:35 pm, Wegener had remarked in consternation to his boss Genscher, "This contradicts all basic tactical rules", to which Genscher replied, "Many of the police know nothing about this".

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and at the center of the airstrip. This not only gave them a place to hide after the gunfight began, but put Snipers 1 and 2 in the line of fire of the other three snipers on the control tower.

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lengthy cover-up by German authorities to hide the truth. After a lengthy court fight, in 2004 the families of the Munich victims reached a settlement of €3 million with the German government.

887:, to escape via the underground parking garage. Weinberg knocked one of the intruders unconscious and slashed at another with a fruit knife but failed to draw blood before being shot to death. 5605: 2021:, the American swimming star who had already completed his competitions, left Munich during the hostage crisis (it was feared that as a prominent Jew, Spitz might be a kidnapping target). The 11755: 11747: 10736: 9185: 3503:"The hostage-takers' demands; Original typewritten English-language communiqués (with German translations) of 'Black September' and the complete name list of the 328 detainees to be released" 1393:

While being debriefed by the crisis team, Genscher and Tröger reported seeing "five" terrorists inside the apartment. Fatefully, this number, rather than "eight", was accepted as definitive.

6110: 4761:[Attack at the 1972 Olympics: When Jürgen Kuhr from Büdelsdorf met the terrorist leader “Issa” under four eyes] (in German). Flensburg: Schleswig-Holsteinischer Zeitungsverlag (sh:z) 2259:

personnel and friendly European intelligence services. Once completed, a wave of assassinations of suspected Black September operatives began across Europe. On 9 April 1973, Israel launched

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at the Olympics three weeks before the massacre, but failed to take the necessary security measures, and these facts are missing from the official documentation of the German government.

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The five Palestinian terrorists killed during the operation were also moruned in their homeland. During a funeral ceremony in Libya, more than 30,000 people turned out to honor the dead.

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sidearms, a spare magazine each, and one radio between them, they were to provide fire support for the snipers on the airfield. Amid the gunfire that ensued, Fliegerbauer's team leader (

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Golda Meir abhorred the necessity that was imposed on us to carry out the operations. Golda never told me to 'take revenge on those who were responsible for Munich.' No one told me that.

10028: 8188: 6967: 1970:'s participation in the Games, which outraged many listeners. The victims' families were represented by Andre Spitzer's widow Ankie, Moshe Weinberg's mother, and a cousin of Weinberg, 646:

outside assault. The West German authorities assured Lalkin that extra security would be provided for the Israeli team, but Lalkin doubts that any additional measures were ever taken.

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Meanwhile, Israeli security expert Cohen grabbed a megaphone and addressed the members of Black September in Arabic: "Surrender. Save your lives." The response was a hail of bullets.

1150:(Munich State Archives), it contains 328 names, including Baader and Meinhof of the West German Red Army Faction, and Okamoto of the Japanese Red Army, one of the perpetrators of the 4568: 9659: 1889:

and the German authorities. The Israeli Foreign Ministry summarized these differences, highlighting major discrepancies between the West German report and the comments by Zamir and

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provided logistical assistance to the group. Shortly after the hostages were taken, Afif demanded the release of a significant number of Palestinians and non-Arab prisoners held in

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E. W. Pless and, since 1979, officially named Willi Voss) seven weeks before the attack. In January 1977, Abu Daoud was intercepted by French police in Paris while traveling from

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equipped with a steel helmet or bulletproof vest. No armoured vehicles were at the scene at Fürstenfeldbruck airbase and were only called in after the gunfight was well underway.

11699: 5052: 2109:, a moment of silence was observed in the opening ceremony in 2021, a year before its 50th anniversary. This was the first time in history this happened in the opening ceremony. 1288: 1101:

Meanwhile, the Olympic committee's refusal to suspend the games amid the emerging crisis intensified the pressure on the West German authorities and police to find a resolution.

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in 1963. In 1964, he met his future wife, whom he married in 1966. Two years later, they had a son named Alfred. On November 19, 1970, Fliegerbauer was appointed to the rank of

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Though he claims he didn't know what the money was being spent for, longtime Fatah official Mahmoud Abbas, aka Abu Mazen, was responsible for the financing of the Munich attack.

2202:, who described the mission as "putting an end to the type of terror that was perpetrated" in Europe. To this end Mossad set up several special teams to locate and kill these 1773:

could not participate in the attempted rescue, as the German armed forces were not allowed to operate inside Germany during peacetime. The responsibility fell entirely on the

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ventilation shafts and overpower the terrorists. The police officers took up positions awaiting the codeword "Sunshine", which, upon hearing, they were to begin the assault.

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On 6 September, after the memorial service, the remaining members of the Israeli team withdrew from the Games and left Munich. All Jewish sportsmen were placed under guard.

1669:"Issa" and "Tony", had been shot dead by the West German police. Three hostage-takers survived the exchange of fire by pretending to be dead and were subsequently arrested; 2818: 10246: 4887: 3001: 241: 5364: 2397:

in Lebanon in the early 1980s. However, in July 2005, PLO veteran Tawfiq Tirawi told Klein that Safady, whom Tirawi claimed as a close friend, was "as alive as you are."

11343: 8612: 2317:, the PLO's head of intelligence, and says that an Israeli general confirmed there was a link back to Munich. Reeve also writes that while Israeli officials have stated 1530:

The members of the crisis team—Schreiber, Genscher, Merk, and Schreiber's deputy Georg Wolf—supervised and observed the attempted rescue from the airbase control tower.

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had qualified for the semifinals in the 200 m sprint; the time that she ran in the quarterfinals was faster than quarterfinals time of the eventual gold medal winner,

2014:

continue our efforts to keep them clean, pure and honest." The decision was endorsed by the Israeli government and Israeli Olympic team chef de mission Shmuel Lalkin.

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The significant differences between the Israeli and German assessments of the operation led to a wave of claims and counter-claims following the release of reports by

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in Montreal, the Israeli team commemorated the massacre: when they entered the stadium at the Opening Ceremony, their national flag was adorned with a black ribbon.

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At one point during the crisis, the German negotiators demanded direct contact with the hostages to satisfy themselves the Israelis were still alive. Fencing coach

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The hostages were taken during the second week of the Games. At 4:10 am local time on 5 September, as the athletes slept, eight tracksuit-clad members of the

4716: 11274: 4603: 3568: 6430: 2750:, Fliegerbauer had fired less than half the rounds in his magazine when a stray bullet from the hostage-takers struck him in the side of the head, killing him. 2243:—who, he writes, was the general overseer of the operation—as stating that after Munich the Israeli government felt it had no alternative but to exact justice. 11422: 11414: 11407: 11400: 11393: 11386: 11379: 11372: 11365: 11358: 6851: 5504: 1840:

used were considered by several experts to be inadequate for the distance at which the snipers were trying to shoot. The G3, the standard service rifle of the

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reported that he had received information that all the hostages had been killed, and at 3:10 am, Mossad's chief Zamir confirmed this information. At 3:17 am,

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to track down and kill those allegedly responsible for the Munich massacre. The accusation that this was motivated by a desire for vengeance was disputed by

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As the athletes from Apartment 3 were marched back to the coaches' apartment, the wounded Weinberg attacked the gunmen again, allowing one of his wrestlers,

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ambushed the terrorists, killing five of the eight Black September members. However, the rescue attempt failed, resulting in the deaths of all the hostages.

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Shmuel Lalkin and the two team doctors, were also able to flee the besieged building. The two female members of Israel's Olympic team, sprinter and hurdler

15342: 12790: 10845: 9811: 8723: 5736: 2090:. Speaking of the decision, Olympian Shaul Ladany, who survived the attack, commented: "I do not understand. I do not understand, and I do not accept it." 106: 2142:, the only leader of an Arab country to denounce the attack publicly, called it a "savage crime against civilization ... perpetrated by sick minds." 641:

The absence of armed personnel worried Israeli delegation head Shmuel Lalkin even before his team arrived in Munich. In later interviews with journalists

15307: 11023: 10394: 9780: 8833: 7996: 7983: 7708: 6553: 4818:[Ulrich Wegener, He created the GSG-9, which liberated the hijacked "Landshut" in Mogadishu] (in German). Berlin: Welt, Axel Springer Deutschland 4758: 2170: 578: 449: 1438:, which was the international airport near Munich at the time, but the German negotiators convinced them that Fürstenfeldbruck would be more practical. 15075: 12838: 7214: 5758: 4318: 3647: 1649:

been ordered to Fürstenfeldbruck airbase ten minutes after the first shots were fired. Onlookers had flocked to the scene in droves, blocking traffic.

1613:, remarked, "I'm sure this will blow the whole affair!". Wegener, who later founded and commanded the elite German counter-terrorism intervention unit 1366:

peering from the balcony door—an image that became world-famous—while an armed police officer stood on the roof less than 12 m (40 ft) away.

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involved in Munich were not marked for death. They definitely deserved to die. But we were not dealing with the past; we concentrated on the future.

1000:, who helped bring two stranded Hong Kong coaches to safety. The Hong Kong team was housed one floor above the Israeli team. Wong, along with fencer 6055: 4417: 14493: 14020: 12770: 10239: 9958: 9716: 8607: 8153: 8148: 7938: 7460: 6102: 5178: 2465:, the French government refused a West German extradition request on grounds that forms had not been filled in properly, and put him on a plane to 2102:

year before the Sydney 2000 Games), a memorial plaque was unveiled in one of the large light towers (Tower 14) outside the Sydney Olympic Stadium.

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as saying "It's quite simple. We were invited to a party, and if someone comes to the party and shoots people, how can you stay?" Dutch sprinter

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target, or in this case a minimum of ten) deployed to neutralize as many of the attackers as possible with the first volley of shots. The 2006

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interviewed Abu Daoud regarding the Munich massacre. He was quoted as saying: "I regret nothing. You can only dream that I would apologize."

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the hostage exchange would take place. The terrorists warned that they would shoot the hostages immediately if their demands were not met.

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on December 1, 2015, Romano, after he was shot, was slowly left to bleed to death and, at some point over many hours, was also castrated.

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Security personnel, known as OLYs, were inconspicuous and primarily prepared to handle ticket fraud and drunkenness. The documentary film

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Front view and entrance of the apartment building Connollystraße 31 in 2012. A memorial plaque is visible to the right of the front door.

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Simon Reeve writes that the Israeli operations continued for more than twenty years. He details the assassination in Paris in 1992 of

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The West German Olympic Organizing Committee aimed to discard Germany's military image, wary of the propaganda image portrayed by the

14622: 11327: 10700: 10543: 9419: 8013: 2696:, and grew up on a farm with his two siblings. He initially attended agricultural school before taking up an apprenticeship with the 2149:

privately discussed several possible American responses, such as declaring a national day of mourning (favored by Secretary of State

3083:; the counter-terrorism intervention unit of the German Federal Border Guard was rapidly formed two weeks after the Munich massacre. 723:

Issa), the leader (three of Issa's brothers were also reportedly members of Black September, with two in Israeli jails), his deputy

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received the initial news about the attack from the Israeli embassy in Bonn. This information was then forwarded to Prime Minister

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At 9:30 am, there was a mass rush in the press center, but the bizarre press conference focused on the successes of swimming star

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three weeks before the massacre. The informant warned that Palestinians were planning an "incident" at the Olympic Games, and the

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Aderet, Ofer (6 September 2016). "Germany Marks Munich Massacre With Memorial, but Still Avoids Taking Responsibility". Haaretz.

6288: 3857: 2362:, one of the chief organizers of the Munich massacre, and inquired about extraditing him to Germany, Bavaria's justice secretary 439: 265: 5239: 4879: 4668:[Head of Operations Heinz Hohensinn "Bloodbath could not have been prevented"] (in German). Munich: Bayerischer Rundfunk 2845: 2753:

Fliegerbauer was buried on September 8th after a well-attended civic funeral. The ceremony was attended by the Mayor of Munich,

2086:, the IOC President, said it would be "inappropriate," although the opening ceremony included a memorium for the victims of the 15262: 15212: 14793: 14503: 12775: 11619: 10501: 9061: 9007: 8678: 7379: 5360: 4418:"Munich massacre: 'He spoke good English' – Hong Kong's Ronnie Wong recalls A de O Sales heroics during Black September attack" 1752:

me as if I was almost a ghost that came back alive. It was then that I really grasped what had happened and the emotion hit me.

898:, also attacked and wounded one of the intruders before being shot and later succumbed to his wounds. According to a report by 422: 5892: 5526: 2426:, the man who claimed that the attack was his idea, is known to have died of natural causes. Historical documents released to 15252: 15242: 14498: 12433: 12120: 12098: 10768: 10752: 10648: 9390: 9317: 9307: 9249: 7000: 6907: 6889: 6830: 6817: 6806: 6801: 6780: 6756: 6720: 6707: 6693: 6679: 6648: 6528: 6326: 6238: 6086: 5962: 5141: 5084: 5031: 4389: 4355: 4233: 3897: 3428: 3384: 3360: 3323: 3296: 3263: 3225: 3181: 3147: 2079: 1908: 876:, known as "Muni", fought the intruders, who shot him through his cheek and then forced him to help them find more hostages. 861: 528: 13521: 4293: 15302: 15237: 15098: 13340: 13265: 12925: 12525: 11739: 11320: 10612: 9044: 7849: 7292: 6871: 6380: 5549: 5201: 4510: 4170: 2726:). On September 5, he was recalled to his police district and proceeded with a 30-officer support team in the direction of 2354:

and a member of Black September to create a "new basis of trust." In return for an exchange of the political status of the

1982: 1563:

then overpower them as they boarded, giving the snipers a chance to eliminate the remaining terrorists at the helicopters.

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Jews and the Olympic Games: The Clash Between Sport and Politics – With a Complete Review of Jewish Olympic Medalists

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One Day in September: The Full Story of the 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and the Israeli Revenge Operation "Wrath of God"

14538: 12945: 12078: 11715: 10831: 10692: 10565: 9555: 9180: 1978: 1335:, prompting governments to recognize terrorism as a lasting security challenge and to address it with diverse resources. 865: 755: 12187: 12115: 11478: 7244: 6968:

Special Publication of Israel State Archives: The Fortieth Anniversary of the Massacre of the Israeli Athletes in Munich

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Memorial for the deceased athletes in front of the airbase in Fürstenfeldbruck. The names of the victims are engraved.

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One Day in September: the full story of the 1972 Munich Olympic massacre and Israeli revenge operation "Wrath of God"

6426: 5474: 4611: 3564: 3116: 2871:, Tel Aviv, Israel. From left to right: André Spitzer, Mark Slavin, Eliezer Halfin, Kehat Shorr and Amitzur Schapira. 2355: 1378:

Shortly before the 5 pm deadline, the terrorists demanded safe passage for themselves and the hostages on a plane to

1165: 1088: 816: 12283: 6930: 6658: 5496: 3505:. Fürstenfeldbruck: Fürstenfeldbruck District Office, Munich State Archives, Munich Public Prosecutor's Office. 2022 2071:

told the BBC: "We must consider what this could do to other members of the delegations that are hostile to Israel."

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Two of the three surviving gunmen, Mohammed Safady and Adnan Al-Gashey, were allegedly killed by Mossad as part of

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circumstances, as according to the Israeli government such negotiations would give an incentive to future attacks.

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Sinai, Allon (30 March 2016). "Israeli Olympic expectations peaking as delegation grows for Rio". Jerusalem Post.

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Did you not receive a directive from Golda Meir along the lines of "take revenge on those responsible for Munich?"

1413:

The West German plan was to deceptively offer to transport the terrorists and the hostages by plane to Cairo. Two

15272: 14815: 14763: 14135: 13516: 13445: 13345: 13223: 12995: 12985: 12572: 11959: 11779: 11651: 11643: 11564: 11199: 10404: 10285: 10043: 9531: 9168: 9118: 9074: 9015: 6656:"The Israeli Response to the 1972 Munich Olympic Massacre and the Development of Independent Covert Action Teams" 4759:"Attentat bei Olympia 1972: Als Jürgen Kuhr aus Büdelsdorf den Terroristen-Anführer "Issa" unter vier Augen traf" 4379: 4345: 4196: 3111: 1715: 1113: 593: 12910: 12797: 12785: 11450: 4223: 15317: 15267: 15227: 15052: 14976: 14753: 14738: 13566: 13335: 12915: 12817: 12550: 11994: 11989: 11434: 11195: 11125: 11119: 10997: 10855: 9456: 8163: 7732: 6763:

The Weight of History, the Power of Apology: Remembering Lifter David Berger 50 Years after the Munich Olympics

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German authorities faced several critical constraints. First, due to restrictions in the post-war West German

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Abu Daoud believed that if the Israelis knew that Mahmoud Abbas was the financier of the operation, the 1993

1731: 1173: 1169: 12960: 12669: 12592: 12263: 8910: 4322: 1354:) and part of the police assault operation on the ground, they were regular Munich police officers from the 1020:

The hostage-takers demanded the release of a significant number of Palestinians and non-Arabs imprisoned in

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chance of fighting off the attackers than those in Apartment 2, but they were all surprised in their sleep.

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Abu Daoud was allowed safe passage through Israel in 1996 so he could attend a PLO meeting convened in the

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Front view of Connollystraße 31 in 2007. The window of Apartment 1 is to the left of and below the balcony.

11675: 4697:[The Olympic Attack - Chronicle of Terror] (in German). Munich: Bayerischer Rundfunk. 27 June 2022 2731: 1424: 14798: 14758: 14518: 13990: 13985: 13702: 13380: 13108: 12853: 12812: 12756: 12659: 12540: 12498: 12403: 11928: 11882: 11786: 11571: 10991: 10561: 10446: 9403: 9241: 9056: 9002: 8870: 6949: 6047: 4109: 2931: 2087: 1833:

In addition, the police snipers did not have the proper equipment for this hostage rescue operation. The

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Warrior Elite: 31 Heroic Special-Ops Missions from the Raid on Son Tay to the Killing of Osama Bin Laden

2116:

launched an ad campaign for retro sneakers inspired by a model from the 1972 Munich Olympics, featuring

775:. On the return trip in the team bus, Lalkin denied his 13-year-old son—who had befriended weightlifter 15282: 14788: 14783: 14748: 14355: 13576: 13561: 13551: 13405: 13005: 12493: 12296: 12063: 11137: 11115: 11051: 9543: 9519: 9486: 9462: 9094: 8996: 8107: 7777: 7700: 7467: 6264: 5952: 2705: 1673:

had been shot through his right wrist, and Mohammed Safady had sustained a flesh wound to his leg, and

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indicates the terrorist attack which caused the greatest amount of Israeli casualties during the 1970s

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recommended that Germany should not take any action, causing the French to release Abu Daoud and the

1726:

issued a corrected breaking news story: "All Israeli hostages captured by Arab guerrillas are dead."

1718:(IOC) suggest that "initial reports were overly optimistic." At 2:55 am, Israel's ambassador in Bonn 997: 675:

reported in 2012 that West German authorities had received a tip-off from a Palestinian informant in

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and the German Federal Government to do whatever was needed to rescue the hostages. At 8:45 am, the

761:

On Monday evening, 4 September, the Israeli athletes enjoyed a night out, watching a performance of

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were also present. However, the German authorities strictly limited the two Israelis to observing.

1385:

Tröger noticed that several of the hostages, especially Gutfreund, showed signs of having suffered

1192: 628:, had also been involved in the 1936 Olympics and had lived through the experience of those Games. 375: 304: 14825: 13950: 6641:

The United Nations and Terrorism. Germany, Multilateralism, and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s

5434: 4849: 3313: 2881: 1502:

However, none of them had any special sniper training or special weapons, being equipped with the

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to rescind an article in its charter that called for Israel's eradication. In his autobiography,

964:, was the first person to spread the alert. The remaining four residents of Apartment 2—shooters 299: 287: 12343: 2461:, who claimed that because Abu Daoud was traveling to a PLO comrade's funeral he should receive 1878:

Interior Committee adopted these conclusions, resulting in no disciplinary actions or removals.

1401:. Consequently, no agreement was reached, as they did not want to be involved in the situation. 1146: 15069: 14716: 14230: 13734: 13128: 12802: 12278: 12038: 12033: 11826: 11545: 11147: 11143: 10620: 10551: 10535: 10527: 9901: 9507: 9503: 9112: 9098: 8984: 8844: 7968: 7891: 7759: 7611: 7593: 7429: 7272: 7016: 6686:

Der Anschlag auf Olympia '72. Die politischen Reaktionen auf den internationalen in Deutschland

6027: 5919: 5392: 5023: 4513:[Olympia: "We were totally overwhelmed"] (in German). Munich: Münchener Zeitungs-Verlag 4296:[1972 Olympic attack: A case of particular cruelty] (in German). Köln: Deutschlandradio 1803:

It is a basic tenet of sniping operations that there are enough snipers (at least two for each

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Palestine : a history of the resistance movement by the sole survivor of Black September

6618: 6595: 6576: 5074: 4147:[Olympic attack 45 years ago; A story of failure] (in German). Köln: Deutschlandradio 3396: 3171: 3096: 2966: 2868: 2697: 1813: 1459: 1428: 1355: 1084: 563: 540: 454: 355: 6452: 6198: 6163: 5627: 1350:

However, according to former Munich police officer Heinz Hohensinn, who was a lead officer (

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Memorial plaque in front of the Israeli athletes' quarters. The inscription, in German and

2788: 2722: 2410: 2106: 2064: 2038: 1948: 1936: 1855: 1834: 1503: 1308: 1151: 993: 907:

The gunmen were left with nine hostages: in addition to Gutfreund, they had shooting coach

633: 609: 597: 589: 571: 481: 370: 340: 315: 3217: 2153:) or having Nixon fly to the athletes' funerals. Nixon and U.S. National Security Advisor 2033:

teams also left the Games, as did some members of the Dutch and Norwegian teams. American

1527:

sniper rifles in their inventory, but no precision shooters had been trained to use them.

8: 14855: 14690: 14450: 14365: 14360: 14260: 14123: 13920: 13804: 13719: 13607: 13460: 13455: 13435: 13420: 13330: 13325: 13230: 13163: 13153: 13065: 13060: 13050: 12950: 12890: 12863: 12689: 12674: 12644: 12622: 12408: 12398: 12125: 12048: 12018: 12002: 11595: 11003: 10928: 10910: 10888: 10412: 9711: 9693: 8848: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8743: 8379: 7843: 7765: 7437: 7278: 6920: 6730: 4816:"Ulrich Wegener, Er schuf die GSG-9, die in Mogadischu die entführte "Landshut" befreite" 3821: 2825: 2727: 2462: 1435: 772: 763: 694: 335: 233: 13305: 13218: 3720:"The Munich massacre and the proliferation of counterterrorism special operation forces" 2214:

Was there no element of vengeance in the decision to take action against the terrorists?

1932: 1796: 795: 14925: 14604: 14400: 14385: 14310: 14290: 14285: 14270: 14117: 13865: 13617: 13501: 13255: 13158: 13143: 13055: 13045: 13020: 13015: 12780: 12734: 12649: 12634: 12577: 12393: 12316: 12192: 12083: 12073: 11213: 11169: 11037: 10420: 10270: 10109: 9998: 9706: 9525: 9409: 9275: 8854: 8837: 8557: 8354: 7932: 7783: 7492: 7405: 6943: – Includes biographies and photographs for each of the 11 Israeli athletes killed 6895: 6259: 5439: 5302: 5016: 4265: 3786: 2995: 2954: 2923: 2915: 2894: 2521: 2307: 2298: 2286: 2043: 1890: 1719: 1239: 1157:

Between the hours of 5:40 am and 9 am, the crisis team was set up on-site and met with

973: 900: 536: 493: 345: 14300: 14129: 6285: 5598:"Still refusing moment of silence, Olympic head says memorial will be held in Germany" 3849: 2504:

would not have been achieved, during which Mahmoud Abbas was seen in photo ops at the

1226:. Spitz, himself of Jewish origin, requested an escort and left Munich the same day. 1073:, later reported the German authorities had rejected his repeated offer to deploy the 14969: 14952: 14617: 14470: 14415: 14390: 14345: 14275: 14250: 14215: 14205: 14174: 14061: 13945: 13915: 13652: 13642: 13556: 13450: 13295: 13010: 12807: 12664: 12617: 12515: 12466: 12440: 12418: 12258: 12238: 12182: 12170: 11984: 11819: 11175: 11080: 10870: 10370: 10336: 10089: 9876: 8825: 8783: 8651: 8349: 8198: 7867: 7535: 7341: 7246: 6903: 6885: 6826: 6813: 6797: 6776: 6752: 6716: 6703: 6689: 6675: 6644: 6524: 6322: 6234: 6082: 5958: 5841: 5137: 5080: 5027: 4720: 4385: 4351: 4229: 3893: 3424: 3380: 3356: 3319: 3292: 3259: 3221: 3177: 3143: 2959: 2754: 2576: 2570: 2150: 2139: 1785: 1692: 1601: 1536: 1515: 1419: 1344: 1332: 1304: 1243: 1032:, along with two West German insurgents held by the West German penitentiary system, 1029: 1025: 965: 936: 932: 464: 459: 320: 15009: 14594: 14265: 6921:

Digital memorial site for the 1972 Olympic massacre Fürstenfeldbruck District Office

5567:"Rogge again rejects calls for minute's silence for victims of 1972 Munich massacre" 2719:, Fliegerbauer was temporarily assigned to a Bavarian Readiness (Riot) Police unit ( 2006:

nations objected to their flags flying at half-staff and the mandate was rescinded.

1246:

had decided not to accept the demands of the hostage-takers. Israeli Prime Minister

853: 784: 15046: 14900: 14820: 14380: 14305: 14235: 14220: 14200: 14147: 13930: 13925: 13905: 13855: 13845: 13672: 13637: 13622: 13571: 13300: 13240: 13080: 12739: 12719: 12428: 12370: 12364: 12331: 12311: 12301: 12150: 11951: 11943: 11707: 11529: 11263: 11086: 10658: 10485: 10328: 9858: 9728: 9581: 9102: 9080: 8916: 8777: 8487: 8452: 8399: 8284: 6521:

Routledge Handbook of Sport and Legacy Meeting the Challenge of Major Sports Events

3731: 3238: 3058: 2982: 2774: 2663: 2604: 2516: 2358:, the PLO would stop terrorist attacks on German soil. When French police arrested 2034: 1709: 1463: 1041: 869: 728: 548: 508:, and took nine others hostage, who were later killed in a failed rescue attempt. 385: 14986: 14981: 14957: 5709:"11 Israeli victims of ’72 Munich Olympic massacre officially commemorated in Rio" 3735: 1738:

fed them into his earpiece. At 3:24 am, McKay received the official confirmation:

1266:

in full view of international television cameras and pulled away from the window.

603: 15014: 14935: 14893: 14888: 14700: 14599: 14455: 14445: 14430: 14410: 14395: 14370: 14315: 14080: 14048: 13940: 13900: 13662: 13657: 13597: 13538: 13270: 13148: 12975: 12848: 12843: 12567: 12461: 12135: 12068: 12058: 12023: 11979: 11966: 11918: 11269: 10922: 10604: 10475: 9988: 9872: 9088: 9029: 8921: 8532: 8502: 8492: 8457: 8427: 8289: 6953: 6934: 6662: 6622: 6614: 6599: 6580: 6292: 6034: 6010: 5715: 5553: 5535: 5420: 5056: 3773: 3626: 3529:"50 years ago, the Munich Olympics massacre changed how we think about terrorism" 3403: 3286: 3210: 3072: 3010: 2974: 2628: 2401: 2368: 2154: 1894: 1683: 1674: 1670: 1606: 1324: 977: 912: 768: 744: 740: 736: 655: 642: 501: 390: 12562: 5546: 3817:"Germany had a tip-off three weeks ahead of Munich massacre, Der Spiegel claims" 1998:, along with the flags of most of the other competing nations at the request of 1924:

in response to the massacre, killing a reported 200 militants and 11 civilians.

984:

and swimmer Shlomit Nir, were housed in a separate part of the Olympic Village.

14940: 14930: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14425: 14350: 14340: 14335: 14195: 13935: 13724: 13647: 13375: 13280: 13030: 12970: 12602: 12520: 12423: 12383: 12353: 12253: 12208: 11537: 10519: 10493: 10362: 10190: 10185: 10159: 9993: 8968: 8935: 8904: 8751: 8567: 8482: 8477: 8394: 8384: 8294: 8203: 8158: 8005: 7926: 7398: 6668: 5842:"Suspect shoots at Israeli consulate in Munich on Olympic massacre anniversary" 5733:"Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs article on Sydney 2000 Olympics and Plaque" 4909: 3030: 2588: 2582: 2548: 2374: 2290: 2273: 2158: 2056: 2052: 1962: 1596: 1531: 1386: 1282: 1180: 1095: 1079: 1037: 1033: 1005: 950: 924: 920: 873: 780: 687:

in Munich, urging that "all possible security measures" be taken. According to

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Striking Back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel's Deadly Response

6714:

The Blood of Israel: the massacre of the Israeli athletes, the Olympics, 1972

6231:

Striking back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel's deadly response

3431:. Foreword by Secretary James A. Baker III. 2nd Expanded ed. 2003. pp. 44–61. 3421:

Blood Brothers: A Palestinian Struggles for Reconciliation in the Middle East

3044: 2944: 2758: 2693: 2622: 2554: 2512: 2485: 2440: 2351: 2146: 2083: 1971: 1735: 1507: 1296: 1255: 1124: 957: 953: 916: 891: 776: 621: 175: 121: 108: 41: 6972: 5202:"50 stunning Olympic moments No 26: The terrorist outrage in Munich in 1972" 4171:"50 stunning Olympic moments No 26: The terrorist outrage in Munich in 1972" 1974:. During the memorial service, Eliash collapsed and died of a heart attack. 1747:

Several sources listed Ladany as having been killed. Ladany recalled later:

987: 74: 14375: 14325: 14255: 14245: 14099: 14087: 14074: 13880: 13707: 13208: 12456: 12306: 12165: 12160: 12155: 11861: 11109: 10428: 10206: 10038: 9983: 9896: 9450: 8860: 8582: 8577: 8512: 8507: 8497: 8472: 8447: 8419: 8389: 8364: 8314: 6835: 6785: 6749: 6735: 2909: 2766: 2669: 2657: 2501: 2480:, first published in France in 1999, and later in a written interview with 2394: 2390: 2252: 2240: 1999: 1991: 1837: 1592: 1524: 1519: 1445: 1398: 1188: 1055: 1001: 946: 732: 724: 683:

in Bonn took the tip-off seriously enough to pass it to the Bavarian State

617: 489: 92: 6613:

Issig, Peter (10 September 2017). "Manchen war ein Rodelhugel wichtiger".

4666:"Einsatzleiter Heinz Hohensinn "Blutbad wäre nicht zu verhindern gewesen"" 4074:"Munich massacre helped unwittingly by Canadians in 1972 Olympic atrocity" 3848:

Bohr, Felix; Frohn, Axel; Latsch, Gunther; Neumann, Conny (23 July 2012).

2414:, during which he was disguised and his face shown only in blurry shadow. 2389:. Al-Gashey was allegedly located after making contact with a cousin in a 2082:

in honour of the Israeli victims on the 40th anniversary of the massacre.

1935:

gunfight and were being held in a Munich prison for trial. On 29 October,

1269: 1176:

Erich Kiesl, German National Olympic Committee President Willi Daume, and

14991: 14420: 14025: 13995: 13850: 13840: 13739: 13602: 13395: 12884: 12714: 12699: 12510: 12358: 12326: 12213: 12028: 11933: 11872: 11159: 10320: 10293: 10149: 9943: 9513: 8771: 8659: 8404: 8369: 8359: 8344: 8334: 8319: 8309: 8304: 8269: 8223: 6985: 6927: 6655: 6134:"Germany was warned one month before Munich massacre, claims Der Spiegel" 5954:

The Game Behind the Game: High Pressure, High Stakes in Sports Television

5466: 2889: 2784:

In 2016, Fliegerbauer was memorialized at the Olympic Village in Brazil.

2770: 2762: 2651: 2616: 2610: 2527: 2505: 2332: 2314: 2294: 2278:

plant. The leader of the commando team that conducted the operations was

2117: 2048: 2026: 1770: 1766: 1408: 1292: 1259: 1212: 1204: 1200: 1109: 928: 908: 895: 884: 716: 671: 512: 9758: 7730: 5790:"Adidas apologizes for using Bella Hadid in 1972 Munich Olympic shoe ad" 3648:"Olympics: Moment of silence for Munich massacre victims for first time" 1795:

It was known half an hour before the hostages and kidnappers arrived at

1655: 596:

honored the eleven Israelis and one German killed at Munich. During the

14638: 14179: 13890: 13860: 13814: 13729: 13697: 13689: 13632: 13320: 13035: 12724: 12612: 12218: 11723: 11342: 10946: 9867: 8339: 8329: 8299: 8279: 8274: 7992: 7950: 7687: 7675:

List of projectile attacks from Lebanon on Israel and the Golan Heights

7646: 6308: 3777: 2852: 2739: 2473: 2435: 2279: 2180: 2025:

team left the Games on 7 September, stating they feared reprisals. The

2018: 1995: 1898: 1841: 1661: 1637: 1559: 1511: 1340: 1247: 1223: 1203:(who had responsibility for the Olympic team), and Minister of Defence 1196: 1015: 943: 820: 12833: 7987: 7682: 5231: 2434:

police had been aware of collaboration between Abu Daoud and neo-Nazi

2255:

writes that a target list was created using information from "turned"

695:

Unfolding of the Olympic Village crisis: the attack and hostage taking

15019: 14883: 14475: 14320: 14169: 14142: 13955: 13910: 13819: 13787: 13767: 13759: 13088: 12878: 11074: 9978: 9928: 9438: 8537: 8409: 8228: 7637: 6843: 6546:"Tribute to victims of '72 Olympics massacre | DW | 5 September 2012" 2684: 2599:

According to the order in which they were seated, from left to right:

2565:

According to the order in which they were seated, from left to right:

2423: 2359: 2330:

An article in 2012 in a front-page story of the German news magazine

2199: 1886: 1874: 1727: 1556: 1545: 1494:

Five West German police officers were deployed around the airbase in

1414: 1316: 1312: 1066: 783:—permission to spend the night in their Olympic Village apartment at 720: 700: 6790:

Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab conflict, 1881–2000

3005:, 1975 book (translated from the original book published in 1973 as 2377:

regime to shelter him until he died at a Damascus hospital in 2010.

1287: 14054: 13895: 13792: 13667: 13486: 13390: 12530: 12388: 11842: 8261: 8082: 8059: 7250: 2431: 2302: 2203: 1967: 969: 585:

to track down and kill anyone who had played a role in the attack.

180: 13174:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

5684:"First official Olympic ceremony held in memory of Munich victims" 3620:"First official Olympic ceremony held in memory of Munich victims" 2488:, Chairman of the PLO since 11 November 2004 and President of the 14000: 13885: 13875: 13824: 13365: 12110: 11731: 11153: 10144: 10099: 10074: 7655: 6882:

Bayern nach Jahr und Tag. 24 Tage aus der Bayerischen Geschichte.

6865: 5924: 3730:(4). Milton Park: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group: 625–634. 3353:

Israel's secret wars: a history of Israel's intelligence services

2679: 2466: 2404:, was known to be alive as of 1999, hiding in North Africa or in 2267:. The targets were Mohammad Yusuf al-Najjar (Abu Yusuf), head of 2030: 1905: 1778: 1723: 832: 704: 6946: 6870:

Mohammad Daoud Odeh (August 2008), interview with NOX magazine,

4294:"Olympia-Attentat von 1972: Ein Fall von besonderer Grausamkeit" 3377:

Sacred landscape: the buried history of the Holy Land since 1948

2824:

Memorial panel for the victims of the attack on the site of the

2534:

Daoud died of kidney failure on 3 July 2010 in Damascus, Syria.

1373: 1299:(right) talk to West German officials during the hostage crisis. 1108:

Magdi Gohary and Mohammad Khadif, both Egyptian advisers to the

807:

Rear view of the apartment building at Connollystraße 31 in 2017

14068: 13870: 13809: 12744: 11513: 10134: 10129: 9886: 9881: 8077: 7664: 6839: 6673:

Green March Black September: The Story of the Palestinian Arabs

4561:"Interview "Uns ging es darum, das Leben der Geiseln zu retten" 4459:

Mark, Shlomo; Tsoref, Hagai; Fischer, Louise (29 August 2012).

4145:"Olympia-Attentat vor 45 Jahren; Eine Geschichte des Versagens" 2809: 2450: 2264: 2209:

In a February 2006 interview, Zamir answered direct questions:

2195: 2128: 2113: 2010: 1882: 1774: 1541: 1495: 1070: 1021: 790: 712: 676: 664: 604:

Munich 1972: The IOC's pursuit of a carefree Olympic experience

582: 544: 532: 485: 88: 5867:"Gunman opens fire near Israeli consulate in Munich – reports" 5232:"1972 Olympics – Munich Summer Games results & highlights" 2579:, weightlifter (survived grenade but died of smoke inhalation) 2562:

Shot and killed by a grenade in eastern-side helicopter D-HAQO

15125: 14553: 14509:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

14015: 13798: 11877: 10169: 10139: 10084: 9973: 9963: 9905: 9862: 8122: 8117: 7258: 6937: – Includes an extensive overview of the Munich massacre 5893:"Germany: Munich police shoot suspect near Israeli Consulate" 4261:"Long-Hidden Details Reveal Cruelty of 1972 Munich Attackers" 3080: 2458: 2405: 2337:

3,808 files, which contained tens of thousands of documents.

2268: 2022: 1977:

Many of the 80,000 people who filled the Olympic Stadium for

1789: 1614: 1379: 1263: 1216: 1187:. The crisis team was given full authorization by Chancellor 828: 708: 516: 30:

This article is about the 1972 massacre. For other uses, see

15288:

Massacres committed by the Palestine Liberation Organization

4049:

Aufleger, Dominik; Greithanner, Anna; Wolff, Robert (2022).

2511:

Ankie Spitzer, the widow of fencing coach and Munich victim

1283:

German police launch daring mission to liberate the hostages

960:, and informed him of the attack. Ladany, a survivor of the 600:, a moment of silence was observed in the opening ceremony. 14093: 13975: 11867: 11811: 6956: – Tribute site including photos and short biographies 6924:

State Archives, Munich Public Prosecutor's Office, 37430/7.

2454: 2194:

Meir and the Israeli Defense Committee secretly authorized

2074:

The IOC rejected an international campaign in support of a

2003: 1579:

During the final moments, as the two Federal Border Guard (

1431: 1184: 649:

Olympic organizers asked West German forensic psychologist

613: 592:, Brazilian and Israeli officials led a ceremony where the 2297:, Norway, after an informant mistakenly said Bouchiki was 1534:, a liaison officer from the German Federal Border Guard ( 1489: 1112:, and Ahmed El Demerdash Touny, an Egyptian member of the 263: 14548: 14528: 14523: 3772: 2484:, Abu Daoud wrote that funds for Munich were provided by 2256: 1074: 988:

The Hong Kong delegation during the hostage-taking crisis

942:

Of the other members of the Israeli team in Apartment 2,

824: 144: 6427:"Suspected Munich massacre mastermind dead, report says" 5654:"IOC contributing $ 250,000 to Munich massacre memorial" 4850:"American Sportscasters Online interview with Jim McKay" 4048: 2730:. Midway, they were informed that their destination was 1449:

Underground car parking garage at Connollystraße in 2013

1343:

submachine guns, they were thought to be members of the

5297:"Athletics: Memories stirred of Olympic hostage horror" 3291:. Oxford University Press. 30 March 2020. p. 146. 3255:

The Terrorist Trap: America's Experience with Terrorism

1734:(ABC), had taken on the job of reporting the events as 1474:

Fürstenfeldbruck at 9:43 pm with five police officers.

1311:

were still relatively unheard-of methods for combating

1270:

Afternoon extension and suspension of the Olympic Games

4880:"Shaul Ladany: Still king of the road – Olympics" 3847: 3443:"Files Reveal Neo-Nazis Helped Palestinian Terrorists" 3107:

Other incidents of violence during the Olympic games:

2962:

that depicts massacre during his time at 1972 Olympics

2646:

Palestinian terrorists shot dead by West German police

2123:

On 5 September 2024, the 52nd anniversary of the 1972

1862: 1434:

airbase. Initially, the perpetrators planned to go to

1409:

Nightfall marked the start of the second rescue effort

1219:

IOC delegation, they managed to extend the ultimatum.

9826: 8604: 6587: 3717: 2943:, 1999 documentary by Kevin Macdonald; winner of the 2867:

Graves of five victims of the Munich massacre at the

2422:

Of those believed to have planned the massacre, only

1691:

Of the four hostages in the eastern helicopter, only

1656:

Failed liberation in the early morning of 6 September

6838:, (17 February 2006), Interview with former Head of 5761:

Munich massacre's echoes heard amid Sydney's jubilee

5573:. The Associated Press. 21 July 2012. Archived from 4053:. Fürstenfeldbruck: Fürstenfeldbruck District Office 3020: 2380: 2293:, a Moroccan man unrelated to the Munich attack, in 1016:

Ultimatum, negotiations, and the first rescue effort

767:

and dining with the star of the play, Israeli actor

547:, as well as West German–imprisoned founders of the 11344:

Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents

6740:

Without a Homeland: Conversations with Eric Rouleau

6164:"Der Spiegel: Germany had warning of Munich attack" 2927:, a 2005 American-Canadian film by Steven Spielberg 2453:under an assumed name. Under protest from the PLO, 2171:

Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre

1893:, the Israeli ambassador in Bonn. Director-General 787:31, a decision that may have saved the boy's life. 450:

1973 Athens Hellinikon International Airport attack

15076:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia 7927:Assassination of the Israeli attache in Washington 6188: 5595: 5547:BBC News article on commemoration at 2004 Olympics 5435:"Athletics: In Munich, Israelis honor '72 victims" 5295: 5015: 4416: 4108: 3288:Germany and Israel: Whitewashing and Statebuilding 3209: 1730:, who was covering the Olympics that year for the 1323:—all such duties fell under the remit of ordinary 11740:Attempted repatriation of Krystsina Tsimanouskaya 10853: 6191:"Germany met with Munich terrorists after attack" 4458: 3441:Latsch, Gunther; Wiegrefe, Klaus (18 June 2012), 2935:, a television documentary on Britain's Channel 4 1599:, Hans-Dietrich Genscher's Federal Border Guard ( 852:They entered the two-story apartment building at 15174: 14494:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 8035: 6928:The Israeli Response to the 1972 Munich Massacre 6822:Tinnin, David B. & Dag Christensen. (1976), 6453:"Mastermind behind Munich Olympics attacks dies" 6344: 6103:"Officials Ignored Warnings of Terrorist Attack" 996:recalled the courage of Hong Kong NOC president 577:By then, the Israeli government had launched an 12931:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 12338:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 6606: 4221: 2161:to take steps against international terrorism. 27:1972 Summer Olympics murder of Israeli athletes 14727:Kidnapping and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer 6941:A Tribute to the 1972 Israeli Olympic Athletes 6131: 6079:Why America slept: the failure to prevent 9/11 6054:. Vol. 113, no. 6. 5 February 1979. 3814: 3562: 3440: 2680:Early life and memorial for Anton Fliegerbauer 2641:Anton Fliegerbauer, West German police officer 1947:Further international investigations into the 1258:, who spoke fluent German, and shooting coach 699:The attackers were reported to be Palestinian 15094:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 14965:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 14654: 11827: 11328: 10839: 10240: 9812: 9774: 8021: 7716: 7230: 7001: 6977: 6727:Vengeance: The True Story of an Israeli Team. 4071: 4051:"The Hostage taking and the Police operation" 2469:before Germany could submit another request. 1374:Apparent change to the demands in the evening 249: 14570:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 12121:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 7199:Israel did not participate in 1980 due to a 5129: 4835: 4833: 4814:Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (29 September 2023). 4695:"Das Olympia-Attentat - Chronik des Terrors" 4601: 3790:, vol. 97, no. 8, pp. 58–72, 3718:Berger Hobson, Ronit; Pedahzur, Ami (2022). 3173:The New Dimension of International Terrorism 3135: 2289:, a team of Mossad agents mistakenly killed 2206:, aided by the agency's stations in Europe. 2127:- somebody shot at the Israeli consulate in 2080:Opening Ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics 1904:On 22 September, Zamir also reported to the 1331:. The ensuing events in Munich would mark a 791:Hostage-taking on the morning of 5 September 665:Claims of German awareness before the attack 15343:Terrorist incidents in Germany in the 1970s 14769:1991 American embassy sniper attack in Bonn 13431:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 11794:Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics 9699:Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany 9229: 9150: 6233:. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. 5722:, 5 August 2016; accessed 5 September 2017. 4973: 4971: 4969: 4873: 4871: 4343: 4110:"Memories of Munich rush back for official" 3558: 3556: 3554: 3350: 2787:On the memorial to the massacre erected at 1417:helicopters from the Federal Border Guard ( 15308:Palestinian terrorist incidents in Germany 14661: 14647: 14534:United States involvement in regime change 12089:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 11834: 11820: 11335: 11321: 11298:Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement 10846: 10832: 10247: 10233: 9819: 9805: 9781: 9767: 8028: 8014: 7723: 7709: 7237: 7223: 7015: 7008: 6994: 6156: 5950: 5660:. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 5 June 2014. 5528:Running Cultures; Racing in Time and Space 5101:"West Germany Cool to Capitulation Charge" 5050:Olympics Massacre: Munich – The real story 4813: 4756: 4377: 4189: 4164: 4162: 3641: 3639: 3129: 2325: 2231:The Israeli mission later became known as 2134: 1660:It was not until around 11:50 pm that six 735:("Salah"), Ahmed Chic Thaa ("Abu Halla"), 256: 242: 73: 11700:Sochi Ladies' singles judging controversy 11008:UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242 10982:UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194 9788: 6568: 6286:Neo-Nazi 'aided Munich Olympics massacre' 6040: 5976: 5974: 5293: 5013: 4830: 4588: 4586: 4463:(Report). Tel Aviv: Israel State Archives 3565:"The Munich massacre: A survivor's story" 2636:Shot in control tower during the gunfight 1922:bombed ten PLO bases in Syria and Lebanon 1688:were shot an average of four times each. 511:Black September commander and negotiator 14668: 9037: 8976: 8896: 8811: 8710: 8636: 6761:Perrin, Warren A. (Opelousas, LA, 2023) 6543: 6518: 6303: 6301: 6125: 6095: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5407: 5076:Targeting Terrorists: A License to Kill? 4966: 4877: 4868: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4663: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4511:"Olympia: "Wir waren total überfordert"" 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4410: 4408: 4254: 4252: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3551: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 2880: 2683: 1444: 1339:bulletproof vests beneath, and carrying 1286: 802: 794: 12660:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 11620:Basketball gold medal match controversy 11580:Football match between Peru and Austria 10345:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 9744:There was no such thing as Palestinians 9375: 6639:Blumenau, Bernhard (Basingstoke 2014), 6247: 5589: 5559: 5489: 5432: 5426: 5379: 5328: 5199: 4809: 4807: 4773: 4752: 4750: 4709: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4168: 4159: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3810: 3808: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3645: 3636: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 2430:by the German secret service show that 2191:... it's blackmail of the worst kind." 1490:Ambush plan at Fürstenfeldbruck airbase 1423:) were assigned to take them to nearby 1040:, who were founders of the West German 440:Attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum 199: 14: 15348:Terrorist incidents in Germany in 1972 15328:Sports-related accidents and incidents 15175: 14794:National Socialist Underground murders 14504:Russian espionage in the United States 12776:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 11716:Ireland Summer Olympics ticket scandal 11290:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement 11280:Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement 7921:Israeli Bangkok embassy hostage crisis 6768:Large, David Clay (Lanham, MD, 2012), 6593: 6523:(1 ed.). 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Israel law center. Archived from 6345:Wolff, Alexander (26 August 2002). 6335: 6048:"MIDDLE EAST: Death of a Terrorist" 5932:from the original on 10 August 2014 5840:Starr, Michael (5 September 2024). 5751: 5725: 5690:from the original on 14 August 2016 5608:from the original on 3 October 2018 5596:Davidovich, Joshua (22 July 2012). 5540: 5507:from the original on 14 August 2022 5322: 5263:"'Games must go on', says Brundage" 5181:from the original on 11 August 2017 4878:Turnbull, Simon (27 January 2012). 4852:. Americansportscastersonline.com. 4842: 4780:Grace, Francie (5 September 2002). 4717:"Munich Massacre, news press photo" 4461:The Munich massacre, September 1972 4308: 4173:. Guardian News and Media Limited. 3794:from the original on 4 October 2002 3670: 3563:James Montague (5 September 2012). 3216:. Sage Publications. 2003. p. 2164: 2060:although they stayed at the Games. 2041:, who wrote about the incident for 1961:the Olympic Stadium. IOC President 1931:gunmen had been arrested after the 1863:West German report after the attack 1329:regional state and municipal police 1242:, announced around midday that the 1238:The Israeli ambassador to Germany, 1229: 559:. The list included 328 detainees. 24: 14841:Borussia Dortmund team bus bombing 14580:Soviet Union–United States summits 12054:1947 Polish parliamentary election 11939:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 11764:Canada Soccer drone spying scandal 11275:Israel–UAE normalization agreement 11166:Beirut Summit and peace initiative 10019:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front 7880:Rome airport attacks and hijacking 7517:Zion Square ice cream shop bombing 7412:Rome airport attacks and hijacking 6633: 6519:Holt, Richard; Ruta, Dino (2013). 5634:from the original on 7 August 2016 5477:from the original on 18 March 2021 4741:Interview with Heinz Hohensinn in 4602:Moore, Kenny (18 September 1972). 4292:Kalwa, Jürgen (13 December 2015). 3860:from the original on 21 April 2018 3601:from the original on 8 August 2017 3527:Doubek, James (4 September 2022). 3517: 3379:. University of California Press. 3351:Black, Ian; Morris, Benny (1991). 3332:from the original on 1 August 2023 3190:from the original on 1 August 2023 2263:, a joint Mossad–IDF operation in 868:, through an unlocked front door. 480:was a terrorist attack during the 25: 15359: 14774:Mykonos restaurant assassinations 13341:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 13276:United States invasion of Grenada 12546:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 12487:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 9365: 8738:Attacks against Israeli civilians 8113:Palestine Liberation Organization 6914: 6884:C. H. Beck Verlag, München 2007, 6725:Jonas, George. (New York, 2005), 6556:from the original on 27 June 2018 6170:from the original on 23 July 2012 6144:from the original on 23 July 2012 6113:from the original on 23 July 2012 6013:by Ewen MacAskill and Ian Black, 5275:from the original on 28 July 2016 5111:from the original on 3 March 2023 4890:from the original on 21 June 2018 4856:from the original on 29 July 2012 4509:Walter, Dirk (5 September 2012). 3829:from the original on 24 July 2012 3571:from the original on 21 June 2018 3419:Elias Chacour with David Hazard: 3117:2024 France railway arson attacks 2761:, with wreaths laid on behalf of 2757:, and Prime Minister of Bavaria, 2381:Surviving Black September members 2356:Palestine Liberation Organization 1166:Bavarian Minister of the Interior 817:Palestine Liberation Organization 588:Two days before the start of the 13416:United States invasion of Panama 13266:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 12906:1971 Turkish military memorandum 12869:Communist insurgency in Thailand 12839:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 12771:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 12598:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 12526:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 12044:Restatement of Policy on Germany 11514:Games of the New Emerging Forces 11204:Agreement on Movement and Access 9538:Agreement on Movement and Access 9469:US security assistance to the PA 9391:Palestinian expulsion and flight 8930:1983 West Bank fainting epidemic 8048: 7991: 7986: 7796:Zion Square refrigerator bombing 7686: 7681: 7509:Zion Square refrigerator bombing 6684:Dahlke, Matthias (Munich 2006), 6537: 6512: 6463:from the original on 3 July 2010 6445: 6433:from the original on 5 July 2010 6419: 6404: 6377:"Israel Law Center on Abu Mazen" 6279: 6222: 6213: 6081:. Random House Inc. p. 13. 6070: 5997: 5769:from the original on 6 June 2008 5759:"Simon Reeve's article in 2000: 5447:from the original on 2 June 2013 5414:Guardian article on the massacre 5261:Ellis, Jack (7 September 1972). 5242:from the original on 16 May 2016 4571:from the original on 11 May 2013 4143:Aßmann, Tim (5 September 2017). 3065: 3051: 3037: 3023: 2860: 2844: 2832: 2817: 2801: 2543:Shot during the initial break-in 1611:Federal Ministry of the Interior 1159:Federal Minister of the Interior 1130: 962:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp 669:The German weekly news magazine 500:. The militants infiltrated the 15323:September 1972 events in Europe 15193:1972 in international relations 14816:2011 Frankfurt airport shooting 14136:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 13517:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 13446:Fall of the inner German border 13346:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 12996:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 12986:Spanish transition to democracy 12946:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 12573:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 12079:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 11960:Occupation of the Baltic states 11780:List of stripped Olympic medals 11644:Centennial Olympic Park bombing 11238:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 11232:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 11200:Israeli disengagement from Gaza 10405:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 10286:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency 10044:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 9588:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 9576:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 9532:Israeli disengagement from Gaza 9016:Cave of the Patriarchs massacre 8250: 6744:Klein, A. J. (New York, 2005), 6132:Aderet, Oferet (22 July 2012). 5944: 5918:Oren, Amir (23 February 2006). 5911: 5885: 5859: 5833: 5807: 5781: 5702: 5676: 5646: 5620: 5519: 5467:"Olympedia – 200 metres, Women" 5459: 5433:Butcher, Pat (12 August 2002). 5353: 5329:Fleming, David (29 July 1996). 5287: 5254: 5236:International Olympic Committee 5224: 5193: 5162: 5093: 5066: 5043: 5007: 4998: 4989: 4980: 4957: 4948: 4939: 4930: 4921: 4902: 4735: 4595: 4553: 4371: 4337: 4215: 4072:Kelly, Cathal (28 April 2012), 4065: 3922: 3913: 3841: 3815:Ahren, Raphael (22 July 2012). 3658:from the original on 7 May 2022 3613: 3583: 3434: 3413: 3312:Sylas, Eluma Ikemefuna (2006). 3112:Centennial Olympic Park bombing 2970:episodes on National Geographic 2047:, quoted Dutch distance runner 1716:International Olympic Committee 1703:Between 11:30 pm and midnight, 1114:International Olympic Committee 968:and Zelig Shtroch, and fencers 594:International Olympic Committee 15333:Terrorist incidents in Bavaria 15053:National Socialist Underground 14977:National Socialist Underground 14754:1985 Frankfurt airport bombing 14739:1982 Berlin restaurant bombing 12916:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 12551:Mozambican War of Independence 11990:Indonesian National Revolution 11756:COVID-19 cases at Beijing 2022 11684:One minute of silence campaign 11660:Figure-skating judging scandal 10877:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 10693:Palestinian militancy campaign 9396:depopulated towns and villages 9181:Palestinian militancy campaign 6699:Daoud, Abu, (New York, 2002), 6544:(www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. 6037:. BBC. Retrieved 4 March 2012. 6028:'The hunt for Black September' 5957:. Harper and Row. p. 40. 5920:"How Nixon got shot of Munich" 5169:Burke, Jason (26 March 2000). 4415:Careem, Nazvi (9 March 2020). 4107:Careem, Nazvi (28 July 1996). 3850:"Die angekündigte Katastrophe" 3390: 3369: 3355:. New York: Grove Weidenfeld. 3344: 3305: 3279: 3245: 3202: 3163: 3102:Palestinian political violence 2490:Palestinian National Authority 2009:Willi Daume, president of the 1872:no fault with the police. The 1574: 1123:United States marathon runner 13: 1: 15263:Israel at the Summer Olympics 15248:Israel–West Germany relations 15213:1972 mass shootings in Europe 14804:Murder of Michèle Kiesewetter 14514:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 13529:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 13482:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 13204:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 13169:Seven Days to the River Rhine 12901:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 12188:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 12116:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 11676:Death of Nodar Kumaritashvili 11668:Underage gymnasts controversy 10965:American trusteeship proposal 10034:Popular Resistance Committees 7981:Attacks launched from Lebanon 7733:Palestinian militancy attacks 6788:. (New York, 1999 and 2001), 6004:"Munich: Mossad breaks cover" 5200:Burnton, Simon (2 May 2012). 5105:Daytona Beach Morning Journal 4567:(in German). 1 January 2006. 4259:Borden, Sam (December 2015). 4169:Burnton, Simon (2 May 2012). 3736:10.1080/13537121.2022.2088134 3646:Spungin, Tal (23 July 2021). 3397:"Justice for Ikrit and Biram" 3252:Simon, Jeffrey David (1976). 3142:. Global Media. p. 144. 3122: 2738:standard police-issue 6-shot 2675:Ahmed Chic Thaa ("Abu Halla") 2157:decided instead to press the 1792:, less than two weeks later. 1732:American Broadcasting Company 1087:would handle the crisis. The 727:("Tony"), and junior members 197:(12 victims, 5 perpetrators; 15243:Deaths by firearm in Germany 15082:Black September Organization 14879:Black September Organization 14846:Bottrop and Essen car attack 13507:Fall of communism in Albania 13477:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 13426:Polish Round Table Agreement 12766:1968 Polish political crisis 12583:Eritrean War of Independence 12349:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 12244:East German uprising of 1953 12176:Chinese Communist Revolution 11841: 11748:COVID-19 cases at Tokyo 2020 9683: 8037:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 7825:Murder of the Aroyo children 7317:Murder of the Aroyo children 6738:(Abu Iyad) (Tel Aviv, 1983) 5814:Moore, Asia (19 July 2024). 5363:. Upi.com. 12 January 2007. 5331:"Remembering the Munich 11?" 5022:. Rosen Publishing. p. 4782:"Munich Massacre Remembered" 4381:Making Other Plans: A Memoir 4319:"Shaul Ladany biodata/stats" 3633:; accessed 5 September 2017. 3258:. Indiana University Press. 2417: 2400:The third surviving gunman, 2175:1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon 1914: 1756: 1548:, and Victor Cohen from the 504:, killed two members of the 445:1973 New York City bomb plot 213:1 West German police officer 67:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 7: 15303:Olympic Games controversies 15238:Cold War history of Germany 14759:Rhein-Main Air Base bombing 13381:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 13109:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 12854:Corrective Movement (Syria) 12818:New People's Army rebellion 12813:Sino-Soviet border conflict 12541:Angolan War of Independence 12404:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 12284:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 11929:Jamaican political conflict 11787:Doping at the Olympic Games 10562:Palestinian suicide attacks 9057:Palestinian suicide attacks 9003:Palestinian suicide attacks 7399:Assassination of Yosef Alon 6643:Palgrave Macmillan, ch. 2. 6496:(in German). Archived from 5079:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 3919:Reeve, Klein and Groussard. 3315:Terrorism: A Global Scourge 3139:Terrorism & Its Effects 3016: 2994:, 2016 documentary film by 2261:Operation "Spring of Youth" 2088:7 July 2005 London bombings 1508:standard-issue battle rifle 1345:German Federal Border Guard 1183:, while the cabinet met in 866:Uruguay Olympic delegations 527:villages whose inhabitants 435:Sabena Flight 571 hijacking 361:1978 South Lebanon conflict 10: 15364: 14826:2016 Würzburg train attack 14789:1993 Solingen arson attack 14784:Weiterstadt prison bombing 14764:Berlin discotheque bombing 14749:1984 Duisburg arson attack 13577:Sino-Indian border dispute 13406:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 13336:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 13094:1976 Argentine coup d'état 13006:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 12956:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 12640:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 12608:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 12297:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 12064:Asian Relations Conference 11652:Winter Olympic bid scandal 11138:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 11126:Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement 11120:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 11052:Palestinian autonomy talks 9544:Valley of Peace initiative 9487:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 9169:Jerusalem bulldozer attack 9045:Palestinian rocket attacks 8108:All-Palestine Protectorate 7645:Attacks launched from the 7636:Attacks launched from the 7279:Swissair Flight 330 attack 3591:"The Mossad's secret wars" 3375:Benveniśtî, Mêrôn (2000). 3176:. vdf Hochschulverlag AG. 3170:Aubrey, Stefan M. (2001). 2978:, Canadian television film 2168: 1784:The Munich massacre was a 1319:" status according to the 1089:Bavarian interior minister 992:Hong Kong Olympic swimmer 771:, before returning to the 756:Uruguay Olympic delegation 715:. They were identified as 283:El Al Flight 426 hijacking 29: 15258:Hostage taking in Germany 15150: 15134: 15118: 15111: 15062: 15039: 15032: 15002: 14871: 14864: 14836:2017 Hamburg knife attack 14709: 14676: 14613: 14562: 14484: 14461:William Appleman Williams 14406:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 14188: 14160: 14109: 14041: 14034: 13968: 13833: 13758: 13688: 13681: 13590: 13537: 13469: 13182: 12921:Bangladesh Liberation War 12911:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 12826: 12798:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 12786:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 12449: 12224:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 12201: 11911: 11849: 11774: 11556: 11495: 11433: 11350: 11252: 11095: 11048:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 10973: 10905:Faisal–Weizmann agreement 10862: 10823: 10596: 10459: 10304: 10262: 10224: 10199: 10178: 10122: 10052: 9939:al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades 9921: 9914: 9844: 9796: 9689: 9678: 9600: 9567: 9495: 9430: 9382: 9371: 9360: 9216: 9159:"Bringing Home the Goods" 9139: 9028: 8967: 8889: 8820:Avivim school bus bombing 8798: 8703: 8627: 8623: 8599: 8418: 8260: 8256: 8245: 8216: 8136: 8100: 8091: 8058: 8054: 8043: 7978: 7907: 7856:Dawson's Field hijackings 7834: 7817: 7790:Kfar Yuval hostage crisis 7748:Avivim school bus bombing 7740: 7630: 7603: 7569: 7552: 7527: 7501:Kfar Yuval hostage crisis 7478: 7421: 7390: 7327: 7308: 7299:Dawson's Field hijackings 7286:Avivim school bus bombing 7265: 7196: 7137: 7027: 7023: 6983: 6978:Links to related articles 6878:Das Attentat von München. 6314:How We Got Here: The '70s 5136:. ABC-CLIO. p. 439. 5133:Encyclopedia of Terrorism 4350:. Sussex Academic Press. 3212:Encyclopedia of terrorism 3087:Israeli casualties of war 2732:Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base 2717:1972 Munich Olympic Games 2704:(police sergeant) in the 1060:Federal Interior Minister 998:Arnaldo de Oliveira Sales 949:was abruptly awakened by 351:Kfar Yuval hostage crisis 311:Avivim school bus bombing 275: 222: 216:5 Black September members 189: 161: 151: 137: 98: 84: 72: 64: 59: 15253:Germany–Israel relations 15088:Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya 14851:Halle synagogue shooting 14696:2016 Berlin truck attack 13236:1980 Turkish coup d'état 13071:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 13041:1978 Somali coup attempt 13001:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 12966:1973 Chilean coup d'état 12791:Revolutionary Government 12685:South African Border War 12477:1960 Turkish coup d'état 12394:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 12249:1953 Iranian coup d'état 12229:1952 Egyptian revolution 11087:Israel–Lebanon agreement 10899:Anglo-French Declaration 10895:Declaration to the Seven 10468:Misgav Am hostage crisis 9739:Timeline of anti-Zionism 9260:Egypt–Gaza border breach 9165:Jerusalem yeshiva attack 8877:Misgav Am hostage crisis 6774:Rowman & Littlefield 6411:"Her husband's killer". 6295:, The Local 17 June 2012 6257:. Movies & TV Dept. 5630:. Pbsinternational.org. 4604:"Shootings in the Night" 4222:Nigel Cawthorne (2011). 2991:Munich 1972 & Beyond 2932:Munich: Mossad's Revenge 2876: 2478:From Jerusalem to Munich 2285:On 21 July 1973, in the 2185:Prime Minister of Israel 2096:Rio 2016 Olympic Village 2063:Four years later at the 1824:involuntary manslaughter 1193:Israeli Foreign Ministry 1094:According to journalist 1083:, insisting instead the 911:, track and field coach 894:, a veteran of the 1967 750:According to the author 376:Misgav Am hostage crisis 305:TWA Flight 840 hijacking 18:Munich Olympics massacre 15223:Antisemitism in Germany 15188:1972 murders in Germany 15112:Counter-terrorism units 14779:1992 Mölln arson attack 13441:Fall of the Berlin Wall 13386:People Power Revolution 13371:Central American crisis 13311:1986 Black Sea incident 12961:1973 Afghan coup d'état 12859:Western Sahara conflict 12670:1966 Syrian coup d'état 12593:1963 Syrian coup d'état 12536:Portuguese Colonial War 12499:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 12264:1954 Syrian coup d'état 12141:Annexation of Hyderabad 12084:1947–1949 Palestine war 10779:Israel–Palestine crisis 10630:Bringing Home the Goods 9969:Guardians of the Cedars 9324:"Guardian of the Walls" 9198:Israel–Palestine crisis 7957:Yeşilköy airport attack 7935:(September 28–29, 1973) 7543:Yeşilköy airport attack 7366:Killing of Ami Shachori 6902:Rowohlt, Reinbek 2013, 6765:, Andrepont Publishing. 6077:Posner, Gerald (2004). 6009:3 February 2006 at the 5628:"Munich '72 and Beyond" 5534:30 October 2022 at the 5419:30 October 2022 at the 5014:Sonneborn, Liz (2003). 3856:(30). Wiegrefe, Klaus. 3782:"When the Terror Began" 3402:12 October 2017 at the 2706:Munich Municipal Police 2492:since 15 January 2005. 2326:Alleged German cover-up 2239:. Reeve quotes General 2135:International reactions 1170:Munich Police President 1152:massacre at Lod Airport 1069:, the head of Israel's 400:International incidents 381:1981 bombing of Lebanon 300:El Al Flight 432 attack 288:El Al Flight 253 attack 46:Infobox civilian attack 38: 15273:Kidnappings in Germany 15158:Kommando Spezialkräfte 15070:Abu Nidal Organization 14799:Murder of Enver Şimşek 14717:1970 Munich bus attack 13735:Neoclassical economics 13246:Gulf of Sidra incident 12803:1969 Libyan revolution 12494:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 12279:1954 Geneva Conference 12039:Turkish straits crisis 12034:Corfu Channel incident 11708:Russian doping scandal 11546:World Friendship Games 11196:Sharm El Sheikh Summit 11116:Gaza–Jericho Agreement 10998:Tripartite Declaration 10621:Ain es Saheb airstrike 10502:South Lebanon conflict 9463:Gaza–Jericho Agreement 9242:Gaza cross-border raid 9113:Ain es Saheb airstrike 9069:Israeli assassinations 8871:South Lebanon conflict 8845:Kiryat Shmona massacre 7882:(December 17–18, 1973) 7864:(February 22–23, 1972) 7858:(September 6–13, 1970) 7760:Kiryat Shmona massacre 7663:Attacks launched from 7654:Attacks launched from 7430:Kiryat Shmona massacre 7380:Bangkok hostage crisis 7253:in the history of the 7017:Israel at the Olympics 6952:31 August 2022 at the 6263:. 2011. Archived from 6255:"One Day in September" 5951:O'Neil, Terry (1989). 5552:29 August 2004 at the 4963:Groussard, pp. 354–55. 3892:. Regnery Publishing. 3625:14 August 2016 at the 2986:, American documentary 2899: 2689: 2498: 2387:Operation Wrath of God 2319:Operation Wrath of God 2250: 2233:Operation Wrath of God 2229: 2140:King Hussein of Jordan 1754: 1745: 1550:Israel Security Agency 1450: 1300: 1162:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1063:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 919:, weightlifting judge 808: 800: 773:Olympic Park in Munich 703:from refugee camps in 681:Federal Foreign Office 620:. Coincidentally, the 579:assassination campaign 496:militant organization 411:Operation Wrath of God 331:Kiryat Shmona massacre 266:Palestinian insurgency 51:considered for merging 15318:September 1972 events 15268:Jewish sports history 15228:Antisemitism in Egypt 14821:2016 Hanover stabbing 14679:(more than 10 deaths) 14585:Russia–NATO relations 14466:Jonathan Reed Winkler 13750:Democratic capitalism 13745:Supply-side economics 13713:American conservatism 13512:Breakup of Yugoslavia 13401:Bougainville conflict 13316:South Yemen civil war 13251:Martial law in Poland 13114:Nicaraguan Revolution 13089:Dirty War (Argentina) 12896:1971 JVP insurrection 12710:Years of Lead (Italy) 12588:North Yemen civil war 12506:Berlin Crisis of 1961 12482:Albanian–Soviet split 12414:1959 Tibetan uprising 12379:Syrian Crisis of 1957 12234:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 12094:1948 Arab–Israeli War 11636:Kozakiewicz's gesture 11244:John Kerry Parameters 10917:Churchill White Paper 10883:Sykes–Picot Agreement 10439:Coastal Road massacre 10060:Arab Higher Committee 9949:Arab Liberation Front 9892:Palestinian Authority 9790:Arab–Israeli conflict 9141:Palestinian dissident 8997:Temple Mount killings 8867:Coastal Road massacre 8553:Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi 8128:Palestinian Authority 8068:Israel Defense Forces 7917:(September 5–6, 1972) 7900:(October 13–18, 1977) 7892:Air France Flight 139 7802:Coastal Road massacre 7578:Coastal Road massacre 7536:Air France Flight 139 7255:Arab–Israeli conflict 6933:17 March 2021 at the 6848:"Preventive measures" 6661:17 March 2021 at the 6229:Klein, Aaron (2007). 5735:. MFA. Archived from 5714:6 August 2016 at the 5130:Chalk, Peter (2012). 3886:Reeve, Simon (2011). 3136:Juan Sanchez (2007). 3097:One minute of silence 2967:Seconds From Disaster 2919:, a made for TV drama 2884: 2869:Kiryat Shaul Cemetery 2789:Olympiapark in Munich 2698:Bavarian State Police 2687: 2585:, weightlifting judge 2494: 2245: 2211: 1835:Heckler & Koch G3 1814:Seconds from Disaster 1749: 1740: 1460:Air Transport Wing 63 1448: 1429:West German Air Force 1356:Bavarian State Police 1290: 1085:Bavarian State Police 856:31, which housed the 806: 798: 564:Bavarian State Police 541:West German neo-Nazis 525:Palestinian Christian 515:named the operation " 455:TWA Flight 841 (1974) 356:Coastal Road massacre 122:48.17972°N 11.54917°E 15278:Massacres in Germany 15203:1972 in West Germany 15119:Federal Police units 14831:2016 Ansbach bombing 14811:2004 Cologne bombing 14732:Lufthansa Flight 181 14670:Terrorism in Germany 14006:Non-Aligned Movement 13628:Peaceful coexistence 13582:North Borneo dispute 13497:German reunification 13492:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 13190:Salvadoran Civil War 13139:Grand Mosque seizure 13134:Yemenite War of 1979 13026:Mozambican Civil War 12981:Carnation Revolution 12936:Yemenite War of 1972 12874:1970 Polish protests 12705:1967 Hong Kong riots 12680:Argentine Revolution 12630:Guatemalan Civil War 12558:Cuban Missile Crisis 12472:Bay of Pigs Invasion 12344:1956 Poznań protests 12322:Geneva Summit (1955) 11924:Hukbalahap Rebellion 11903:Non-Aligned Movement 11692:LGBT rights protests 11522:Liberty Bell Classic 11226:Annapolis Conference 11220:UNSC Resolution 1701 11210:UNSC Resolution 1850 11192:UNSC Resolution 1583 11186:UNSC Resolution 1566 11182:UNSC Resolution 1559 11132:Wye River Memorandum 10988:Armistice agreements 10745:Gaza border protests 10667:Gaza–Israel conflict 10379:Lod Airport massacre 10212:United Arab Republic 10155:United Arab Emirates 10065:Arab Liberation Army 9653:Nicaragua v. Germany 9613:Palestine and the UN 9550:Annapolis Conference 9481:Wye River Memorandum 9304:Gaza border protests 9298:Freedom Flotilla III 9254:Beit Hanoun shelling 9238:Gaza beach explosion 8955:Night of the Gliders 8543:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam 7945:Orly Airport attacks 7941:(September 15, 1974) 7898:Lufthansa Flight 181 7874:Lufthansa Flight 615 7862:Lufthansa Flight 649 7754:Lod Airport massacre 7560:Lufthansa Flight 181 7486:Orly Airport attacks 7373:Lufthansa Flight 615 7350:Lod Airport massacre 7335:Lufthansa Flight 649 7139:Winter Olympic Games 7029:Summer Olympic Games 6809:. (New York, 2001), 6731:Simon & Schuster 6490:"Anton Fliegerbauer" 6429:. CNN. 3 July 2010. 6291:19 June 2012 at the 5341:on 16 September 2000 5073:Plaw, Avery (2008). 5055:5 April 2018 at the 4927:Reeve, pp. 103, 107. 4915:One Day in September 4743:One Day in September 4548:One Day in September 4344:Paul Taylor (2004). 3597:. 20 February 2010. 3092:Lod Airport massacre 2940:One Day in September 2748:One Day in September 2723:Bereitschaftspolizei 2411:One Day in September 2107:2020 Summer Olympics 2065:1976 Summer Olympics 1949:Lufthansa Flight 615 1942:One Day in September 1937:Lufthansa Flight 615 1927:The three surviving 1856:One Day in September 1303:In the early 1970s, 1215:and the head of the 1147:Staatsarchiv München 994:Ronnie Wong Man-chiu 931:, and weightlifters 835:, scaled a 2-metre ( 634:One Day in September 610:1936 Summer Olympics 598:2020 Summer Olympics 590:2016 Summer Olympics 572:Lufthansa Flight 615 506:Israeli Olympic team 482:1972 Summer Olympics 371:1979 Nahariya attack 341:1974 Nahariya attack 316:Lod Airport massacre 156:Israeli Olympic team 143:4:31 am – 12:04 am ( 15313:Politics and sports 14948:Revolutionary Cells 14872:In terrorist groups 14856:2018 Cologne attack 14691:Oktoberfest bombing 14451:Alex von Tunzelmann 14441:Vladimir Tismăneanu 14366:Thomas J. McCormick 14361:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 14261:Robert Hugh Ferrell 14124:Crusade for Freedom 13921:Illiberal democracy 13805:Ho Chi Minh Thought 13608:Eisenhower Doctrine 13461:Peaceful Revolution 13456:Romanian Revolution 13436:Revolutions of 1989 13421:1988 Polish strikes 13331:Operation INFEKTION 13326:1987 Lieyu massacre 13231:Eritrean Civil Wars 13214:Peruvian Revolution 13164:1979 Herat uprising 13154:Sino-Vietnamese War 13119:Uganda–Tanzania War 13099:Egyptian–Libyan War 13066:Third Indochina War 13061:Sino-Albanian split 13051:Ethiopian Civil War 12951:Eritrean Civil Wars 12891:Ping-pong diplomacy 12864:Cambodian Civil War 12690:Korean DMZ Conflict 12675:Cultural Revolution 12645:Dominican Civil War 12623:Tlatelolco massacre 12409:1959 Mosul uprising 12399:1958 Lebanon crisis 12126:Al-Wathbah uprising 12049:First Indochina War 12019:Iran crisis of 1946 11596:Tlatelolco massacre 11069:UNSC Resolution 497 11063:UNSC Resolution 478 11057:UNSC Resolution 452 11044:UNSC Resolution 446 11034:UNSC Resolution 425 11028:UNSC Resolution 350 11018:UNSC Resolution 339 11014:UNSC Resolution 338 11004:Khartoum Resolution 10992:Lausanne Conference 10941:Morrison–Grady Plan 10911:San Remo conference 10889:Balfour Declaration 10761:Gaza–Israel clashes 10753:Gaza–Israel clashes 10528:Mothers' Bus attack 10105:Revolutionary Cells 9734:Racism in Palestine 9712:Criticism of Israel 9694:Anti-Palestinianism 9520:Quartet established 9404:Lausanne Conference 9286:"Pillar of Defense" 9192:Temple Mount crisis 9127:"Days of Penitence" 8911:Zion Square bombing 8744:Reprisal operations 8732:Fedayeen insurgency 8613:military operations 8380:Amnon Lipkin-Shahak 7963:Orly Airport attack 7953:(December 21, 1975) 7923:(December 28, 1972) 7888:(September 8, 1974) 7846:(February 21, 1970) 7844:Swissair Flight 330 7780:(November 19, 1974) 7588:Orly Airport attack 7488:(January 13 and 19) 6876:Kramer, Ferdinand: 6688:Martin Meidenbauer 6415:. 25 December 2005. 6413:New York Daily News 5788:Henderson, Cydney. 5602:The Times of Israel 5577:on 11 December 2018 5571:The Washington Post 5423:, 7 September 1972. 5238:. 7 February 2019. 5107:. 30 October 1972. 4565:Süddeutsche Zeitung 4378:Tom Mackin (2009). 3822:The Times of Israel 3007:La médaille de sang 3002:The Blood of Israel 2851:Place of memory in 2826:Munich Olympic Park 2728:Munich-Riem Airport 2708:, stationed in the 2607:, wrestling referee 2463:diplomatic immunity 1956:Effect on the Games 1809:National Geographic 1512:German Armed Forces 1436:Munich-Riem airport 1327:, specifically the 1321:German constitution 1172:Manfred Schreiber, 764:Fiddler on the Roof 581:, which authorized 366:1979 Ma'alot attack 141:5–6 September 1972 118: / 15135:State Police units 14926:Brigitte Mohnhaupt 14865:Notable terrorists 14605:Russian Revolution 14401:Mary Elise Sarotte 14386:William B. Pickett 14311:Patrick J. Hearden 14291:Gabriel Gorodetsky 14286:Timothy Garton Ash 14271:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 13866:Ethnic nationalism 13618:Hallstein Doctrine 13502:Yemeni unification 13291:1985 Geneva Summit 13256:Casamance conflict 13159:New Jewel Movement 13144:Iranian Revolution 13129:Chadian–Libyan War 13076:Cambodian conflict 13056:Lebanese Civil War 13046:Western Sahara War 13021:June 1976 protests 13016:Cambodian genocide 12781:17 July Revolution 12735:Nigerian Civil War 12650:Rhodesian Bush War 12635:Colombian conflict 12578:Ramadan Revolution 12317:Bandung Conference 12193:Operation Valuable 12074:Partition of India 11628:Black Power salute 11604:Black Power salute 11214:Quartet Principles 11148:Clinton Parameters 11038:Camp David Accords 10421:Savoy Hotel attack 10271:1948 Palestine war 10110:South Lebanon Army 9999:Muslim Brotherhood 9707:Criticism of Hamas 9660:Israeli occupation 9559:Israel controversy 9508:Clinton Parameters 9467:1994–present 9410:Israeli settlement 9408:1967–present 9336:"Shield and Arrow" 9276:Gaza flotilla raid 9186:2015–2016 violence 9095:"Defensive Shield" 8855:Savoy Hotel attack 8838:Lillehammer affair 8730:1948–present 8558:Ali Hassan Salameh 8355:Benjamin Netanyahu 8217:Third-party groups 7933:Schoenau ultimatum 7876:(October 29, 1972) 7784:Savoy Hotel attack 7778:Beit She'an attack 7774:(June 24–25, 1974) 7493:Savoy Hotel attack 7468:Beit She'an attack 7406:Schoenau ultimatum 6947:MunichOlympics.com 6910:, p. 496–573. 6896:Wolfgang Kraushaar 6892:. p. 400–414. 6351:Sports Illustrated 6260:The New York Times 6195:The Jerusalem Post 6033:1 May 2020 at the 6017:, 26 January 2006. 5899:. 5 September 2024 5873:. 5 September 2024 5525:John Bale (2004). 5501:The New York Times 5440:The New York Times 5395:on 28 October 2009 5335:Sports Illustrated 5303:The Telegraph (UK) 5063:, 22 January 2006. 5004:Reeve, pp. 236–37. 4995:Reeve, pp. 121–22. 4986:Reeve, pp. 118–20. 4954:Reeve, pp. 106–07. 4945:Reeve, pp. 115–16. 4936:Groussard, p. 349. 4723:. 5 September 1972 4614:on 22 August 2002. 4608:Sports Illustrated 4266:The New York Times 4203:. 5 September 2002 3787:Sports Illustrated 3780:(26 August 2002), 3652:The Jerusalem Post 3631:The Jerusalem Post 3410:, 10 October 2001. 2996:Steven Ungerleider 2916:21 Hours at Munich 2900: 2895:The New York Times 2712:police district. 2702:Polizeiobermeister 2690: 2688:Anton Fliegerbauer 2538:List of fatalities 2482:Sports Illustrated 2308:Lebanese Civil War 2299:Ali Hassan Salameh 2287:Lillehammer affair 2237:Mivtza Za'am Ha'El 2098:on 4 August 2016. 2044:Sports Illustrated 1891:Eliashiv Ben-Horin 1720:Eliashiv Ben-Horin 1451: 1301: 1240:Eliashiv Ben-Horin 974:Yehuda Weisenstein 901:The New York Times 809: 801: 537:1948 Palestine war 346:Savoy Hotel attack 210:5 Israeli athletes 127:48.17972; 11.54917 15283:Massacres in 1972 15170: 15169: 15166: 15165: 15107: 15106: 15028: 15027: 15003:Lone perpetrators 14970:Souhaila Andrawes 14953:Johannes Weinrich 14636: 14635: 14623:List of conflicts 14471:Rudolph Winnacker 14416:Giles Scott-Smith 14391:Ronald E. Powaski 14346:Melvyn P. Leffler 14276:John Lewis Gaddis 14251:Robert D. English 14216:Warren H. Carroll 14206:Michael Beschloss 14175:Nuclear arms race 14156: 14155: 14062:Neues Deutschland 13964: 13963: 13946:White nationalism 13916:Liberal democracy 13653:Ulbricht Doctrine 13643:Brezhnev Doctrine 13451:Velvet Revolution 13195:Soviet–Afghan War 13011:Angolan Civil War 12808:Goulash Communism 12665:ASEAN Declaration 12618:Mexican Dirty War 12516:Annexation of Goa 12467:1960 U-2 incident 12441:Sino-Soviet split 12419:Laotian Civil War 12259:Bricker Amendment 12239:Mau Mau rebellion 12183:Malayan Emergency 12171:Chinese Civil War 12131:Tito–Stalin split 11985:Division of Korea 11809: 11808: 11803: 11802: 11548:(2024, postponed) 11506:People's Olympiad 11310: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11176:Geneva Initiative 11144:Camp David Summit 11104:Madrid Conference 11081:Reagan peace plan 11054: 10959:UN Partition Plan 10953:London Conference 10935:London Conference 10871:Damascus Protocol 10819: 10818: 10720:Pillar of Defense 10371:Sabena Flight 571 10337:Battle of Karameh 10256:Armed engagements 10220: 10219: 10118: 10117: 10090:Japanese Red Army 9845:Primary countries 9756: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9674: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9640:Wall construction 9631:UN Resolution 242 9625:UN Resolution 194 9619:UN Resolution 181 9608:Israel and the UN 9596: 9595: 9504:Camp David Summit 9445:Madrid Conference 9420:international law 9356: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9348: 9347: 9292:"Protective Edge" 9212: 9211: 9135: 9134: 9107:"Determined Path" 9024: 9023: 8963: 8962: 8885: 8884: 8826:Sabena Flight 571 8794: 8793: 8784:Battle of Karameh 8742:1950s–1960s 8699: 8698: 8685:Jewish insurgency 8652:Battle of Tel Hai 8595: 8594: 8591: 8590: 8350:Yitzhak Mordechai 8241: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8212: 8211: 8199:Sabireen Movement 8083:Shabak (Shin Bet) 8003: 8002: 7982: 7971:(August 20, 1978) 7969:London bus attack 7959:(August 11, 1976) 7939:Paris café attack 7868:Sabena Flight 571 7827:(January 2, 1971) 7808:Nahariya massacre 7698: 7697: 7620:Nahariya massacre 7594:London bus attack 7461:Paris café attack 7408:(September 28–29) 7342:Sabena Flight 571 7273:Munich bus attack 7247:terrorist attacks 7212: 7211: 7192: 7191: 6964:, 4 December 2005 6908:978-3-498-03411-5 6890:978-3-406-56320-1 6854:on 1 October 2007 6831:978-0-440-13644-6 6818:978-1-55970-547-9 6802:978-0-679-74475-7 6781:978-0-7425-6739-9 6757:978-1-920769-80-2 6721:978-0-688-02910-4 6708:978-1-55970-429-8 6694:978-3-89975-583-1 6680:978-0-7146-2987-2 6649:978-1-137-39196-4 6530:978-0-415-67581-9 6357:on 4 October 2002 6328:978-0-465-04195-4 6240:978-0-8129-7463-8 6201:on 26 August 2012 6088:978-0-8129-6623-7 5964:978-0-06-016019-7 5820:Los Angeles Times 5686:. 4 August 2016. 5556:, 20 August 2004. 5471:www.olympedia.org 5268:Stars and Stripes 5143:978-0-313-30895-6 5086:978-0-7546-4526-9 5033:978-0-8239-3654-0 4721:The Asahi Shimbun 4391:978-1-4520-7151-0 4357:978-1-903900-88-8 4235:978-1-56975-969-1 4228:. Ulysses Press. 4201:Los Angeles Times 4197:"Black September" 3928:Klein, pp. 35–36. 3899:978-1-62872-141-6 3429:978-0-8007-9321-0 3385:978-0-520-23422-2 3362:978-0-8021-1159-3 3325:978-1-4259-0530-9 3298:978-0-19-754000-8 3265:978-0-253-21477-5 3227:978-0-7619-2408-1 3183:978-3-7281-2949-9 3149:978-81-89940-93-5 2960:Steve Prefontaine 2958:, 1997 biopic of 2795:Memorials gallery 2755:Georg Kronawitter 2551:, wrestling coach 2151:William P. Rogers 2076:minute of silence 1786:critical juncture 1699:News wire reports 1602:Bundesgrenzschutz 1581:Bundesgrenzschutz 1537:Bundesgrenzschutz 1516:telescopic sights 1420:Bundesgrenzschutz 1333:critical juncture 1309:tactical policing 1305:counter-terrorism 1291:Israeli hostages 1154:on May 30, 1972. 1030:Japanese Red Army 1004:and judo athlete 982:Esther Shahamorov 966:Henry Hershkowitz 915:, fencing master 473: 472: 465:Operation Entebbe 460:Pan Am Flight 110 321:Sabena Flight 571 232: 231: 207:6 Israeli coaches 16:(Redirected from 15355: 15293:Murder in Munich 15116: 15115: 15047:Red Army Faction 15037: 15036: 15033:Terrorist groups 14901:Red Army Faction 14869: 14868: 14663: 14656: 14649: 14640: 14639: 14381:David S. Painter 14306:John Earl Haynes 14236:Nicholas J. Cull 14221:Adrian Cioroianu 14201:Thomas A. Bailey 14148:Voice of America 14039: 14038: 13951:White separatism 13931:Social democracy 13926:Guided democracy 13906:Authoritarianism 13856:Ultranationalism 13846:Anti-imperialism 13773:Marxism–Leninism 13686: 13685: 13673:Kinmen Agreement 13638:Johnson Doctrine 13623:Kennedy Doctrine 13539:Frozen conflicts 13522:1991 August Coup 13411:Afghan Civil War 13306:Reykjavík Summit 13301:Somali Rebellion 13241:Ugandan Bush War 13219:Gdańsk Agreement 12740:Protests of 1968 12720:War of Attrition 12429:Cuban Revolution 12365:We will bury you 12332:Cyprus Emergency 12312:Kashmir Princess 12302:Jebel Akhdar War 12151:Western betrayal 11836: 11829: 11822: 11813: 11812: 11796: 11789: 11782: 11767: 11759: 11751: 11743: 11735: 11727: 11719: 11711: 11703: 11695: 11687: 11679: 11671: 11663: 11655: 11647: 11639: 11631: 11623: 11615: 11607: 11599: 11591: 11583: 11575: 11567: 11549: 11541: 11533: 11530:Friendship Games 11525: 11517: 11509: 11488: 11481: 11474: 11467: 11460: 11453: 11446: 11426: 11417: 11410: 11403: 11396: 11389: 11382: 11375: 11368: 11361: 11337: 11330: 11323: 11314: 11313: 11264:Trump peace plan 11256: 11050: 10848: 10841: 10834: 10825: 10824: 10810: 10807:Israel–Hamas war 10802: 10798:Shield and Arrow 10792: 10782: 10774: 10764: 10756: 10748: 10740: 10737:Wave of violence 10732: 10724: 10714: 10704: 10696: 10688: 10680: 10670: 10662: 10654: 10644: 10634: 10624: 10616: 10608: 10589: 10579: 10569: 10557: 10547: 10539: 10531: 10523: 10515: 10505: 10497: 10489: 10481: 10471: 10452: 10442: 10434: 10424: 10416: 10413:Ma'alot massacre 10408: 10400: 10390: 10382: 10374: 10366: 10358: 10348: 10340: 10332: 10329:War of Attrition 10324: 10316: 10297: 10289: 10281: 10278:Arab–Israeli War 10273: 10249: 10242: 10235: 10226: 10225: 10123:Other countries 9919: 9918: 9859:Egyptian Kingdom 9821: 9814: 9807: 9798: 9797: 9783: 9776: 9769: 9760: 9759: 9729:Racism in Israel 9680: 9679: 9582:Palestine Papers 9475:Hebron Agreement 9415:settler violence 9380: 9379: 9373: 9372: 9362: 9361: 9340:Israel–Hamas war 9308:November clashes 9282:"Returning Echo" 9227: 9226: 9148: 9147: 9123:Beit Hanoun raid 9103:Battle of Nablus 9035: 9034: 8974: 8973: 8894: 8893: 8849:Ma'alot massacre 8809: 8808: 8778:War of Attrition 8719:Arab–Israeli War 8708: 8707: 8634: 8633: 8625: 8624: 8601: 8600: 8453:Marwan Barghouti 8285:David Ben-Gurion 8258: 8257: 8247: 8246: 8144:al-Aqsa Brigades 8098: 8097: 8056: 8055: 8045: 8044: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8007: 8006: 7995: 7990: 7980: 7835:Aircraft attacks 7810:(April 22, 1979) 7804:(March 11, 1978) 7766:Ma'alot massacre 7762:(April 11, 1974) 7725: 7718: 7711: 7702: 7701: 7690: 7685: 7661: 7652: 7643: 7634: 7623: 7615: 7581: 7539: 7520: 7512: 7504: 7496: 7471: 7457: 7449: 7441: 7438:Ma'alot massacre 7433: 7414:(December 17–18) 7402: 7383: 7369: 7361: 7353: 7345: 7337:(February 22–23) 7320: 7301:(September 6-13) 7289: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7216: 7215: 7206: 7074: 7025: 7024: 7010: 7003: 6996: 6987: 6986: 6974: 6973: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6850:. Archived from 6627: 6626: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6494:www.km.bayern.de 6486: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6408: 6402: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6383:on 31 March 2012 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6353:. Archived from 6347:"The Mastermind" 6342: 6333: 6332: 6305: 6296: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6267:on 23 April 2011 6251: 6245: 6244: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6197:. Archived from 6186: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6166:. 22 July 2012. 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6109:. 23 July 2012. 6099: 6093: 6092: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6044: 6038: 6024: 6018: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5981: 5978: 5969: 5968: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5739:on 29 March 2010 5729: 5723: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5563: 5557: 5544: 5538: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5430: 5424: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5391:. Archived from 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5337:. Archived from 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5299: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5070: 5064: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5021: 5011: 5005: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4964: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4919: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4875: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4811: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4754: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4691: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4661: 4616: 4615: 4610:. Archived from 4599: 4593: 4590: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4557: 4551: 4544: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4506: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4456: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4384:. Author House. 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4325:on 18 April 2020 4315: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4166: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4140: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4112: 4104: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4080:, archived from 4078:The Toronto Star 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4046: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3883: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3770: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3715: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3643: 3634: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3560: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3524: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3499: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3438: 3432: 3417: 3411: 3394: 3388: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3239:Internet Archive 3236: 3234: 3215: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3133: 3075: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3061: 3059:Palestine portal 3056: 3055: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3033: 3028: 3027: 3026: 2983:Visions of Eight 2949:Best Documentary 2864: 2855:forest in Israel 2848: 2836: 2821: 2805: 2775:Gustav Heinemann 2664:Afif Ahmed Hamid 2613:, shooting coach 2605:Yossef Gutfreund 2517:Steven Spielberg 2448: 2444: 2372: 2345:In August 2012, 2190: 2179:On 5 September, 2165:Israeli response 1933:Fürstenfeldbruck 1797:Fürstenfeldbruck 1713: 1464:German Air Force 1425:Fürstenfeldbruck 1230:Midday extension 1042:Red Army Faction 870:Yossef Gutfreund 848: 847: 843: 840: 827:assault rifles, 729:Afif Ahmed Hamid 659: 549:Red Army Faction 386:1982 Lebanon War 336:Ma'alot massacre 293:retaliation raid 270: 268:in South Lebanon 258: 251: 244: 235: 234: 196: 133: 132: 130: 129: 128: 123: 119: 116: 115: 114: 111: 77: 57: 56: 54: 21: 15363: 15362: 15358: 15357: 15356: 15354: 15353: 15352: 15208:1970s in Munich 15183:Munich massacre 15173: 15172: 15171: 15162: 15146: 15130: 15103: 15058: 15040:Domestic groups 15024: 15015:Mohammad Daleel 14998: 14936:Birgit Hogefeld 14894:Jamal al-Gashey 14889:Adnan al-Gashey 14860: 14710:Notable attacks 14705: 14701:Hanau shootings 14686:Munich massacre 14678: 14672: 14667: 14637: 14632: 14609: 14600:Second Cold War 14558: 14486: 14480: 14456:Odd Arne Westad 14446:Patrick Vaughan 14431:Athan Theoharis 14411:Ellen Schrecker 14396:Yakov M. Rabkin 14371:Timothy Naftali 14316:Tvrtko Jakovina 14301:Jussi Hanhimäki 14184: 14162: 14152: 14130:Paix et Liberté 14105: 14049:Active measures 14030: 13960: 13941:White supremacy 13901:Totalitarianism 13829: 13754: 13677: 13663:Reagan Doctrine 13658:Carter Doctrine 13598:Truman Doctrine 13586: 13533: 13465: 13360:Soviet reaction 13271:Ndogboyosoi War 13178: 13149:Saur Revolution 12976:1973 oil crisis 12941:Munich massacre 12849:Alcora Exercise 12844:Black September 12822: 12568:Sino-Indian War 12462:Simba rebellion 12445: 12289:Capture of the 12197: 12136:Berlin Blockade 12069:May 1947 crises 12059:Truman Doctrine 12024:Greek Civil War 12013:Blacklist Forty 11980:Gouzenko Affair 11967:Cursed soldiers 11919:Morgenthau Plan 11907: 11845: 11840: 11810: 11805: 11804: 11799: 11792: 11785: 11778: 11770: 11762: 11754: 11746: 11738: 11730: 11722: 11714: 11706: 11698: 11690: 11682: 11674: 11666: 11658: 11650: 11642: 11634: 11626: 11618: 11612:Munich massacre 11610: 11602: 11594: 11586: 11578: 11570: 11565:Stripped medals 11563: 11552: 11544: 11536: 11528: 11520: 11512: 11504: 11497: 11491: 11484: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11456: 11449: 11442: 11429: 11420: 11413: 11406: 11399: 11392: 11385: 11378: 11371: 11364: 11357: 11346: 11341: 11311: 11302: 11270:Abraham Accords 11254: 11248: 11091: 11073:1981–1982 10969: 10923:Peel Commission 10858: 10856:peace proposals 10852: 10815: 10805: 10795: 10785: 10777: 10767: 10759: 10751: 10743: 10735: 10727: 10717: 10707: 10699: 10691: 10683: 10673: 10665: 10657: 10647: 10637: 10627: 10619: 10611: 10605:Second Intifada 10603: 10592: 10585:Grapes of Wrath 10582: 10572: 10560: 10550: 10542: 10534: 10526: 10518: 10508: 10500: 10492: 10484: 10474: 10466: 10455: 10445: 10437: 10427: 10419: 10411: 10403: 10393: 10387:Munich massacre 10385: 10377: 10369: 10361: 10351: 10343: 10335: 10327: 10319: 10311: 10300: 10292: 10284: 10276: 10269: 10258: 10253: 10216: 10195: 10174: 10114: 10070:Black September 10048: 9989:Lebanese Forces 9910: 9906:Ba'athist Syria 9902:Syrian Republic 9847:and authorities 9846: 9840: 9839: 9825: 9792: 9787: 9757: 9748: 9685: 9666: 9592: 9586:2013–2014 9563: 9491: 9449:1993–1995 9437:1981–1982 9426: 9367: 9344: 9330:"Breaking Dawn" 9268:2008–2009 9250:"Autumn Clouds" 9223: 9220: 9208: 9204:Al-Aqsa clashes 9175:Al-Aqsa clashes 9144: 9142: 9131: 9099:Battle of Jenin 9030:Second Intifada 9020: 8959: 8922:Siege of Beirut 8881: 8830:Munich massacre 8805: 8802: 8790: 8776:1967–1970 8766:Rafah massacres 8736:1951–1967 8695: 8689:1947–1948 8683:1944–1947 8677:1936–1939 8671:Hebron massacre 8666:Palestine riots 8647:Nebi Musa riots 8619: 8587: 8533:Abu Ali Mustafa 8488:Amin al-Husayni 8458:Mohammed Dahlan 8414: 8290:Naftali Bennett 8252: 8233: 8208: 8132: 8087: 8050: 8039: 8034: 8004: 7999: 7974: 7947:(January, 1975) 7915:Munich massacre 7903: 7894:(June 27, 1976) 7852:(July 22, 1970) 7836: 7830: 7813: 7792:(June 15, 1975) 7786:(March 6, 1975) 7772:Nahariya attack 7736: 7729: 7699: 7694: 7677: 7673: 7668: 7659: 7650: 7641: 7632: 7626: 7618: 7610: 7599: 7576: 7565: 7562:(October 13–18) 7548: 7534: 7523: 7515: 7507: 7499: 7491: 7474: 7466: 7452: 7446:Nahariya attack 7444: 7436: 7428: 7417: 7397: 7386: 7378: 7364: 7360:(5–6 September) 7358:Munich massacre 7356: 7348: 7340: 7323: 7315: 7304: 7284: 7261: 7243: 7213: 7208: 7204: 7188: 7187: 7133: 7132: 7072: 7019: 7014: 6979: 6954:Wayback Machine 6935:Wayback Machine 6917: 6872:"Rings Of Fire" 6857: 6855: 6846: 6671:(London 1973), 6669:Cooley, John K. 6663:Wayback Machine 6654:Calahan, A. B. 6636: 6634:Further reading 6631: 6630: 6615:Welt am Sonntag 6611: 6607: 6592: 6588: 6573: 6569: 6559: 6557: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6517: 6513: 6503: 6501: 6500:on 27 June 2018 6488: 6487: 6476: 6466: 6464: 6459:. 3 July 2010. 6451: 6450: 6446: 6436: 6434: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6410: 6409: 6405: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6306: 6299: 6293:Wayback Machine 6284: 6280: 6270: 6268: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6204: 6202: 6187: 6183: 6173: 6171: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6130: 6126: 6116: 6114: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6075: 6071: 6061: 6059: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6035:Wayback Machine 6025: 6021: 6011:Wayback Machine 6002: 5998: 5993: 5984: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5949: 5945: 5935: 5933: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5876: 5874: 5871:Times of Israel 5865: 5864: 5860: 5850: 5848: 5838: 5834: 5824: 5822: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5716:Wayback Machine 5707: 5703: 5693: 5691: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5667: 5665: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5637: 5635: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5609: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5554:Wayback Machine 5545: 5541: 5536:Wayback Machine 5524: 5520: 5510: 5508: 5503:. 8 July 1973. 5495: 5494: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5450: 5448: 5431: 5427: 5421:Wayback Machine 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5361:"Munich Crisis" 5359: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5327: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5144: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5071: 5067: 5061:The Independent 5057:Wayback Machine 5048: 5044: 5034: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4908:Interview with 4907: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4884:The Independent 4876: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4812: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4693: 4692: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4662: 4619: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4545: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4507: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4457: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4413: 4406: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4317: 4316: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4257: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4167: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4141: 4126: 4116: 4114: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4085: 4084:on 23 June 2012 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4047: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3884: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3813: 3806: 3797: 3795: 3774:Alexander Wolff 3771: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3716: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3644: 3637: 3627:Wayback Machine 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3561: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3525: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3465: 3456: 3454: 3439: 3435: 3418: 3414: 3404:Wayback Machine 3395: 3391: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3326: 3318:. AuthorHouse. 3310: 3306: 3299: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3250: 3246: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3184: 3168: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3073:Olympics portal 3071: 3066: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3011:Serge Groussard 2975:Sword of Gideon 2892:, published in 2886:Munich Massacre 2879: 2872: 2865: 2856: 2849: 2840: 2837: 2828: 2822: 2813: 2806: 2797: 2682: 2629:Amitzur Shapira 2625:, fencing coach 2540: 2438: 2420: 2402:Jamal Al-Gashey 2383: 2366: 2328: 2188: 2177: 2169:Main articles: 2167: 2155:Henry Kissinger 2145:U.S. President 2137: 2125:Munich massacre 1958: 1929:Black September 1917: 1895:Mordechai Gazit 1865: 1777:police and the 1759: 1707: 1701: 1675:Adnan Al-Gashey 1671:Jamal Al-Gashey 1658: 1607:liaison officer 1590:At that point, 1577: 1555:A fully fueled 1492: 1411: 1376: 1325:law enforcement 1285: 1272: 1244:Israeli cabinet 1232: 1174:State Secretary 1133: 1018: 990: 978:chef de mission 913:Amitzur Shapira 845: 841: 838: 836: 829:Tokarev pistols 815:faction of the 813:Black September 793: 769:Shmuel Rodensky 745:Jamal Al-Gashey 741:Adnan Al-Gashey 737:Mohammed Safady 697: 667: 653: 643:Serge Groussard 606: 502:Olympic Village 498:Black September 478:Munich massacre 474: 469: 406:Munich massacre 397: 391:siege of Beirut 271: 267: 264: 262: 227:Black September 204: 194: 185: 164: 142: 126: 124: 120: 117: 112: 109: 107: 105: 104: 80: 60:Munich massacre 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15361: 15351: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15298:Olympic deaths 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15198:1972 in Israel 15195: 15190: 15185: 15168: 15167: 15164: 15163: 15161: 15160: 15154: 15152: 15151:Military units 15148: 15147: 15145: 15144: 15138: 15136: 15132: 15131: 15129: 15128: 15122: 15120: 15113: 15109: 15108: 15105: 15104: 15102: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15085: 15079: 15073: 15066: 15064: 15063:Foreign groups 15060: 15059: 15057: 15056: 15050: 15043: 15041: 15034: 15030: 15029: 15026: 15025: 15023: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15010:Gundolf Köhler 15006: 15004: 15000: 14999: 14997: 14996: 14995: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14974: 14973: 14972: 14962: 14961: 14960: 14955: 14945: 14944: 14943: 14941:Wolfgang Grams 14938: 14933: 14931:Christian Klar 14928: 14923: 14921:Ulrike Meinhof 14918: 14916:Jan-Carl Raspe 14913: 14911:Gudrun Ensslin 14908: 14906:Andreas Baader 14898: 14897: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14875: 14873: 14866: 14862: 14861: 14859: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14807: 14806: 14801: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14735: 14734: 14729: 14719: 14713: 14711: 14707: 14706: 14704: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14682: 14680: 14674: 14673: 14666: 14665: 14658: 14651: 14643: 14634: 14633: 14631: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14614: 14611: 14610: 14608: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14566: 14564: 14560: 14559: 14557: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14490: 14488: 14482: 14481: 14479: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14426:Timothy Snyder 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14356:Vojtech Mastny 14353: 14351:Geir Lundestad 14348: 14343: 14341:Walter Laqueur 14338: 14336:Walter LaFeber 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14266:André Fontaine 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14196:Gar Alperovitz 14192: 14190: 14186: 14185: 14183: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14166: 14164: 14158: 14157: 14154: 14153: 14151: 14150: 14145: 14139: 14138: 14133: 14126: 14121: 14113: 14111: 14107: 14106: 14104: 14103: 14096: 14091: 14084: 14077: 14072: 14065: 14058: 14051: 14045: 14043: 14036: 14032: 14031: 14029: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13972: 13970: 13966: 13965: 13962: 13961: 13959: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13936:Third-Worldism 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13837: 13835: 13831: 13830: 13828: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13764: 13762: 13756: 13755: 13753: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13725:Libertarianism 13722: 13717: 13716: 13715: 13705: 13703:Chicago school 13700: 13694: 13692: 13683: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13648:Nixon Doctrine 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13594: 13592: 13591:Foreign policy 13588: 13587: 13585: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13543: 13541: 13535: 13534: 13532: 13531: 13526: 13525: 13524: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13473: 13471: 13467: 13466: 13464: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13376:Operation RYAN 13373: 13368: 13363: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13281:Able Archer 83 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13227: 13226: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13197: 13192: 13186: 13184: 13180: 13179: 13177: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13031:Oromo conflict 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12971:Yom Kippur War 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12830: 12828: 12824: 12823: 12821: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12794: 12793: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12754: 12749: 12748: 12747: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12626: 12625: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12603:Aden Emergency 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12554: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12521:Papua conflict 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12502: 12501: 12491: 12490: 12489: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12453: 12451: 12447: 12446: 12444: 12443: 12438: 12437: 12436: 12426: 12424:Kitchen Debate 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12384:Sputnik crisis 12381: 12376: 12368: 12361: 12356: 12354:Polish October 12351: 12346: 12341: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12254:Pact of Madrid 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12209:Bamboo Curtain 12205: 12203: 12199: 12198: 12196: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12179: 12178: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12102: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12008: 12000: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11969: 11964: 11963: 11962: 11957: 11949: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11915: 11913: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11858: 11850: 11847: 11846: 11839: 11838: 11831: 11824: 11816: 11807: 11806: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11797: 11790: 11783: 11775: 11772: 11771: 11769: 11768: 11760: 11752: 11744: 11736: 11728: 11720: 11712: 11710:(2015–present) 11704: 11696: 11688: 11680: 11672: 11664: 11656: 11648: 11640: 11632: 11624: 11616: 11608: 11600: 11592: 11584: 11576: 11568: 11560: 11558: 11554: 11553: 11551: 11550: 11542: 11538:Goodwill Games 11534: 11526: 11518: 11510: 11501: 11499: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11489: 11482: 11475: 11468: 11461: 11454: 11447: 11439: 11437: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11427: 11418: 11411: 11404: 11397: 11390: 11383: 11376: 11369: 11362: 11354: 11352: 11348: 11347: 11340: 11339: 11332: 11325: 11317: 11308: 11307: 11304: 11303: 11301: 11300: 11294: 11293: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11266: 11259: 11257: 11250: 11249: 11247: 11246: 11240: 11234: 11228: 11222: 11216: 11206: 11188: 11178: 11172: 11162: 11156: 11150: 11140: 11134: 11128: 11122: 11112: 11106: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11089: 11083: 11077: 11071: 11065: 11059: 11040: 11030: 11020: 11010: 11000: 10994: 10984: 10977: 10975: 10971: 10970: 10968: 10967: 10961: 10955: 10949: 10943: 10937: 10931: 10925: 10919: 10913: 10907: 10901: 10891: 10885: 10879: 10873: 10866: 10864: 10860: 10859: 10854:Diplomacy and 10851: 10850: 10843: 10836: 10828: 10821: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10814: 10813: 10812: 10811: 10803: 10793: 10783: 10775: 10765: 10757: 10749: 10741: 10733: 10725: 10715: 10710:Returning Echo 10705: 10697: 10689: 10681: 10663: 10655: 10645: 10635: 10625: 10617: 10609: 10600: 10598: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10590: 10580: 10575:Accountability 10570: 10558: 10548: 10540: 10532: 10524: 10520:First Intifada 10516: 10506: 10498: 10494:Bus 300 affair 10490: 10482: 10472: 10463: 10461: 10457: 10456: 10454: 10453: 10443: 10435: 10425: 10417: 10409: 10401: 10391: 10383: 10375: 10367: 10363:Yom Kippur War 10359: 10349: 10341: 10333: 10325: 10317: 10308: 10306: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10298: 10290: 10282: 10274: 10266: 10264: 10260: 10259: 10252: 10251: 10244: 10237: 10229: 10222: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10214: 10209: 10203: 10201: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10193: 10191:United Nations 10188: 10186:European Union 10182: 10180: 10176: 10175: 10173: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10160:United Kingdom 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10126: 10124: 10120: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10056: 10054: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9994:al-Mourabitoun 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9925: 9923: 9916: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9908: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9877:Ba'athist Iraq 9870: 9865: 9856: 9850: 9848: 9842: 9841: 9838: 9837: 9834: 9831: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9816: 9809: 9801: 9794: 9793: 9786: 9785: 9778: 9771: 9763: 9754: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9724:Media coverage 9721: 9720: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9701: 9696: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9676: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9656: 9648: 9642: 9633: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9610: 9604: 9602: 9601:United Nations 9598: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9590: 9584: 9578: 9571: 9569: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9561: 9552: 9546: 9540: 9534: 9528: 9522: 9516: 9510: 9499: 9497: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9465: 9459: 9457:Paris Protocol 9453: 9447: 9441: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9424: 9423: 9422: 9417: 9406: 9400: 9399: 9398: 9386: 9384: 9377: 9369: 9368: 9358: 9357: 9354: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9342: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9310: 9300: 9294: 9288: 9278: 9272: 9266: 9256: 9246:"Summer Rains" 9233: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9214: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9200: 9194: 9188: 9183: 9177: 9171: 9161: 9154: 9152: 9145: 9140: 9137: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9115: 9109: 9085: 9077: 9075:October events 9071: 9066: 9065: 9064: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9041: 9039: 9032: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9012: 9011: 9010: 8999: 8993: 8991:Bus 405 attack 8987: 8980: 8978: 8971: 8969:First Intifada 8965: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8951: 8938: 8936:Bus 300 affair 8932: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8913: 8907: 8905:Yom Kippur War 8900: 8898: 8891: 8887: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8879: 8873: 8863: 8857: 8851: 8841: 8822: 8815: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8774: 8768: 8754: 8752:Qibya massacre 8748: 8747: 8746: 8740: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8714: 8712: 8705: 8701: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8662: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8640: 8638: 8631: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8615: 8597: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8568:Ramadan Shalah 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8483:Nayef Hawatmeh 8480: 8478:Ismail Haniyeh 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8424: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8395:Shabtai Shavit 8392: 8387: 8385:Yitzhak Shamir 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8295:Menachem Begin 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8266: 8264: 8254: 8253: 8243: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8231: 8226: 8220: 8218: 8214: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8206: 8204:Sons of Zouari 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8159:Jenin Brigades 8156: 8151: 8146: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8104: 8102: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8064: 8062: 8052: 8051: 8041: 8040: 8033: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8010: 8001: 8000: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7966: 7965:(May 20, 1978) 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7929:(July 1, 1973) 7924: 7918: 7911: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7886:TWA Flight 841 7883: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7840: 7838: 7837:and hijackings 7832: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7798:(July 4, 1975) 7793: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7768:(May 15, 1974) 7763: 7757: 7756:(May 30, 1972) 7751: 7750:(May 22, 1970) 7744: 7742: 7738: 7737: 7728: 7727: 7720: 7713: 7705: 7696: 7695: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7624: 7616: 7612:Ma'alot attack 7607: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7591: 7585: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7540: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7513: 7505: 7497: 7489: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7464: 7463:(September 15) 7458: 7454:TWA Flight 841 7450: 7442: 7434: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7376: 7370: 7368:(18 September) 7362: 7354: 7346: 7338: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7321: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7282: 7276: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7242: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7219: 7210: 7209: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7021: 7020: 7013: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6990: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6957: 6944: 6938: 6925: 6916: 6915:External links 6913: 6912: 6911: 6893: 6874: 6868: 6833: 6820: 6804: 6783: 6766: 6759: 6742: 6733: 6723: 6710: 6697: 6682: 6666: 6652: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6605: 6586: 6567: 6536: 6529: 6511: 6474: 6444: 6418: 6403: 6394: 6368: 6334: 6327: 6297: 6278: 6246: 6239: 6221: 6219:Reeve, p. 188. 6212: 6181: 6155: 6124: 6094: 6087: 6069: 6039: 6019: 5996: 5982: 5970: 5963: 5943: 5910: 5884: 5858: 5846:Jerusalem Post 5832: 5806: 5780: 5750: 5724: 5720:Jewish Journal 5701: 5675: 5645: 5619: 5588: 5558: 5539: 5518: 5488: 5458: 5425: 5406: 5378: 5352: 5321: 5286: 5253: 5223: 5192: 5161: 5142: 5122: 5092: 5085: 5065: 5042: 5032: 5006: 4997: 4988: 4979: 4977:Reeve, p. 116. 4965: 4956: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4920: 4910:Ulrich Wegener 4901: 4867: 4841: 4829: 4803: 4772: 4746: 4734: 4708: 4679: 4617: 4594: 4582: 4552: 4546:Reeve, Simon. 4524: 4474: 4432: 4404: 4390: 4370: 4356: 4336: 4307: 4284: 4248: 4234: 4214: 4188: 4158: 4124: 4094: 4064: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3898: 3871: 3840: 3804: 3748: 3724:Israel Affairs 3669: 3635: 3612: 3582: 3550: 3516: 3463: 3447:Spiegel Online 3433: 3412: 3389: 3387:. pp. 325–326. 3368: 3361: 3343: 3324: 3304: 3297: 3278: 3264: 3244: 3226: 3201: 3182: 3162: 3148: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3076: 3062: 3048: 3034: 3031:Germany portal 3018: 3015: 3014: 3013: 2998: 2987: 2979: 2971: 2963: 2951: 2936: 2928: 2920: 2912: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2850: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2831: 2829: 2823: 2816: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2589:Eliezer Halfin 2586: 2583:Yakov Springer 2580: 2574: 2573:, weightlifter 2571:Ze'ev Friedman 2567: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2557:, weightlifter 2552: 2549:Moshe Weinberg 2545: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2419: 2416: 2382: 2379: 2327: 2324: 2301:, the head of 2291:Ahmed Bouchiki 2274:Sayeret Matkal 2166: 2163: 2159:United Nations 2136: 2133: 2057:Renate Stecher 2053:Wilma van Gool 1963:Avery Brundage 1957: 1954: 1916: 1913: 1864: 1861: 1758: 1755: 1700: 1697: 1693:Ze'ev Friedman 1657: 1654: 1597:Ulrich Wegener 1576: 1573: 1532:Ulrich Wegener 1491: 1488: 1410: 1407: 1387:physical abuse 1375: 1372: 1284: 1281: 1271: 1268: 1231: 1228: 1181:Avery Brundage 1132: 1129: 1096:John K. Cooley 1080:Sayeret Matkal 1038:Ulrike Meinhof 1034:Andreas Baader 1017: 1014: 1006:Mok Cheuk-wing 989: 986: 951:sports shooter 937:Ze'ev Friedman 925:Eliezer Halfin 921:Yakov Springer 874:Moshe Weinberg 854:Connollystraße 792: 789: 785:Connollystraße 781:Eliezer Halfin 696: 693: 685:Secret Service 666: 663: 626:Avery Brundage 605: 602: 557:Ulrike Meinhof 553:Andreas Baader 471: 470: 468: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 431: 430: 420: 419: 418: 413: 396: 395: 394: 393: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 302: 297: 296: 295: 285: 276: 273: 272: 261: 260: 253: 246: 238: 230: 229: 224: 220: 219: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 193: 191: 187: 186: 184: 183: 178: 173: 171:Hostage-taking 167: 165: 162: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 139: 135: 134: 102: 96: 95: 86: 82: 81: 78: 70: 69: 62: 61: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15360: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15180: 15178: 15159: 15156: 15155: 15153: 15149: 15143: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15133: 15127: 15124: 15123: 15121: 15117: 15114: 15110: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15089: 15086: 15083: 15080: 15077: 15074: 15071: 15068: 15067: 15065: 15061: 15054: 15051: 15048: 15045: 15044: 15042: 15038: 15035: 15031: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15007: 15005: 15001: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14987:Uwe Böhnhardt 14985: 14983: 14982:Beate Zschäpe 14980: 14979: 14978: 14975: 14971: 14968: 14967: 14966: 14963: 14959: 14958:Wilfried Böse 14956: 14954: 14951: 14950: 14949: 14946: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14903: 14902: 14899: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14881: 14880: 14877: 14876: 14874: 14870: 14867: 14863: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14796: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14724: 14723: 14722:German autumn 14720: 14718: 14715: 14714: 14712: 14708: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14675: 14671: 14664: 14659: 14657: 14652: 14650: 14645: 14644: 14641: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14615: 14612: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14590:War on terror 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14567: 14565: 14561: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14491: 14489: 14485:Espionage and 14483: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14436:Andrew Thorpe 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14331:Gabriel Kolko 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14296:Fred Halliday 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14281:Lloyd Gardner 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14241:Norman Davies 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14226:John Costello 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14193: 14191: 14187: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14167: 14165: 14161:Technological 14159: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14140: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14131: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14119: 14115: 14114: 14112: 14108: 14102: 14101: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14089: 14085: 14083: 14082: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14070: 14066: 14064: 14063: 14059: 14057: 14056: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14046: 14044: 14042:Pro-communist 14040: 14037: 14033: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13973: 13971: 13969:Organizations 13967: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13838: 13836: 13832: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13800: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13783:Eurocommunism 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13765: 13763: 13761: 13757: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13714: 13711: 13710: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13695: 13693: 13691: 13687: 13684: 13680: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13613:Domino theory 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13589: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13567:South Ossetia 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13544: 13542: 13540: 13536: 13530: 13527: 13523: 13520: 13519: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13468: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13361: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13351:8888 Uprising 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13296:Iran–Iraq War 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13261:Falklands War 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13225: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13187: 13185: 13181: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13124:NDF Rebellion 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13104:German Autumn 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13084: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12991:Metapolitefsi 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12886: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12825: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12792: 12789: 12788: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12760: 12755: 12753: 12752:Prague Spring 12750: 12746: 12743: 12742: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12730:Al-Wadiah War 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12695:12-3 incident 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12495: 12492: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12454: 12452: 12448: 12442: 12439: 12435: 12432: 12431: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12374: 12369: 12366: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12339: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12292: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12274:Domino theory 12272: 12270: 12269:Petrov Affair 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12206: 12204: 12200: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12177: 12174: 12173: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12146:Madiun Affair 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12106:Marshall Plan 12104: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12086: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12014: 12009: 12007: 12006: 12001: 11999: 11998: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11975: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11955: 11950: 11948: 11947: 11942: 11941: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11910: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11863: 11859: 11857: 11856: 11855:United States 11852: 11851: 11848: 11844: 11837: 11832: 11830: 11825: 11823: 11818: 11817: 11814: 11795: 11791: 11788: 11784: 11781: 11777: 11776: 11773: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11737: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11566: 11562: 11561: 11559: 11555: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11494: 11487: 11483: 11480: 11476: 11473: 11469: 11466: 11462: 11459: 11455: 11452: 11448: 11445: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11436: 11432: 11425: 11424: 11423:2024 (summer) 11419: 11416: 11415:2022 (winter) 11412: 11409: 11408:2020 (summer) 11405: 11402: 11401:2018 (winter) 11398: 11395: 11394:2016 (summer) 11391: 11388: 11387:2014 (winter) 11384: 11381: 11380:2012 (summer) 11377: 11374: 11373:2010 (winter) 11370: 11367: 11366:2008 (summer) 11363: 11360: 11359:1988 (winter) 11356: 11355: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11338: 11333: 11331: 11326: 11324: 11319: 11318: 11315: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11271: 11267: 11265: 11261: 11260: 11258: 11251: 11245: 11241: 11239: 11235: 11233: 11229: 11227: 11223: 11221: 11217: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11189: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11177: 11173: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11161: 11157: 11155: 11151: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11139: 11135: 11133: 11129: 11127: 11123: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11111: 11107: 11105: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11094: 11088: 11084: 11082: 11078: 11076: 11072: 11070: 11066: 11064: 11060: 11058: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10999: 10995: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10983: 10979: 10978: 10976: 10972: 10966: 10962: 10960: 10956: 10954: 10951:1946–47 10950: 10948: 10944: 10942: 10938: 10936: 10932: 10930: 10926: 10924: 10920: 10918: 10914: 10912: 10908: 10906: 10902: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10890: 10886: 10884: 10880: 10878: 10874: 10872: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10849: 10844: 10842: 10837: 10835: 10830: 10829: 10826: 10822: 10808: 10804: 10800: 10799: 10794: 10790: 10789: 10788:Breaking Dawn 10784: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10771: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10721: 10716: 10712: 10711: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10677: 10672: 10671: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10651: 10650:Autumn Clouds 10646: 10642: 10641: 10636: 10632: 10631: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10595: 10587: 10586: 10581: 10577: 10576: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10554: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10512: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10478: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10458: 10450: 10449: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10431: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10397: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10355: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10313:Samu incident 10310: 10309: 10307: 10303: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10272: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10250: 10245: 10243: 10238: 10236: 10231: 10230: 10227: 10223: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10200:Former states 10198: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10179:Transnational 10177: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10165:United States 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10121: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10080:Holy War Army 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10051: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9954:Army of Islam 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9917: 9915:Organizations 9913: 9907: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9874: 9873:Iraqi Kingdom 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9854:All-Palestine 9852: 9851: 9849: 9843: 9836:Organizations 9835: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9822: 9817: 9815: 9810: 9808: 9803: 9802: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9784: 9779: 9777: 9772: 9770: 9765: 9764: 9761: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9681: 9677: 9661: 9657: 9655: 9654: 9649: 9647: 9644:2023–present 9643: 9641: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9620: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9599: 9589: 9585: 9583: 9579: 9577: 9574:2010–11 9573: 9572: 9570: 9566: 9560: 9558: 9553: 9551: 9547: 9545: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9533: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9521: 9517: 9515: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9494: 9488: 9484: 9482: 9478: 9476: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9464: 9460: 9458: 9454: 9452: 9448: 9446: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9412: 9411: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9394: 9393: 9392: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9381: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9366:Diplomacy/law 9363: 9359: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9331: 9327: 9325: 9321: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9299: 9295: 9293: 9289: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9277: 9273: 9271: 9267: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9225: 9222: 9215: 9205: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9193: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9178: 9176: 9172: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9149: 9146: 9138: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9114: 9110: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9084: 9083: 9078: 9076: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9058: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9027: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8966: 8956: 8952: 8950: 8946: 8944: 8943:Achille Lauro 8939: 8937: 8933: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8918: 8914: 8912: 8908: 8906: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8895: 8892: 8888: 8878: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8862: 8858: 8856: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8821: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8804: 8797: 8785: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8775: 8773: 8769: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8734: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8720: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8709: 8706: 8702: 8692: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8663: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8602: 8598: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8573:Fathi Shaqaqi 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8563:Salah Shehade 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8548:Jibril Rajoub 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8528:Zuheir Mohsen 8526: 8524: 8523:Khaled Mashal 8521: 8519: 8518:Sheikh Khalil 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8468:George Habash 8466: 8464: 8463:Mohammed Deif 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8443:Yasser Arafat 8441: 8439: 8438:Moussa Arafat 8436: 8434: 8433:Mahmoud Abbas 8431: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8400:Moshe Ya'alon 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8375:Yitzhak Rabin 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8325:Efraim Halevy 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8248: 8244: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8073:Israel Police 8071: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8031: 8026: 8024: 8019: 8017: 8012: 8011: 8008: 7998: 7994: 7989: 7985: 7977: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7961: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7931: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7906: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7870:(May 8, 1972) 7869: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7833: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7791: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741:Within Israel 7739: 7734: 7726: 7721: 7719: 7714: 7712: 7707: 7706: 7703: 7693: 7689: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7658: 7657: 7649: 7648: 7640: 7639: 7629: 7621: 7617: 7614:(January 13) 7613: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7602: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7579: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7544: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7526: 7519:(November 13) 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7470:(November 19) 7469: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7456:(September 8) 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7382:(December 28) 7381: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7300: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7281:(February 21) 7280: 7277: 7275:(February 10) 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7240: 7235: 7233: 7228: 7226: 7221: 7220: 7217: 7207: 7202: 7195: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7071: 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2926: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2759:Alfons Goppel 2756: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2694:Lower Bavaria 2686: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2631:, track coach 2630: 2627: 2624: 2623:Andre Spitzer 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2555:Yossef Romano 2553: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2486:Mahmoud Abbas 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2378: 2376: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352:Walter Scheel 2348: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147:Richard Nixon 2143: 2141: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2084:Jacques Rogge 2081: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2066: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1994:was flown at 1993: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1972:Carmel Eliash 1969: 1964: 1953: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1869: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1838:battle rifles 1836: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1781:authorities. 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1736:Roone Arledge 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1706: 1705:Conrad Ahlers 1696: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1644: 1639: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1352:Einsatzleiter 1348: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1298: 1297:Andre Spitzer 1294: 1289: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1256:Andre Spitzer 1252: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1227: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1178:IOC President 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1141: 1137: 1131:The ultimatum 1128: 1126: 1125:Frank Shorter 1121: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 958:Bill Bowerman 955: 954:Zelig Shtroch 952: 948: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917:Andre Spitzer 914: 910: 905: 903: 902: 897: 893: 892:Yossef Romano 890:Weightlifter 888: 886: 881: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 850: 834: 833:hand grenades 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 805: 797: 788: 786: 782: 779:and wrestler 778: 777:Yossef Romano 774: 770: 766: 765: 759: 757: 753: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 673: 662: 657: 652: 647: 644: 639: 636: 635: 629: 627: 624:at the time, 623: 622:IOC President 619: 615: 611: 601: 599: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 575: 573: 567: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 529:were expelled 526: 523:", after two 522: 518: 514: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 429: 426: 425: 424: 421: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 407: 404: 403: 402: 401: 392: 389: 388: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 326:1972 air raid 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 306: 303: 301: 298: 294: 291: 290: 289: 286: 284: 281: 280: 279: 274: 269: 259: 254: 252: 247: 245: 240: 239: 236: 228: 225: 221: 215: 212: 209: 206: 205: 202: 201: 192: 188: 182: 179: 177: 176:Mass shooting 174: 172: 169: 168: 166: 160: 157: 154: 150: 146: 140: 136: 131: 103: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 76: 71: 68: 63: 58: 52: 48: 47: 43: 37: 33: 32:Munich attack 19: 14685: 14677:Main attacks 14595:Brinkmanship 14487:intelligence 14376:Marius Oprea 14326:Harvey Klehr 14256:Herbert Feis 14246:Willem Drees 14211:Archie Brown 14128: 14116: 14098: 14088:Trybuna Ludu 14086: 14079: 14075:Radio Moscow 14067: 14060: 14053: 13881:Anti-Zionism 13797: 13720:Keynesianism 13708:Conservatism 13572:Transnistria 13552:China-Taiwan 13209:Gera Demands 13082: 12940: 12883: 12758: 12563:El Porteñazo 12457:Congo Crisis 12372: 12307:Algerian War 12290: 12166:Western Bloc 12161:Eastern Bloc 12156:Iron Curtain 12012: 12004: 11996: 11973: 11953: 11945: 11862:Soviet Union 11860: 11853: 11611: 11574:(since 1968) 11498:competitions 11421: 11212: / 11202: / 11198: / 11194: / 11184: / 11168: / 11146: / 11118: / 11110:Oslo Accords 11055: / 11046: / 11036: / 11026: / 11016: / 11006: / 10990: / 10897: / 10797: 10787: 10769: 10719: 10709: 10675: 10649: 10640:Summer Rains 10639: 10629: 10584: 10574: 10564:(1993–2008; 10553:Bramble Bush 10552: 10510: 10476: 10447: 10429: 10395: 10386: 10353: 10207:Soviet Union 9897:Saudi Arabia 9651: 9556: 9451:Oslo Accords 9338: / 9318:"Black Belt" 9316: / 9306: / 9284: / 9264:"Hot Winter" 9262: / 9252: / 9248: / 9244: / 9240: / 9230:2006–present 9167: / 9151:2006–present 9125: / 9121: / 9105: / 9101: / 9097: / 9093: / 9089: 9081: 8949:"Wooden Leg" 8947: / 8942: 8869: / 8861:Entebbe raid 8847: / 8832: / 8829: 8828: / 8764: / 8760: / 8583:Ahmed Yassin 8578:Ahlam Tamimi 8513:Leila Khaled 8508:Salah Khalaf 8498:Ahmed Jibril 8493:Ghazi Jabali 8473:Wadie Haddad 8448:Yahya Ayyash 8420:Palestinians 8390:Ariel Sharon 8365:Shimon Peres 8315:Yuval Diskin 8137:Other groups 8093:Palestinians 8049:Participants 7914: 7735:in the 1970s 7669: 7662: 7653: 7644: 7635: 7582: 7448:(24–25 June) 7375:(October 29) 7357: 7198: 6960: 6899: 6881: 6877: 6856:. 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