Chữ Nôm - Knowledge

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version 3.0 in 1999.) The Nôm Na Group, led by Ngô Thanh Nhàn, published a set of nearly 20,000 Nôm characters in 2005. This set includes both the characters proposed earlier and a large group of additional characters referred to as "V6". These are mainly Han characters from Trần Văn Kiệm's dictionary which were already assigned code points. Character readings were determined manually by Hồng's group, while Nhàn's group developed software for this purpose. The work of the two groups was integrated and published in 2008 as the

1693: 230: 2348: 3461: 2389: 4170: 4156: 2340: 4693:, p. 141: "Because the Chinese characters were pronounced according to Vietnamese preferences, and because certain stylistic modifications occurred over time, later scholars came to refer to a hybrid "Sino-Vietnamese" (Han-Viet) language. However, there would seem to be no more justification for this term than for a fifteenth-century "Latin-English" versus the Latin written contemporaneously in Rome." 189: 5375:父母恩重難報經 Fùmǔ Ēnzhòng Nánbàojīng, Phụ mẫu ân trọng nan báo kinh ("Sūtra on the Difficulty of Repaying the Heavy Debt to Parents"), in which the Chinese text is accompanied by a vernacular translation (called 解音 giải âm in Vietnam) in a rudimentary form of Chữ Nôm, where vernacular words are written with Chinese characters and modified versions thereof. 2410: 4216:

The word is still used in some dialects of Vietnamese, and is found fossilized in some words such as gà cồ 𪃿瞿 and cồ cộ 瞿椇. It is also used with the meaning of 'big' in the text, Cư Trần lạc đạo phú 居塵樂道賦, Đệ thất hội 第七會, where it reads 勉德瞿經裴兀扲戒咹㪰 (Mến đức cồ kiêng bùi ngọt cầm giới ăn chay). Other

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The decline of the Chinese script also led to the decline of chữ Nôm given that Nôm and Chinese characters are so intimately connected. After the First World War, chữ Nôm gradually died out as the Vietnamese alphabet grew more and popular. In an article published in 1935 (based on a lecture given in

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Laurence C. Thompson A Vietnamese Reference Grammar 1987 Page 53 "This stele at Ho-thành-sơn is the earliest irrefutable piece of evidence of this writing system, which is called in Vietnamese chữ nôm (chu 'written word', nom 'popular language'), probably ultimately related to nam 'south'-note that

1571:'s poetry. Although literacy in premodern Vietnam was limited to just 3 to 5 percent of the population, nearly every village had someone who could read Nôm aloud for the benefit of other villagers. Thus these Nôm works circulated orally in the villages, making it accessible even to the illiterates. 1552:

until the early 20th century, Nôm was the preferred script for literary compositions of the cultural elites. Nôm reached its golden period with the Nguyễn dynasty in the 19th century as it became a vehicle for diverse genres, from novels to theatrical pieces, and instructional manuals. Although it

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The fourth page of Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) which shows text in Literary Chinese alongside an earlier form of chữ Nôm (phonetic rebus) representing Old Vietnamese pronunciation. Some pairs of characters are used to represent the consonant clusters and polysyllabic that

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missionaries, with the earliest known usage occurring in the 17th century, replaced chữ Nôm as the preferred way to record Vietnamese literature from the 1920s. While Chinese characters are still used for decorative, historic and ceremonial value, chữ Nôm has fallen out of mainstream use in modern

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The document, 佛說大報父母恩重經 Phật thuyết Đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh ("Sūtra explained by the Buddha on the Great Repayment of the Heavy Debt to Parents", henceforth Đại báo), is held in the Société asiatique, Paris. It is a version of a popular Chinese apochyphon more commonly known under the title

1442:(1428–1433). Based on archaic features of the text compared with the Tran dynasty poems, including an exceptional number of words with initial consonant clusters written with pairs of characters, some scholars suggest that it is a copy of an earlier original, perhaps as early as the 12th century. 4623:

Asian research trends: a humanities and social science review – No 8 to 10 – Page 140 Yunesuko Higashi Ajia Bunka Kenkyū Sentā (Tokyo, Japan) – 1998 "Most of the source materials from premodern Vietnam are written in Chinese, obviously using Chinese characters; however, a portion of the literary

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Viện nghiên cứu Hán Nôm (Vietnam), Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation – 2006 "The Di sản Hán Nôm notes 366 entries which are solely on either medicine or pharmacy; of these 186 are written in Chinese, 50 in Nôm, and 130 in a mixture of the two scripts. Many of these entries ... Vietnam were

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to get its own registration code. V5 is a set of about 900 characters proposed in 2001. As these characters were already part of Unicode, the IRG concluded that they could not be edited and no Vietnamese code was added. (This is despite the fact that national codes were added retroactively for

5011:, 2001 "... to a word, is most frequently represented by combining two Chinese characters, one of which indicates the sound and the other the meaning. From the fifteenth to the nineteenth century many major works of Vietnamese poetry were composed in chữ nôm, including Truyện Kiều" 1631:

discouraged or simply banned the use of classical Chinese, and promoted the use of the Vietnamese alphabet, which they viewed as a stepping stone toward learning French. Language reform movements in other Asian nations stimulated Vietnamese interest in the subject. Following the

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Vietnam Courier 1984 Vol20/21 Page 63 "Altogether about 15,000 books in Han, Nom and Han—Nom have been collected. These books include royal certificates granted to deities, stories and records of deities, clan histories, family genealogies, records of cutsoms, land registers,

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1925), Georges Cordier estimated that 70% of literate persons knew the alphabet, 20% knew chữ Nôm and 10% knew Chinese characters. However, estimates of the rate of literacy in the late 1930s range from 5% to 20%. By 1953, literacy (using the alphabet) had risen to 70%.

1316:, a national hero who succeeded in briefly expelling the Chinese in the late 8th century. The two characters have literal Chinese meanings 'cloth' and 'cover', which make no sense in this context. They have thus been interpreted as a phonetic transcription, via their 1974:, like Chinese, and has nearly 5,000 distinct syllables. In chữ Nôm, each monosyllabic word of Vietnamese was represented by a character, either borrowed from Chinese or locally created. The resulting system was even more difficult to use than the Chinese script. 1833:(even within a single text), with some coming fairly close to the modern concept of translation, while some are closer to annotations with "word-matching" between Literary Chinese and Vietnamese, with little to no regard to the structure or syntax of Vietnamese. 1648:

suggested that broad reform was possible. In 1910, the colonial school system adopted a "Franco-Vietnamese curriculum", which emphasized French and alphabetic Vietnamese. The teaching of Chinese characters was discontinued in 1917. On December 28, 1918, Emperor

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Thus, the Literary Sinitic preface overtly claims the present dictionary to be an explication (giải nghĩa 解義) of Sĩ Nhiếp's original work—that is, the vernacular glossary to southern songs and poems entitled Guide to Collected Works (Chỉ nam phẩm vị

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As in the Chinese writing system, the most common kind of invented character in Nôm is the phono-semantic compound, made by combining two characters or components, one suggesting the word's meaning and the other its approximate sound. For example,

4897:, p. 83: "An exception was during the brief Hồ dynasty (1400–07), when Chinese was abolished and chữ Nôm became the official script, but the subsequent Chinese invasion and twenty-year occupation put an end to that (Helmut Martin 1982:34)." 4910:

2001 Page 68 – "In part because of the ravages of the Ming occupation — the invaders destroyed or removed many Viet texts and the blocks for printing them — the earliest body of nom texts that we have dates from the early post-occupation era

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until the early 20th century (except for two brief interludes), chữ Nôm was widely used between the 15th and 19th centuries by the Vietnamese cultured elite for popular works in the vernacular, many in verse. One of the best-known pieces of

5170:, p. 126. This is a translation of a lecture Chau gave in Saigon in 1925. "Even at this moment, the so-called "Confucian scholars (i.e. those who have studied Chinese characters, and in particular, those who have passed the degrees of 1049:

is the logographic writing system of the Vietnamese language. It is based on the Chinese writing system but adds a large number of new characters to make it fit the Vietnamese language. Common historical terms for chữ Nôm were

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written in either Nôm or Hán-Nôm rather than in 'pure' Chinese. My initial impression was that the percentage of texts written in Nôm was even higher. This is because for the particular medical subject I wished to investigate-

1364:. The first and third Chinese characters mean 'great' and 'Viet'. The second character was often used to transcribe non-Chinese terms and names phonetically. In this context, cồ is an obsolete Vietnamese word for 'big'. 4665:

2010– Page 31 "At least one Buddhist text, the Cổ Châu Pháp Vân phật bản hạnh ngữ lục (CCPVP), preserves a story in Hán script about the early years of Buddhist influence in Vietnam and gives a parallel Nôm

1641:, "so-called Confucian scholars" lacked knowledge of the modern world, as well as real understanding of Han literature. Their degrees showed only that they had learned how to write characters, he claimed. 1528: 5338:

The material used in this study is obviously older than the poems of Nguyễn Trãi and belongs to the text type called giải âm 解音, which includes word-for-word translations of Chinese texts into Vietnamese.

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for official purposes in 1010. For most of the period up to the early 20th century, formal writing was indistinguishable from contemporaneous classical Chinese works produced in China, Korea, and Japan.

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of 1905, Japan was increasingly cited as a model for modernization. The Confucian education system was compared unfavourably to the Japanese system of public education. According to a polemic by writer

5178:) do not know anything, I am sure, of Confucianism. Yet every time they open their mouths they use Confucianism to attack modern civilization – a civilization they do not comprehend even a tiny bit." 1653:

declared that the traditional writing system no longer had official status. The traditional Civil Service Examination, which emphasized the command of classical Chinese, was dismantled in 1915 in

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Here is the character tự 自 is written with the nháy mark (𖿱) showing to use its alternative reading từ or vice versa. (Depending on the context, the alternative reading could also be tợ instead)

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alphabet. Moreover, most Vietnamese literati viewed Chinese as the proper medium of civilized writing, and had no interest in turning Nôm into a form of writing suitable for mass communication.

1829:), etc. Often these translations attempt to match the word order as the original Literary Chinese text with no regard for Vietnamese syntax). There is significant diversity within works called 1939: 1799: 1223: 3768:

The V2, V3, and V4 proposals were developed by a group at the Han-Nom Research Institute led by Nguyễn Quang Hồng. V4, developed in 2001, includes over 400 ideograms formerly used by the

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Vietnamese scholars were thus intimately familiar with Chinese writing. In order to record their native language, they applied the structural principles of Chinese characters to develop

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on the right suggests that the meaning of the character is linked to people. (The character after is the word Việt 越 meaning "Vietnamese"). The two characters mean "Vietnamese people".

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Alternatively, a native Vietnamese word could be written using a Chinese character for a Chinese word with a similar sound, regardless of the meaning of the Chinese word. For example,

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When a character would have two readings, a diacritic may be added to the character to indicate the "indigenous" reading. The two most common alternate reading diacritical marks are

1733:(1820) The poem is full of obscure archaic words and Chinese borrowings, so that modern Vietnamese struggle to understand an alphabetic transcription without clarifications. 5062:

Ostrowski, Brian Eugene (2010). "The Rise of Christian Nôm Literature in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Fusing European Content and Local Expression". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.).

4230:. This mention was often cited, including by DeFrancis and Thompson, but according to Nguyễn Đình Hoà no-one has been able to find the inscription that Maspero referred to. 1593:

with a series of unsuccessful petitions (written in classical Chinese, like all court documents) proposing reforms in several areas of government and society. His petition

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1976 – Page 220 "The earliest example of Vietnamese character writing, as we have noted earlier, is for the words bo and cai in the posthumous title given to Phung Hung."

2469:), which are mostly rarely used characters for indigenous natural phenomena, Vietnamese scribes created thousands of new characters, used throughout the language. 1609:('Please tolerate the national voice'). He proposed to replace classical Chinese with Vietnamese written using a script based on Chinese characters that he called 1408: 3485:. A revised standard, TCVN 6909:2001, defines 9,299 glyphs. About half of these glyphs are specific to Vietnam. Nôm characters not already encoded were added to 806:. This composite script was therefore highly complex and was accessible to less than five percent of the Vietnamese population who had mastered written Chinese. 549: 4652:-the percentage of texts written in Nom or Hán-Nôm is even higher than is the percentage of texts in Nôm and Hán-Nôm for general medical and pharmaceutical .." 2119: 1367:

The oldest surviving Nom inscription, dating from 1210, is a list naming 21 people and villages on a stele at the Tự Già Báo Ân pagoda in Tháp Miếu village (

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A smaller group consists of semantic compound characters, which are composed of two Chinese characters representing words of similar meaning. For example,

1477:, chữ Nôm printing blocks, texts and inscriptions were thoroughly destroyed; as a result the earliest surviving texts of chữ Nôm post-date the occupation. 755: 1381:(r. 1278–1293) ordered that Nôm be used to communicate his proclamations to the people. The first literary writing in Vietnamese is said to have been an 6442: 2611:

A few characters were obtained by modifying Chinese characters related either semantically or phonetically to the word to be represented. For example,

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works focus on extracting as much meaning as possible from the source texts, with little to no regard to the structure and syntax of Literary Chinese.

1427:('Sūtra explained by the Buddha on the Great Repayment of the Heavy Debt to Parents') was printed around 1730, but conspicuously avoids the character 10432: 7087: 6571: 5605: 473: 6325: 10437: 7517: 7507: 7082: 6319: 1001: 916:, meaning 'south'. It could also be based on the dialectal pronunciation from the South Central dialects (most notably in the name of province of 7497: 7487: 7077: 7072: 7067: 2237:

is actually an earlier Chinese loan that has become accepted as Vietnamese; William Hannas claims that all such readings are similar early loans.

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Chữ Nôm has never been standardized. As a result, a Vietnamese word could be represented by several Nôm characters. For example, the very word

1533: 1953:) with the original Literary Chinese text on the top, and Vietnamese translation on the bottom. The Vietnamese text is written in chữ Nôm and 1152:'Han and chữ Nôm characters') in Vietnamese designates the whole body of premodern written materials from Vietnam, either written in Chinese ( 9213: 7502: 537: 492: 1985:

morphology. Partly for this reason, there was no development of a phonetic system that could be taught to the general public, like Japanese

1454:(1400–07) Classical Chinese was discouraged in favor of vernacular Vietnamese written in Nôm, which became the official script. The emperor 716: 6521:

fonts which require special software. The following web pages are collections of URLs from which Chữ Nôm capable fonts can be downloaded:

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genre is written in Vietnamese, using chu nom. Therefore, han nom is the term designating the whole body of premodern written materials.."

6646: 6412:, a Windows-based Vietnamese multilingual keyboard driver that supports typing chữ Nôm in addition to Traditional and Simplified Chinese. 1784: 5834: 9245: 5240:

Les trois écritures utilisées en Annam: chu-nho, chu-nom et quoc-ngu (conférence faite à l'Ecole Coloniale, à Paris, le 28 mars 1925)

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One way to represent a native Vietnamese word was to use a Chinese character for a Chinese word with a similar meaning. For example,

2043:). Both characters were invented for Vietnamese and have a semantic-phonetic structure, the difference being the phonetic indicator ( 1821:) - a category of chữ Nôm texts that translates the "sounds" (word-for-word) of the original Literary Chinese text. Examples include 1899:) - a category of chữ Nôm texts that translates the "meaning", often having no regard for Literary Chinese syntax. Examples include 1788:– French manuscript with illustrations depicting Vietnamese culture in French Indochina, the illustrations are described in chữ Nôm. 3477::1993, or VSCII), as well as a 16-bit standard for Nôm (TCVN 5773:1993). This group of glyphs is referred to as "V0." In 1994, the 1706:. This novel was first published in 1820 and is the best-known work in Nôm. The edition shown was printed in the late 19th century. 1266: 748: 5800: 5067: 4507:

Nguyễn, Hữu Vinh; Đặng, Thế Kiệt; Nguyễn, Doãn Vượng; Lê, Văn Đặng; Nguyễn, Văn Sâm; Nguyễn, Ngọc Bích; Trần, Uyên Thi (2009).

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and some native Vietnamese words, with other words represented by new characters created using a variety of methods, including

202: 8435: 10315: 6564: 6159: 6140: 6074: 6055: 6036: 6017: 5998: 5979: 5937: 5726: 5411: 5167: 2392:

Usage of diacritical mark nháy (𖿱) can be seen here. The character yết (揭) with the mark ' 𖿱 ' changes the reading to xiết

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The use of Chinese characters to transcribe the Vietnamese language can be traced to an inscription with the two characters "

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There are a number of software tools that can produce chữ Nôm characters simply by typing Vietnamese words in chữ quốc ngữ:

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on January 4, 1919. The examination system, and the education system based on it, had been in effect for almost 900 years.

1515: 10422: 6397: 1164:). Hán and Nôm could also be found in the same document side by side, for example, in the case of translations of books on 500: 6341: 1258: 1235:, the fourth emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty. In this primer, chữ Nôm is used to gloss the Chinese characters, for example, 10427: 8321: 6633: 4265: 1619:'Han characters with national pronunciations'), though he described this as a new creation, and did not mention chữ Nôm. 741: 206: 6857: 4136:. It has been part of the Unicode standard only since version 8.0 of June 2015, so there is still very little font and 3486: 1474: 5095: 10083: 10069: 10039: 9178: 6190: 5852: 5286: 5075: 1485: 849: 6334: 10301: 9018: 8415: 6557: 6456:

by character shape. Supports over 70,000 characters. Users may add their own characters and character combinations.

6235: 629: 589: 392: 6862: 8741: 8002: 157: 6381: 1586: 1509:(1380–1442). The corpus of Nôm writings grew over time as did more scholarly compilations of the script itself. 1277:. The new script was mostly used to record folk songs and for other popular literature. Vietnamese written in 1231:), a 19th-century primer for teaching Vietnamese children Chinese characters. The work is attributed to Emperor 10442: 10308: 8874: 8513: 1752: 5743:

Country Report on Current Status and Issues of e-government Vietnam – Requirements for Documentation Standards

1541:(指南玉音解義; 'guide to Southern Jade sounds: explanations and meanings'), a 24,000-character bilingual Hán-to-Nôm 421: 8983: 8508: 7566: 6150:

Sun, Hongkai (2015), "Language policy of China's minority languages", in Sun, Chaofen; Yang, William (eds.),

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Kornicki, Peter (2017), "Sino-Vietnamese literature", in Li, Wai-yee; Denecke, Wiebke; Tian, Xiaofen (eds.),

5391: 5196: 4961: 996: 7845: 6435: 5896: 2385:) where a character is represented by a simplified variant with two points on either side of the character. 10294: 10273: 7561: 7336: 6852: 6628: 4951:

Phan, John (2013). "Chữ Nôm and the Taming of the South: A Bilingual Defense for Vernacular Writing in the

3478: 1769: 399: 5902: 4474: 2247: 2214: 2198: 2182: 171: 167: 10174: 10153: 8833: 8828: 8523: 8425: 6947: 6638: 6370: 2058:

Another example of a Vietnamese word that is represented by several Nôm characters is the word for moon,

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A large proportion of Vietnamese vocabulary had been borrowed from Chinese during the Tang period. Such

1470:, lasting twenty years, during which use of the vernacular language and demotic script were suppressed. 10241: 8838: 8405: 7818: 6879: 6133:

Lexicon of reconstructed pronunciation in early Middle Chinese, late Middle Chinese, and early Mandarin

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block in Unicode 13.0, but they are poorly supported as of April 2021. is a visual approximation.

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and Vietnamese, but their priests use songbooks and scriptures written in chữ Nôm in their ceremonies.

1575: 799: 729: 622: 416: 376: 338: 286: 7571: 6889: 1738: 8491: 8213: 7766: 7353: 6403: 6286: 5540: 5104: 4188: 4183: 1851:. It features the original text on the top of the page and the Vietnamese translation on the bottom. 1467: 404: 241: 229: 5133:. Yale Southeast Asian Studies Monograph. Vol. 11. New Haven: Yale University. pp. 99–102. 1777: 1568: 9991: 9977: 9282: 7865: 7668: 6884: 9596: 7012: 5688: 10280: 9308: 8265: 7942: 7921: 7801: 7781: 7613: 7284: 7188: 6665: 6623: 6580: 6250: 2115: 1848: 1711: 1209:

in current use, but was used to refer to chữ Nôm before the Vietnamese alphabet was widely used.

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In 1993, the Vietnamese government released an 8-bit coding standard for alphabetic Vietnamese (

1981:, Vietnamese was a better fit for a character-based script than Japanese and Korean, with their 8998: 7937: 7927: 7860: 7370: 6803: 1251: 918: 559: 544: 460: 153: 45: 17: 10382: 10287: 10076: 10025: 9485: 9407: 9171: 9110: 9095: 8664: 8543: 8285: 8245: 7977: 7653: 6837: 6825: 6798: 6783: 5742: 5599: 5318:"Sino-Vietnamese initials reflected in the phonetic components of 15th-century Nôm character" 1757: 1603:'Eight urgent matters', 1867), includes proposals on education, including a section entitled 1521: 1402: 819: 532: 361: 323: 278: 9090: 8295: 4207:

The reconstruction of Middle Chinese used here is Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese.

1372: 10146: 9897: 9574: 9070: 8725: 8689: 8094: 8017: 7850: 7598: 7588: 7427: 7410: 6726: 6449: 6290: 6213:/ (licencié en droit Nice, France : Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, R.I.A.S.E.M.) 6128: 2714:

As an example of the way chữ Nôm was used to record Vietnamese, the first two lines of the

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had completely died out in the Vietnamese language, giving a development phase for chữ Nôm.

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Sesquisyllabicity, Chữ Nôm, and the Early Modern embrace of vernacular writing in Vietnam

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readings that are based on the characters given in parentheses. The common character for

1397:. Four poems written in Nom from the Tran dynasty, two by Trần Nhân Tông and one each by 1206: 1177: 836: 791: 782: 693: 688: 343: 92: 7136: 5302: 4937: 1822: 1792: 1368: 1217: 10132: 10109: 9743: 9632: 9622: 9514: 9457: 9443: 9400: 9105: 8988: 8823: 8715: 8674: 8628: 8623: 8518: 8500: 8168: 8099: 8064: 8012: 7825: 7813: 7224: 7146: 7047: 6602: 6272: 5092: 4978: 2347: 1971: 1645: 1633: 1078: 795: 295: 221: 114: 9365: 9023: 6400:, a Windows-based Vietnamese keyboard driver that supports Hán characters and chữ Nôm. 6109: 5238: 2062:. It can be represented by a Chinese character that is phonetically similar to trăng, 1638: 1506: 10255: 10248: 9984: 9970: 9882: 9771: 9681: 9660: 9639: 9567: 9499: 9358: 9316: 9268: 9003: 8993: 8638: 8633: 8538: 8533: 8440: 8395: 8218: 8198: 8188: 8178: 8173: 8109: 8104: 8032: 7967: 7952: 7902: 7897: 7840: 7776: 7734: 7576: 7462: 7385: 6901: 6896: 6773: 6186: 6155: 6136: 6070: 6051: 6032: 6013: 5994: 5975: 5947:

Gong, Xun (2019), "Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology",

5933: 5722: 5407: 5282: 5163: 5071: 4982: 1978: 1673: 1579: 1549: 1459: 1181: 814: 353: 318: 313: 6087:(1912), "Etudes sur la phonétique historique de la langue annamite. Les initiales", 5870: 5820: 4084: 1590: 1232: 1104: 773: 10389: 10327: 10220: 10181: 10167: 10125: 10000: 9946: 9927: 9861: 9853: 9839: 9832: 9757: 9553: 9528: 9464: 9436: 9351: 9337: 9254: 9227: 9164: 9075: 8978: 8800: 8643: 8270: 8250: 8240: 8235: 8119: 7875: 7808: 7796: 7761: 7756: 7739: 7678: 7643: 7603: 7405: 7400: 7348: 7299: 7183: 7117: 7057: 7007: 6952: 6869: 6847: 6832: 6778: 6768: 6702: 6313:– Dictionary of Nôm characters with excerpts, Institute of Vietnamese Studies, 2009 6110:"Graphemic borromings from Chinese: the case of chữ nôm – Vietnam's demotic script" 6096: 5956: 5587: 5399: 5363: 5329: 4970: 4175: 1729: 1698: 1390: 1262: 1165: 10227: 9422: 9048: 8699: 8069: 2429:

on the left suggests that the pronunciation of the character is linked to that of

2284: 1802:– a 32,004 character bilingual Literary Chinese – Vietnamese character dictionary. 1455: 844:

Vietnam. In the 21st century, chữ Nôm is being used in Vietnam for historical and

655: 10213: 9905: 9846: 9792: 9785: 9764: 9750: 9734: 9712: 9667: 9560: 9535: 9507: 9492: 9415: 9393: 9386: 9344: 9304: 9275: 8963: 8933: 8756: 8679: 8445: 8375: 8280: 8228: 8208: 8144: 8134: 8124: 8089: 8054: 8049: 8044: 7957: 7912: 7907: 7791: 7786: 7633: 7623: 7477: 7442: 7437: 7417: 7311: 7269: 7209: 7092: 7062: 6972: 6932: 6874: 6808: 6788: 6736: 6719: 6707: 6453: 6446: 6349: 6254: 6185:. Westminster, California: Institute of Vietnamese Studies, Viet-Hoc Pub. Dept.. 5145: 5099: 4074: 2164:

could be written with the original Chinese character for each word, for example:

1398: 1313: 845: 510: 333: 251: 8410: 7593: 6289: – wiki encyclopedia in chữ Nôm with many articles transliterated from the 6236:

http://www.academia.edu/6797639/Rebooting_the_Vernacular_in_17th-century_Vietnam

4295: 3773: 1344: 1130: 1120: 581: 10350: 10234: 10118: 10098: 10007: 9875: 9806: 9705: 9653: 9646: 9478: 9471: 9450: 9429: 9330: 9323: 9130: 9085: 9013: 9008: 8859: 8843: 8818: 8761: 8751: 8746: 8586: 8460: 8420: 8390: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8300: 8275: 8223: 8163: 8129: 8079: 8027: 7992: 7947: 7917: 7870: 7830: 7729: 7683: 7638: 7556: 7492: 7447: 7432: 7395: 7375: 7343: 7331: 7279: 7274: 7264: 7254: 7249: 7166: 7151: 7141: 7107: 7097: 7042: 7027: 6992: 6842: 6746: 6694: 6584: 5925: 5146:

Văn bản quản lý nhà nước và công tác công văn, giấy tờ thời phong kiến Việt Nam

4161: 2178: 1451: 1378: 1317: 1282: 902: 881: 680: 442: 371: 348: 5961: 5403: 5368: 2721: 1954: 1692: 912: 891: 266: 110: 10416: 10357: 10206: 10139: 10062: 10032: 9890: 9868: 9799: 9695: 9674: 9521: 9379: 9297: 9290: 9261: 9220: 9135: 9125: 9120: 8907: 8601: 8260: 8203: 7855: 7628: 7512: 7467: 7422: 7390: 7239: 7156: 7129: 7102: 7032: 7017: 7002: 6957: 6714: 6266: 6084: 5710: 5333: 4227: 2021:(Vietnamese-only semantic-phonetic character). For another example, the word 1982: 1703: 1558: 1554: 829: 7176: 6199:. Vietnamese Studies Papers. : Indochina Institute, George Mason University. 6100: 5759: 5591: 5351: 4133: 3496:

code points. The characters that were encoded earlier have four-digit hex.)

3460: 2396:(Middle left). For lâm (林) with the mark ' 𖿱 ' changes the reading to chấm 2156:

Unmodified Chinese characters were used in chữ Nôm in three different ways.

1548:

While almost all official writings and documents continued to be written in

1439: 1413:

were present in Old Vietnamese. After the 15th century, polysyllabicity and

9813: 9778: 9719: 9206: 8968: 8864: 8777: 8669: 8570: 8380: 8193: 8158: 8139: 8074: 7962: 7724: 7648: 7457: 7452: 7363: 7358: 7294: 7234: 7214: 7171: 7161: 7112: 6997: 6977: 6967: 6815: 6793: 6751: 6549: 5746: 5317: 4137: 2716: 1582:

compiled a Nôm dictionary, helping with the standardization of the script.

1545:

compiled between the 15th and 18th centuries, most likely in 1641 or 1761.

1462:

into Nôm and pushed for reinterpretation of Confucian thoughts in his book

1340: 1339:

After Vietnam established its independence from China in the 10th century,

1286: 1109: 409: 8022: 5575: 4974: 4022: 3982: 3902: 3871: 3352: 3243: 3177: 3105: 3062: 3018: 2974: 2931: 2689: 2680: 2674: 2644: 2617: 2580: 2532: 2478: 2419: 1195: 1089: 10396: 10160: 10091: 9372: 9063: 8923: 8684: 8528: 8385: 8290: 8059: 7987: 7972: 7880: 7673: 7583: 7482: 7472: 7326: 7289: 7244: 7229: 7204: 7124: 7052: 7037: 6741: 5850:

Institute of Hán-Nôm Studies and Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation,

3493: 2388: 2267: 1681: 1628: 1382: 1248: 308: 57: 5909: 2409: 565: 9053: 9028: 8596: 8039: 7529: 7524: 7380: 7321: 6962: 6308: 5396:

Rethinking East Asian Languages, Vernaculars, and Literacies, 1000–1919

4463:. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. pp. 5, 215. 4091:, "Code Charts – CJK Ext. E" (N4358-A). The Han-Viet readings are from 3769: 2262: 1669: 1542: 1414: 608: 433: 426: 6526: 6518: 6257:"This site is about Chữ Nôm, the classical writing system of Vietnam." 4609:

Trần, Văn Chánh (January 2012). "Tản mạn kinh nghiệm học chữ Hán cổ".

4034: 4031: 3994: 3991: 3954: 3951: 3942: 3914: 3911: 3874: 3867: 3858: 3830: 3827: 3818: 3432: 3418: 3412: 3394: 3373: 3337: 3326: 3308: 3286: 3276: 3265: 3220: 3210: 3199: 3148: 3138: 3127: 3090: 3084: 3051: 3040: 3007: 2996: 2959: 2953: 2695: 2668: 2656: 2629: 2604: 2598: 2564: 2558: 2546: 2538: 2535: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2502: 2490: 2435: 2425: 2274: 2242: 2204: 2188: 2168: 2051: 2045: 2009: 2007:('character', 'script'), a Chinese loanword, can be written as either 1429: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1308: 1305: 1201: 1198: 1148: 1145: 1092: 10364: 10343: 10336: 9115: 8952: 8648: 8615: 8450: 8341: 7890: 7618: 7534: 7259: 6029:

The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900 CE)

3474: 2124: 1394: 9058: 6538: 6232:"A Comparative Study of Writing Systems"). Beijing: Yuwen chubanshe. 6048:

The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective

5279:

Encyclopedia of World Cultures, volume 6: Russia and Eurasia / China

856:

is the main research centre for pre-modern texts from Vietnam, both

9080: 9043: 9038: 8918: 8879: 8720: 8479: 8364: 8255: 7997: 7885: 7835: 7706: 7219: 7022: 6982: 6763: 6756: 6607: 6409: 5131:

Patterns of Vietnamese Response to Foreign Interventions, 1858–1900

4649: 4169: 4069: 3690: 2339: 2292: 2288: 1672:, descendants of 16th-century migrants from Vietnam to islands off 1445: 1169: 787: 708: 669: 662: 366: 163: 9100: 5662:. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. p. 56. 5647:. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. p. 63. 5576:"Research of square scripts in Vietnam: An overview and prospects" 5200: 2283:, in which characters are used only for their sound value, or the 703: 9187: 8694: 8565: 8455: 8430: 8316: 8153: 8007: 7982: 7751: 7658: 7306: 6920: 6731: 5352:"Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology" 5243:, Bulletin de la Société d'Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin 15: 121. 4496:. Nhà xuất bản Văn nghệ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. pp. 293, 899. 4370:. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. p. 5. 4065: 3482: 1658: 1438:, suggesting that it was written (or copied) during the reign of 1180:

both in Hán script and in a parallel Nôm translation. The Jesuit

810: 143: 6384:, digitized manuscripts held by the National Library of Vietnam. 6260: 5838:, Nôm Na Group, Hanoi, 2005. The set contains 19,981 characters. 5199:[Towards 1000 years of Thang Long-Hanoi]. Archived from 2654:'work', 'labour') is a simplified form of the Chinese character 10188: 7932: 7744: 7663: 7608: 7316: 6987: 6465:

Fonts with a sufficient coverage of Chữ Nôm characters include

6275:, Bathrobe's Chinese, Japanese & Vietnamese Writing Systems 3382:'to be', using the character of near-homophone Sino-Vietnamese 2693:(một 'one') comes from the right part of the Chinese character 2627:'that', 'those') is a simplified form of the Chinese character 2444: 1990: 1654: 1505:

Among the earlier works in Nôm of this era are the writings of

1254: 840: 598: 6176:

A Collection of Chữ Nôm Scripts with Pronunciation in Quốc-Ngữ

5972:

Sinography: The Borrowing and Adaptation of the Chinese Script

4674: 4672: 8555: 8550: 8400: 8183: 8084: 7771: 6682: 6415: 6278: 4969:(1). Oakland, California: University of California Press: 1. 4403: 4401: 2454: 2279: 1677: 853: 261: 256: 6300: 5110: 4088: 9033: 8928: 6421: 6197:

The State of Chữ Nôm Studies: The Demotic Script of Vietnam

5677:. Nhà xuất bản Văn nghệ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. p. 838. 5541:"Proposal to Encode Two Vietnamese Alternate Reading Marks" 5392:"4 Rebooting the Vernacular in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam" 4669: 4124:, a rare variation shown in the chart above. The character 1986: 1724:. The original is Hán, and there is also a Nôm translation. 1657:

and was given for the last time at the imperial capital of

1557:(1820–1840), apogees of Vietnamese literature emerged with 648: 5505: 5493: 5469: 5459: 5457: 5043: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4760: 4736: 4711: 4398: 4093: 4078:; J = Japan; KP= North Korea; K = South Korea; T = Taiwan. 1622: 1466:. These efforts were reversed with the fall of the Hồ and 1289:(1778–1802), but in both cases this was swiftly reversed. 6247: 5481: 5007:

B. N. Ngô "The Vietnamese Language Learning Framework" –

2902:

word talent word destiny clever {to be} hate {each other}

2423:), a term for people or humans (in general). The radical 1795:– Used to teach beginners Chinese characters and chữ Nôm. 1281:

briefly replaced Chinese for official purposes under the

5745:". The character list for the 1993 standard is given in 5258: 5246: 5219: 5207: 4826: 4789: 4787: 4217:

variant characters for cồ include 𡚝 (⿱大瞿) and 𬯵 (⿱賏瞿).

3324:

variant character of the near-homophone Sino-Vietnamese

1749:(1851). A Hán-to-Nôm dictionary for Vietnamese speakers. 1247:

Chinese characters were introduced to Vietnam after the

5557: 5555: 5553: 5522: 5520: 5454: 5430: 4989: 4799: 4440: 4335: 4120:(insects). This radical is added redundantly to create 3693:", Unicode, Inc., "Code Charts – CJK Ext. E" (N4358-A). 6010:

Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present

5277:

Friedrich, Paul; Diamond, Norma, eds. (1994). "Jing".

5033: 5031: 5029: 4772: 4748: 4701: 4699: 4645:

Nghiên cứu chữ Nôm: Kỷ yếu Hội nghị Quốc tế về chữ Nôm

4413: 4386: 4323: 3700:

Characters were extracted from the following sources:

2120:

Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters

1627:

From the latter half of the 19th century onwards, the

1184:(1605–1656) had also used parallel Hán and Nôm texts. 6371:"The Hán-Nôm Special Collection Digitization Project" 6154:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 541–553, 6031:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 568–578, 5538: 5442: 4853: 4784: 4578: 4548: 4347: 2910:

Derivations of Nôm characters in the first two lines

1385:

in verse composed in 1282 by the Minister of Justice

6183:

Chuyên Khảo Về Chữ Nôm = Monograph on Nôm Characters

5612: 5550: 5517: 5014: 4843: 4841: 4598:. Nhà xuất bản Văn hoá Thông tin. pp. 281, 900. 4374: 4239:

The original line in the Chinese version is 人不學，不知義.

4151: 2152:

has a diacritic to indicate different pronunciation.

906: 885: 858:

Chinese-language texts written in Chinese characters

162:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 6211:

Dictionnaire Historique Des Idéogrammes Vietnamiens

6135:, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 5026: 4696: 4538:. Nhà xuất bản Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội. p. 16. 4536:

Nguồn gốc và quá trình hình thành cách đọc Hán Việt

1108:'Confucian characters', due to the connection with 6206:. Honolulu: Asia Collection, University of Hawaii. 6117:Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology 4876: 4613:. Nhà xuất bản Tổng hợp Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh: 82. 4506: 3464:Chữ Hán characters compared to chữ Nôm characters. 2375:Other alternate reading diacritical marks include 2027:('middle'; 'in between') can be written either as 6406:which enables chữ Nôm and Hán typing on Mac OS X. 6342:"Southeast Asia Collection: Hán Nôm Studies 研究漢喃" 6320:Vấn đề chữ viết nhìn từ góc độ lịch sử tiếng Việt 5624: 5103:. This is a revision of a dictionary compiled by 4838: 4104:The characters that do not exist in Chinese have 2017:(Vietnamese-only compound-semantic character) or 1861:Without learning, one does not understand reason. 1858:𠊚空𭓇別𨤰夷麻推 (Người không học biết nhẽ gì mà suy) 1578:literature until the late 19th century. In 1838, 1134:) refers literature written in Literary Chinese. 10414: 5539:Collins, Lee; Ngô Thanh Nhàn (6 November 2017). 5276: 5009:Journal of Southeast Asian Language and Teaching 4953: 4311: 4281:is also used in Chinese as an alternate form of 4259: 4253: 3449: 3438: 3422: 3400: 3383: 3377: 3361: 3342: 3330: 3314: 3292: 3269: 3253: 3226: 3203: 3187: 3165: 3154: 3131: 3115: 3094: 3072: 3044: 3028: 3000: 2984: 2963: 2941: 2700: 2661: 2649: 2634: 2622: 2591: 2585: 2569: 2551: 2526: 2507: 2495: 2483: 2376: 2358: 2352: 2327: 2313: 2299: 2251: 2232: 2226: 2208: 2192: 2172: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2022: 2002: 1944: 1926: 1916: 1900: 1890: 1876: 1866: 1838: 1812: 1610: 1604: 1594: 1526: 1446:Hồ dynasty (1400–07) and Ming conquest (1407–27) 1433: 1422: 1348: 1331: 1325: 1257:in 111 BC. Independence was achieved after the 1188: 1159: 1153: 1138: 1113: 1097: 1082: 1069: 1063: 1057: 1051: 1044: 1035: 1029: 1023: 1017: 1011: 1005: 978: 936: 930: 896: 875: 861: 176:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 5594:(inactive 2024-04-04) – via SageJournals. 3487: 2724:of Vietnamese verse, consist of 14 characters: 2074:) which is composed of two phonetic components 1720:This history of Vietnam was written during the 1493:(日用常談; 1851). Characters representing words in 6452:for Windows that allows keyboard entry of all 6089:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 5890: 4568:. Nhà xuất bản Văn hoá Thông tin. p. 281. 4434:Giáo trình lịch sử ngữ âm tiếng Việt (sơ thảo) 4226:The Hộ Thành Sơn inscription was mentioned by 2448: 2404: 2336:, with a diacritic at the upper right corner. 9172: 6565: 6436: 6326: 6227: 6217: 5604:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 5070:, Cornell University Press. pp. 23, 38. 4144:, the corresponding character in Vietnamese. 749: 6579: 6418:, a browser-based editor for typing chữ Nôm. 6204:A Short Bibliography of Sources on "Chữ-Nôm" 3481:agreed to include Nôm characters as part of 3448:character of near-homophone Sino-Vietnamese 2464: 2458: 2260:The first two categories are similar to the 2231:('capital, funds'). In this case, the word 866:) and Vietnamese-language texts in chữ Nôm. 6127: 5930:Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam 5709: 5511: 5499: 5487: 5475: 5158:Phan Châu Trinh, "Monarchy and Democracy", 4926:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, p. 68. 2803:A hundred years—in this life span on earth, 2720:(1871 edition), written in the traditional 1785:Mechanics and Crafts of the People of Annam 1371:, Hanoi). Another stele at Hộ Thành Sơn in 78:Top-to-bottom, columns from right to left ( 9179: 9165: 6572: 6558: 6152:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics 5823:", (N4358-A), JTC1/SC2/WG2, Oct. 10, 2012. 5160:Phan Châu Trinh and His Political Writings 4938:Thanh Hóa, thế và lực mới trong thế kỷ XXI 2488:'three') is composed of the phonetic part 1205:'national language script') refers to the 790:writing system formerly used to write the 756: 742: 5960: 5924: 5899:, Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation. 5367: 5264: 5252: 5225: 5213: 5116: 5061: 5049: 4944: 4810: 4766: 4742: 4717: 4446: 4419: 4407: 4341: 2371:with two dots on its left and right side. 1424:Phật thuyết Đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh 10433:Writing systems using Chinese characters 6067:Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945 6026: 5815: 5813: 5792: 5691:. Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation 5195:Phùng, Thành Chủng (November 12, 2009). 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 4995: 4329: 3459: 2443:In contrast to the few hundred Japanese 2408: 2387: 2346: 2338: 2123: 2098:(lăng) and a semantic component meaning 1938: 1742:("National Language Poetry Compilation") 1691: 1484: 1407: 1405:, were collected and published in 1805. 1216: 1000: 10438:Writing systems without word boundaries 6346:Yale University Library Research Guides 6083: 6007: 5846: 5844: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5752: 5315: 5295: 5231: 5107:in 1772–1773. It was reprinted in 1884. 4832: 4778: 4754: 4684: 3886:wound, injury, to love non-romantically 3164:character of homophone Sino-Vietnamese 1623:French Indochina and the Latin alphabet 1480: 207:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 27:Chinese-based Vietnamese writing system 14: 10415: 6424:, a rime-based IME for typing chữ Nôm. 6261:Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation 6107: 5988: 5969: 5835:Manual, the Nôm Na Coded Character Set 5805:Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation 5657: 5642: 5618: 5573: 5561: 5526: 5463: 5448: 5197:"Hướng tới 1000 năm Thăng Long-Hà Nội" 5128: 5084: 5020: 4914: 4894: 4859: 4793: 4678: 4533: 4458: 4431: 4392: 4365: 4089:Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation 2277:respectively. The third is similar to 2143:Tự Đức thánh chế tự học giải nghĩa ca. 2105: 1644:The popularity of Hanoi's short-lived 1312:", as part of the posthumous title of 1174:Cổ Châu Pháp Vân phật bản hạnh ngữ lục 929:There are many ways to write the name 10316:American Printing House for the Blind 10092:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 9744:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali) 9160: 8950: 8905: 8798: 8477: 8362: 7704: 6918: 6680: 6663: 6553: 6335:Chữ Nôm to Vietnamese Latin Converter 5859: 5810: 5689:"Truyện Kiều – An electronic version" 5574:Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường (7 October 2019). 5385: 5383: 5194: 5181: 4140:support for it. It is a variation of 3772:of northern Vietnam. This allows the 3577:Basic Block (763), A (151), B (2,291) 3531:Basic Block (593), A (138), B (1,515) 1996: 1800:Tự Đức thánh chế tự học giải nghĩa ca 1489:A page from the bilingual dictionary 1336:'father and mother' (of the people). 1299:List of early inscriptions in Vietnam 1224:Tự Đức thánh chế tự học giải nghĩa ca 781: 8799: 6279:Han-Nom Revival Committee of Vietnam 6064: 5946: 5841: 5769: 5721:. Yale University Press. p. 3. 5436: 5389: 5281:. New York: G.K. Hall. p. 454. 5064:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches 5037: 4950: 4882: 4705: 4690: 4663:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches 4608: 4436:. Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục. p. 47. 4298:, the Vietnamese variant is 𢀭 giàu. 3762:Góp phần nghiên cứu văn hoá Việt Nam 3492:. (These characters have five-digit 3468: 2250:) may represent the Vietnamese word 1458:even ordered the translation of the 1292: 1034:), a Literary Chinese – Vietnamese ( 1016:) was used historically to refer to 501:Standard Form of National Characters 166:. For the distinction between , 9186: 6149: 5877: 5826: 5349: 4929: 4593: 4563: 4353: 4294:This character is only used in the 4266:Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation 3732:Vũ Văn Kính & Nguyễn Quang Xỷ, 3671:Proposed in 2001, but already coded 3335:'hole', Sino-Vietnamese reading of 2905:talent and destiny are apt to feud. 2899:Chữ tài chữ mệnh khéo là ghét nhau. 2140:(bottom), meaning turban/towel, in 2094:) composed of a phonetic component 1847:), a Vietnamese translation of the 1574:Chữ Nôm was the dominant script in 1553:was prohibited during the reign of 24: 8906: 6263:. Features a character dictionary. 6168: 6069:, University of California Press, 6045: 5747:Nôm Proper Code Table: Version 2.1 5672: 5630: 5580:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 5380: 5322:Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 5316:Shimizu, Masaaki (4 August 2020). 4847: 4491: 4380: 4317: 3779:Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire 2562:'woman' as semantic component and 2177:('service', 'corvée'), from Early 1855:人不𭓇不知理 (Nhân bất học bất tri lý) 1475:Ming dynasty occupation of Vietnam 25: 10454: 6241: 5907:Kiệm, 2004, p. 424, "Entry giàu." 5801:Giới thiệu Kho chữ Hán Nôm mã hoá 5764:The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0 4920:Mark W. McLeod, Thi Dieu Nguyen, 4475:""Mi ở Quảng Nôm hay Quảng Nam?"" 3600:Basic Block (91), A (19), B (425) 3454:'bountiful, abundant, plentiful' 2287:script that became the origin of 2197:('root', 'foundation'), from EMC 2082:(lăng) for the Middle Vietnamese 1806: 1343:(r. 968–979), the founder of the 1324:, of a Vietnamese phrase, either 895:, meaning ' character'. The word 5949:Journal of Language Relationship 5356:Journal of Language Relationship 4906:Mark W. McLeod, Thi Dieu Nguyen 4288: 4168: 4154: 3748:Bảng tra chữ Nôm sau thế kỷ XVII 3170:'little, few; rather, somewhat' 2800:hundred year in world person our 2596:'sky', 'heaven') is composed of 1718:Đại Việt sử ký tiệp lục tổng tự. 1712:Vietnamese literature § Nôm 1524:, is generally given credit for 1176:(1752) gives the story of early 935:in chữ Nôm characters. The word 880:'character' is derived from the 590:Literary and colloquial readings 228: 187: 44: 8951: 6377:. Northern Illinois University. 5735: 5703: 5681: 5666: 5651: 5636: 5567: 5532: 5343: 5309: 5303:Đại Việt sử ký tiệp lục tổng tự 5270: 5152: 5137: 5122: 5055: 5001: 4900: 4888: 4865: 4816: 4723: 4655: 4637: 4627: 4617: 4602: 4587: 4572: 4557: 4542: 4527: 4500: 4485: 4467: 4452: 4425: 4271: 4242: 4233: 4220: 4210: 4201: 4072:); G3 = China (GB 7589); GHZ = 1585:The reformist Catholic scholar 901:'Southern' is derived from the 809:Although all formal writing in 158:International Phonetic Alphabet 6645:Languages by writing system / 6382:The Digital Library of Hán-Nôm 6375:Southeast Asia Digital library 5993:, University of Hawaii Press, 5897:Detailed information: V+63830" 5093:Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum 4923:Culture and Customs of Vietnam 4908:Culture and Customs of Vietnam 4579:Hội Khai-trí tiến-đức (1954). 4549:Hội Khai-trí tiến-đức (1954). 4359: 4282: 4278: 4249: 4141: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4029: 4021: 3989: 3981: 3949: 3941: 3909: 3901: 3865: 3857: 3825: 3817: 3649:Unencoded V4 and V6 characters 3626:Defined as sources 1, 3, and 6 3490:Unified Ideographs Extension B 3431: 3417: 3411: 3393: 3372: 3356: 3351: 3336: 3325: 3307: 3285: 3275: 3264: 3247: 3242: 3219: 3209: 3198: 3181: 3176: 3147: 3137: 3126: 3109: 3104: 3089: 3083: 3066: 3061: 3050: 3039: 3022: 3017: 3006: 2995: 2978: 2973: 2958: 2952: 2935: 2930: 2694: 2688: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2655: 2643: 2628: 2616: 2603: 2597: 2579: 2563: 2557: 2545: 2531: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2397: 2393: 2382: 2368: 2364: 2333: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2305: 2241: 2222: 2203: 2187: 2167: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2050: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2014: 2008: 1958: 1950: 1932: 1922: 1906: 1896: 1882: 1872: 1844: 1826: 1818: 1616: 1600: 1450:During the seven years of the 1428: 1353: 1304: 1240: 1236: 1228: 1194: 1144: 1129: 1119: 1103: 1088: 1070: 1058: 1030: 1012: 990: 984: 974: 970: 966: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 772: 493:Nan Min Recommended Characters 36: 13: 1: 10084:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 10040:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 8478: 8363: 7705: 6273:The Vietnamese Writing System 5874:, 2004, "Entry càng", p. 290. 4962:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 4553:. Văn Mới. pp. 141, 228. 4305: 2066:(lăng), a chữ Nôm character, 1965: 997:History of writing in Vietnam 10295:National Braille Association 10274:Braille Institute of America 9992:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin) 6919: 6228: 6218: 5390:Phan, John D. (2014-01-01), 3479:Ideographic Rapporteur Group 2797:Trăm năm trong cõi người ta, 2357:would be with the character 907: 886: 869: 850:Institute of Hán-Nôm Studies 828:, was written in chữ Nôm by 151: This article contains 7: 10423:Logographic writing systems 10175:Refreshable braille display 10154:Optical braille recognition 9751:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese) 9283:Chinese (mainland Mandarin) 8426:New Epoch Notation Painting 6388: 6012:, Oxford University Press, 5991:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma 5162:, SEAP Publications, 2009, 4147: 3718:Nguyễn Quang Hồng, editor, 2888: 2877: 2866: 2855: 2844: 2833: 2822: 2811: 2786: 2775: 2764: 2753: 2742: 2731: 2405:Locally invented characters 1946:Tam tự kinh lục bát diễn âm 1840:Tam tự kinh lục bát diễn âm 1629:French colonial authorities 1497:(Chinese) are explained in 485:(Hong Kong, 2007) 70:13th century – 20th century 10: 10459: 10428:Vietnamese writing systems 10242:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh 6681: 6422:Bộ gõ Hán Nôm: Phương Viên 6363: 6301:Han-Nom Research Institute 5660:Chữ Nôm: cơ sở và nâng cao 5645:Chữ Nôm: cơ sở và nâng cao 5350:Xun, Gong (4 March 2020). 5336:– via SageJournals. 4955:Chỉ Nam Ngọc Âm Giải Nghĩa 4511:. Viện Việt-học. pp. 4461:Chữ Nôm: cơ sở và nâng cao 4368:Chữ Nôm: cơ sở và nâng cao 3711:Institute of Linguistics, 3554:Basic Block (3,110), C (1) 2709: 2699:(Sino-Vietnamese reading: 2660:(Sino-Vietnamese reading: 2633:(Sino-Vietnamese reading: 2568:(Sino-Vietnamese reading: 2506:'three'. 'Father' is also 2494:(Sino-Vietnamese reading: 2162:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 2112:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 2109: 2086:, or a chữ Nôm character, 1902:Chỉ nam ngọc âm giải nghĩa 1709: 1529:Chỉ nam ngọc âm giải nghĩa 1375:(1343) lists 20 villages. 1296: 1285:(1400–1407) and under the 1212: 994: 800:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 730:Transliteration of Chinese 287:Neolithic symbols in China 10374: 10325: 10265: 10198: 10108: 10054: 10017: 9978:Mainland Chinese Mandarin 9957: 9938: 9919: 9824: 9730: 9691: 9618: 9545: 9244: 9237: 9198: 9156: 8959: 8946: 8914: 8901: 8852: 8811: 8807: 8794: 8770: 8734: 8708: 8657: 8614: 8579: 8499: 8492:Chinese family of scripts 8490: 8486: 8473: 8371: 8358: 8309: 7717: 7713: 7700: 7562:Boyd's syllabic shorthand 7549: 7197: 6940: 6931: 6927: 6914: 6689: 6676: 6672: 6664: 6659: 6647:by first written accounts 6616: 6595: 6591: 6437: 6327: 6310:Tự Điển Chữ Nôm Trích Dẫn 6181:Nguyễn, Đình Hoà (2001). 6178:. Tokyo: Keiô University. 6174:Chʻen, Ching-ho (n. d.). 6129:Pulleyblank, Edwin George 6108:Nguyễn, Đình Hoà (1990), 5962:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209 5404:10.1163/9789004279278_005 5369:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209 5237:Cordier, Georges (1935), 5143:Quyền Vương Đình (2002), 5105:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine 4596:Hán-Việt từ-điển giản yếu 4566:Hán-Việt từ-điển giản yếu 4509:Tự điển chữ Nôm trích dẫn 4189:Sino-Xenic pronunciations 4184:Chinese family of scripts 4059: 3741:Bảng tra chữ Nôm miền Nam 3691:Unibook Character Browser 3684: 3670: 3388:'net for catching birds' 2465: 2459: 2449: 911: 890: 242:Chinese family of scripts 149: 137: 127: 103: 98: 88: 74: 64: 52: 43: 32: 9965:Chinese semi-syllabaries 9228:Unicode braille patterns 9214:International uniformity 7669:Thomas Natural Shorthand 6460: 6416:Chunom.org Online Editor 5903:List of Unicode Radicals 5871:Giúp đọc Nôm và Hán Việt 5821:Code Charts – CJK Ext. E 5372:– via De Gruyter. 5334:10.1177/2513850220936774 5129:Truong, Buu Lâm (1967). 4534:Nguyễn, Tài Cẩn (2001). 4432:Nguyễn, Tài Cẩn (1995). 4264:marks were added to the 4194: 3727:Giúp đọc Nôm và Hán Việt 2574:) as phonetic component. 2500:) and the semantic part 2453:) and handful of Korean 1989:syllabary or the Korean 1911:giải nghĩa or diễn nghĩa 1687: 1468:Chinese conquest of 1407 1074:, 'national language'). 1062:, 'national sound') and 804:phono-semantic compounds 482:Commonly-Used Characters 474:Commonly Used Characters 10302:Blindness organizations 10281:Braille Without Borders 10070:Canadian currency marks 9692:Egyptian lineage family 8875:Southwest Paleohispanic 6404:Vietnamese Keyboard Set 6224:Bijiao wenzi xue chutan 6101:10.3406/befeo.1912.2713 6065:Marr, David G. (1984), 5989:Hannas, Wm. C. (1997), 5760:Han Unification History 5592:10.1177/251385021986116 4611:Suối Nguồn, Tập 3&4 4583:. Văn Mới. p. 228. 4116:) contains the radical 3416:'heart' classifier and 2367:) which was written as 2326:is meant to be read as 2116:Sino-Vietnamese reading 1849:Three Character Classic 1798:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm, 1022:. Such as in the book, 455:Collation and standards 154:phonetic transcriptions 9619:Russian lineage family 9019:Great Lakes Algonquian 7928:Greco-Iberian alphabet 7861:Gabelsberger shorthand 6804:Inscriptional Parthian 6454:Unicode CJK characters 6209:Schneider, Paul 1992. 6195:Nguyễn, N. B. (1984). 5853:Kho Chữ Hán Nôm Mã Hoá 5398:, Brill, p. 122, 4954: 4260: 4254: 3725:Father Trần Văn Kiệm, 3689:: Nguyễn Quang Hồng, " 3465: 3450: 3439: 3423: 3401: 3384: 3378: 3362: 3343: 3331: 3315: 3293: 3270: 3254: 3227: 3204: 3188: 3166: 3155: 3132: 3116: 3095: 3073: 3045: 3029: 3001: 2985: 2964: 2942: 2885: 2874: 2863: 2852: 2841: 2830: 2819: 2808: 2783: 2772: 2761: 2750: 2739: 2728: 2701: 2662: 2650: 2635: 2623: 2592: 2586: 2570: 2552: 2527: 2508: 2496: 2484: 2440: 2413:The Nôm character for 2401: 2377: 2372: 2359: 2353: 2344: 2328: 2314: 2308:), (a variant form of 2300: 2252: 2246:(Early Middle Chinese 2233: 2227: 2209: 2193: 2173: 2153: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2023: 2003: 1962: 1945: 1927: 1917: 1901: 1891: 1877: 1867: 1863: 1839: 1813: 1707: 1680:, now speak a form of 1611: 1606:Xin khoan dung quốc âm 1605: 1595: 1589:presented the Emperor 1527: 1502: 1434: 1423: 1418: 1349: 1332: 1326: 1244: 1189: 1160: 1154: 1139: 1114: 1098: 1083: 1064: 1052: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1024: 1018: 1006: 979: 937: 931: 897: 876: 862: 839:created by Portuguese 783:[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥nom˧˧] 717:Slavonic transcription 560:Japanese script reform 545:Traditional characters 195:This article contains 84:Left-to-right (modern) 10443:Vietnamese inventions 10383:Accessible publishing 10309:Schools for the blind 10288:Japan Braille Library 10077:Computer Braille Code 9731:Indian lineage family 9111:Old Persian cuneiform 7978:Carolingian minuscule 6784:Ancient North Arabian 6428:Other entry methods: 6202:O'Harrow, S. (1977). 6008:Kiernan, Ben (2017), 5673:Vũ, Văn Kính (2005). 5658:Nguyễn, Khuê (2009). 5643:Nguyễn, Khuê (2009). 5306:, NLVNPF-0105 R.2254. 5203:on December 15, 2009. 5090:Taberd, J.L. (1838), 4983:10.1525/vs.2013.8.1.1 4975:10.1525/vs.2013.8.1.1 4681:, pp. 78–79, 82. 4594:Đào, Duy Anh (2005). 4564:Đào, Duy Anh (2005). 4492:Vũ, Văn Kính (2005). 4459:Nguyễn, Khuê (2009). 4366:Nguyễn, Khuê (2009). 4132:) is specific to the 3842:(slightly formal) and 3463: 3302:Sino-Vietnamese word 3236:Sino-Vietnamese word 2525:), while 'turtle' is 2412: 2391: 2350: 2342: 2127: 2013:(Chinese character), 1942: 1853: 1695: 1488: 1411: 1297:Further information: 1220: 1004: 820:Vietnamese literature 533:Simplified characters 10147:Mountbatten Brailler 9502:(largely reassigned) 9285:(largely reassigned) 8834:Southeastern Iberian 8829:Northeastern Iberian 6727:Egyptian hieroglyphs 6515:FZKaiT-Extended(SIP) 6450:Cangjie input method 6291:Vietnamese Knowledge 5970:Handel, Zev (2019), 5799:Nguyễn Quang Hồng, " 5066:. Ithaca, New York: 4731:The Birth of Vietnam 4729:Keith Weller Taylor 3655:V04-4022 to V04-583E 1823:Tam thiên tự giải âm 1747:Nhật Dụng Thường Đàm 1491:Nhật dụng thường đàm 1481:15th to 19th century 1393:to expel a menacing 1389:and thrown into the 1347:, named the country 1158:) or in Vietnamese ( 1112:) and uncommonly as 874:The Vietnamese word 10099:Nemeth braille code 9885:(reassigned vowels) 9410:(extended to 8-dot) 8984:Canadian Aboriginal 8870:Khitan small script 8592:Khitan large script 7782:Coorgi–Cox alphabet 5885:Tự điển chữ Nôm Tày 5675:Đại tự điển chữ Nôm 5439:, pp. 141–142. 5119:, pp. 101–105. 4494:Đại tự điển chữ Nôm 4383:, pp. 102–103. 4356:, pp. 552–553. 3755:Đại tự điển chữ Nôm 3706:Tự điển chữ Nôm Tày 3660:V6: 4, manuscripts 3371:simplified form of 2911: 2351:An example of what 2332:, it is written as 2225:may also represent 2213:('head'), from EMC 2106:Borrowed characters 1943:The second page of 1770:Chinh Phụ Ngâm Khúc 1576:Vietnamese Catholic 1511:Trịnh Thị Ngọc Trúc 1259:Battle of Bạch Đằng 1207:Vietnamese alphabet 1178:Buddhism in Vietnam 1124:'Han characters'). 1096:'Han characters'), 922:, known locally as 837:Vietnamese alphabet 792:Vietnamese language 504:(Taiwan, 1982) 496:(Taiwan, 2009) 10133:Braille translator 10110:Braille technology 10086:(science; GS8/GS6) 10055:Symbols in braille 9985:Taiwanese Mandarin 9500:Taiwanese Mandarin 9106:Nwagu Aneke script 8658:Other logosyllabic 8580:Chinese-influenced 8519:Oracle bone script 8501:Chinese characters 8436:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs 7826:Eclectic shorthand 7814:Duployan shorthand 7767:Caucasian Albanian 7567:Canadian syllabics 6603:History of writing 6445:2013-12-14 at the 6328:越南北屬時期漢字文獻異體字整理與研究 6253:2020-12-19 at the 5749:by Ngô Thanh Nhàn. 5098:2013-06-26 at the 4835:, p. 7, n. 1. 4410:, pp. 32, 38. 3760:Nguyễn Văn Huyên, 3632:V4-4021 to V4-4B2F 3609:V3-3021 to V3-3644 3586:V2-6E21 to V2-9171 3563:V1-4A21 to V1-6D35 3540:V0-3021 to V0-4927 3466: 3280:'character; word' 3214:'character; word' 2909: 2896:𡨸才𡨸命窖𱺵恄饒 2687:the Nôm character 2642:the Nôm character 2615:the Nôm character 2441: 2433:ngại. The radical 2402: 2373: 2345: 2154: 2146:The character for 1997:Variant characters 1963: 1837:Here is a line in 1708: 1646:Tonkin Free School 1634:Russo-Japanese War 1520:, consort of King 1503: 1419: 1373:Ninh Bình Province 1245: 1079:Chinese characters 1042: 941:may be written as 796:Chinese characters 516:(Japan, 2010) 222:Chinese characters 115:Chinese characters 10410: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10328:tactile alphabets 10256:William Bell Wait 10249:Sabriye Tenberken 10050: 10049: 9915: 9914: 9900:(Japanese vowels) 9698:-mediated scripts 9625:-mediated scripts 9152: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9004:Ditema tsa Dinoko 8942: 8941: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8790: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8610: 8609: 8469: 8468: 8354: 8353: 8350: 8349: 7696: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7545: 7544: 6910: 6909: 6897:Teeline Shorthand 6655: 6654: 6527:Fonts for Chu Nom 6161:978-0-19985-634-3 6142:978-0-7748-0366-3 6076:978-0-520-90744-7 6057:978-1-00-069906-7 6038:978-0-199-35659-1 6019:978-0-19-516076-5 6000:978-0-8248-1892-0 5981:978-90-04-38632-7 5939:978-90-279-7643-7 5741:Luong Van Phan, " 5728:978-0-300-04051-7 5715:Huỳnh, Sanh Thông 5466:, pp. 80–81. 5413:978-90-04-27927-8 5168:978-0-87727-749-1 5068:SEAP Publications 5052:, pp. 44–46. 4769:, pp. 23–24. 4745:, pp. 22–23. 4720:, pp. 21–22. 4643:Khắc Mạnh Trịnh, 4395:, pp. 82–83. 4248:Properly written 4102: 4101: 4098: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3469:Computer encoding 3458: 3457: 2512:, but written as 1979:analytic language 1776:Various poems by 1753:Nguyễn Đình Chiểu 1580:Jean-Louis Taberd 1550:classical Chinese 1460:Book of Documents 1330:'great king', or 1293:Early development 1239:is used to gloss 1182:Girolamo Maiorica 815:classical Chinese 766: 765: 630:Zetian characters 462:Kangxi Dictionary 203:rendering support 183: 182: 16:(Redirected from 10450: 10399: 10392: 10390:Braille literacy 10385: 10367: 10360: 10353: 10346: 10339: 10318: 10311: 10304: 10297: 10290: 10283: 10276: 10258: 10251: 10244: 10237: 10230: 10223: 10216: 10209: 10191: 10184: 10182:Slate and stylus 10177: 10170: 10168:Perkins Brailler 10163: 10156: 10149: 10142: 10135: 10128: 10126:Braille embosser 10121: 10101: 10094: 10087: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10043: 10035: 10028: 10010: 10003: 9994: 9987: 9980: 9973: 9966: 9950: 9947:American Braille 9931: 9928:Algerian Braille 9908: 9901: 9893: 9886: 9878: 9871: 9864: 9857: 9849: 9842: 9835: 9817: 9809: 9802: 9795: 9788: 9781: 9774: 9767: 9760: 9753: 9746: 9723: 9715: 9708: 9684: 9677: 9670: 9663: 9656: 9649: 9642: 9635: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9570: 9563: 9556: 9543: 9542: 9538: 9531: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9503: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9474: 9467: 9460: 9453: 9446: 9439: 9432: 9425: 9418: 9411: 9403: 9396: 9389: 9382: 9375: 9368: 9361: 9354: 9347: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9319: 9312: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9257: 9242: 9241: 9230: 9223: 9216: 9209: 9192: 9181: 9174: 9167: 9158: 9157: 8948: 8947: 8903: 8902: 8809: 8808: 8801:Semi-syllabaries 8796: 8795: 8497: 8496: 8488: 8487: 8475: 8474: 8360: 8359: 7715: 7714: 7702: 7701: 7604:Japanese Braille 7189:Zanabazar square 7058:Nepalese scripts 6948:Bengali–Assamese 6938: 6937: 6929: 6928: 6916: 6915: 6833:Pitman shorthand 6678: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6661: 6660: 6593: 6592: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6551: 6550: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6378: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6340:Bianchi, Brent. 6330: 6329: 6318: 6307: 6299: 6285: 6231: 6230: 6221: 6220: 6164: 6146: 6124: 6114: 6104: 6080: 6061: 6042: 6023: 6004: 5985: 5966: 5964: 5943: 5913: 5894: 5888: 5883:Hoàng Triều Ân, 5881: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5848: 5839: 5832:Thanh Nhàn Ngô, 5830: 5824: 5817: 5808: 5798: 5794: 5767: 5756: 5750: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5719:The Tale of Kieu 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5603: 5595: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5515: 5512:Pulleyblank 1991 5509: 5503: 5500:Pulleyblank 1991 5497: 5491: 5488:Pulleyblank 1991 5485: 5479: 5476:Pulleyblank 1991 5473: 5467: 5461: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5387: 5378: 5377: 5371: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5313: 5307: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5192: 5179: 5156: 5150: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4957: 4948: 4942: 4933: 4927: 4918: 4912: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4797: 4791: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4667: 4659: 4653: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4581:Việt-nam tự-điển 4576: 4570: 4569: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4551:Việt-nam tự-điển 4546: 4540: 4539: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4481:. 6 August 2016. 4471: 4465: 4464: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4299: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4231: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4178: 4176:Languages portal 4173: 4172: 4164: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4143: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4094:Hán Việt Từ Điển 4068:); G1 = China ( 4060: 4037: 4026: 4025: 3997: 3986: 3985: 3957: 3946: 3945: 3917: 3906: 3905: 3877: 3862: 3861: 3833: 3822: 3821: 3784: 3783: 3713:Bảng tra chữ Nôm 3704:Hoàng Triều Ân, 3685: 3499: 3498: 3489: 3453: 3442: 3435: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3404: 3397: 3387: 3381: 3376: 3365: 3358: 3355: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3329: 3318: 3311: 3296: 3289: 3279: 3273: 3268: 3257: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3230: 3223: 3213: 3207: 3202: 3191: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3169: 3158: 3151: 3141: 3135: 3130: 3119: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3076: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3054: 3048: 3043: 3032: 3025: 3024: 3021: 3010: 3004: 2999: 2988: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2967: 2962: 2956: 2945: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2912: 2908: 2794:𤾓𢆥𥪞𡎝𠊛些 2704: 2698: 2692: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2541: 2530: 2524: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2461: 2452: 2451: 2438: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2399: 2395: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2176: 2171: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2006: 1970:Vietnamese is a 1960: 1952: 1948: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1920: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1894: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1870: 1846: 1842: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1730:The Tale of Kieu 1699:The Tale of Kieu 1618: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1598: 1587:Nguyễn Trường Tộ 1564:The Tale of Kiều 1539: 1537: 1519: 1437: 1432: 1426: 1369:Mê Linh District 1363: 1352: 1335: 1329: 1311: 1263:Literary Chinese 1242: 1238: 1230: 1204: 1192: 1166:Chinese medicine 1163: 1157: 1151: 1142: 1133: 1123: 1117: 1107: 1101: 1095: 1086: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1048: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1025:Đại Nam quốc ngữ 1021: 1015: 1014: 1009: 986: 982: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 959: 954: 950: 949: 944: 940: 934: 915: 910: 900: 894: 889: 879: 865: 825:The Tale of Kiều 785: 780: 776: 758: 751: 744: 477:(PRC, 2013) 443:Digital encoding 362:Modern typefaces 245: 232: 218: 217: 209: instead of 191: 190: 179: 173: 169: 48: 38: 30: 29: 21: 10458: 10457: 10453: 10452: 10451: 10449: 10448: 10447: 10413: 10412: 10411: 10402: 10395: 10388: 10381: 10370: 10363: 10356: 10349: 10342: 10335: 10321: 10314: 10307: 10300: 10293: 10286: 10279: 10272: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10233: 10226: 10219: 10214:Charles Barbier 10212: 10205: 10194: 10187: 10180: 10173: 10166: 10159: 10152: 10145: 10138: 10131: 10124: 10117: 10104: 10097: 10090: 10082: 10075: 10068: 10061: 10046: 10038: 10031: 10024: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9990: 9983: 9976: 9969: 9964: 9953: 9945: 9939:Frequency-based 9934: 9926: 9911: 9904: 9896: 9889: 9881: 9874: 9867: 9860: 9852: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9820: 9812: 9805: 9798: 9791: 9784: 9777: 9770: 9763: 9756: 9749: 9742: 9735:Bharati Braille 9732: 9726: 9718: 9711: 9704: 9693: 9687: 9680: 9673: 9666: 9659: 9652: 9645: 9638: 9631: 9620: 9614: 9607: 9602: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9541: 9534: 9527: 9520: 9513: 9506: 9498: 9491: 9484: 9477: 9470: 9463: 9456: 9449: 9442: 9435: 9428: 9421: 9414: 9406: 9399: 9392: 9385: 9378: 9371: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9309:Unified English 9303: 9296: 9289: 9281: 9274: 9267: 9260: 9253: 9238:Braille scripts 9233: 9226: 9219: 9212: 9205: 9194: 9190: 9185: 9140: 8955: 8938: 8934:Stokoe notation 8910: 8889: 8848: 8803: 8782: 8766: 8730: 8709:Logoconsonantal 8704: 8653: 8606: 8575: 8482: 8465: 8446:Siglas poveiras 8367: 8346: 8305: 8209:Younger Futhark 7913:Gregg shorthand 7709: 7688: 7541: 7193: 6923: 6906: 6685: 6668: 6651: 6624:Writing systems 6612: 6587: 6585:writing systems 6578: 6511:FZKaiT-Extended 6463: 6447:Wayback Machine 6432: 6391: 6369: 6366: 6354: 6352: 6350:Yale University 6339: 6317:(in Vietnamese) 6316: 6306:(in Vietnamese) 6305: 6298:(in Vietnamese) 6297: 6284:(in Vietnamese) 6283: 6255:Wayback Machine 6244: 6171: 6169:Further reading 6162: 6143: 6112: 6077: 6058: 6046:Li, Yu (2020), 6039: 6020: 6001: 5982: 5940: 5926:DeFrancis, John 5916: 5908: 5906: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5887:, 2003, p. 178. 5882: 5878: 5868:Trần Văn Kiệm, 5866:(in Vietnamese) 5865: 5864: 5860: 5849: 5842: 5831: 5827: 5818: 5811: 5797:(in Vietnamese) 5796: 5795: 5770: 5757: 5753: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5708: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5671: 5667: 5656: 5652: 5641: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5597: 5596: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5551: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5525: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5462: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5388: 5381: 5348: 5344: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5275: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5193: 5182: 5157: 5153: 5142: 5138: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5100:Wayback Machine 5089: 5085: 5078: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4949: 4945: 4935:Viết Luân Chu, 4934: 4930: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4800: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4677: 4670: 4660: 4656: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4618: 4607: 4603: 4592: 4588: 4577: 4573: 4562: 4558: 4547: 4543: 4532: 4528: 4505: 4501: 4490: 4486: 4479:Người Quảng Nam 4473: 4472: 4468: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4302: 4293: 4289: 4276: 4272: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4106:Sino-Vietnamese 4085:Unihan Database 4079: 4075:Hanyu Da Zidian 4020: 3980: 3940: 3900: 3856: 3816: 3797:Sino-Vietnamese 3736:, Saigon, 1971. 3734:Tự điển chữ Nôm 3720:Tự điển chữ Nôm 3659: 3471: 3241: 3175: 3103: 3060: 3016: 2972: 2929: 2907: 2894: 2883: 2872: 2861: 2850: 2839: 2828: 2817: 2805: 2792: 2781: 2770: 2759: 2748: 2737: 2712: 2407: 2400:(Middle right). 2128:Characters for 2122: 2108: 1999: 1968: 1925:) - synonym of 1875:) - synonym of 1809: 1739:Quốc âm thi tập 1722:Tây Sơn dynasty 1714: 1690: 1639:Phan Châu Trinh 1625: 1596:Tế cấp bát điều 1531: 1513: 1483: 1448: 1320:pronunciations 1301: 1295: 1215: 1077:In Vietnamese, 999: 993: 956: 946: 872: 778: 762: 722: 721: 713: 700: 677: 643: 642:Derived systems 635: 634: 625: 615: 614: 604: 594: 585: 574: 573: 556: 528: 520: 519: 507: 488: 469: 456: 448: 447: 395: 391:Properties and 384: 383: 358: 330: 305: 292: 281: 252:Written Chinese 248: 239: 216: 215: 214: 201:Without proper 192: 188: 150: 140: 130: 123: 106: 99:Related scripts 83: 67: 60: 39: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10456: 10446: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10408: 10407: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10400: 10393: 10386: 10378: 10376: 10375:Related topics 10372: 10371: 10369: 10368: 10361: 10354: 10351:New York Point 10347: 10340: 10332: 10330: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10319: 10312: 10305: 10298: 10291: 10284: 10277: 10269: 10267: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10259: 10252: 10245: 10238: 10235:Harris Mowbray 10231: 10224: 10217: 10210: 10202: 10200: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10192: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10150: 10143: 10136: 10129: 10122: 10119:Braille e-book 10114: 10112: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10102: 10095: 10088: 10080: 10073: 10066: 10058: 10056: 10052: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10044: 10036: 10029: 10021: 10019: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10011: 10004: 9997: 9996: 9995: 9988: 9981: 9974: 9961: 9959: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9951: 9942: 9940: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9916: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9909: 9902: 9894: 9887: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9858: 9850: 9843: 9836: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9818: 9810: 9803: 9796: 9789: 9782: 9775: 9768: 9761: 9754: 9747: 9739: 9737: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9724: 9716: 9709: 9701: 9699: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9685: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9657: 9650: 9643: 9636: 9628: 9626: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9571: 9564: 9557: 9549: 9547: 9540: 9539: 9532: 9525: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9496: 9489: 9482: 9475: 9468: 9461: 9454: 9447: 9440: 9433: 9426: 9419: 9412: 9404: 9397: 9390: 9383: 9376: 9369: 9362: 9355: 9348: 9341: 9334: 9327: 9320: 9313: 9301: 9294: 9287: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9250: 9248: 9246:French-ordered 9239: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9195: 9184: 9183: 9176: 9169: 9161: 9154: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9086:Linear Elamite 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8960: 8957: 8956: 8944: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8908:Sign languages 8899: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8885:Quốc Âm Tân Tự 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8860:Espanca script 8856: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8819:Linear Elamite 8815: 8813: 8805: 8804: 8792: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8774: 8772: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8738: 8736: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8712: 8710: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8702: 8700:Yi (Classical) 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8661: 8659: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8612: 8611: 8608: 8607: 8605: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8547: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8526: 8524:Bronze scripts 8521: 8516: 8511: 8505: 8503: 8494: 8484: 8483: 8471: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8344: 8339: 8337:Flag semaphore 8334: 8332:New York Point 8329: 8327:Telegraph code 8324: 8322:Maritime flags 8319: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8276:Visible Speech 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8246:Sorang Sompeng 8243: 8238: 8233: 8232: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8150: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8130:Galik alphabet 8127: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8030: 8028:Tironian notes 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7873: 7871:Garay alphabet 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7811: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7721: 7719: 7711: 7710: 7698: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7654:Sorang Sompeng 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7577:Déné syllabics 7574: 7564: 7559: 7553: 7551: 7547: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7414: 7413: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7133: 7132: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6944: 6942: 6935: 6925: 6924: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6872: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6860: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6838:Proto-Sinaitic 6835: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6818: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6699: 6698: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6670: 6669: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6599: 6597: 6589: 6588: 6577: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6544:hannom-rcv.org 6535: 6467:Han-Nom Gothic 6462: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6438:倉頡之友《倉頡平台2012》 6426: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6379: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6337: 6332: 6323: 6322:, Trần Trí Dõi 6314: 6303: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6243: 6242:External links 6240: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6216:Zhou Youguang 6214: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6179: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6147: 6141: 6125: 6105: 6085:Maspero, Henri 6081: 6075: 6062: 6056: 6043: 6037: 6024: 6018: 6005: 5999: 5986: 5980: 5967: 5955:(1–2): 55–72, 5944: 5938: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5889: 5876: 5858: 5840: 5825: 5809: 5768: 5751: 5734: 5727: 5702: 5680: 5665: 5650: 5635: 5633:, p. 103. 5623: 5611: 5566: 5549: 5531: 5516: 5514:, p. 218. 5504: 5502:, p. 311. 5492: 5480: 5478:, p. 371. 5468: 5453: 5451:, p. 153. 5441: 5429: 5412: 5379: 5362:(1–2): 58–59. 5342: 5328:(3): 183–195. 5308: 5294: 5287: 5269: 5267:, p. 240. 5265:DeFrancis 1977 5257: 5255:, p. 218. 5253:DeFrancis 1977 5245: 5230: 5228:, p. 205. 5226:DeFrancis 1977 5218: 5216:, p. 179. 5214:DeFrancis 1977 5206: 5180: 5151: 5136: 5121: 5117:DeFrancis 1977 5109: 5083: 5076: 5054: 5050:DeFrancis 1977 5042: 5040:, p. 142. 5025: 5013: 5000: 4998:, p. 570. 4988: 4943: 4928: 4913: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4864: 4862:, p. 396. 4852: 4850:, p. 104. 4837: 4825: 4815: 4811:DeFrancis 1977 4798: 4796:, p. 395. 4783: 4781:, p. 138. 4771: 4767:DeFrancis 1977 4759: 4757:, p. 141. 4747: 4743:DeFrancis 1977 4735: 4722: 4718:DeFrancis 1977 4710: 4708:, p. 141. 4695: 4683: 4668: 4654: 4636: 4626: 4616: 4601: 4586: 4571: 4556: 4541: 4526: 4499: 4484: 4466: 4451: 4447:DeFrancis 1977 4439: 4424: 4420:DeFrancis 1977 4412: 4408:DeFrancis 1977 4397: 4385: 4373: 4358: 4346: 4344:, p. 252. 4342:DeFrancis 1977 4334: 4332:, p. 569. 4322: 4320:, p. 102. 4309: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4287: 4277:The character 4270: 4241: 4232: 4219: 4209: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4165: 4162:Vietnam portal 4149: 4146: 4100: 4099: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4027: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3987: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3947: 3937: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3907: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3863: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3823: 3813: 3812: 3811:Other sources 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3766: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3715:, Hanoi, 1976. 3709: 3696: 3695: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3557:TCVN 6056:1995 3555: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3534:TCVN 5773:1993 3532: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3470: 3467: 3456: 3455: 3446: 3443: 3436: 3428: 3427: 3408: 3405: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3369: 3366: 3359: 3348: 3347: 3322: 3319: 3312: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3281: 3261: 3258: 3251: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3224: 3216: 3215: 3195: 3192: 3185: 3172: 3171: 3162: 3159: 3152: 3144: 3143: 3123: 3120: 3113: 3100: 3099: 3080: 3077: 3070: 3057: 3056: 3036: 3033: 3026: 3013: 3012: 2992: 2989: 2982: 2969: 2968: 2957:'hundred' and 2949: 2946: 2939: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2884: 2873: 2862: 2851: 2840: 2829: 2818: 2807: 2806: 2782: 2771: 2760: 2749: 2738: 2727: 2726: 2722:six-eight form 2711: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2685: 2640: 2576: 2575: 2556:'mother') has 2543: 2406: 2403: 2258: 2257: 2238: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2201: 2185: 2179:Middle Chinese 2107: 2104: 1998: 1995: 1972:tonal language 1967: 1964: 1937: 1936: 1914: 1887: 1886: 1835: 1834: 1808: 1807:Types of texts 1805: 1804: 1803: 1796: 1791:Ngô Thì Nhậm, 1789: 1781: 1780:(18th century) 1774: 1773:(18th century) 1762: 1761:(19th century) 1750: 1745:Phạm Đình Hồ, 1743: 1734: 1725: 1689: 1686: 1624: 1621: 1612:Quốc âm Hán tự 1482: 1479: 1447: 1444: 1379:Trần Nhân Tông 1318:Middle Chinese 1294: 1291: 1214: 1211: 995:Main article: 992: 989: 983:is written as 903:Middle Chinese 882:Middle Chinese 871: 868: 848:purposes. The 764: 763: 761: 760: 753: 746: 738: 735: 734: 733: 732: 724: 723: 720: 719: 712: 711: 706: 699: 698: 697: 696: 691: 683: 681:Jurchen script 676: 675: 674: 673: 666: 659: 644: 641: 640: 637: 636: 633: 632: 626: 621: 620: 617: 616: 613: 612: 603: 602: 593: 592: 586: 580: 579: 576: 575: 572: 571: 570: 569: 555: 554: 553: 552: 542: 541: 540: 529: 526: 525: 522: 521: 518: 517: 506: 505: 497: 487: 486: 478: 468: 467: 457: 454: 453: 450: 449: 446: 445: 440: 439: 438: 431: 419: 414: 413: 412: 402: 396: 393:classification 390: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 380: 379: 374: 369: 357: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 329: 328: 327: 326: 321: 316: 304: 303: 298: 291: 290: 282: 276: 275: 272: 271: 270: 269: 264: 259: 254: 247: 246: 234: 233: 225: 224: 205:, you may see 193: 186: 185: 184: 181: 180: 174:⟩, see 147: 146: 141: 139:Sister systems 138: 135: 134: 131: 128: 125: 124: 122: 121: 109: 107: 105:Parent systems 104: 101: 100: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 76: 72: 71: 68: 65: 62: 61: 56: 54: 50: 49: 41: 40: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10455: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10398: 10394: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10373: 10366: 10362: 10359: 10358:Night writing 10355: 10352: 10348: 10345: 10341: 10338: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10329: 10324: 10317: 10313: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10299: 10296: 10292: 10289: 10285: 10282: 10278: 10275: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10266:Organisations 10264: 10257: 10253: 10250: 10246: 10243: 10239: 10236: 10232: 10229: 10228:Valentin Haüy 10225: 10222: 10218: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10207:Louis Braille 10204: 10203: 10201: 10197: 10190: 10186: 10183: 10179: 10176: 10172: 10169: 10165: 10162: 10158: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10144: 10141: 10140:Braille watch 10137: 10134: 10130: 10127: 10123: 10120: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10107: 10100: 10096: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10063:Braille music 10060: 10059: 10057: 10053: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10026:Luxembourgish 10023: 10022: 10020: 10016: 10009: 10005: 10002: 9998: 9993: 9989: 9986: 9982: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9968: 9967: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9956: 9948: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9937: 9929: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9918: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9877: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9848: 9844: 9841: 9837: 9834: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825:Other scripts 9823: 9815: 9811: 9808: 9804: 9801: 9797: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9783: 9780: 9776: 9773: 9769: 9766: 9762: 9759: 9755: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9729: 9721: 9717: 9714: 9710: 9707: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9690: 9683: 9679: 9676: 9672: 9669: 9665: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9651: 9648: 9644: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9617: 9606: 9601: 9598: 9597:Northern Sámi 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9578: 9576: 9572: 9569: 9565: 9562: 9558: 9555: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9546:Nordic family 9544: 9537: 9533: 9530: 9526: 9523: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9494: 9490: 9487: 9486:South African 9483: 9480: 9476: 9473: 9469: 9466: 9462: 9459: 9455: 9452: 9448: 9445: 9441: 9438: 9434: 9431: 9427: 9424: 9420: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9408:Luxembourgish 9405: 9402: 9398: 9395: 9391: 9388: 9384: 9381: 9377: 9374: 9370: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9339: 9335: 9332: 9328: 9325: 9321: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9273: 9270: 9266: 9263: 9259: 9256: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9236: 9229: 9225: 9222: 9221:ASCII braille 9218: 9215: 9211: 9208: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9197: 9189: 9182: 9177: 9175: 9170: 9168: 9163: 9162: 9159: 9155: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8958: 8954: 8949: 8945: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8913: 8909: 8904: 8900: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8797: 8793: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8769: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8752:Attic (Greek) 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8733: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8707: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8690:Proto-Elamite 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8656: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8613: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8578: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8370: 8366: 8361: 8357: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8204:Elder Futhark 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8095:Old Hungarian 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7703: 7699: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7629:Masaram Gondi 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7599:Gunjala Gondi 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7412: 7411:Old Sundanese 7409: 7408: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7354:Old Maldivian 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7337:Bilang-bilang 7335: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7157:Sylheti Nagri 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6958:Brahmi script 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6917: 6913: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6853:South Arabian 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6799:Inscriptional 6797: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6662: 6658: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6570: 6568: 6563: 6561: 6556: 6555: 6552: 6545: 6541: 6540: 6539:Han-Nom Fonts 6536: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6324: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6304: 6302: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6237: 6234: 6225: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6192: 6191:0-9716296-0-9 6188: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6163: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6123:(2): 383–432. 6122: 6118: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6050:, Routledge, 6049: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6015: 6011: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5912:", VDict.com. 5911: 5904: 5898: 5893: 5886: 5880: 5873: 5872: 5862: 5855: 5854: 5847: 5845: 5837: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5816: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5730: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5690: 5684: 5676: 5669: 5661: 5654: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5621:, p. 79. 5620: 5615: 5607: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5564:, p. 81. 5563: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5542: 5535: 5529:, p. 80. 5528: 5523: 5521: 5513: 5508: 5501: 5496: 5490:, p. 32. 5489: 5484: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5460: 5458: 5450: 5449:Handel (2019) 5445: 5438: 5433: 5426: 5415: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5384: 5376: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5304: 5298: 5290: 5288:0-8161-1810-8 5284: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5242: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5148: 5147: 5140: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5113: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5087: 5079: 5077:9780877277828 5073: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5051: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5023:, p. 78. 5022: 5017: 5010: 5004: 4997: 4996:Kornicki 2017 4992: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4956: 4947: 4941:, 2003, p. 52 4940: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4924: 4917: 4909: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4885:, p. 60. 4884: 4879: 4873: 4868: 4861: 4856: 4849: 4844: 4842: 4834: 4829: 4819: 4813:, p. 23. 4812: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4795: 4790: 4788: 4780: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4732: 4726: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4700: 4692: 4687: 4680: 4675: 4673: 4666:translation." 4664: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4640: 4630: 4620: 4612: 4605: 4597: 4590: 4582: 4575: 4567: 4560: 4552: 4545: 4537: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4495: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4462: 4455: 4449:, p. 27. 4448: 4443: 4435: 4428: 4422:, p. 26. 4421: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4394: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4343: 4338: 4331: 4330:Kornicki 2017 4326: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4297: 4291: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4256: 4245: 4236: 4229: 4228:Henri Maspero 4223: 4213: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4166: 4163: 4152: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4111: 4107: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3753:Vũ Văn Kính, 3752: 3749: 3746:Vũ Văn Kính, 3745: 3742: 3739:Vũ Văn Kính, 3738: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3620:785 (encoded) 3619: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3508:Unicode block 3507: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3462: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2456: 2446: 2437: 2427: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2322:). Thus when 2316: 2302: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2265: 2264: 2254: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2085: 2061: 2056: 2053: 2047: 2025: 2011: 2005: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1983:agglutinative 1980: 1975: 1973: 1961:) verse form. 1956: 1947: 1941: 1929: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1903: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1879: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1841: 1832: 1824: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1778:Hồ Xuân Hương 1775: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1765:Đặng Trần Côn 1763: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1736:Nguyễn Trãi, 1735: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1694: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1620: 1613: 1607: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1569:Hồ Xuân Hương 1566: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1523: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1501:(Vietnamese). 1500: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1478: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1425: 1421:The Nôm text 1416: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387:Nguyễn Thuyên 1384: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1307: 1300: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1234: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1066: 1054: 1047: 1040:) dictionary. 1038: 1026: 1020: 1008: 1003: 998: 988: 981: 939: 933: 927: 925: 921: 920: 914: 909: 904: 899: 893: 888: 883: 878: 867: 864: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 838: 833: 831: 827: 826: 821: 816: 812: 807: 805: 801: 798:to represent 797: 793: 789: 784: 775: 770: 759: 754: 752: 747: 745: 740: 739: 737: 736: 731: 728: 727: 726: 725: 718: 715: 714: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 695: 692: 690: 687: 686: 684: 682: 679: 678: 672: 671: 667: 665: 664: 660: 658: 657: 653: 652: 651: 650: 646: 645: 639: 638: 631: 628: 627: 624: 619: 618: 611: 610: 606: 605: 601: 600: 596: 595: 591: 588: 587: 583: 578: 577: 568: 567: 563: 562: 561: 558: 557: 551: 548: 547: 546: 543: 539: 536: 535: 534: 531: 530: 524: 523: 515: 513: 509: 508: 503: 502: 498: 495: 494: 490: 489: 484: 483: 479: 476: 475: 471: 470: 465: 463: 459: 458: 452: 451: 444: 441: 437: 436: 432: 430: 429: 425: 424: 423: 420: 418: 415: 411: 408: 407: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 394: 388: 387: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 363: 360: 359: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 331: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 310: 307: 306: 302: 299: 297: 294: 293: 289: 288: 284: 283: 280: 279:script styles 277:Evolution of 274: 273: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 244: 243: 238: 237: 236: 235: 231: 227: 226: 223: 220: 219: 212: 208: 204: 200: 198: 177: 165: 161: 159: 155: 148: 145: 142: 136: 132: 129:Child systems 126: 119: 118: 116: 112: 108: 102: 97: 94: 91: 87: 81: 77: 73: 69: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 42: 31: 19: 9898:Thai and Lao 9575:Scandinavian 9207:1829 braille 9199:Braille cell 8999:Cypro-Minoan 8865:Pahawh Hmong 8778:Sitelen Pona 8742:Hindu-Arabic 8560: 8075:Mundari Bani 7649:Pahawh Hmong 7458:Tamil-Brahmi 7364:Eveyla Akuru 7359:Dhives Akuru 6826:Paleo-Hebrew 6693: 6629:undeciphered 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6499:MingLiU-ExtB 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6475:Han-Nom Ming 6474: 6471:Han-Nom Minh 6470: 6466: 6464: 6433:(in Chinese) 6427: 6392: 6374: 6353:. Retrieved 6345: 6309: 6223: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6182: 6175: 6151: 6132: 6120: 6116: 6092: 6088: 6066: 6047: 6028: 6009: 5990: 5971: 5952: 5948: 5929: 5892: 5884: 5879: 5869: 5861: 5851: 5833: 5828: 5804: 5763: 5754: 5737: 5718: 5705: 5693:. Retrieved 5683: 5674: 5668: 5659: 5653: 5644: 5638: 5626: 5614: 5600:cite journal 5583: 5579: 5569: 5534: 5507: 5495: 5483: 5471: 5444: 5432: 5423: 5417:, retrieved 5395: 5373: 5359: 5355: 5345: 5337: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5301: 5297: 5278: 5272: 5260: 5248: 5239: 5233: 5221: 5209: 5201:the original 5175: 5171: 5159: 5154: 5144: 5139: 5130: 5124: 5112: 5091: 5086: 5063: 5057: 5045: 5016: 5008: 5003: 4991: 4966: 4960: 4952: 4946: 4936: 4931: 4921: 4916: 4907: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4867: 4855: 4833:Maspero 1912 4828: 4818: 4779:Kiernan 2017 4774: 4762: 4755:Kiernan 2017 4750: 4738: 4730: 4725: 4713: 4686: 4662: 4661:Wynn Wilcox 4657: 4644: 4639: 4629: 4619: 4610: 4604: 4595: 4589: 4580: 4574: 4565: 4559: 4550: 4544: 4535: 4529: 4508: 4502: 4493: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4460: 4454: 4442: 4433: 4427: 4415: 4388: 4376: 4367: 4361: 4349: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4296:Tày language 4290: 4285:'beautiful'. 4273: 4244: 4235: 4222: 4212: 4203: 4138:input method 4129: 4109: 4103: 4092: 4080: 4073: 4064:G0 = China ( 4061: 4006:claw, pincer 3966:plain, bland 3895:G1,J,KP,K,T 3851:G0,J,KP,K,T 3778: 3774:Tày language 3767: 3761: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3699: 3686: 3658:V4: 1, 3, 6; 3612:Manuscripts 3472: 3410:compound of 3263:compound of 3197:compound of 3125:compound of 3088:'earth' and 3082:compound of 3038:compound of 2994:compound of 2951:compound of 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2880: 2869: 2858: 2847: 2836: 2825: 2814: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2778: 2767: 2756: 2745: 2734: 2717:Tale of Kiều 2715: 2713: 2610: 2602:('sky') and 2577: 2471: 2442: 2414: 2374: 2297: 2278: 2273:of Japanese 2268: 2261: 2259: 2155: 2083: 2059: 2057: 2000: 1976: 1969: 1910: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1836: 1830: 1793:Tam thiên tự 1783: 1768: 1758:Lục Vân Tiên 1756: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1717: 1697: 1696:A page from 1676:in southern 1667: 1663: 1643: 1626: 1584: 1573: 1562: 1547: 1525: 1522:Lê Thần Tông 1504: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1472: 1463: 1449: 1420: 1403:Mạc Đĩnh Chi 1377: 1366: 1345:Đinh dynasty 1341:Đinh Bộ Lĩnh 1338: 1321: 1302: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1261:in 938, but 1246: 1222: 1221:A page from 1190:chữ Quốc ngữ 1186: 1173: 1136: 1125: 1110:Confucianism 1076: 1043: 928: 923: 917: 873: 834: 823: 813:was done in 808: 768: 767: 668: 661: 654: 647: 607: 597: 584:and readings 564: 538:second round 511: 499: 491: 480: 472: 461: 434: 427: 344:Semi-cursive 285: 240: 210: 196: 194: 170:and ⟨ 152: 10397:RoboBraille 10221:Róża Czacka 10161:Perforation 9958:Independent 9856:(Bhutanese) 9591:Greenlandic 9262:Azerbaijani 9064:Jindai moji 8953:Syllabaries 8924:SignWriting 8824:Celtiberian 8726:Hieroglyphs 8529:Seal script 8514:Traditional 8386:Blissymbols 8291:Warang Citi 8266:Tolong Siki 8219:Marcomannic 8199:Dalecarlian 8189:Anglo-Saxon 8169:Pau Cin Hau 8060:Medefaidrin 8013:Merovingian 7973:Blackletter 7881:Asomtavruli 7674:Warang Citi 7483:Ulu scripts 7428:New Tai Lue 7371:Mon–Burmese 7225:Bhattiprolu 7053:Nandinagari 6880:ʾEsṭrangēlā 6639:constructed 6483:Nom Na Tong 6479:Han-Nom Kai 5919:Works cited 5619:Hannas 1997 5562:Hannas 1997 5527:Hannas 1997 5464:Hannas 1997 5021:Hannas 1997 4895:Hannas 1997 4860:Nguyễn 1990 4794:Nguyễn 1990 4679:Hannas 1997 4393:Hannas 1997 3793:Nôm reading 3790:Composition 3646:Extension E 3623:Extension C 3603:VHN 02:1998 3580:VHN 01:1998 3494:hexadecimal 3445:each other 2924:derivation 2608:('upper'). 1727:Nguyễn Du, 1682:Yue Chinese 1532: [ 1514: [ 1507:Nguyễn Trãi 1473:During the 1415:inflections 1399:Huyền Quang 1383:incantation 1350:Đại Cồ Việt 1249:Han dynasty 1081:are called 991:Terminology 788:logographic 422:Orthography 296:Oracle bone 80:traditional 66:Time period 58:Logographic 53:Script type 10417:Categories 9949:(obsolete) 9930:(obsolete) 9722:(Pakistan) 9633:Belarusian 9515:Vietnamese 9458:Portuguese 9444:Philippine 9401:Lithuanian 9054:Hentaigana 9049:Man'yōgana 8509:Simplified 8396:Ersu Shaba 8310:Non-linear 8115:Old Uyghur 8105:Old Permic 8100:Old Italic 8033:Visigothic 7968:Beneventan 7903:Glagolitic 7866:Gadabuursi 7530:Kolezhuthu 7525:Vatteluttu 7463:Tanchangya 7386:Saurashtra 6963:Devanagari 6821:Phoenician 6774:Manichaean 6532:chunom.org 6355:2023-04-15 6269:, Omniglot 6248:Chunom.org 5932:, Mouton, 5910:Entry giàu 5711:Nguyễn, Du 5419:2023-12-20 4306:References 4134:Tày people 3975:G3,KP,K,T 3805:Code point 3770:Tày people 3505:Characters 2892:each other 2285:Man'yōgana 2134:(top) and 2110:See also: 2102:('moon'). 1966:Characters 1928:giải nghĩa 1918:Diễn nghĩa 1892:Giải nghĩa 1710:See also: 1670:Gin people 1543:dictionary 1452:Hồ dynasty 1314:Phùng Hưng 1283:Hồ dynasty 846:liturgical 794:. It uses 656:man'yōgana 582:Homographs 435:xin zixing 428:jiu zixing 400:Components 354:Flat brush 93:Vietnamese 10365:Vibratese 10344:Moon type 10337:Decapoint 10018:Eight-dot 9971:Cantonese 9920:Reordered 9883:Inuktitut 9772:Malayalam 9682:Ukrainian 9661:Mongolian 9640:Bulgarian 9603:Norwegian 9568:Icelandic 9359:Hungarian 9317:Esperanto 9269:Cantonese 8853:Redundant 8665:Anatolian 8616:Cuneiform 8544:bird-worm 8480:Logograms 8451:Testerian 8365:Ideograms 8342:Moon type 8229:Staveless 8120:Mongolian 8065:Molodtsov 8023:Sütterlin 7891:Mkhedruli 7757:Bassa Vah 7707:Alphabets 7679:Mwangwego 7644:Mwangwego 7619:Kharosthi 7572:Blackfoot 7535:Malayanma 7406:Sundanese 7401:Sukhothai 7349:Malayalam 7300:Khom Thai 7260:Goykanadi 7184:Tocharian 7137:ʼPhags-pa 7008:Khudabadi 6953:Bhaiksuki 6848:Samaritan 6779:Nabataean 6634:inventors 6507:Han Nom B 6503:Han Nom A 6398:HanNomIME 6095:: 1–124, 5974:, Brill, 5437:Marr 1984 5038:Marr 1984 4883:Gong 2019 4706:Marr 1984 4691:Marr 1984 3787:Character 3652:Projected 3475:TCVN 5712 3142:'person' 3055:'inside' 2915:character 2528:con ba ba 2078:(ba) and 1704:Nguyễn Du 1651:Khải Định 1559:Nguyễn Du 1555:Minh Mạng 1456:Hồ Quý Ly 1395:crocodile 1391:Red River 1252:conquered 1229:嗣德聖製字學解義歌 1187:The term 1137:The term 924:Quảng Nôm 919:Quảng Nam 870:Etymology 830:Nguyễn Du 324:Bird-worm 89:Languages 75:Direction 10001:Japanese 9862:Georgian 9854:Dzongkha 9840:Armenian 9758:Gujarati 9623:Cyrillic 9554:Estonian 9529:Yugoslav 9465:Romanian 9437:Nigerian 9352:Hawaiian 9338:Ghanaian 9255:Albanian 9116:Sumerian 9081:Linear B 9044:Katakana 9039:Hiragana 8989:Cherokee 8919:ASLwrite 8880:Bopomofo 8735:Numerals 8721:Hieratic 8680:Isthmian 8649:Sumerian 8629:Assyrian 8624:Akkadian 8281:Vithkuqi 8256:Tifinagh 8224:Medieval 8179:Pisidian 8174:Phrygian 8145:Vagindra 8090:Ol Chiki 7998:Interlac 7953:Kayah Li 7943:Jenticha 7898:Veso Bey 7886:Nuskhuri 7876:Georgian 7846:Formosan 7841:Etruscan 7836:Enochian 7792:Cyrillic 7777:Coelbren 7735:Armenian 7634:Meroitic 7624:Mandombe 7614:Jenticha 7478:Tigalari 7443:Tai Viet 7438:Tai Tham 7418:Tagbanwa 7270:Javanese 7220:Baybayin 7210:Balinese 7198:Southern 7093:Pracalit 7088:Pachumol 7063:Bhujimol 7023:Mahajani 6983:Gurmukhi 6973:Gujarati 6941:Northern 6921:Abugidas 6902:Ugaritic 6890:Maḏnḥāyā 6764:Tifinagh 6757:Solitreo 6695:Numerals 6608:Grapheme 6596:Overview 6491:Heiti TC 6443:Archived 6410:WinVNKey 6389:Software 6287:VinaWiki 6251:Archived 6222:(1998). 6131:(1991), 5928:(1977), 5905:", VNPF. 5717:(1983). 5586:(3): 6. 5149:, p. 50. 5096:Archived 4823:the ..." 4650:smallpox 4354:Sun 2015 4148:See also 4070:GB 12345 3808:V Source 3635:1, 3, 6 3520:Sources 3517:V Source 3511:Standard 3299:destiny 2948:hundred 2378:tháu đấm 2354:tháu đấm 2293:katakana 2289:hiragana 2271:readings 2256:('one'). 2183:/jwiajk/ 1909:). Some 1674:Dongxing 1464:Minh đạo 1172:history 1170:Buddhist 1065:Quốc ngữ 1007:Quốc ngữ 977:, while 709:Bopomofo 670:katakana 663:hiragana 623:Variants 566:kyūjitai 417:Radicals 367:Fangsong 334:Clerical 168:/ / 164:Help:IPA 9906:Tibetan 9847:Burmese 9833:Amharic 9816:(India) 9793:Sinhala 9786:Punjabi 9765:Kannada 9713:Persian 9668:Russian 9608:Swedish 9586:Finnish 9561:Faroese 9536:Zambian 9508:Turkish 9493:Spanish 9416:Maltese 9394:Latvian 9387:Italian 9366:Iñupiaq 9345:Guarani 9305:English 9276:Catalan 9193:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑ 9188:Braille 9071:Kikakui 9009:Eskayan 8994:Cypriot 8844:Dunging 8716:Demotic 8695:Tenevil 8639:Hittite 8634:Elamite 8587:Jurchen 8566:Sawndip 8561:Chữ Nôm 8461:Zapotec 8456:Yerkish 8431:Nsibidi 8416:Miꞌkmaw 8406:Isotype 8376:Adinkra 8317:Braille 8301:Zaghawa 8271:Vellara 8251:Sunuwar 8241:Sidetic 8236:Shavian 8164:Osmanya 8154:Ol Onal 8008:Kurrent 7993:Insular 7983:Fraktur 7958:Klingon 7948:Kaddare 7922:Archaic 7831:Elbasan 7819:Chinook 7809:Deseret 7797:Bosnian 7752:Avoiuli 7740:Avestan 7730:Ariyaka 7659:Tengwar 7557:Bharati 7518:Serawai 7508:Pasemah 7493:Lampung 7448:Lai Tay 7433:Tai Noi 7396:Sinhala 7376:Pallava 7344:Makasar 7332:Lontara 7307:Kulitan 7280:Kannada 7275:Kadamba 7265:Hanunoo 7255:Grantha 7250:Fakkham 7167:Tibetan 7152:Soyombo 7147:Siddhaṃ 7142:Sharada 7118:Litumol 7108:Tirhuta 7098:Ranjana 7083:Kvemmol 7043:Multani 7028:Marchen 6993:Kalinga 6933:Brahmic 6870:Sogdian 6809:Psalter 6789:Pahlavi 6769:Mandaic 6747:Cursive 6732:Elymaic 6703:Aramaic 6519:Mojikyō 6495:MingLiU 6487:STXiHei 6267:Chữ Nôm 6229:比較文字学初探 5856:(2008). 5766:(2006). 5631:Li 2020 5176:tiến sĩ 5172:cử nhân 4848:Li 2020 4381:Li 2020 4318:Li 2020 4081:Sources 4066:GB 2312 4052:V4-405E 4049:U+2B86F 4012:V4-536F 4009:U+2B2D9 3972:V3-313D 3932:V2-6E4F 3929:U+2029B 3892:V1-4C22 3848:V0-3122 3802:Meaning 3799:reading 3764:, 1995. 3757:, 1999. 3750:, 1994. 3743:, 1994. 3729:, 2004. 3722:, 2006. 3708:, 2003. 3687:Sources 3483:Unicode 3321:clever 3233:talent 3122:person 3011:'year' 2848:destiny 2735:hundred 2710:Example 1955:lục bát 1951:三字經六八演音 1878:giải âm 1868:Diễn âm 1845:三字經六八演音 1831:giải âm 1814:Giải âm 1327:vua cái 1287:Tây Sơn 1279:chữ Nôm 1275:chữ Nôm 1267:adopted 1213:History 1161:chữ Nôm 1155:chữ Hán 1140:Hán Nôm 1126:Hán văn 1099:chữ Nho 1084:chữ Hán 1053:Quốc Âm 1046:Chữ Nôm 1037:chữ Nôm 1019:chữ Nôm 971:𱚂(⿱字渚) 967:𲂯(⿰貝字) 963:𡦂(⿰字字) 958:𫿰(⿰字文) 948:𫳘(⿰字宁) 932:chữ Nôm 863:chữ Hán 811:Vietnam 786:) is a 769:Chữ Nôm 685:Khitan 527:Reforms 405:Strokes 349:Regular 339:Cursive 267:Chữ Hán 211:chữ Nôm 197:chữ Nôm 156:in the 144:Sawndip 133:Nom Tay 120:Chữ Nôm 111:Chữ Hán 33:Chữ Nôm 10326:Other 10199:People 10189:Braigo 10008:Korean 9876:Hebrew 9807:Telugu 9706:Arabic 9696:Arabic 9654:Kyrgyz 9647:Kazakh 9581:Danish 9479:Slovak 9472:Samoan 9451:Polish 9430:Navajo 9331:German 9324:French 9191: 9136:Yugtun 9126:Woleai 9076:Kpelle 9059:Sōgana 8979:Byblos 8757:Muisca 8675:Cretan 8644:Luwian 8602:Tangut 8421:Mixtec 8391:Dongba 8296:Yezidi 8286:Wancho 8261:Todhri 8214:Gothic 8194:Cipher 8135:Manchu 8125:Evenki 8110:Orkhon 8055:Manchu 8050:Lydian 8045:Lycian 7988:Gaelic 7938:Hanifi 7933:Hangul 7908:Gothic 7856:Fraser 7851:Fox II 7787:Coptic 7762:Carian 7745:Pazend 7718:Linear 7664:Thaana 7609:Sarati 7550:Others 7513:Rejang 7498:Lembak 7488:Incung 7468:Telugu 7423:Tai Le 7317:Langdi 7240:Chakma 7130:Karani 7103:Tamyig 7078:Kummol 7073:Himmol 7068:Golmol 7048:Nagari 7033:Meitei 7018:Lepcha 7003:Khojki 6988:Kaithi 6875:Syriac 6863:Musnad 6742:Ashuri 6737:Hebrew 6720:Elifba 6715:Arabic 6708:Hatran 6683:Abjads 6517:, and 6189: 6158: 6139: 6073: 6054: 6035: 6016: 5997: 5978: 5936: 5725: 5695:10 Feb 5425:指南品彙). 5410: 5285: 5166: 5074: 4981: 4252:. 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