2484:
179:
5366:
3163:
1194:
Najdi Arabic exhibits a number of discourse particles whose main function is to mark different tenses and aspects, including the perfective, imperfective, and progressive aspects. These speech particles "form a link between the time of occurrence of the verb and a point of reference not concurrent
2216:
In addition, the progressive aspect is marked by the particle ('to sit'). The particle surfaces with a verb in the imperfective aspect but cannot surface with a verb in the perfective aspect, as shown in the following two sentences:
1143:
Complementizers in NA have three different classes which are: relative particle, declarative particle, and interrogative particles. The three different complementizers that are used in Najdi Arabic are:
1218:
Most of these discourse particles are preverbal, yet a few of them can show up in non-verbal sentences. These discourse particles have a number of features when they show up in speech:
831:('dog'). Dialect leveling as a result of influence from the Riyadh-based prestige varieties has led to the affricate allophones becoming increasingly less common among younger speakers.
1113:
Najdi Arabic sentence structure can have the word order VSO and SVO, however, VSO usually occurs more often. NA morphology is distinguished by three categories which are: nouns
1085:
There is both limited distributional overlap and free variation between and , with the latter being more likely in the environment of bilabials, pharyngealized consonants, and
2869:
This is particle is also a feature of nearby Arabic dialects, including other dialects of Saudi Arabia, as well as Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab
Emirates, and Oman (
2317:
The progressive aspect in Najdi Arabic (as well as other dialects is expressed by the imperfective form of the verb, often preceded by the active particle .
1140:
Verbs are inflected for number, gender, person, tense, aspect and transitives. Nouns show number (singular and plural) and gender (masculine and feminine).
3642:
1911:
In addition to these, ('already') may occur before the main verb to convey that something has been done but is no longer the case (equivalent to the
838:
was deleted. It now appears only in borrowings from
Classical Arabic; word-medially, this deletion comes along with the lengthening of short vowels.
853:⟩ (not used by all speakers) are not considered to be part of the phonemic inventory, as they exist only in foreign words and can be pronounced as
1228:
Their function is similar, "setting the time of occurrence of the situation referred to by the sentence in relation to a point of reference".
290:
in the Syrian Desert. This dialect group includes the modern urban dialect of Riyadh, which has become the prestige dialect of Saudi Arabia.
3348:
3151:
3771:
3129:
3897:
3635:
3822:
675:
3904:
2888:
933:
2927:
Al-Rojaie, Y. (2013), "Regional dialect leveling in Najdi Arabic: The case of the deaffrication of in the Qaṣīmī dialect",
690:
667:
538:
1222:
The particle occurs with the perfective and active particle and is almost always followed by a personal pronoun suffix.
5405:
4365:
3628:
951:
3095:
3063:
3341:
596:
552:
5012:
3909:
3144:
2968:
Digital
Vernaculars: An Investigation of Najdi Arabic in Multilingual Synchronous Computer-Mediated Communication
974:
524:
4539:
3805:
3523:
2956:
566:
4987:
3764:
494:
2966:
5410:
4304:
3855:
987:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
858:
854:
835:
822:
818:
786:
773:
766:
711:
707:
5420:
3334:
2979:
Alshammari, Ahmad; Alshammari, Wafi Fhaid (2020), "The Word gid in Najdi Arabic: An
Evidentiality Head",
940:
619:
573:
5425:
5415:
4948:
4427:
3137:
1096:
are typically monophthongs, though they can be pronounced as diphthongs when preceding a plosive, e.g.
1055:
appears in an open syllable that is followed by a nonfinal light syllable, it is deleted. For example,
1012:
809:
683:
531:
5390:
4701:
4691:
4668:
3651:
807:
799:
559:
89:
2483:
1137:
means letter and corresponds to pronouns, demonstratives, prepositions, conjunctions and articles.
5400:
5369:
5277:
4759:
3757:
3159:
1068:
958:
437:
352:
5395:
4524:
4467:
3870:
1005:
817:
Northern and central dialects feature affricates and as allophonic variants of the velar stops
801:
589:
476:
453:
4826:
4632:
4592:
4517:
4512:
4276:
3812:
3181:
724:
612:
84:
1037:
may become fronted to in the context of front sounds, as well as adjacent to the pharyngeals
5358:
5191:
5143:
4953:
4935:
4928:
4918:
4913:
4905:
4725:
4460:
4432:
4422:
4226:
3850:
3441:
3315:
3232:
3026:
Ingham, Bruce (1986), "Notes on the
Dialect of the Āl Murra of Eastern and Southern Arabia",
1225:
A few of these particles are not pre-verbal, i.e, they can show up with non-verbal sentences.
639:
485:
404:
395:
74:
3073:
5094:
4854:
4774:
4254:
3392:
3237:
1912:
501:
367:
3895:
8:
5153:
4963:
4836:
4659:
4210:
4124:
4061:
3738:
3589:
3502:
3468:
3456:
3310:
3190:
2444:
1059:
is realized as . This, combined with the gahawa syndrome can make underlying sequence of
518:
427:
238:
202:
4052:
3434:
3255:
1244:
The following examples illustrate the use of these discourse particles in Najdi Arabic:
1044:
Najdi Arabic exhibits the so-called gahawa syndrome, insertion of epenthetic /a/ after (
5321:
5007:
4923:
4720:
4645:
4384:
4370:
3396:
3357:
3110:
P.F. Abboud. 1964. "The Syntax of Najdi Arabic", University of Texas PhD dissertation.
3043:
3006:
2944:
1165:
382:
4390:
4187:
4169:
3962:
169:
5068:
4741:
4681:
4444:
4336:
4247:
3890:
3594:
3387:
3244:
3167:
3091:
3059:
3047:
3010:
2998:
2948:
2449:
603:
545:
444:
372:
357:
99:
79:
4821:
4351:
4178:
2321:
The following examples to illustrate the use of to express the progressive aspect:
5089:
4887:
4868:
4831:
4710:
4640:
4583:
4495:
4341:
4326:
4271:
4233:
3937:
3880:
3840:
3599:
3584:
3564:
3554:
3549:
3539:
3481:
3429:
3417:
3402:
3294:
3284:
3279:
3249:
3199:
3035:
2988:
2936:
1925:'already' when the action has actually occurred previously to the time of utterance
1033:
is raised in open syllables to , , or , depending on neighboring sounds. Remaining
581:
470:
347:
342:
302:
94:
5231:
4568:
5272:
5201:
5138:
5132:
5001:
4876:
4816:
4676:
4620:
4605:
4600:
4573:
4563:
4507:
4480:
4455:
4356:
4313:
4295:
3885:
3865:
3800:
3604:
3579:
3574:
3559:
3544:
3494:
3451:
3407:
3289:
3274:
3205:
3184:
629:
362:
257:
194:
133:
66:
2993:
5352:
5282:
5216:
5121:
4895:
4784:
4779:
4764:
4749:
4715:
4500:
3875:
3817:
3722:
3681:
3609:
3569:
3446:
3412:
1237:
The particles and occur with the imperfective and the active participle.
294:
126:
3116:
Vowel
Alternations in a Bedouin Hijazi Arabic Dialect: Abstractness and Stress
3039:
2940:
5384:
5314:
5309:
5295:
5241:
5176:
5158:
5044:
5029:
5023:
4992:
4811:
4806:
4791:
4754:
4615:
4610:
4534:
4490:
4346:
4320:
3845:
3832:
3701:
3691:
3686:
3487:
3002:
883:
310:
214:
3620:
3028:
Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies, University of London
1129:
means name in Arabic and it corresponds to nouns and adjectives in
English.
213:. Outside of Saudi Arabia, it is also the main Arabic variety spoken in the
5287:
5246:
5186:
5166:
5126:
5039:
5034:
4801:
4686:
4409:
4395:
4099:
4009:
3982:
3476:
462:
210:
35:
5112:
4197:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4151:
4143:
4134:
4125:
4116:
4107:
4097:
4089:
4079:
4071:
4062:
4053:
4044:
4035:
4025:
4017:
4007:
3999:
3990:
3980:
3972:
3963:
3954:
3953:
2471:
153:
5181:
5111:
5073:
5017:
4769:
3930:
3696:
927:
878:
657:
4070:
4016:
3989:
2958:
An
Optimality-Theoretic Analysis of Syllable Structure in Qassimi Arabic
2212:'I came after you, but you had already turned the corner of the college'
1186:
is used with imperative verb forms indicating present and future tense.
178:
4331:
4240:
4106:
2476:
2177:
995:
888:
743:
389:
272:
4196:
4142:
4133:
4088:
4081:
4034:
4027:
3998:
1915:
in
English). There are a number of meanings of depending on context:
5236:
3326:
1931:'ever' with an interrogative sentence with a present reference point.
966:
513:
422:
314:
264:
234:
162:
146:
4160:
3971:
5221:
5211:
3914:
3422:
3213:
1928:'never' with a negative sentence that has a present reference point
1231:
The particles and can sometimes have a suffix in the affirmative.
1078:
Short high vowels are deleted in non-final open syllables, such as
298:
286:
and surrounding towns and farming communities, and by the tribe of
5104:
3749:
5256:
3920:
3124:
A critical and comparative study of modern Najdi Arabic Proverbs.
3088:
Hidden Generalizations: Phonological Opacity in Optimality Theory
825:, respectively, particularly in the context of front vowels e.g.
253:
230:
2815:
765:
was completely lost in Najdi Arabic, and both are realised as .
5171:
5099:
3795:
3780:
3665:
3371:
331:
Below is the table of the consonant phonemes of Najdi Arabic.
306:
287:
283:
276:
268:
242:
222:
39:
5251:
5206:
5196:
4115:
4043:
3925:
2738:
2736:
226:
47:
1935:
The following examples illustrate the use of the particle :
1178:. These particles come before the verb in verbal sentences.
5226:
3162:
248:
Najdi Arabic can be divided into four region-based groups:
218:
206:
43:
16:
Variety of Arabic spoken in the Najd region of Saudi Arabia
2733:
2723:
2721:
1234:
The particle occurs with the perfective and imperfective.
2603:
2601:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2561:
2559:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
1922:'has done' when occurring with a present reference point
2839:
2803:
2791:
2748:
2718:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2625:
2495:
2493:
2895:
2876:
2598:
2571:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2505:
3118:(Thesis). Austin, Texas: University of Texas, Austin.
2920:
The Emergence of a Progressive Aspect in Najdi Arabic
2851:
2827:
2760:
2529:
2527:
1919:'had done' when occurring with a past reference point
2978:
2821:
2637:
2613:
2490:
2165:
2078:
1954:
1133:
means action in Arabic and it corresponds to verbs.
2539:
2779:
2524:
5382:
2024:
1263:
1170:Two particles are used in negation, which are:
2418:
2399:
2357:
2338:
2290:
2235:
2140:
2098:
2094:
1970:
1889:
1874:
1774:
1693:
1670:
1507:
1405:
1369:
1323:
1195:with it". cites six "relative time markers":
241:is spoken) as well as the westernmost part of
3765:
3650:
3636:
3342:
3145:
2181:
2144:
1809:'up till now I have not yet decided anything'
1467:'until I could no longer feel any difference'
798:are in free variation with uvular fricatives
723:, though can appear in a few loanwords from
2887:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLewis_Jr2013 (
2028:
1600:
1566:
1551:
1464:1SG-feel-IMPERF any difference
848:
842:
826:
791:
778:
758:
748:
734:
728:
716:
2974:, University of Manchester, pp. 96–121
2414:
2353:
3772:
3758:
3643:
3629:
3349:
3335:
3152:
3138:
3113:
2954:
2676:
2660:
2631:
2580:
2565:
2518:
177:
3071:
2992:
2926:
2917:
2901:
2857:
2754:
2607:
2378:sit.ACT.PTCP.3SG.M play.IPFV.3SG.M soccer
2065:
2056:'You have visited them before' (I think)'
1745:
1642:
1479:
1382:
1240:The particle occurs with the perfective.
3085:
3075:Complementizer Agreement in Najdi Arabic
2964:
2882:
2742:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2672:
2422:
2403:
2361:
2342:
2239:
1717:'I have not yet found anyone to send it'
293:Southern Najdi, spoken by the tribes of
309:, as well as the branches of Banu Yam,
252:Northern Najdi, spoken by the tribe of
5383:
3356:
3053:
3025:
2845:
2833:
2809:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2727:
2648:
2619:
2592:
2550:
2533:
2499:
2275:
2225:
1189:
1182:is used with all verbal sentences but
861:respectively depending on the speaker.
3753:
3624:
3330:
3133:
3126:PhD diss., University of Leeds, 1976.
3016:
2870:
2467:
2465:
2318:
339:
282:Central Najdi, spoken in the city of
2391:
2330:
1714:find.PERF.1SG anyone send.IMPERF.3SG
1063:and a following guttural consonant (
183:Areas where Najdi Arabic is spoken.
3779:
3090:, London: Equinox Publishing Ltd.,
849:
843:
827:
792:
779:
759:
749:
735:
729:
717:
198:
13:
5357:Languages between parentheses are
3104:
2822:Alshammari & Alshammari (2020)
2462:
2431:sit.ACT.PTCP.3SG.M walk.IPFV.3SG.M
2395:
2334:
233:oasis and settlements dotting the
14:
5437:
2263:AUX 3SG.MASC-read.IMPERF DEF.book
2243:
1885:
1689:
1562:
1409:
1011:
1004:
986:
973:
957:
950:
939:
932:
689:
682:
674:
666:
638:
618:
611:
602:
595:
588:
572:
565:
558:
551:
544:
537:
530:
523:
500:
493:
484:
475:
461:
452:
443:
436:
403:
394:
5365:
5364:
3435:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
3161:
2955:Al Motairi, Sarah Soror (2015),
2482:
2300:
2253:
2191:
710:is the modern reflex of earlier
263:Mixed northern-central Najdi of
3447:Suret (Assyrian & Chaldean)
3256:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
2911:
2863:
2666:
2286:
2136:
2090:
2020:
1966:
1770:
1666:
1503:
1454:aħiss biʔajj farɡ
1365:
1343:'have you seen Hamid any more?'
1319:
5361:of the language on their left.
3524:Levantine Arabic Sign Language
260:in Najd and the Syrian Desert.
1:
3058:, Amsterdam: John Benjamins,
3056:Najdi Arabic: Central Arabian
2929:Language Variation and Change
1531:'I have not seen him anymore'
1108:
326:
3856:Ancient South Arabian script
3823:Influence on other languages
3114:Al-Mozainy, Hamza Q (1981).
2455:
742:The distinction between the
335:Consonant phonemes of Najdi
321:
267:, Northern Riyadh region of
7:
5113:
4198:
4189:
4180:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4098:
4090:
4080:
4072:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4026:
4018:
4008:
4000:
3991:
3981:
3973:
3964:
3955:
3896:
3226:Official minority languages
2918:Al Aloula, Meshael (2021),
2438:
1159:
59:19 million (2018–2023)
10:
5442:
3086:McCarthy, John J. (2007),
3072:Lewis Jr., Robert (2013),
2965:Alothman, Ebtesam (2012),
2310:AUX read.PERF.3SG DEF-book
2205:I follow.PERF-1SG-2PL but
1163:
1103:
256:and surrounding tribes in
5406:Languages of Saudi Arabia
5344:
5337:Islam and Arabic language
5330:
5265:
5152:
5082:
5061:
4986:
4904:
4886:
4847:
4740:
4700:
4667:
4658:
4631:
4591:
4582:
4556:
4443:
4303:
4294:
4285:
4264:
4218:
4209:
3946:
3831:
3788:
3731:
3715:
3674:
3658:
3652:Languages of Saudi Arabia
3532:
3516:
3467:
3380:
3364:
3303:
3280:Southern Kurdish (Xwarin)
3267:
3225:
3174:
3040:10.1017/s0041977x00024162
2994:10.53057/linfo/2020.2.4.5
2941:10.1017/s0954394512000245
2922:, George Mason University
2209:pass.PER-.2PL DEF-college
1289:'you are still a bedouin'
887:
882:
877:
875:
865:
656:
628:
512:
421:
388:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
176:
160:
144:
139:
123:
63:
53:
31:
26:
21:
5278:Arabic script in Unicode
5013:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
4373:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
3268:Other minority languages
2313:'he is reading the book'
2266:'he is reading the book'
2053:come.PERF.2SG.3PL before
1705:ligeːt aħdin jwasˤsˤilha
1584:'they are still talking'
1048:). For example, > .
727:and proper names, as in
4540:Western Egyptian Bedawi
2202:taʕaddeː-tu l-kullijjah
2198:ana laħaɡ-t-kum laːkin
2118:'I have never seen him'
871:Vowels of Najdi Arabic
229:(with the exception of
3081:, University of Kansas
3054:Ingham, Bruce (1994),
2260:ɡaʔid ja-ɡra al-kitaab
1904:.3SG arrive.IMPERF.3SG
1457:until become.PERF.1SG
1205:('no longer, no more')
1075:('got in a hurry') .
725:Modern Standard Arabic
5144:Quranic Arabic Corpus
3851:Ancient North Arabian
3316:Kurdish Sign Language
3017:Holes, Clive (1990),
2381:'I am playing soccer'
2307:*ɡaʔid ɡara al-kitaab
1907:'he has just arrived'
1858:'Nurah was just here'
1806:decide.PERF.3SG thing
1626:'they are still here'
205:originating from the
5095:Sun and moon letters
4255:Pre-classical Arabic
3393:Circassian languages
3238:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
1913:experiential perfect
1581:-3PL talk.IMPERF.3PL
769:is sometimes voiced.
5411:Languages of Jordan
4949:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4428:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3739:Saudi Sign Language
3533:Immigrant languages
3469:Varieties of Arabic
3457:Western Neo-Aramaic
3311:Iraqi Sign Language
3191:Mesopotamian Arabic
3021:, London: Routledge
2675::177, 178), citing
2595:, p. 274, 278.
2445:Varieties of Arabic
2375:qaʕid aːlʕab kuːrah
1190:Tense/Aspect System
1025:Unless adjacent to
872:
336:
301:, including in the
271:, and the tribe of
239:Mesopotamian Arabic
5421:Languages of Syria
5322:MacArabic encoding
3381:Minority languages
3358:Languages of Syria
3175:Official languages
2046:d͡ʒiː-ta-hum gabul
1202:('still, anymore')
1166:Negation in Arabic
870:
379: plain
334:
317:in Eastern Arabia.
201:) is the group of
5426:Peninsular Arabic
5416:Languages of Iraq
5378:
5377:
5353:extinct languages
5292:MS-DOS codepages
5057:
5056:
5053:
5052:
4736:
4735:
4654:
4653:
4552:
4551:
4248:Old Hijazi Arabic
3747:
3746:
3675:Vernacular Arabic
3659:Official language
3618:
3617:
3365:Official language
3324:
3323:
3168:Languages of Iraq
3122:Al-Sudais, M. S.
2812:, pp. 108–9.
2800:, pp. 107–8.
2745:, p. 96–121.
2730:, pp. 37–44.
2661:Al Motairi (2015)
2632:Al Motairi (2015)
2581:Al Motairi (2015)
2566:Al Motairi (2015)
2519:Al Motairi (2015)
2480:(27th ed., 2024)
2450:Peninsular Arabic
1023:
1022:
701:
700:
188:
187:
5433:
5391:Arabic languages
5368:
5367:
5116:
4665:
4664:
4589:
4588:
4525:Western Algerian
4472:Eastern Algerian
4468:Algerian Saharan
4398:(Lesser Kabylia)
4301:
4300:
4292:
4291:
4234:Nabataean Arabic
4216:
4215:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4174:
4165:
4156:
4147:
4138:
4129:
4120:
4111:
4103:
4093:
4085:
4075:
4066:
4057:
4048:
4039:
4031:
4021:
4013:
4003:
3994:
3986:
3976:
3967:
3958:
3938:Maltese alphabet
3901:
3881:Algerian Braille
3871:Eastern numerals
3841:Nabataean script
3774:
3767:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3622:
3621:
3497:
3490:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3275:Gorani (Hawrami)
3166:
3165:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3119:
3100:
3082:
3080:
3068:
3050:
3022:
3013:
2996:
2981:Linguistic Forum
2975:
2973:
2961:
2951:
2923:
2905:
2902:Al Aloula (2021)
2899:
2893:
2892:
2880:
2874:
2867:
2861:
2858:Al Aloula (2021)
2855:
2849:
2848:, p. 104–5.
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2758:
2755:Lewis Jr. (2013)
2752:
2746:
2740:
2731:
2725:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2677:Al-Mozainy (1981
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2608:Al-Rojaie (2013)
2605:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2569:
2563:
2554:
2548:
2537:
2531:
2522:
2516:
2503:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2469:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2302:
2292:
2288:
2277:
2255:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2193:
2183:
2179:
2167:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2115:see.PERF.1SG-3SG
2100:
2096:
2092:
2080:
2067:
2030:
2026:
2022:
1972:
1968:
1956:
1891:
1887:
1876:
1776:
1772:
1747:
1695:
1691:
1672:
1668:
1644:
1602:
1568:
1564:
1553:
1509:
1505:
1481:
1411:
1407:
1384:
1371:
1367:
1325:
1321:
1265:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1082:('you send') .
1081:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1015:
1008:
990:
977:
961:
954:
943:
936:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
873:
869:
860:
856:
852:
851:
846:
845:
837:
830:
829:
824:
820:
813:
805:
797:
795:
794:
788:
784:
782:
781:
775:
768:
764:
762:
761:
754:
752:
751:
738:
737:
732:
731:
722:
720:
719:
713:
709:
703:Phonetic notes:
693:
686:
678:
670:
642:
622:
615:
606:
599:
592:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
504:
497:
488:
479:
465:
456:
447:
440:
407:
398:
337:
333:
203:Arabic varieties
200:
181:
172:
156:
149:
129:
69:
19:
18:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5401:Mashriqi Arabic
5381:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5340:
5326:
5273:Arabic keyboard
5261:
5156:
5148:
5133:Mater lectionis
5127:Triliteral root
5078:
5049:
4990:
4982:
4900:
4882:
4843:
4732:
4696:
4650:
4627:
4578:
4548:
4439:
4419:Judeo-Maghrebi
4287:
4281:
4277:Modern Standard
4260:
4205:
3942:
3886:Maltese Braille
3866:Arabic numerals
3827:
3784:
3778:
3748:
3743:
3727:
3711:
3670:
3654:
3649:
3619:
3614:
3528:
3512:
3493:
3486:
3463:
3376:
3372:Standard Arabic
3360:
3355:
3325:
3320:
3299:
3263:
3221:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3107:
3105:Further reading
3098:
3078:
3066:
2971:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2883:Lewis Jr (2013)
2881:
2877:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2743:Alothman (2012)
2741:
2734:
2726:
2719:
2715:, pp. 187.
2713:McCarthy (2007)
2711:
2707:
2703:, pp. 205.
2701:McCarthy (2007)
2699:
2695:
2691:, pp. 181.
2689:McCarthy (2007)
2687:
2683:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2540:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2506:
2498:
2491:
2481:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2441:
2436:
2426:
2407:
2383:
2373:
2365:
2346:
2315:
2305:
2294:
2279:
2268:
2258:
2247:
2229:
2214:
2196:
2185:
2170:
2156:
2148:
2129:
2120:
2102:
2083:
2069:
2058:
2040:
2032:
2013:
2001:
1992:
1990:'He has ridden'
1974:
1959:
1945:
1909:
1893:
1878:
1860:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1811:
1786:
1778:
1763:
1750:
1736:
1728:
1719:
1697:
1682:
1674:
1659:
1647:
1628:
1612:
1604:
1586:
1570:
1555:
1533:
1511:
1496:
1484:
1469:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1399:
1387:
1373:
1358:
1345:
1327:
1312:
1300:
1291:
1275:
1267:
1192:
1168:
1162:
1121:, and particle
1111:
1106:
1092:The mid vowels
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
868:
789:
776:
756:
746:
714:
329:
324:
184:
168:
152:
145:
134:Arabic alphabet
130:
125:
119:
90:Central Semitic
70:
67:Language family
65:
56:
55:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
5439:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5396:Bedouin Arabic
5393:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5362:
5355:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5290:
5285:
5283:ISO/IEC 8859-6
5280:
5275:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5217:Naskh (script)
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5163:
5161:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4997:
4995:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4954:Judeo-Tunisian
4951:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4936:Judeo-Moroccan
4933:
4932:
4931:
4921:
4919:Judeo-Egyptian
4916:
4914:Judeo-Algerian
4910:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4896:Bedouin Arabic
4892:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4508:Moroccan koiné
4505:
4504:
4503:
4493:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4481:Tunisian koiné
4477:Eastern Hilal
4475:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4461:Judeo-Algerian
4456:Algerian koiné
4452:Central Hilal
4449:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4433:Judeo-Tunisian
4430:
4425:
4423:Judeo-Moroccan
4417:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4393:
4388:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4317:
4309:
4307:
4298:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4222:
4220:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4140:
4131:
4122:
4113:
4104:
4095:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4023:
4014:
4005:
3996:
3987:
3978:
3969:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3876:Arabic Braille
3873:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3732:Sign languages
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3648:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3517:Sign languages
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3304:Sign languages
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3083:
3069:
3064:
3051:
3034:(2): 271–291,
3023:
3014:
2976:
2962:
2952:
2924:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2894:
2875:
2862:
2850:
2838:
2836:, p. 104.
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2776:, p. 107.
2759:
2747:
2732:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2673:McCarthy (2007
2665:
2653:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2597:
2585:
2570:
2555:
2538:
2523:
2504:
2502:, p. 274.
2489:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2434:'I am walking'
2408:
2385:
2384:
2366:
2347:
2324:
2323:
2295:
2280:
2270:
2269:
2248:
2230:
2220:
2219:
2186:
2171:
2157:
2149:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2084:
2070:
2060:
2059:
2033:
2014:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1960:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1879:
1862:
1861:
1837:
1829:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1779:
1764:
1751:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1683:
1675:
1660:
1648:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1605:
1588:
1587:
1575:-hum jsulifuːn
1556:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1497:
1485:
1471:
1470:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1400:
1388:
1374:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1313:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1268:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1191:
1188:
1164:Main article:
1161:
1158:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1009:
1002:
1000:
998:
992:
991:
984:
982:
980:
978:
971:
969:
963:
962:
955:
948:
946:
944:
937:
930:
924:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
892:
891:
886:
881:
876:
867:
864:
863:
862:
839:
834:Historically,
832:
815:
770:
740:
733:('Quran') and
699:
698:
696:
694:
687:
680:
671:
664:
662:
660:
654:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
636:
634:
632:
626:
625:
623:
616:
609:
607:
600:
593:
586:
584:
578:
577:
570:
563:
556:
549:
542:
535:
528:
521:
516:
510:
509:
507:
505:
498:
491:
489:
482:
480:
473:
467:
466:
459:
457:
450:
448:
441:
434:
432:
430:
425:
419:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
408:
401:
399:
392:
386:
385:
380:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
353:Denti-alveolar
350:
345:
340:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
318:
291:
280:
261:
199:اللهجة النجدية
186:
185:
182:
174:
173:
166:
158:
157:
150:
142:
141:
140:Language codes
137:
136:
131:
127:Writing system
124:
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
73:
71:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
33:
32:Native to
29:
28:
27:اللهجة النجدية
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5438:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5371:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5343:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:Sini (script)
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:Ruqʿah script
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5177:Hijazi script
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4855:Central Asian
4853:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4827:Taʽizzi-Adeni
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4411:
4408:
4406:Traras-Msirda
4405:
4404:
4402:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Arabic script
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3099:
3097:9781845530518
3093:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:9789027238016
3061:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2903:
2898:
2890:
2885:, p. 14.
2884:
2879:
2872:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2847:
2846:Ingham (1994)
2842:
2835:
2834:Ingham (1994)
2830:
2823:
2818:
2811:
2810:Ingham (1994)
2806:
2799:
2798:Ingham (1994)
2794:
2787:
2786:Ingham (1994)
2782:
2775:
2774:Ingham (1994)
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2757:, p. 22.
2756:
2751:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2729:
2728:Ingham (1994)
2724:
2722:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2651:, p. 15.
2650:
2649:Ingham (1994)
2645:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2628:
2622:, p. 13.
2621:
2620:Ingham (1994)
2616:
2610:, p. 46.
2609:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2593:Ingham (1986)
2589:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2553:, p. 14.
2552:
2551:Ingham (1994)
2547:
2545:
2543:
2535:
2534:Ingham (1994)
2530:
2528:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2501:
2500:Ingham (1986)
2496:
2494:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2411:
2406:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2350:
2345:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2293:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1987:ride.PERF.3SG
1986:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:nuːrah hnajja
1848:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1101:
1100:('house') .
1090:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1049:
1042:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
994:
993:
989:
985:
983:
981:
979:
976:
972:
970:
968:
965:
964:
960:
956:
953:
949:
947:
945:
942:
938:
935:
931:
929:
926:
925:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
893:
890:
885:
880:
874:
841:The phones ⟨
840:
833:
816:
814:respectively.
811:
803:
772:The phonemes
771:
745:
741:
726:
706:
705:
704:
697:
695:
692:
688:
685:
681:
677:
672:
669:
665:
663:
661:
659:
655:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
641:
637:
635:
633:
631:
627:
624:
621:
617:
614:
610:
608:
605:
601:
598:
594:
591:
587:
585:
583:
580:
579:
575:
571:
568:
564:
561:
557:
554:
550:
547:
543:
540:
536:
533:
529:
526:
522:
520:
517:
515:
511:
508:
506:
503:
499:
496:
492:
490:
487:
483:
481:
478:
474:
472:
469:
468:
464:
460:
458:
455:
451:
449:
446:
442:
439:
435:
433:
431:
429:
426:
424:
420:
417:
415:
413:
411:
409:
406:
402:
400:
397:
393:
391:
387:
384:
381:
378:
377:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
338:
332:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:Rub' al-Khali
300:
296:
292:
289:
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
259:
255:
251:
250:
249:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:Syrian Desert
212:
208:
204:
196:
192:
180:
175:
171:
167:
165:
164:
159:
155:
151:
148:
143:
138:
135:
132:
128:
122:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
72:
68:
62:
58:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
5348:
5288:Windows-1256
5247:Taliq script
5187:Jeli Thuluth
5167:Ajami script
5131:
5035:Pidgin madam
5022:
5000:
4964:Judeo-Yemeni
4906:Judeo-Arabic
4888:Sociological
4875:
4837:Judeo-Yemeni
4796:
4660:Mesopotamian
4535:Libyan koiné
4319:
4312:
4305:Pre-Hilalian
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4227:Proto-Arabic
4225:
3860:Zabūr script
3813:Romanization
3716:other spoken
3706:
3507:
3503:Mesopotamian
3254:
3212:
3204:
3189:
3123:
3115:
3087:
3074:
3055:
3031:
3027:
3018:
2987:(4): 33–41,
2984:
2980:
2967:
2957:
2935:(1): 43–63,
2932:
2928:
2919:
2912:Bibliography
2904:, p. 3.
2897:
2878:
2865:
2853:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2750:
2708:
2696:
2684:
2668:
2663:, p. 8.
2656:
2634:, p. 5.
2627:
2615:
2588:
2583:, p. 7.
2568:, p. 6.
2536:, p. 5.
2521:, p. 4.
2475:
2472:Najdi Arabic
2433:
2430:
2428:qaʕid ʔamʃiː
2427:
2412:
2409:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2351:
2348:
2328:
2325:
2319:Holes (1990)
2316:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2284:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2234:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2175:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2088:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2018:
2016:d͡ʒiː-ta-hum
2015:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1964:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1883:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1796:garrart ʃajj
1793:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1617:-hum hnaj'ja
1614:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1560:
1557:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1528:see.PERF.3SG
1525:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1342:
1340:see.PERF.3SG
1337:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1286:.2SG bedouin
1283:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1243:
1217:
1193:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1091:
1084:
1080:/tirsil-uːn/
1077:
1069:metathesized
1067:) to appear
1050:
1043:
1024:
702:
330:
258:Ha'il Region
247:
211:Saudi Arabia
191:Najdi Arabic
190:
189:
161:
105:Najdi Arabic
104:
85:West Semitic
75:Afro-Asiatic
36:Saudi Arabia
22:Najdi Arabic
5182:Jawi script
5154:Calligraphy
5083:Linguistics
5008:Gulf Pidgin
4924:Judeo-Iraqi
4865:Kashkadarya
4721:Judeo-Iraqi
4646:Palestinian
4557:Nile Valley
4219:Pre-Islamic
3931:Dagger alif
3233:Neo-Aramaic
3019:Gulf Arabic
2188:l-kullijjah
2173:taʕaddeː-tu
2132:laħaɡ-t-kum
1788:ila l-ħiːn
1685:jwasˤsˤilha
1447:leːn sˤirt
1211:('not yet')
1199:('already')
1073:/ʔistaʕʒal/
1051:When short
658:Approximant
5385:Categories
5069:Literature
4742:Peninsular
4682:Khuzestani
4412:(Mountain)
4332:Australian
4241:Old Arabic
3891:Diacritics
3818:Numerology
3590:Portuguese
2871:Holes 1990
2477:Ethnologue
1898:-ih d͡ʒaːj
1855:Nurah here
1427:difference
1109:Morphology
1057:/saħab-at/
744:Old Arabic
368:Pharyngeal
327:Consonants
209:region of
100:Peninsular
5359:varieties
5351:indicate
5266:Technical
5237:Shahmukhi
5192:Kairouani
5090:Phonology
4869:Khorasani
4859:Bakhtiari
4711:Anatolian
4641:Jordanian
4621:Damascene
4584:Levantine
4496:Hassaniya
4337:Cottenera
4272:Classical
4211:Varieties
3789:Overviews
3495:Damascene
3482:Levantine
3397:Kabardian
3048:128624297
3011:236846500
3003:2707-5273
2949:145173628
2456:Footnotes
2297:al-kitaab
2250:al-kitaab
1623:.3PL here
1558:jsulifuːn
1280:-ik bduwi
1208:('still')
1065:/hx,ɣħ,ʕ/
1046:/hx,ɣħ,ʕ/
519:voiceless
514:Fricative
428:voiceless
423:Occlusive
322:Phonology
315:Al Murrah
265:Al-Qassim
235:Euphrates
163:Glottolog
147:ISO 639-3
5370:Category
5222:Nastaliq
5212:Muhaqqaq
5202:Maghrebi
5062:Academic
5002:Bimbashi
4958:Tunisene
4929:Baghdadi
4877:Shirvani
4817:Hadhrami
4775:Bahraini
4726:Baghdadi
4677:Baghdadi
4616:Aleppine
4606:Lebanese
4601:Cilician
4574:Sudanese
4564:Egyptian
4445:Hilalian
4403:Western
4381:Eastern
4378:Village
4357:Żurrieqi
4321:Sicilian
4314:Andalusi
4296:Maghrebi
4265:Literary
3917:(tanwin)
3915:Nunation
3801:Alphabet
3796:Language
3783:language
3595:Japanese
3488:Aleppine
3423:Kurmanji
3388:Armenian
3245:Armenian
3214:Kurmanji
3182:Standard
2439:See also
2194:-college
2108:ʃif-t-ih
2086:ʃif-t-ih
1214:('just')
1160:Negation
847:⟩ and ⟨
796:⟩
790:⟨
783:⟩
777:⟨
763:⟩
757:⟨
753:⟩
747:⟨
739:('law').
721:⟩
715:⟨
383:emphatic
299:Banu Yam
237:, where
170:najd1235
5349:Italics
5257:Thuluth
5122:Grammar
4993:pidgins
4988:Creoles
4977:Sanʽani
4862:Bukhara
4822:Sanʽani
4785:Kuwaiti
4780:Emirati
4765:Dhofari
4750:Bahrani
4716:Cypriot
4704:(Qeltu)
4531:Sulaym
4518:Western
4513:Eastern
4391:Sfaxian
4387:(Sahel)
4342:Gozitan
4327:Maltese
3947:Letters
3921:Shaddah
3910:Harakat
3905:Tashkil
3833:Scripts
3806:History
3682:Baharna
3600:Russian
3585:Chinese
3565:Italian
3555:Spanish
3550:Punjabi
3540:English
3442:Aramaic
3430:Turkish
3418:Kurdish
3403:Chechen
3295:Shabaki
3285:Persian
3250:Turkish
3200:Kurdish
2135:follow.
2051:already
2010:already
1884:arrive.
1799:to now
1769:decide.
1766:garrart
1607:hnaj'ja
1364:become.
1329:ħaːmid
1273:bedouin
1117:, verb
1104:Grammar
1071:, e.g.
1027:/ɣxhħʕ/
884:Central
373:Glottal
358:Palatal
275:around
273:Dhafeer
254:Shammar
231:Palmyra
80:Semitic
5172:Diwani
5159:Script
5117:(case)
5114:ʾIʿrāb
5100:Tajwid
5045:Bongor
5024:Maridi
4974:Habban
4848:Others
4832:Tihami
4812:Yemeni
4807:Shihhi
4792:Hejazi
4760:Bedawi
4755:Bareqi
4611:Syrian
4569:Saʽidi
4501:Nemadi
4487:Maqil
4385:Sahili
4352:Żejtun
4288:spoken
4286:Modern
3781:Arabic
3702:Hejazi
3692:Bedawi
3687:Bareqi
3666:Arabic
3605:Danish
3580:Arabic
3575:Hebrew
3560:German
3545:French
3452:Turoyo
3408:Domari
3290:Hebrew
3208:(Main)
3206:Sorani
3193:(Main)
3185:Arabic
3094:
3062:
3046:
3009:
3001:
2947:
2679::64ff)
2410:ʔamʃiː
2371:soccer
2368:kuːrah
2349:aːlʕab
2272:*ɡaʔid
2244:IMPERF
2242:-read.
2232:ja-ɡra
2151:laːkin
2038:before
1980:ritsib
1962:ritsib
1886:IMPERF
1881:d͡ʒaːj
1839:hnajja
1831:nuːrah
1731:l-ħiːn
1690:IMPERF
1680:anyone
1662:ligeːt
1563:IMPERF
1526:longer
1519:ʃiftih
1499:ʃiftih
1493:longer
1462:longer
1443:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1416:biʔajj
1410:IMPERF
1408:-feel-
1396:longer
1336:Hamid
1333:ʃiftih
1315:ʃiftih
1295:ħaːmid
1098:/beːt/
1094:/eːoː/
866:Vowels
755:and
730:القرآن
582:voiced
471:voiced
348:Dental
343:Labial
307:Najran
295:Qahtan
288:Anazah
284:Riyadh
277:Kuwait
269:Sudair
243:Kuwait
225:, and
223:Jordan
195:Arabic
95:Arabic
40:Jordan
5331:Other
5252:Tawqi
5207:Mashq
5197:Kufic
5105:Imāla
5074:Names
5040:Turku
4968:Adeni
4802:Omani
4797:Najdi
4702:North
4692:South
4687:Shawi
4669:Gilit
4633:South
4593:North
4491:Fessi
4410:Jebli
4396:Jijel
4371:Tunis
4366:Urban
4347:Qormi
3956:ʾAlif
3926:Hamza
3898:i‘jām
3723:Faifi
3707:Najdi
3610:Dutch
3570:Hindi
3508:Najdi
3477:Shawi
3413:Greek
3079:(PDF)
3044:S2CID
3007:S2CID
2972:(PDF)
2945:S2CID
2413:walk.
2387:qaʕid
2352:play.
2326:qaʕid
2303:-book
2285:read.
2256:.book
2222:ɡaʔid
2200:d͡zid
2176:pass.
2160:d͡zid
2106:d͡zid
2073:d͡zid
2044:d͡zid
2035:gabul
2019:come.
2005:d͡zid
1978:d͡zid
1965:ride.
1949:d͡zid
1834:Nurah
1794:baʕad
1784:thing
1755:baʕad
1703:baʕad
1688:send.
1677:aħdin
1665:find.
1651:baʕad
1621:still
1615:baʕad
1597:still
1591:baʕad
1579:still
1573:baʕad
1561:talk.
1548:still
1542:baʕad
1402:aħiss
1361:sˤirt
1356:until
1338:still
1309:still
1298:Hamid
1284:still
1270:bduwi
1260:still
928:Close
916:short
906:short
896:short
879:Front
828:كَلْب
812:]
808:[
804:]
800:[
736:قانون
630:Trill
390:Nasal
363:Velar
311:Ajman
227:Syria
48:Syria
5227:Rasm
5030:Nubi
5018:Juba
4991:and
4971:Beda
4943:Wqal
4940:Kjal
4770:Gulf
4118:Ġayn
4109:ʿAyn
3697:Gulf
3092:ISBN
3060:ISBN
2999:ISSN
2889:help
2415:IPFV
2396:PTCP
2390:sit.
2354:IPFV
2335:PTCP
2329:sit.
2287:PERF
2282:ɡara
2240:MASC
2137:PERF
2111:NEG
2104:maː
2091:PERF
2089:see.
2049:you
2042:int
2021:PERF
1967:PERF
1902:just
1896:taww
1871:just
1865:taww
1853:just
1847:taww
1842:here
1825:just
1820:taww
1781:ʃajj
1771:PERF
1667:PERF
1610:here
1593:-hum
1544:-hum
1517:ʕaːd
1504:PERF
1502:see.
1488:ʕaːd
1452:ʕaːd
1424:farɡ
1391:ʕaːd
1366:PERF
1353:leːn
1331:ʕaːd
1320:PERF
1318:see.
1304:ʕaːd
1278:ʕaːd
1254:ʕaːd
1174:and
1154:itha
1146:illi
1135:Harf
1131:Fial
1123:harf
1119:fial
1039:/ħʕ/
996:Open
921:long
911:long
901:long
889:Back
857:and
821:and
806:and
785:and
767:/tˤ/
313:and
305:and
297:and
219:Iraq
207:Najd
44:Iraq
5315:864
5310:720
5306:711
5303:710
5300:709
5296:708
5139:IPA
4199:Yāʾ
4190:Wāw
4181:Hāʾ
4172:Nūn
4163:Mīm
4154:Lām
4145:Kāf
4136:Qāf
4127:Fāʾ
4100:Ẓāʾ
4091:Ṭāʾ
4082:Ḍād
4073:Ṣād
4064:Šīn
4055:Sīn
4046:Zāy
4037:Rāʾ
4028:Ḏāl
4019:Dāl
4010:Ḫāʾ
4001:Ḥāʾ
3992:Ǧīm
3983:Ṯāʾ
3974:Tāʾ
3965:Bāʾ
3036:doi
2989:doi
2937:doi
2474:at
2419:3SG
2400:3SG
2392:ACT
2358:3SG
2339:3SG
2331:ACT
2301:DEF
2291:3SG
2276:AUX
2254:DEF
2236:3SG
2226:AUX
2207:EXP
2192:DEF
2182:2PL
2178:PER
2166:EXP
2154:but
2145:2PL
2141:1SG
2124:ana
2113:EXP
2099:3SG
2095:1SG
2079:EXP
2066:NEG
2062:maː
2029:3PL
2025:2SG
1999:you
1996:int
1985:EXP
1983:he
1976:hu
1971:3SG
1955:EXP
1890:3SG
1875:3SG
1867:-ih
1804:yet
1801:NEG
1790:maː
1775:3SG
1760:yet
1746:NEG
1740:maː
1734:now
1723:ila
1712:yet
1709:NEG
1700:maː
1694:3SG
1671:1SG
1656:yet
1643:NEG
1637:maː
1601:3PL
1567:3PL
1552:3PL
1523:NEG
1514:maː
1508:3SG
1480:NEG
1474:maː
1459:NEG
1449:maː
1419:any
1406:1SG
1383:NEG
1377:maː
1370:1SG
1324:3SG
1264:2SG
1256:-ik
1156:.
1127:Ism
1115:ism
1087:/r/
1061:/a/
1053:/a/
1035:/a/
1031:/a/
967:Mid
859:/f/
855:/b/
836:/ʔ/
823:/ɡ/
819:/k/
787:/x/
774:/ɣ/
712:/q/
708:/ɡ/
495:d͡ʒ
245:.
217:of
154:ars
5387::
5157:·
3042:,
3032:49
3030:,
3005:,
2997:,
2983:,
2943:,
2933:25
2931:,
2762:^
2735:^
2720:^
2639:^
2600:^
2573:^
2558:^
2541:^
2526:^
2507:^
2492:^
2464:^
2180:-.
1943:he
1940:hu
1726:to
1184:la
1180:ma
1176:la
1172:ma
1152:,
1150:in
1148:,
1125:.
1089:.
1041:.
1029:,
1013:aː
988:oː
975:eː
959:uː
941:iː
679:)
604:ðˤ
546:sˤ
445:tˤ
221:,
197::
46:,
42:,
38:,
3773:e
3766:t
3759:v
3644:e
3637:t
3630:v
3399:)
3395:(
3350:e
3343:t
3336:v
3153:e
3146:t
3139:v
3038::
2991::
2985:2
2939::
2891:)
2873:)
2860:.
2824:.
2788:.
2423:M
2421:.
2417:.
2404:M
2402:.
2398:.
2394:.
2362:M
2360:.
2356:.
2343:M
2341:.
2337:.
2333:.
2289:.
2238:.
2143:-
2139:-
2127:I
2097:-
2093:.
2027:.
2023:.
1969:.
1888:.
1873:.
1792:'
1773:.
1753:'
1692:.
1669:.
1599:.
1565:.
1550:-
1506:.
1368:.
1322:.
1262:.
1006:a
952:ʊ
934:ɪ
850:ڤ
844:پ
810:χ
802:ʁ
793:خ
780:غ
760:ظ
750:ﺽ
718:ق
691:w
684:j
676:ɫ
673:(
668:l
640:r
620:ʕ
613:ɣ
597:z
590:ð
574:h
567:ħ
560:x
553:ʃ
539:s
532:θ
525:f
502:ɡ
486:d
477:b
463:ʔ
454:k
438:t
405:n
396:m
279:.
193:(
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