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Again more violence erupted, leaving some 10,000 Armenians dead and 45 Armenian villages destroyed. Meanwhile, feeling the situation to be hopeless and unable to maintain any control over the area, the
British decided to withdraw from the region in mid-1919. Still, fighting between Armenians and Azeris continued and after a series of skirmishes that took place throughout the Nakhichevan district, a ceasefire was agreed. This lasted only briefly, and by early March 1920, more fighting broke out, primarily in Karabakh between Karabakh Armenians and Azerbaijan's regular army. This triggered conflicts in other areas with mixed populations, including Nakhichevan.
423:
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696:, although welcoming this act of "great Soviet fraternity" where "boundaries had no meaning among the family of Soviet peoples," did not agree with the motion and instead called for the people of Nakhichevan to be consulted in a referendum. According to the formal figures of this referendum, held at the beginning of 1921, 90% of Nakhichevan's population wanted to be included in the Azerbaijan SSR "with the rights of an autonomous republic." The decision to make Nakhichevan a part of modern-day Azerbaijan was cemented 16 March 1921 in the
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791:, which mostly came from the adjoining Aras River, brought serious harm to the region. At any one time, between 70% and 85% of Nakhichevan's population was infected with malaria, and in the region of Norashen (present-day Sharur) almost 100% were struck with the disease. This situation improved dramatically under Soviet rule. Malaria was sharply reduced and trachoma, typhus, and relapsing fever were eliminated.
630:, British Chief Commissioner in the South Caucasus, made a border proposal to solve the conflict. According to Wardrop, Armenian claims against Azerbaijan should not go beyond the administrative borders of the former Erivan Governorate (which under prior Imperial Russian rule encompassed Nakhichevan), while Azerbaijan was to be limited to the governorates of
638:. This proposal was rejected by both Armenians (who did not wish to give up their claims to Qazakh, Zangezur and Nagorno-Karabakh) and Azeris (who found it unacceptable to give up their claims to Nakhichevan). As disputes between both countries continued, it soon became apparent that the fragile peace under British occupation would not last.
653:
in the
Nakhichevan uyezd of the former Erivan Governorate assigned to Armenia by Wardrop. The Armenian government did not recognize the new state and sent its troops into the region to take control of it. The conflict soon erupted into the violent Aras War. British journalist C.E. Bechhofer described
663:
By mid-June 1919, Armenia had established control over
Nakhichevan and the whole territory of the self-proclaimed republic. The fall of the Aras republic triggered an invasion by the regular Azerbaijani army and by the end of July, Armenian troops were forced to leave Nakhichevan City to the Azeris.
658:
You cannot persuade a party of frenzied nationalists that two blacks do not make a white; consequently, no day went by without a catalogue of complaints from both sides, Armenians and
Tartars , of unprovoked attacks, murders, village burnings and the like. Specifically, the situation was a series of
738:
As a constituent part of the Soviet Union, tensions lessened over the ethnic composition of
Nakhichevan or any territorial claims regarding it. Instead, it became an important point of industrial production with particular emphasis on the mining of minerals such as salt. Under Soviet rule, it was
826:
December 1989 saw unrest in
Nakhichevan as its Azeri inhabitants moved to physically dismantle the Soviet border with Iran to flee the area and meet their ethnic Azeri cousins in northern Iran. This action was angrily denounced by the Soviet leadership and the Soviet media accused the Azeris of
810:
to instigate a partial railway and air blockade against
Armenia, while another reason for the disruption of rail service to Armenia were attacks of Armenian forces on the trains entering the Armenian territory from Azerbaijan, which resulted in railroad personnel refusing to enter Armenia. This
684:, leader of Bolshevik Azerbaijan issued a declaration celebrating the "victory of Soviet power in Armenia," proclaimed that both Nakhichevan and Zangezur should be awarded to the Armenian people as a sign of the Azerbaijani people's support for Armenia's fight against the former DRA government:
805:
Armenians in
Nagorno-Karabakh noted similar though slower demographic trends and feared an eventual "de-Armenianization" of the area. When tensions between Armenians and Azeris were reignited in the late-1980s by the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Azerbaijan's Popular Front managed to pressure the
704:
and Turkey. The agreement between Soviet Russia and Turkey also called for attachment of the former Sharur-Daralagez uyezd (which had a solid Azeri majority) to
Nakhichevan, thus allowing Turkey to share a border with the Azerbaijan SSR. This deal was reaffirmed on 23 October, in the
713:
The
Turkish Government and the Soviet Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan are agreed that the region of Nakhchivan, within the limits specified by Annex III to the present Treaty, constitutes an autonomous territory under the protection of
778:
Facilities improved during Soviet times; education and public health especially began to see some major changes. In 1913, Nakhichevan only had two hospitals with a total of 20 beds. The region was plagued by widespread diseases including
579:, Nakhichevan was the scene of bloodshed between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, who both laid claim to the area. By 1914, the Armenian population had decreased slightly to 40% while the Azeri population increased to roughly 60%. After the
811:
effectively crippled Armenia's economy, as 85% of the cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic. In response, Armenia closed the railway to Nakhichevan, thereby strangling the exclave's only link to the rest of the Soviet Union.
680:. In November, on the verge of taking over Armenia, the Bolsheviks, in order to attract public support, promised they would allot Nakhichevan to Armenia, along with Karabakh and Zangezur. This was fulfilled when
688:
As of today, the old frontiers between Armenia and Azerbaijan are declared to be non-existent. Mountainous Karabakh, Zangezur and Nakhchivan are recognised to be integral parts of the Socialist Republic of
846:
798:. In 1926, 15% of region's population was Armenian, but by 1979, this number had shrunk to 1.4%. The Azeri population, meanwhile increased substantially with both a higher birth rate and immigration from
1397:
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619:(ADR). In June 1918, the region came under Ottoman occupation. The Ottomans proceeded to massacre 10,000 Armenians and razed 45 of their villages to the ground. Under the terms of the
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for supporting the coup. In late 1991, Aliyev consolidated his power base as chairman of the Nakhichevan Supreme Soviet and asserted Nakhichevan's near-total independence from
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So, on 16 March 1921 the Nakhichevan ASSR was established. On 9 February 1924, the Soviet Union officially placed the Nakhichevan ASSR under the jurisdiction of the
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in 1987. Soon after returning to Nakhichevan, Aliyev was elected to the local Supreme Soviet by an overwhelming majority. Aliyev subsequently resigned from the
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of the Nakhichevan ASSR issued a declaration stating the intention for Nakhichevan to secede from the USSR to protest the Soviet Union's actions during
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During the Soviet era, Nakhichevan saw a significant demographic shift. Its Armenian population gradually decreased as many emigrated to the
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845:, the future president of Azerbaijan, returned to his birthplace of Nakhichevan in autumn 1990, after being ousted from his position in the
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invaded and occupied the region and on 28 July, declared the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with "close ties" to the
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1310:: Commemorative coins dedicated to 85th anniversary of Nakhchivan Autonomy Republic. Retrieved on 25 February 2010.
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528:. It was formed on 16 March 1921 and became a part of the Azerbaijan SSR proper on 9 February 1924.
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for the 85th anniversary of the creation of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
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of 1917, the region was placed under the authority of the Special Transcaucasian Committee of the
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was introduced in 1937 and contained both Azerbaijani and Armenian text. In the 1940s, when the
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with the Azerbaijani Cyrillic text "Нахчыван МССР" in gold and a dark blue bar along the
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had been replaced by competing claims from the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the
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against Gorbachev, he called for complete independence for Azerbaijan and denounced
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Azerbaijan: A Country Study: Aliyev and the Presidential Election of October 1993
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Atlas of Conflicts: Armenia: Nation Building and Territorial Disputes: 1918–1920
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835:. It was the first part of the Soviet Union to declare independence, preceding
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were heavily contested between the newly formed and short-lived states of the
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Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal
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128:
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Thomas Ambrosio. Irredentism: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics.
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Stuart J. Kaufman. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War.
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Nakhichevanskaya Avtonomnaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika
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591:(TDFR) in 1918. When the TDFR was dissolved in May 1918, Nakhichevan,
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railway. It also served as an important strategic area during the
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974:"Нахичеванская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика"
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1363:Нахичеванская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика
53:Нахичеванская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика
230:
1350:Նախիջևանի Ինքնավար Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն
866:
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124:
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1148:
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Black Garden: Armenia And Azerbaijan Through Peace and War
1745:
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union
827:"embracing Islamic fundamentalism". In January 1990, the
27:
Autonomous republic within the Azerbaijan SSR (1921–1990)
2249:
Subdivisions of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
1031:
The Armenia–Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications
1145:
1156:
New States, New Politics: Building Post-Soviet Nations
945:
New States, New Politics: Building Post-Soviet Nations
930:
1372:
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1009:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 266.
1073:. New York: New York University Press, pp. 128–129.
641:In December 1918, with the support of Azerbaijan's
906:First Secretary of the Nakhichevan Communist Party
1386:
1339:
1334:
730:. Its constitution was adopted on 18 April 1926.
37:
2205:
722:Soviet postage stamp featuring Nakhichevan, 1974
709:. Article V of the treaty stated the following:
506:Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
35:Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
759:) and Iran (a close ally of the West until the
498:had also declared Nakhichevan as its territory.
460:in 1920, the territory was theoretically under
18:Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
2244:History of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
2219:States and territories disestablished in 1990
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1202:Armenia: A Country Study: The New Nationalism
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770:Cover of the Constitution of the Nakhichevan
589:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
488:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
51:
1341:Naxçıvan Muxtar Sovet Sosialist Respublikası
1336:Нахчыван Мухтар Совет Сосиалист Республикасы
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39:Нахчыван Мухтар Совет Сосиалист Республикасы
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1564:Regional Committee of the Communist Party
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802:(going from 85% in 1926 to 96% by 1979).
123:Location of the Nakhichevan ASSR between
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1259:Jr, NICK B. WILLIAMS (21 January 1990).
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992:
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2259:1990 disestablishments in Azerbaijan
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739:once a major junction on the Moscow–
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872:On 19 November 1990, it became the
839:'s declaration by almost 2 months.
236:Proletarians of all regions, unite!
24:
1258:
533:first flag of the Nakhichevan ASSR
25:
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2224:1921 establishments in Azerbaijan
1579:2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes
1524:Erivan Province of Safavid Empire
1418:Great Soviet Encyclopedia article
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892:minted a pair of gold and silver
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599:(today the Armenian province of
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874:Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic
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556:Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic
2192:Autonomous Republic since 1934
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2182:Autonomous Republic since 1923
2177:Autonomous Republic since 1920
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978:Большая советская энциклопедия
925:Nakhchivan in the Soviet Union
626:Under British occupation, Sir
617:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
613:Democratic Republic of Armenia
585:Russian Provisional Government
492:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
458:Democratic Republic of Armenia
417:Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
404:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
143:Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
13:
1:
911:
654:the situation in April 1920:
647:Jafargulu Khan Nakhichevanski
337:• Independence declared
743:railway line as well as the
603:and part of the province of
7:
1373:
1154:Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras.
1140:Armenia–Azerbaijan Conflict
1091:Armenia–Azerbaijan Conflict
1007:Armenia: A Historical Atlas
899:
890:National Bank of Azerbaijan
141:Modern subdivisions of the
10:
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2254:Former socialist republics
1297:Central Bank of Azerbaijan
1175:Text of the Treaty of Kars
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537:Azerbaijani Latin alphabet
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1559:Soviet Socialist Republic
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1287:, The Library of Congress
1204:, The Library of Congress
494:. In addition, the Azeri
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167: • Coordinates
1519:Karakoyunlu-Timurid war
1498:Painted Pottery culture
1306:19 January 2010 at the
1299:. Commemorative coins.
554:In 1990, it became the
265:Nakhichevan established
1628:Zangezur National Park
1423:Nakhichevan (Naxcivan)
1340:
1029:Michael P. Croissant.
878:Republic of Azerbaijan
823:
822:in the USSR, 1957–1991
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575:In the final years of
560:Republic of Azerbaijan
539:was being replaced by
464:occupation (replacing
1633:Shahbuz State Reserve
927:on Flags of the World
857:and after the failed
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484:Treaty of Turkmenchay
349:Nakhchivan Autonomous
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2019:1925–92
2014:1924–29
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1989:1921–90
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1974:1921–91
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1964:1921–91
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1939:1918–24
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674:11th Soviet Red Army
452:occupied land under
450:11th Soviet Red Army
2111:Kabardino-Balkarian
2071:Kabardino-Balkarian
1809:Kabardino-Balkarian
1704:(historic presence)
894:commemorative coins
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621:Armistice of Mudros
581:February Revolution
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1412:External links
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1393:Նախիջևանի ԻԽՍՀ
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829:Supreme Soviet
808:Azerbaijan SSR
735:
732:
728:Azerbaijan SSR
707:Treaty of Kars
694:Vladimir Lenin
678:Azerbaijan SSR
669:
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628:Oliver Wardrop
615:(DRA) and the
572:
569:
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564:
518:Azerbaijan SSR
500:
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480:Russian Empire
448:a. Whilst the
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2154:Buryat–Mongol
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2017:
2012:
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1388:Нахчыван МССР
1385:Azerbaijani:
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1235:0-8014-8736-6
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1219:0-275-97260-7
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1164:0-521-57799-3
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1128:90-411-1477-7
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1079:0-8147-1945-7
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1039:0-275-96241-5
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1016:0-226-33228-4
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953:0-521-57799-3
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888:In 2008, the
884:Commemoration
881:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:Heydar Aliyev
840:
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833:Black January
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690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
668:Sovietization
665:
660:
655:
652:
649:declared the
648:
644:
643:Musavat Party
639:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
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606:
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598:
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561:
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527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:, the former
473:
472:
468:occupation).
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
443:
440:
438:Today part of
436:
420:
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291:
288:16 March 1921
287:
279:
273:
269:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
229: •
226:
223:
220:
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115:
109:
103:
91:
83:
78:
75:
71:
67:
61:
47:
33:
30:
19:
2169:Kirghiz ASSR
2167:
2161:
2153:
2088:
2038:
1990:
1988:
1946:Volga German
1938:
1922:of existence
1906:Volga German
1870:
1683:Demographics
1659:Architecture
1558:
1544:Russian rule
1529:Ottoman rule
1476:
1391:, Armenian:
1381:
1326:
1292:
1280:
1270:29 September
1268:. Retrieved
1264:
1254:
1247:Black Garden
1246:
1241:
1225:
1209:
1187:Black Garden
1186:
1181:
1170:
1155:
1139:
1134:
1119:
1118:Tim Potier.
1104:Black Garden
1103:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1070:
1062:
1030:
1025:
1006:
982:. Retrieved
980:(in Russian)
977:
944:
932:
920:
887:
871:
841:
825:
804:
796:Armenian SSR
793:
777:
737:
734:Soviet Union
725:
712:
692:
687:
671:
662:
657:
640:
636:Elisabethpol
625:
574:
553:
530:
526:Soviet Union
509:
505:
503:
486:, while the
469:
453:
386:Succeeded by
385:
380:
341:January 1990
284:established
248:20th century
129:Armenian SSR
29:
2166:was called
2163:Kazakh ASSR
2156:until 1958.
2126:Gorno-Altai
1991:Nakhichevan
1871:Nakhichevan
1799:Gorno-Altai
1692:(abandoned)
1643:Ashabi-Kahf
1612:Kars treaty
1331:Azerbaijani
1249:, p. 88–89.
1138:Croissant.
1089:Croissant.
937:Ian Bremmer
876:within the
714:Azerbaijan.
605:Vayots Dzor
577:World War I
558:within the
545:Soviet flag
524:within the
520:, itself a
516:within the
381:Preceded by
192: /
153:Nakhichevan
46:Azerbaijani
2208:Categories
2172:until 1925
2046:Karakalpak
1819:Karakalpak
1597:Leadership
1514:Eldiguzids
1509:Vaspurakan
1478:Nakhchivan
1158:, p. 444.
947:, p. 484.
912:References
763:of 1979).
442:Azerbaijan
209:Government
2051:Mordovian
2011:Moldavian
1941:Turkestan
1891:Turkestan
1861:Mordovian
1856:Moldavian
1702:Armenians
1698:(extinct)
1664:Monuments
1621:Geography
1475:Capital:
1401:Russian:
1398:‹See Tfd›
1368:romanized
1355:‹See Tfd›
1245:De Waal,
1189:, p. 271.
1185:De Waal.
1106:, p. 129.
1102:De Waal.
1033:, p. 15.
984:25 August
941:Ray Taras
847:Politburo
837:Lithuania
270:July 1920
80:1921–1990
2101:Karelian
2096:Kabardin
2006:Karelian
1981:Mountain
1976:Dagestan
1966:Adjarian
1920:By years
1866:Mountain
1824:Karelian
1804:Kabardin
1794:Dagestan
1764:Adjarian
1590:Politics
1346:Armenian
1304:Archived
1142:, p. 18.
1122:, p. 4.
1093:, p. 16.
1005:(2001).
900:See also
820:Caucasus
781:trachoma
753:Cold War
700:between
689:Armenia.
597:Zangezur
541:Cyrillic
522:republic
454:de facto
354:Republic
222:Republic
127:and the
2131:Crimean
2031:Kirghiz
2021:Chuvash
1971:Crimean
1956:Kirghiz
1951:Bashkir
1841:Kirghiz
1834:Kirghiz
1789:Crimean
1784:Chuvash
1769:Bashkir
1752:By name
1674:Tourism
1669:Theatre
1652:Culture
1533:Retreat
1486:History
1370::
1359:Russian
800:Armenia
789:Malaria
749:Yerevan
607:), and
566:History
512:was an
471:De jure
466:Ottoman
462:British
347:•
314:1922–36
307:•
294:•
276:•
258:•
180:45°24′E
177:39°12′N
149:Capital
72:of the
60:Russian
2116:Kalmyk
2061:Kalmyk
2056:Udmurt
2041:Abkhaz
2026:Kazakh
2001:Buryat
1901:Udmurt
1829:Kazakh
1814:Kalmyk
1774:Buryat
1759:Abkhaz
1503:Urartu
1468:topics
1233:
1217:
1162:
1126:
1077:
1037:
1013:
951:
785:typhus
741:Tehran
609:Qazakh
601:Syunik
108:Emblem
56:
42:
2121:Tuvan
2016:Tajik
1996:Yakut
1961:Tatar
1911:Yakut
1896:Tuvan
1886:Tatar
1881:Tajik
1318:Notes
231:Motto
2081:Mari
2076:Komi
1851:Mari
1846:Komi
1272:2023
1231:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1035:ISBN
1011:ISBN
986:2019
949:ISBN
939:and
867:Baku
855:CPSU
783:and
772:ASSR
745:Baku
634:and
632:Baku
549:fess
531:The
504:The
159:Area
125:Iran
70:ASSR
849:by
2210::
1395:,
1365:,
1361::
1352:,
1348::
1344:,
1333::
1263:.
1194:^
1147:^
1111:^
1069:.
1045:^
994:^
976:.
959:^
943:.
880:.
869:.
787:.
645:,
595:,
562:.
551:.
1737:e
1730:t
1723:v
1535:)
1531:(
1451:e
1444:t
1437:v
1274:.
1019:.
988:.
747:–
62:)
58:(
48:)
44:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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