23:
211:
Since the linguistic ancestor of PIE is not known, there can only be speculations about the origins of the nasal infix. It has been suggested that it arose from a suffix (also related to
2406:
290:, and others. All in all, PIE has at least 18 ways to form the present tense. For many verbs, several of these presents can be reconstructed simultaneously. For example,
505:
have nasal infix of some kind, which are higher-grade and accent-bearing in the strong forms, and reduced-grade in the weak forms. The behaviour of the class-7 root
2131:
2206:
355:
It is not clear why there were so many different types of present forms with no or little discernible differences in meaning. The authors of the
1971:
2390:
2124:
794:
In Celtic, the Indo-European nasal infix presents split into two categories: ones originally derived from laryngeal-final roots (i.e.
2574:
2551:
2422:
2117:
1914:
1863:
1825:
960:
nasal presents' final nasal, ultimately from the nasal infix, was generalized to become suffixed onto all verbs in modern
2398:
357:
196:
44:
2414:
2059:
2035:
2016:
1933:
1882:
1844:
1806:
1512:
498:
with the greatest morphological transparency, and is taken as a guide to examining the feature in kindred languages.
103:
1319:. The infix is more obscured in related Sindarin due to further sound changes but can be observed in verbs such as
1284:
of many verbs. These are most clear in Quenya which shows the nasal infix in the past-tense forms ending in any
818:, where the nasal infix is not present outside of the present stem, like in other old Indo-European languages.
361:
proposed that they were derived from a number of prior grammatical aspects with distinct (but lost) meanings.
2535:
2351:
2148:
34:
91:
2445:
2356:
2346:
2340:
2140:
115:
87:
30:
2089:
2540:
1670:
1649:
502:
2294:
2161:
2156:
418:
2517:
2361:
2440:
2373:
2314:
2181:
1313:
571:
Greek has some verbs that show a nasal infix in the present as opposed to other forms of the verb:
230:
138:
83:
95:
40:
2176:
489:
370:
2261:
1412:
2545:
2466:
1005:(without an infix), their infixed present forms and the reflexes (corresponding forms) in an
2250:
2499:
2472:
2366:
2284:
2216:
2194:
1266:
135:
8:
2504:
2494:
2221:
382:
2226:
2085:
1965:
703:
556:
394:
2489:
2211:
2055:
2031:
2012:
1929:
1910:
1878:
1859:
1840:
1821:
1802:
1006:
706:
show only vestiges of the nasal infix. The only certain remaining example is
English
635:
405:
386:
2579:
2246:
2236:
2231:
2171:
2166:
2069:
1856:
The Indo-European
Origins of the Old Irish Nasal Presents, Subjunctives and Futures
1262:
977:
560:
494:
The phenomenon of nasal-infixing as inherited from Proto-Indo-European is found in
426:
398:
2186:
1984:
A Linguistic
History of English part 1: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic
2102:
2049:
555:
While these were seen as 3 separate classes by the ancient
Sanskrit grammarians,
444:
291:
200:
65:
768:
2512:
2450:
2319:
2304:
2266:
2256:
2241:
2109:
1628:
961:
495:
2568:
2289:
1623:
1277:
563:, that these were slightly different manifestations of the same nasal infix.
390:
131:
1665:
772:
726:
2045:
1979:
52:
1644:
746:
722:
434:
742:
2324:
2073:
2004:
1281:
162:
in forms where zero-grade would be expected. For example, the PIE root
810:-derived verbs the nasal was followed by a root-final stop (generally
1285:
1231:
The Latin reflexes of the PIE aorist came to be used as the perfect.
815:
715:
128:
79:
1892:
Milizia, Paolo (2004). "Proto-Indo-European Nasal
Infixation Rule".
714:
lacking the n. However, it can still be seen in some pairs of Latin
1273:
991:сесть (*sĕsti ) (to sit down) : сяду (*sędǫ) (I will sit down)
606:
374:
806:
verbs, the nasal appears at the end of the present stem, while in
48:
1269:
1002:
594:"to escape notice, cause to forget") against alternative λήθω (
580:
153:
in the forms where a full-grade stem would be expected, and as
559:
demonstrated, as part of his landmark work in postulating the
134:. It is inserted immediately before the last consonant of the
1877:. Maynooth Monographs 1 (2nd ed.). Maynooth: An Sagart.
1858:. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft. IBS-Vertrieb.
1250:
1244:
1205:
1193:
600:
378:
326:
242:
99:
75:
29:
This article contains characters used to write reconstructed
822:
Old Irish nasal-infix present verbs (nasal infixes in bold)
2407:
Lexikon der indogermanischen
Partikeln und Pronominalstämme
617:"to happen to do sth., to succeed") against aorist ἔτυχον (
814:
in Old Irish). The nasal presents are readily apparent in
1991:
Hamp, Eric (1975). "On the nasal presents of
Armenian".
1331:"I spoke" which shows the nasal infix (in bold) and the
946:
938:
931:
920:
909:
892:
885:
878:
866:
855:
798:
roots in
Sanskrit), and ones that were not (i.e. from
1018:
Reflexes in daughter languages (3rd person singular)
987:) (to lie down) : лягу (*lęgǫ) (I will lie down)
982:
294:
2295:
2196:
1235:
1179:
1169:
1133:
1123:
1087:
1077:
1053:
1043:
468:
409:
344:
317:
309:
300:
282:
273:
264:
255:
246:
221:
212:
172:
163:
154:
145:
119:
69:
2026:Schäfer, Karl-Heinz; Zimmermann, Bernhard (1990).
171:"to win" would yield a nasal-infixed present stem
2030:(in German) (3 ed.). Munich: Langenscheidt.
2025:
1758:
241:Besides the nasal infix, PIE employs a number of
2566:
2139:
1947:(in German). Vienna: Oldenbourg Schulbuchverlag.
33:words (for an explanation of the notation, see
1243:had a nasal infix already in PIE, since Greek
369:The effects of the nasal infix can be seen in
236:
2125:
1993:Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung
2054:. Trends in Linguistics. Mouton de Gruyter.
1951:
1702:
634:in the present stem which is missing in the
1153:
1146:
1107:
1100:
1001:This table shows some examples of PIE root
780:
760:
754:
734:
684:
678:
666:
660:
648:
642:
458:
452:
2391:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
2132:
2118:
2068:
1970:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1942:
1834:
1782:
1746:
1734:
1586:
1523:
968:, remaining productive into modern times.
364:
325:which is also the source of Ancient Greek
2011:(in German). Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
1837:Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics
1905:Whitney, William Dwight (January 2008).
1546:
1544:
443:in Latin and γ in Ancient Greek, before
1904:
1891:
1815:
1796:
1770:
1504:
1502:
1447:
1435:
1404:
1402:
1400:
501:Three of the ten classes identified by
45:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2567:
1928:(2001 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass.
1923:
1909:(2000 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass.
1872:
1853:
1441:
109:
2552:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2423:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
2113:
2084:
2044:
1978:
1598:
1541:
1508:
1408:
490:Sanskrit verbs § Building blocks
1990:
1499:
1494:
1397:
630:Latin has a number of verbs with an
127:is one of several means to form the
2399:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
2009:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
2003:
1839:. Great Britain: Clarendon Oxford.
1713:
1610:
1535:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1423:
971:
480:, is an example of the first case.
358:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
343:) "to shine" via its nasal present
13:
2415:Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon
1820:(2010 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
1818:Indo-European Language and Culture
1799:Indo-European Language and Culture
1663:
1642:
697:
404:In Latin, Ancient Greek and other
14:
2591:
579:"to take, receive, get") against
1894:Journal of Indo-European Studies
1797:Fortson, Benjamin W. IV (2004).
657:"wins" (from the PIE verb above)
503:traditional Sanskrit grammarians
21:
2028:Taschenwörterbuch Altgriechisch
1790:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1719:
1707:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1657:
1636:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1529:
1517:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
964:as the present analytic suffix
1958:An introduction to linguistics
1835:Szemerényi, Oswald JL (1996).
1759:Schäfer & Zimmermann (1990
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1429:
1417:
1358:3rd-person singular and plural
94:in several ancient and modern
1:
2536:Proto-Indo-European mythology
1391:
976:Only vestiges are left, like
483:
35:Proto-Indo-European phonology
2575:Proto-Indo-European language
2446:Proto-Indo-European homeland
2141:Proto-Indo-European language
2091:A Greek Grammar for Colleges
1943:Petschenig, Michael (1971).
1816:Fortson, Benjamin W (2010).
1300:"to see" has the past tense
1280:, the nasal infix forms the
983:
116:Proto-Indo-European language
88:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
2541:Proto-Indo-European society
1960:] (in Russian). Moscow.
1671:Online Etymology Dictionary
1650:Online Etymology Dictionary
1011:
996:
237:Other present tense markers
10:
2596:
2296:
2197:
1256:
1245:
1236:
1206:
1194:
1180:
1170:
1134:
1124:
1088:
1078:
1054:
1044:
487:
469:
410:
345:
327:
318:
310:
301:
283:
274:
265:
256:
247:
222:
213:
206:
187:These presents are called
173:
164:
155:
146:
120:
70:
2528:
2518:North European hypothesis
2482:
2459:
2433:
2382:
2333:
2277:
2147:
1629:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1017:
1014:
789:
543:krī·ṇā́·ti ↔ krī·ṇ·ánti (
521:yu·ná·k·ti ↔ yu·ñj·ánti (
195:and are typically active
51:combining characters and
16:Proto-Indo-European affix
2441:Indo-European migrations
2051:The Foundations of Latin
1952:Reformatskij, A (1996).
1801:. Blackwell Publishing.
1716::179, 406–407, 566, 316)
1589:, pp. 138, 442, 533
1346:
1323:"to speak" has the form
1234:It is uncertain whether
625:
566:
532:śṛ·ṇó·ti ↔ śṛ·ṇv·ánti (
2460:Artificial compositions
1613::670, 547–548, 510–511)
1249:is only attested after
947:
940:
932:
921:
910:
893:
886:
879:
867:
856:
371:Indo-European languages
365:Indo-European languages
299:"to burn" goes back to
118:(PIE), the nasal infix
96:Indo-European languages
2343:(nouns and adjectives)
2207:Glossary of sound laws
2070:Fauskanger, Helge Kåre
1954:Введение в языкознание
1577:Fortson (2010), §4.18.
1550:Szemerényi, §9.4.1.3.
1154:
1147:
1108:
1101:
1038:Translation (present)
781:
761:
755:
735:
710:, with the past tense
702:English and the other
685:
679:
667:
661:
649:
643:
459:
453:
295:
144:The infix appeared as
2546:Indo-European studies
1926:The Sanskrit Language
1693:McCone (1997:206–207)
1343:following the infix.
1267:constructed languages
245:to mark the present:
2500:Anatolian hypothesis
2473:The king and the god
1945:Der kleine Stowasser
1875:The Early Irish Verb
1873:McCone, Kim (1997).
1854:McCone, Kim (1991).
316:present of the root
189:nasal infix presents
2509:Outdated theories:
2505:Armenian hypothesis
2495:Schleicher theories
2251:Edgerton's converse
2086:Smyth, Herbert Weir
2048:(22 January 1999).
1900:(3&4): 337–359.
1339:and assimilated to
1009:daughter language.
823:
517:can be seen thus:
110:Proto-Indo-European
98:. It is one of the
74:that was inserted (
64:is a reconstructed
31:Proto-Indo-European
2467:Schleicher's fable
1924:Burrow, T (2001).
1725:Whitney, §683-692.
821:
704:Germanic languages
557:Ferdinand Saussure
406:daughter languages
395:Goidelic languages
229:) which underwent
199:verbs, often with
2562:
2561:
2490:Kurgan hypothesis
2072:(February 2003).
1916:978-81-208-0620-7
1865:978-3-85124-617-9
1827:978-1-4051-8895-1
1703:Reformatskij 1996
1664:Harper, Douglas.
1643:Harper, Douglas.
1308:"to eat" has not
1229:
1228:
954:
953:
427:labial consonants
86:of a word in the
41:rendering support
2587:
2299:
2298:
2200:
2199:
2172:Laryngeal theory
2167:Glottalic theory
2162:Centum and satem
2134:
2127:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2081:
2065:
2041:
2022:
2000:
1987:
1975:
1969:
1961:
1948:
1939:
1920:
1907:Sanskrit Grammar
1901:
1888:
1869:
1850:
1831:
1812:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1747:Petschenig (1971
1744:
1738:
1735:Petschenig (1971
1732:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1524:Petschenig (1971
1521:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1406:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1263:J. R. R. Tolkien
1248:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1213:
1212:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1161:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1115:
1104:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1012:
986:
972:Slavic languages
950:
943:
935:
927:
917:
896:
889:
882:
874:
863:
824:
820:
784:
764:
758:
738:
692:
682:
674:
665:"has crushed" /
664:
656:
646:
561:Laryngeal theory
479:
478:
466:
456:
445:velar consonants
416:
415:
399:Slavic languages
351:
350:
334:
333:
324:
323:
315:
314:
307:
306:
298:
289:
288:
280:
279:
271:
270:
262:
261:
253:
252:
228:
227:
219:
218:
183:
182:
170:
169:
161:
160:
152:
151:
126:
125:
73:
72:
47: instead of
25:
24:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2524:
2478:
2455:
2429:
2378:
2334:Parts of speech
2329:
2273:
2143:
2138:
2103:Perseus Project
2096:
2094:
2062:
2038:
2019:
1963:
1962:
1936:
1917:
1885:
1866:
1847:
1828:
1809:
1793:
1788:
1783:Fauskanger 2003
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1662:
1658:
1641:
1637:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1587:Petschenig 1971
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:Burrow, p. 289.
1558:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1259:
1032:Aorist/perfect
999:
974:
919:
865:
792:
700:
698:Latin loanwords
628:
569:
492:
486:
467:"breaks", from
457:"has broken" /
367:
292:Scottish Gaelic
239:
209:
201:durative aspect
112:
66:nasal consonant
58:
57:
56:
39:Without proper
26:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2513:Beech argument
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2451:Salmon problem
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2320:Thematic vowel
2317:
2312:
2307:
2305:Narten present
2302:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2192:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2082:
2066:
2060:
2042:
2036:
2023:
2017:
2001:
1988:
1976:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1921:
1915:
1902:
1889:
1883:
1870:
1864:
1851:
1845:
1832:
1826:
1813:
1807:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1718:
1706:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1656:
1635:
1632:(Online). n.d.
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1498:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1276:spoken by the
1258:
1255:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1203:
1191:
1190:Ancient Greek
1188:
1177:
1166:
1165:
1164:leaves, quits
1162:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1131:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1085:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1051:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1016:
998:
995:
973:
970:
952:
951:
944:
936:
929:
918:(independent)
907:
902:
898:
897:
890:
883:
876:
864:(independent)
853:
848:
844:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
791:
788:
787:
786:
766:
740:
699:
696:
695:
694:
676:
658:
627:
624:
623:
622:
611:
588:
568:
565:
553:
552:
541:
530:
485:
482:
366:
363:
238:
235:
208:
205:
193:nasal presents
111:
108:
102:that mark the
43:, you may see
27:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2592:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2293:
2291:
2290:Caland system
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Bartholomae's
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2104:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:Quenya Course
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2061:3-11-016294-6
2057:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2046:Baldi, Philip
2043:
2039:
2037:3-468-10031-0
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2018:3-89500-219-4
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:(1): 100–109.
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1935:81-208-1767-2
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1884:1-870684-76-1
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1846:0-19-824015-5
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1808:1-4051-0316-7
1804:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1771:Fortson (2004
1767:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1690:
1684:McCone (1991)
1681:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1574:
1568:Burrow, §7.8.
1565:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1426:, p. 670
1425:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1183:slh₂⟨n(e)⟩gʷ-
1178:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1004:
994:
993:(both e:en).
992:
988:
985:
979:
969:
967:
963:
959:
949:
945:
942:
937:
934:
930:
926:
925:
916:
914:
908:
906:
903:
900:
899:
895:
891:
888:
884:
881:
877:
873:
871:
862:
860:
854:
852:
849:
846:
845:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
825:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
783:
778:
776:
770:
767:
763:
757:
752:
750:
744:
741:
737:
732:
730:
724:
721:
720:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
691:
689:
681:
677:
673:
671:
663:
659:
655:
653:
645:
641:
640:
639:
637:
633:
620:
616:
612:
609:
608:
603:
602:
597:
593:
589:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:
572:
564:
562:
558:
550:
546:
542:
539:
535:
531:
528:
524:
520:
519:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
491:
481:
477:
473:
465:
463:
455:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
414:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
391:Ancient Greek
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
362:
360:
359:
353:
349:
342:
340:
331:
322:
313:
305:
297:
293:
287:
278:
269:
260:
251:
244:
234:
232:
226:
217:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
181:
177:
168:
159:
150:
142:
140:
137:
133:
132:present tense
130:
124:
117:
107:
105:
104:present tense
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
67:
63:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
36:
32:
2550:
2471:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2383:Main sources
2309:
2300:-conjugation
2262:Szemerényi's
2222:Fortunatov's
2195:
2187:
2101:– via
2095:. Retrieved
2090:
2077:
2050:
2027:
2008:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1925:
1906:
1897:
1893:
1874:
1855:
1836:
1817:
1798:
1791:Bibliography
1778:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1721:
1709:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1669:
1659:
1648:
1638:
1627:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1531:
1519:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1448:Milizia 2004
1443:
1438:, p. 88
1436:Fortson 2004
1431:
1419:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1314:metathesised
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1260:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1217:
1215:
1208:
1199:
1182:
1172:
1156:
1136:
1126:
1110:
1090:
1080:
1056:
1046:
1000:
990:
980:
975:
965:
957:
955:
923:
912:
904:
869:
858:
850:
847:"to support"
842:Subjunctive
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
793:
774:
748:
728:
711:
707:
701:
687:
683:"has cut" /
669:
651:
647:"has won" /
631:
629:
618:
614:
605:
599:
595:
591:
584:
576:
570:
554:
548:
544:
537:
533:
526:
522:
514:
513:and class-9
510:
506:
500:
493:
475:
471:
461:
448:
440:
435:
430:
422:
412:
403:
368:
356:
354:
347:
338:
336:
329:
320:
311:
303:
285:
276:
267:
258:
249:
240:
224:
215:
210:
192:
188:
186:
179:
175:
166:
157:
148:
143:
122:
113:
68:or syllable
61:
59:
28:
2310:Nasal infix
2227:Grassmann's
2212:Brugmann's
2005:Rix, Helmut
1599:Ringe (2006
1495:Hamp (1975)
1137:li⟨n(e)⟩kʷ-
1091:ǵʰu⟨n(e)⟩d-
1069:yu·ná·k·ti
928:(dependent)
875:(dependent)
802:roots). In
762:in- + pangō
419:assimilated
397:, and the
78:) into the
62:nasal infix
55:characters.
2569:Categories
2374:Vocabulary
2278:Morphology
2198:*kʷetwóres
2182:Sound laws
2074:"lesson 6"
1980:Ringe, Don
1666:"convince"
1624:"confound"
1509:Smyth 1920
1409:Baldi 1999
1392:References
1282:past tense
1173:sl(e)h₂gʷ-
1057:yu⟨n(e)⟩g-
769:conviction
598:; compare
488:See also:
484:Indo-Aryan
439:, spelled
433:), and to
383:Lithuanian
304:l̥h₂p-sḱé-
231:metathesis
197:transitive
191:or simply
136:zero-grade
2352:Particles
2247:Sievers's
2237:Pinault's
2232:Osthoff's
2149:Phonology
2097:5 January
1966:cite book
1714:Rix (2001
1611:Rix (2001
1538::510–511)
1536:Rix (2001
1483:Rix (2001
1471:Rix (2001
1459:Rix (2001
1286:consonant
1066:á·yuj·at
1063:Sanskrit
1029:Language
880:fo·lolaig
836:Preterite
830:Root type
816:Old Irish
782:con-vincō
716:loanwords
675:"crushes"
613:τυγχάνω (
590:λανθάνω (
575:λαμβάνω (
451:). Latin
348:l̥h₂⟨n⟩p-
129:athematic
90:. It has
2529:See also
2483:Theories
2357:Pronouns
2347:Numerals
2341:Nominals
2188:boukólos
2177:s-mobile
2088:(1920).
2007:(2001).
1982:(2006).
1645:"impact"
1424:Rix 2001
1317:ma(n)t-ë
1312:but the
1296:. Thus,
1288:besides
1274:Sindarin
1239:sleh₂gʷ-
1127:l(e)ikʷ-
1081:ǵʰ(e)ud-
1035:Present
1026:Present
1007:attested
997:Examples
901:"to buy"
736:confundō
662:contudit
615:tunkhánō
607:alḗtheia
592:lanthánō
583:ἔλᾰβον (
509:class-5
496:Sanskrit
449:g, k, qu
387:Armenian
375:Sanskrit
176:wi⟨né⟩k-
92:reflexes
2580:Infixes
2434:Origins
2267:Weise's
2257:Stang's
2242:Siebs's
1485::36–37)
1461::14–20)
1310:*mat-në
1290:-m, -n,
1257:Tolkien
1246:λαμβάνω
1047:y(e)ug-
1023:Aorist
1003:aorists
978:Russian
966:-(e)ann
833:Present
827:Meaning
779:(Latin
759:, from
756:impingō
753:(Latin
733:(Latin
723:confuse
636:perfect
619:étukhon
577:lambánō
476:ru⟨n⟩p-
425:before
243:affixes
207:Origins
180:wi⟨n⟩k-
114:In the
100:affixes
76:infixed
71:*⟨n(é)⟩
49:Unicode
2425:(IEED)
2409:(LIPP)
2367:copula
2325:Vṛddhi
2285:Ablaut
2157:Accent
2058:
2034:
2015:
1932:
1913:
1881:
1862:
1843:
1824:
1805:
1413:p. 372
1376:'hear'
1367:'join'
1304:, but
1302:cen-në
1270:Quenya
1225:takes
1200:é-labe
1195:ἔ-λαβε
1148:līquit
1143:Latin
1118:pours
1097:Latin
1072:joins
984:*legti
981:лечь (
941:-cíuri
887:fo·lil
868:·fulai
857:fo·loi
839:Future
790:Celtic
743:impact
727:confou
693:"cuts"
680:scidit
638:stem:
585:élabon
581:aorist
408:, the
393:, the
321:leh₂p-
123:⟨n(é)⟩
2554:(EIE)
2417:(NIL)
2401:(LIV)
2393:(IEW)
2362:Verbs
1956:[
1773::250)
1761::271)
1749::298)
1737::227)
1526::435)
1473::402)
1385:'buy'
1347:Notes
1278:Elves
1251:Homer
1220:bánei
1211:βάνει
1102:fūdit
962:Irish
948:-cria
939:*
933:cíuir
894:fo·ló
773:convi
712:stood
708:stand
668:contu
644:vīcit
626:Latin
601:lḗthē
596:lḗthō
567:Greek
511:√śru-
507:√yuj-
454:rūpit
379:Latin
373:like
296:loisg
277:-sḱe-
268:-neH-
259:-neu-
225:-neu-
216:-neH-
167:weik-
53:Latin
2315:Root
2202:rule
2190:rule
2099:2014
2056:ISBN
2032:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1972:link
1930:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1860:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1601::78)
1513:§523
1337:pedi
1321:pedi
1306:mat-
1298:cen-
1272:and
1187:(?)
1159:quit
1015:PIE
956:The
922:·cre
851:aniṭ
808:aniṭ
800:aniṭ
747:impi
604:and
545:-nā-
538:-nu-
534:-no-
523:-na-
515:krī-
472:rup-
431:b, p
417:was
341:pein
332:πειν
312:sḱe-
308:, a
286:-de-
220:and
149:⟨né⟩
139:root
84:root
80:stem
60:The
2297:h₂e
1341:-n-
1335:of
1333:-d-
1329:nin
1292:or
1265:'s
1261:In
1113:dit
958:seṭ
915:aid
911:cre
905:seṭ
812:-g-
804:seṭ
796:seṭ
690:dit
686:sci
672:dit
654:cit
549:-n-
547:vs
536:vs
527:-n-
525:vs
474:/ *
464:pit
421:to
250:-u-
178:~ *
158:⟨n⟩
82:or
2571::
2076:.
1997:89
1995:.
1968:}}
1964:{{
1898:32
1896:.
1668:.
1647:.
1626:.
1543:^
1511:,
1501:^
1411:,
1399:^
1325:pe
1294:-r
1253:.
1222:)
1216:la
1207:λα
1202:)
1155:li
1109:fu
989:,
777:ce
771:–
751:ge
745:–
725:–
718::
650:vi
460:ru
401:.
389:,
385:,
381:,
377:,
352:.
337:lá
328:λά
281:,
272:,
263:,
254:,
233:.
203:.
184:.
141:.
106:.
37:).
2253:)
2249:(
2133:e
2126:t
2119:v
2105:.
2080:.
2064:.
2040:.
2021:.
1986:.
1974:)
1938:.
1919:.
1887:.
1868:.
1849:.
1830:.
1811:.
1674:.
1653:.
1327:n
1237:*
1218:m
1214:(
1209:μ
1198:(
1181:*
1171:*
1157:n
1135:*
1125:*
1111:n
1089:*
1079:*
1055:*
1045:*
924:n
913:n
872:g
870:n
861:g
859:n
785:)
775:n
765:)
749:n
739:)
731:d
729:n
688:n
670:n
652:n
632:n
621:)
610:)
587:)
551:)
540:)
529:)
470:*
462:m
447:(
441:n
436:ŋ
429:(
423:m
413:n
411:*
346:*
339:m
335:(
330:μ
319:*
302:*
284:*
275:*
266:*
257:*
248:*
223:*
214:*
174:*
165:*
156:*
147:*
121:*
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