1645:"Camps Circuit". By conventional view, genocide requires intention to destroy a group in whole or in part. Where the intention is to destroy a group in part, that part must be "substantial", either in the numerical sense, or in the sense of being important to the physical survival of the group. The facts being prosecuted involves attacks against "subversive elements", which does not appear, on first sight, to be a "substantial" part of the group defined by nationality, by sheer numerical representation. This decision is significant in adopting the theory, originating from genocide scholar Daniel Feierstein, that the targeted victims are significant to the national group, as their destruction fundamentally altered the social fabric of the nation.
1433:(FUSEP). Álvarez Martínez was a proponent of the "Argentine Method", viewing it as an effective tool against subversion in the hemisphere, and sought increased Argentine military influence in Honduras. Argentina's military program in Honduras expanded after 1981 when General Gustavo Álvarez Martínez, offered his country to the CIA and the Argentine military as a base for conducting operations opposing the Sandinista government in Nicaragua. By the end of 1981, 150 Argentine military advisors were active in Honduras training members of the Honduran security forces and providing training to the Nicaraguan Contras based in Honduras. According to the NGO
1220:
807:) and other human rights violations, noting that the correct number must be higher. Many cases were never reported, when whole families disappeared, and the military destroyed many of its records months before the return of democracy. Among the "disappeared" were pregnant women, who were kept alive until giving birth under often primitive circumstances in the secret prisons. The infants were generally illegally adopted by military or political families affiliated with the administration, and the mothers were generally killed. Thousands of detainees were drugged, loaded into aircraft, stripped naked and then thrown into the
46:
1456:. As early as 1979, the National Reorganization Process supported the Salvadoran government militarily with intelligence training, weapons and counterinsurgency advisors. This support continued until well after the United States had established itself as the principal supplier of weapons to the Salvadoran security forces. According to secret documents from the Argentine military, the purpose of this aid was to strengthen inter-military relations between Argentina and El Salvador and "contribute to hardening position in the widening struggle against subversion, alongside other countries in the region."
106:
1810:
1875:
1846:
1410:
agreed that
Argentina would oversee the contras and the United States would provide money and weapons. In late-1981, President Reagan authorized the U.S. to support the contras by giving them money, arms, and equipment. This aid was transported and distributed to the Contras by way of Argentina. With new weapons and logistical support, the scale of Contra attacks increased and the ranks of the Contras swelled as recruitment became more feasible. By the end of 1982, the Contras were conducting attacks deeper inside Nicaragua than before.
60:
2042:
1893:
1911:
431:
1977:
1675:
652:
2066:
1449:'s name indicated the unit's service to three military units and sixteen battalions of the Honduran army. This unit was charged with the task of carrying out political assassinations and torture of suspected political opponents of the government, effectively implementing the "Argentine Method" in Honduras. At least 184 suspected government opponents including teachers, politicians, and union bosses were assassinated by Battalion 316 during the 1980s.
1658:) during the 1976–1983 dictatorship, including those involved in death flights, was reaching its close in July 2015. 830 witnesses and 789 victims were heard. There had been two previous trials after the Supreme Court struck down an amnesty the military dictatorship had granted its members; in the first the one accused committed suicide before a verdict was reached; in a 2009 trial twelve defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment.
1828:
2006:
1959:
1333:(torture, forced disappearance, extrajudicial killings). Argentina's aid programs increased proportionate to the growth of the popular movement against the Somoza regime and the degree of isolation of the Somoza regime. Following the suspension of U.S. military aid and training in 1979, Argentina became one of the Somoza regime's principal sources of arms alongside Israel, Brazil and South Africa.
773:
1160:
1941:
1484:, to assist the security forces in counterinsurgency operations. Argentine involvement in Guatemala expanded when, in October 1981, the Guatemalan government and the Argentine military junta formalized secret accords which augmented Argentine participation in government counterinsurgency operations. As part of the agreement, two-hundred Guatemalan officers were dispatched to
2024:
1409:
official met with
Honduran military staff, Argentine military and intelligence advisors, and the Contra leadership and expressed his support for the contra operations. On November 1, 1981, the Director of the CIA William Casey met with the Chief of Staff of the Argentine military; the two purportedly
1644:
On March 25, 2013, Federal
Criminal Oral Court No. 1 of La Plata rendered decision on a public trial for crimes committed during the civilian-military dictatorship in Argentina (1976–1983) in the network of clandestine detention, torture and extermination centers ("clandestine centers") known as the
1459:
In fall of 1981, the administration of U.S. President Ronald Reagan requested that the high command of the
Argentine military increase its assistance to El Salvador. The Argentine government ratified an agreement by which U.S. intelligence would provide the Argentine government with intelligence and
1348:
to
Nicaragua in 1978 with the aim of apprehending and eliminating Argentine guerrillas fighting within the ranks of the Sandinistas. A special commando team from Argentina worked in conjunction with Somoza's OSN (Office of National Security) and its Argentine advisors with the objective of capturing
1665:
plant near Buenos Aires, Pedro Muller and Hector
Sibilla, were convicted for their involvement in the abduction and torture of 24 workers during the reign of the military junta. Lawyers involved in the case say this is the first time former executives of a multinational corporation operating in
1328:
Pursuant with these military agreements, Somoza's
Guardsmen were sent to police and military academies in Argentina to undergo training and Argentina began to send arms and advisors to Nicaragua to bolster the National Guard, in addition to similar services being provided by the United States.
1464:
from Cuba and
Nicaragua. In addition to agreeing to coordinate arms interdiction operations, the Argentine General Directorate of Military Industries (DGFM) supplied El Salvador with light and heavy weapons, ammunition and military spare parts worth U.S.$ 20 million in February 1982.
93:
774:
2711:
3430:"N° 1295 – Rapport de M. Roland Blum sur la proposition de résolution de M. Noël MAMÈRE et plusieurs de ses collègues tendant à la création d'une commission d'enquête sur le rôle de la France dans le soutien aux régimes militaires d'Amérique latine entre 1973 et 1984 (1060)"
1527:
passed a resolution in
September 2003 for a Parliamentary Commission to be convened on the "role of France in the support of military regimes in Latin America from 1973 to 1984", to be held before the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly and presided over by
96:
88:
776:
95:
90:
89:
92:
91:
94:
3299:
General
Directorate of Military Industries (DGFM), "Financiation de venta de material belico a las Republica de El Salvador", secret memorandum from General Augusto J.B. Alemanzor to the Commander in Chief of the Army, General Leopoldo F. Faltieri, January 18,
1545:
In December 2003, his staff published a 12-page document that said no agreement had been signed between France and Argentina about military forces. But, Marie-Monique Robin had sent them a copy of the document she found showing such an agreement.
1372:. Shortly after the Sandinista victory in July 1979, agents from Argentine intelligence began to organize exiled members of Somoza's National Guard residing in Guatemala into an anti-Sandinista insurgency. Following the election of U.S. President
1623:, an Argentine naval officer during the junta, was tried for his role in jettisoning drugged and naked political dissidents from military aircraft to their deaths in the Atlantic Ocean during the junta years. He was convicted in Spain in 2005 of
777:
87:
3493:
3735:
1096:. Cavallo inherited a foreign debt installment guarantee program that shielded billions of private debt from the collapse of the peso, costing the treasury billions. He instituted controls over the facility, such as the
2908:
1329:
According to an Argentine advisor with the Nicaraguan National Guard, the intelligence techniques used by the Somoza regime consisted of essentially the same "unconventional" methods which had been used in Argentina's
848:, a United States-backed campaign of anti-democratic and political repression and state terror. It is estimated to have caused the deaths of more than 60,000 people. SIDE also trained—for example in the Honduran
2491:
85:
3837:'s National Security Archive page on the Dirty War, featuring numerous recently declassified documents which clearly demonstrate Kissinger's knowledge and complacency in the junta's human rights abuses
2221:
2377:
The Last Military dictatorship in Argentina (1976–1983) was many things. Outside its concentration camps it presented the facade of a typical authoritarian state. Within them, however, it was fascist.
1439:, though the Argentine mission in Honduras was downgraded after the Falklands War, Argentine officers remained active in Honduras until 1984, some of them until 1986, well after the 1983 election of
737:) against the campaign of harsh repressive and retaliatory measures enforced by the military and the police. In addition, right-wing paramilitary groups entered the cycle of violence, such as the
3706:
3485:
878:
Corruption, a failing economy, growing public awareness of the harsh repressive measures taken by the regime, and the military defeat in the Falklands War eroded the regime's image. The last
775:
1340:
operations on Nicaraguan soil during the late-1970s, benefitting from close rapport between Argentine secret services and the Nicaraguan regime. The military in Argentina sent agents of the
3726:
3463:
3398:
86:
2313:
It was a sacrifice of some questionable lives to preserve the Proceso, the National Process of Reorganization to make Argentina conform to a right-wing fascist version of Catholicism.
105:
1205:, to grant $ 50,000,000 in security assistance to the junta. In 1977 and 1978 the United States sold more than $ 120,000,000 in spare military parts to Argentina, and in 1977 the
2463:
1561:
Despite the officially anti-Communist leanings of Videla's junta in the context of the Cold War, the regime maintained extensive trade and diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union.
1118:
Six years of intermittent wage freezes had left real wages close to 40% lower than during Perón's tenure, leading to growing labor unrest. Bignone's decision to restore limited
4329:
2882:
1617:
declared amnesty laws unconstitutional in 2005. As a result, the government resumed trials against military officers who had been indicted for actions during the Dirty War.
3601:
2487:
414:
389:
844:
Chile and other South American intelligence agencies. Eight South American nations supported endeavours to eradicate left-leaning groups on the continent, known as
3166:
2632:
3196:
4560:
1023:
as Finance Minister, and it became clear that Sigaut was looking for ways to reverse some of Martínez de Hoz's policies. Notably, Sigaut abandoned the sliding
3368:
2185:
3673:
1426:
1101:
1641:
of political prisoners in illegal detention centers. He was convicted at trial, and on 9 October 2007, the Argentine court sentenced him to life in prison.
1325:
regime in its fight against left-wing subversion and agreed to send advisors and material support to Nicaragua to assist President Somoza's National Guard.
3278:
2713:
La nueva política económica argentina se basa en la modificación del esquema de cambios de la moneda. Según Lorenzo Sigaut, el nuevo ministro de Economía
2516:
4555:
794:
3228:
3224:
2159:
3696:
829:
3006:
2569:
3519:
886:, was forced to call for elections by the lack of support within the Army and the steadily growing pressure of public opinion. On 30 October 1983,
2941:
1769:
During the Process, there were four successive military juntas, each consisting of the heads of the three branches of the Argentine Armed Forces:
3455:
3390:
2716:
1006:
3545:
2595:
2234:
On March 24, 1976, the Argentine military staged a coup d'état and established a fascist dictatorship that perpetrated genocide for seven years.
2389:
2325:
2773:
625:
in 1989 but were re-arrested on new charges in the early 2000s. Almost all of the surviving junta members are currently serving sentences for
2809:
4520:
2126:
754:. The situation escalated until Mrs. Perón was overthrown. She was replaced on 24 March 1976 by a military junta led by Lieutenant General
3246:
LA APARICION DE OSAMENTAS EN UNA ANTIGUA BASE MILITAR DE LA CIA EN HONDURAS REABRE LA PARTICIPACION ARGENTINO-NORTEAMERICANA EN ESE PAIS.
1613:
pardoned them during his first year in office, which was highly controversial. He said the pardons were part of healing the country. The
1139:
687:", an alternative to both capitalism and communism. After being reelected president by popular vote, Perón was deposed and exiled by the
698:
After a series of weak governments and a seven-year military government, Perón returned to Argentina in 1973 after 18 years in exile in
3862:
2459:
1350:
1309:
dictatorships in Latin America. In 1977 at a meeting of the Conference of American Armies (CAA) held in the Nicaraguan capital city of
2965:
2543:
4510:
4053:
3433:
587:
4505:
4361:
3257:
2856:
1683:
1146:, a banking executive with previous experience in the post, reluctantly granted two large, mandatory wage increases in late 1982.
2661:
1649:
4540:
4153:
4143:
1476:, especially during the final two years of the Lucas government. Argentina's involvement had initially began in 1980, when the
516:
3593:
4079:
3926:
3633:
3571:
3275:"IN Search of Hidden Truths -An Interim Report on Declassification by the National Commissioner for Human Rights in Honduras"
2850:
2350:
2286:
1417:
in 1979, the National Reorganization Process dispatched a large Argentine military mission to Honduras. At the time, General
1239:
512:("last civil–military dictatorship"), because there have been several in the country's history and no others since it ended.
451:
447:
3906:
3901:
2410:
2253:
837:
4535:
4170:
4104:
1274:
721:, succeeded him, but she proved to be a weak, ineffectual ruler. A number of revolutionary organizations—chief among them
480:
from 1976 to 1983, which received support from the United States until 1982. In Argentina it is often known simply as the
4470:
4248:
4163:
4038:
4013:
3875:
1553:
traveled to Chile in February 2004, he claimed that no cooperation between France and the military regimes had occurred.
1384:. Shortly thereafter, Argentina oversaw the relocation of Contra bases from Guatemala to Honduras. There, some Argentine
3339:
Central Bank of the Republic of Argentina (BCRA), the directorate's secret session, "Acta no. 'S' 2." February 11, 1982.
2963:
On 30th Anniversary of Argentine Coup: New Declassified Details on Repression and U.S. Support for Military Dictatorship
3787:
3248:
3163:
2902:
2364:
2300:
1577:
as a witness in his investigations into the Argentine disappearances during one of Kissinger's visits to Britain, and
667:, and Argentine history is laced with frequent and prolonged intervals of military rule. The popular Argentine leader
3192:
3148:
1686:, in commemoration for the victims of the dictatorship. In 2006, thirty years after the coup d'état that started the
1336:
In addition to providing arms and training to Somoza's National Guard, the Argentine junta also executed a number of
919:
1277:
government. Argentina also provided security advisors, intelligence training and some material support to forces in
4003:
3971:
3364:
2618:
1694:. The anniversary of the coup was remembered by massive official events and demonstrations throughout the country.
738:
3661:
520:
394:
248:
45:
4545:
4419:
4225:
4126:
3931:
3891:
1058:. Alemann inherited an economy in deep recession in the aftermath of Martínez de Hoz's policies. Alemann slashed
1055:
887:
599:
407:
274:
3014:
2433:
State Terrorism in Latin America: Chile, Argentina, and International Human Rights (Latin American Silhouettes).
1422:
1390:
1341:
4148:
4094:
4033:
3855:
3274:
2512:
2447:
1376:, the Argentine government sought arrangements for the Argentine military to organize and train the contras in
535:
1501:
1481:
1108:
717:
Perón was democratically elected president in 1973, but died in July 1974. His vice president and third wife,
59:
4414:
4282:
4230:
3941:
3911:
1418:
2981:
William Michael Schmidli, "Human rights and the Cold War: the campaign to halt the Argentine 'dirty war'’",
2342:
The ideological origins of the dirty war: fascism, populism, and dictatorship in twentieth century Argentina
4429:
4138:
4116:
4043:
4028:
3834:
2090:
1691:
875:, which Argentina hosted and won, was used as propaganda to rally its people under a nationalist pretense.
3419:" Série B. Amérique 1952–1963. Sous-série : Argentine, n° 74. Cotes : 18.6.1. mars 52-août 63 ".
4525:
4515:
4253:
4220:
4048:
4023:
4018:
3993:
3825:
3003:
2565:
1582:
1406:
1381:
1266:
957:
3515:
1301:
After attaining power in 1976, the National Reorganization Process formed close ties with the regime of
785:
from the Military Government about forced disappearances. Channel 7, Argentine Public Television (1983).
4344:
4235:
4175:
2931:
1206:
4550:
4384:
4351:
4339:
4212:
4111:
4084:
3848:
3541:
3391:"MM. Giscard d'Estaing et Messmer pourraient être entendus sur l'aide aux dictatures sud-américaines"
2591:
1446:
1254:
allies in Argentina, and reversed the previous administration's official condemnation of the junta's
1219:
1093:
1070:
289:
79:
65:
812:
690:
4314:
4309:
4201:
4121:
4008:
2762:
2151:
2095:
1744:
1361:
1302:
110:
Map of Argentina showing undisputed territory in dark green, and territorial claims in light green.
2801:
1472:
was a prominent source of both material aid and inspiration to the Guatemalan military during the
706:
movement, and frequent outbreaks of political violence. His return was marked by the 20 June 1973
655:
Lieutenant General Jorge Rafael Videla swearing the Oath as he becomes the President of Argentina.
4444:
4294:
4099:
2435:
1624:
1614:
1488:
to undergo advanced military intelligence training, which included instruction in interrogation.
626:
324:
2115:
1853:
1460:
logistics support for an arms interdiction program to stem the flow of military supplies to the
443:
4530:
4319:
4304:
4268:
4158:
4089:
3981:
3812:
3757:
1836:
1184:
555:
435:
166:
3808:
Sons and daughters of the victims from the dictatorship trying to find their roots and history
3140:
2894:
2439:
4356:
4258:
4067:
2887:
State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies)
2842:
1883:
1713:
1630:
1581:
was unable to have Kissinger arrested during the same visit for alleged war crimes under the
1550:
1453:
1414:
1247:
1228:
664:
660:
501:
473:
197:
159:
144:
2032:
1634:
1269:
collaboration with the Argentine intelligence service in arming and training the Nicaraguan
990:(removed existing prohibitions, quotas, and licenses and gradually reduced import tariffs).
4463:
4404:
4376:
4263:
4206:
4189:
3998:
3921:
3916:
3883:
2539:
2085:
1901:
1809:
1473:
1216:
secured a congressional cutoff of all U.S. arms transfers for the human rights violations.
1191:
1104:
threw the banking sector against him; Cavallo and Dagnino Pastore were replaced in August.
1062:, began selling off government-owned industries (with only minor success), enacted a tight
864:
804:
747:
646:
583:
579:
3830:
3429:
3175:
2962:
8:
4389:
3966:
3219:
2878:
2014:
1818:
1788:
1703:
1604:
1497:
1477:
1395:
1202:
1047:
942:
872:
853:
755:
610:
439:
185:
152:
2832:
1258:
practices. However, relations soured after the U.S. supported the United Kingdom in the
4479:
4439:
4434:
4424:
4409:
4366:
4299:
3896:
2769:
2525:
2472:
2383:
2319:
2213:
1874:
1662:
1594:
1440:
891:
820:
603:
2023:
1845:
1570:
1480:
regime dispatched army and naval officers to Guatemala, under contract from President
1142:, Argentina's largest labor union, was particularly active. The new Economy Minister,
729:, a group of far-left Peronists—escalated their wave of political violence (including
4394:
4324:
3821:
3817:
3783:
3144:
3133:
2898:
2846:
2443:
2406:
2356:
2346:
2292:
2282:
2217:
2205:
1984:
1949:
1734:
968:
949:
911:
868:
614:
539:
209:
137:
51:
1043:
after the excesses of the "sweet money" years, which destabilized Viola's position.
586:. Public opposition due to civil rights abuses and inability to solve the worsening
4484:
4399:
4133:
3775:
3489:
2197:
2071:
1755:
1666:
Argentina under the military junta have been convicted of crimes against humanity.
1627:
and sentenced to 640 years in prison. The sentence was later raised to 1084 years.
1542:, who was in charge of the commission, refused to let Marie-Monique Robin testify.
1529:
1516:
1505:
1365:
1337:
1290:
1010:
883:
845:
841:
591:
221:
3623:
3567:
2657:
2041:
1135:
3936:
3727:"Ex-Ford Argentina executives convicted in torture case; victims may sue in U.S."
3710:
3252:
3170:
3010:
2969:
2720:
2520:
2495:
2467:
2247:
1892:
1620:
1574:
1520:
1187:
1127:
1089:
1078:
1063:
1059:
1051:
934:
808:
707:
699:
571:
1910:
1115:
to the Central Bank, although he stopped short of reinstating the hated "1050."
718:
527:
4240:
3697:"Llega a su fin juicio por crímenes de lesa humanidad en Argentina, julio 2015"
2049:
1919:
1782:
1776:
1723:
1601:
for acts committed during their tenure, they were tried and convicted in 1985 (
1578:
1385:
1318:
1176:
1143:
1131:
1032:
1020:
964:
751:
684:
618:
489:
430:
347:
1504:'s government secretly collaborated with Videla's junta in Argentina and with
986:(removed existing prohibitions and quotas and export taxes were repealed) and
890:
were held, and democracy was formally restored on 10 December, when President
4499:
3961:
3365:"Marie-Monique Robin: Escadrons de la mort, l'école française – Présentation"
3241:
3164:
Capítulos desconocidos de los mercenarios chilenos en Honduras camino de Iraq
2488:"Victims of 'death flights': Drugged, dumped by aircraft – but not forgotten"
2360:
2296:
2209:
2201:
2082:– Hijos e Hijas por la Identidad y la Justicia contra el Olvido y el Silencio
1573:
unsuccessfully attempted to question former United States Secretary of State
1435:
1373:
1314:
1259:
1243:
1224:
1198:
1123:
1085:
fell by 5%, and business investment by 20% over the weakened levels of 1981.
1024:
1016:
1002:
825:
676:
595:
360:
261:
3826:"Breaking the silence: the Catholic Church in Argentina and the 'dirty war'"
3245:
668:
598:
against the United Kingdom in June, the junta began to collapse and finally
531:
2936:
1976:
1610:
1485:
1452:
Argentina played a role in supporting the Salvadoran government during the
1255:
1213:
1164:
1112:
994:
972:
953:
927:
907:
680:
651:
622:
551:
543:
119:
2883:"Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America"
2627:
2340:
2276:
1674:
1289:
to suppress local rebel groups as part of a U.S.-sponsored program called
3059:
Interview with former Argentine military advisor Carlos Alberto Lobo, in
1967:
1539:
1524:
1429:, was commander of a branch of the Honduran security forces known as the
1399:
1282:
1232:
1168:
1119:
1074:
1028:
998:
849:
832:
category in 1985, addresses this situation. The Argentine secret service
743:
675:
in the army who first came to political power in the aftermath of a 1943
634:
547:
3662:"Genocide on Trial: Case Note and Extracts of 'Circuito Camps' Judgment"
3310:"Military Diplomacy Tilts Argentine Foreign Policy towards Washington".
4334:
3660:
Riveiro, María Belén; Rosende, Luciana; Zylberman, Lior (Spring 2013).
3047:
Monjes, mercenarios y mercaderes: La red secreta de apoyo a los Contras
2699:
1354:
1306:
1097:
923:
857:
730:
724:
149:
2723:, El País, reproducción del artículo publicado el 8 de abril de 1981.
1678:
Argentines commemorate victims of military dictatorship, 24 March 2017
1111:, undid many of these controls, transferring billions more in private
609:
Members of the National Reorganization Process were prosecuted in the
3951:
3871:
3840:
2890:
2885:. In Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein (eds.).
2838:
2540:"Jorge Rafael Videla | president of Argentina | Britannica"
1682:
In 2002, the Argentine Congress declared the date of 24 March as the
1469:
1330:
1278:
1180:
1040:
976:
915:
790:
767:
567:
477:
2246:"The use of the Nazi-Fascist Discourse by Argentinean Governments".
1827:
1564:
3946:
3804:
2186:"No State Apparatus Goes to Bed Genocidal Then Wakes Up Democratic"
1534:
1377:
1286:
1251:
938:
711:
703:
630:
621:
for mishandling the Falklands War. They were pardoned by President
563:
559:
524:
355:
235:
155:
1159:
633:. Scholars generally characterize the regime as characteristic of
3730:
2005:
1638:
1369:
1310:
1270:
987:
983:
836:(Secretaría de Inteligencia del Estado) also cooperated with the
734:
672:
575:
1322:
1036:
558:
and his ministers were appointed from military personnel while
3456:"Argentine : M. de Villepin défend les firmes françaises"
1958:
1652:
mega-trial", of 63 people accused of crimes against humanity (
3813:
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights report on Argentina
3072:
Oscar R. Cardoso, Richardo Kirschbaum, Eduardo van der Kooy,
3004:"Los secretos de la guerra sucia continental de la dictadura"
2079:
1509:
1402:
base alongside some members of the Honduran security forces.
1077:
locally, was maintained, leading to further deepening of the
1073:
Circular 1050, which tied mortgage rates to the value of the
918:. He largely left economic policies in the hands of Minister
3272:
2566:"Argentina - Military government, 1966–73 | Britannica"
1209:
granted $ 700,000 to train 217 Argentine military officers.
3725:
Garrison, Cassandra; Misculin, Nicolas (11 December 2018).
1940:
1461:
1380:
in collaboration with the Honduran government and the U.S.
1345:
1296:
833:
534:, at a time of growing economic and political instability.
2460:"Argentine Tells of Dumping 'Dirty War' Captives Into Sea"
1368:, Argentina played a central role in the formation of the
3628:
3179:, September 25, 2005 – URL accessed on February 14, 2007
2834:
State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South
1082:
960:
loans of nearly US$ 1 billion after of his arrival.
863:
The regime shut down the legislature and restricted both
750:, Perón's Minister of Social Welfare and a member of the
3266:
1538:, newspapers remained silent about this request. Deputy
811:
or the Atlantic Ocean to drown in what became known as "
789:
Official investigations undertaken after the end of the
3659:
3139:. Washington: Institute for Political Studies. p.
2621:[The Years of Martinez de Hoz by Juan Alemann]
2152:"Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche"
3103:
With the Contras: A Reporter in the Wilds of Nicaragua
2932:"Kissinger backed dirty war against left in Argentina"
2763:"Economists and Economic Policy: Argentina since 1958"
1175:
The United States provided military assistance to the
1697:
1066:, and ordered salaries frozen (amid 130% inflation).
702:, amid escalating political unrest, divisions in the
2061:
1265:
The re-establishment of diplomatic ties allowed for
945:. His economic measures were moderately successful.
2278:
Global Latin America: into the twenty-first century
1661:In December 2018, two former executives of a local
1005:became much more pronounced. The period ended in a
795:
National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons
3132:
1556:
594:in April 1982. After starting and then losing the
1565:Legal moves by Baltasar Garzón and Peter Tatchell
1100:of payments, but this move and the rescission of
4497:
3724:
2401:
2399:
1250:had weakened U.S. diplomatic relationships with
997:increased fourfold, and disparities between the
3486:"La alianza entre la Junta argentina y la URSS"
3105:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 54–55.
2619:"Los anios de Martinez de Hoz por Juan Alemann"
1633:, a Catholic priest and former chaplain of the
1035:, after boasting that "they who gamble on the
683:, a nationalist policy that he claimed was a "
530:, the successor and widow of former President
4561:States and territories disestablished in 1983
3856:
3694:
3655:
3653:
3651:
2396:
2274:
1653:
1602:
798:
722:
688:
505:
493:
481:
467:
3758:brigadier-general in the Argentine Air Force
3237:
3235:
2338:
1597:mandating prosecution of the leaders of the
3049:. Mexico City: Alpa Corral. pp. 103–5.
2739:. University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
2686:. University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
671:, three-time President of Argentina, was a
4556:States and territories established in 1976
3863:
3849:
3648:
2658:"José Alfredo Martinez de Hoz – Biografía"
2388:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2324:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2275:Gutmann, Matthew C.; Lesser, Jeff (2016).
1321:secretly pledged unconditional support of
613:in 1985, receiving sentences ranging from
104:
3780:Historia de la Argentina, vol. I & II
3273:Valladares Lanza, Leo; Susan C. Peacock.
3232:
3193:"Nicaragua: U.S. Support for the Contras"
2796:
2794:
1637:, was arrested in 2003 on accusations of
1491:
933:Martínez de Hoz took measures to restore
16:1976–1983 Argentine military dictatorship
3325:""Che" Galtieri Plans his Own Vietnam".
3130:
2877:
2830:
2760:
2252:. Social Research Center of DAIA. 2006.
1684:Day of Remembrance for Truth and Justice
1673:
1297:Military intervention in Central America
1218:
1158:
871:, adopting severe media censorship. The
771:
650:
566:were persecuted. The junta launched the
429:
3774:
3760:is equivalent to 3-star or 4-star rank.
3044:
2705:
2513:"Argentina holds 'death flights' trial"
1190:gave them a "green light" to engage in
4498:
3870:
3604:from the original on 25 September 2008
3225:Negroponte's Time In Honduras at Issue
3199:from the original on 11 September 2020
3157:
3118:Truth and Partial Justice in Argentina
3115:
3100:
3085:
2929:
2791:
2729:
948:He enjoyed the personal friendship of
663:has always been highly influential in
3844:
3782:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Colihue.
3738:from the original on 11 December 2018
3496:from the original on 23 November 2021
3436:from the original on 25 February 2004
3401:from the original on 12 December 2001
3312:'Latin America Weekly Report,' Page 1
2676:
2664:from the original on 20 November 2020
2183:
446:(from left to right) – observing the
434:The "first military junta" – Admiral
3574:from the original on 21 October 2013
3466:from the original on 30 October 2007
3211:
3135:Nicaragua: The Price of Intervention
2972:. Gwu.edu. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
2749:Argentina: From Insolvency to Growth
2696:Argentina: From Insolvency to Growth
2638:from the original on 24 October 2019
2367:from the original on 14 January 2023
2303:from the original on 14 January 2023
2256:from the original on 14 January 2023
2249:Report on Anti-semitism in Argentina
2165:from the original on 29 October 2014
2132:from the original on 18 October 2015
1425:(class of 1961) and graduate of the
1039:will lose". Argentines braced for a
897:
710:, after which the right wing of the
4521:1983 disestablishments in Argentina
3932:Dreadnought race with Brazil, Chile
3624:"'Dirty War' priest gets life term"
3348:
3029:
2944:from the original on 29 August 2019
2761:de Pablo, Juan Carlos (June 1999).
2616:
2413:from the original on 4 January 2021
2224:from the original on 29 August 2022
1690:, the Day of Memory was declared a
1246:, which asserted that the previous
1107:The President of the Central Bank,
679:. He advocated a new policy dubbed
13:
3548:from the original on 23 April 2020
3522:from the original on 10 April 2018
3281:from the original on 5 August 2009
2812:from the original on 30 April 2018
2779:from the original on 25 March 2009
2737:The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism
2684:The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism
2592:"Lo que pienso de Martínez de Hoz"
2572:from the original on 3 August 2020
1764:
1698:Presidents of Argentina, 1976–1983
1421:, a former student of Argentina's
1413:In the immediate aftermath of the
519:seized political power during the
464:Proceso de Reorganización Nacional
14:
4572:
3798:
3676:from the original on 30 June 2020
3568:"Argentine amnesty laws scrapped"
3371:from the original on 1 April 2018
2911:from the original on 19 July 2018
2859:from the original on 14 June 2015
2598:from the original on 23 July 2020
2546:from the original on 29 July 2020
1740:22 December 1981 – 18 June 1982.
1549:When Minister of Foreign Affairs
1149:
4511:1976 establishments in Argentina
3636:from the original on 4 June 2024
2064:
2040:
2022:
2004:
1975:
1957:
1939:
1909:
1891:
1873:
1844:
1826:
1808:
1761:1 July 1982 – 10 December 1983.
1669:
1593:Following a decree of President
1394:, began to train the Nicaraguan
1194:of real or perceived opponents.
412:
387:
83:
58:
44:
4506:National Reorganization Process
3957:National Reorganization Process
3750:
3718:
3688:
3666:Genocide Studies and Prevention
3616:
3586:
3560:
3542:"Kissinger: Mistakes were made"
3534:
3516:"Spanish judge seeks Kissinger"
3508:
3478:
3448:
3422:
3413:
3383:
3357:
3342:
3333:
3318:
3303:
3293:
3185:
3124:
3109:
3094:
3079:
3066:
3053:
3038:
3023:
2997:
2988:
2975:
2956:
2923:
2871:
2824:
2754:
2742:
2689:
2650:
2610:
2584:
2558:
2532:
2505:
2486:Ed Stocker (27 November 2012).
2480:
2339:Finchelstein, Federico (2014).
2116:"Human Development Report 2014"
1709:29 March 1976 – 29 March 1981.
1557:Relations with the Soviet Union
1163:Videla met with U.S. President
1154:
1140:General Confederation of Labour
602:with the election of President
590:caused the junta to invade the
508:última dictadura cívico-militar
460:National Reorganization Process
408:1983 Argentine general election
3351:El estado terrorista argentino
3032:El estado terrorista argentino
2985:(2012) 12#2 pp 345–365. online
2529:. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
2511:Teresa Bo (29 November 2012).
2502:. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
2452:
2425:
2332:
2268:
2239:
2184:Rizki, Cole (1 October 2020).
2177:
2144:
2108:
1648:A major trial, nicknamed "the
554:policies were introduced. The
1:
4541:Counterterrorism in Argentina
2458:Calvin Sims (13 March 1995).
2101:
1719:29 March – 11 December 1981.
640:
3835:George Washington University
3101:Dickey, Christopher (1987).
2477:Retrieved 23 September 2015.
2091:Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
1635:Buenos Aires Province Police
1588:
1423:Colegio Militar de la Nación
1391:Batallón de Inteligencia 601
1342:Batallón de Inteligencia 601
1240:American-Argentine relations
920:José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz
761:
588:economic crisis in Argentina
574:against opponents involving
7:
4536:Anti-communism in Argentina
4362:Water supply and sanitation
3327:Latin America Weekly Report
3063:March 13, 1983, pages 74-76
2057:
1496:In 2003, French journalist
1482:Fernando Romeo Lucas García
1431:Fuerza de Seguridad Publica
1382:Central Intelligence Agency
1360:Following the overthrow of
1242:improved dramatically with
958:International Monetary Fund
10:
4577:
3831:The Dirty War in Argentina
3570:. BBC News. 15 June 2005.
3432:. Assemblee-nationale.fr.
3074:Malvinas, la trama secreta
1787:Commander-in-Chief of the
1781:Commander-in-Chief of the
1775:Commander-in-Chief of the
1349:exiled squadrons from the
1207:U.S. Department of Defense
1201:approved a request by the
830:Best Foreign Language Film
765:
714:movement became dominant.
644:
600:relinquished power in 1983
523:against the presidency of
395:1976 Argentine coup d'état
4457:
4375:
4290:
4281:
4197:
4188:
4075:
4066:
3989:
3980:
3882:
3695:
3088:El ejercito del 'Proceso'
3045:Bardini, Roberto (1988).
2751:. World Bank Press, 1993.
2519:25 September 2015 at the
2494:23 September 2015 at the
2431:Thomas C. Wright (2006).
1990:
1925:
1859:
1794:
1305:in Nicaragua among other
1227:and Argentine Ambassador
1179:and, at the start of the
472:, "the Process") was the
366:
354:
343:
323:
319:
309:
299:
295:
288:
284:
271:
258:
245:
241:
231:
227:
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203:
191:
179:
175:
165:
143:
133:
125:
115:
103:
74:
40:
35:
23:
4080:Administrative divisions
3767:
3131:Kornbluh, Peter (1987).
3116:Mendez, Juan E. (1987).
2436:Rowman & Littlefield
2202:10.1215/01636545-8359271
2096:Theory of the two demons
1745:Alfredo Oscar Saint Jean
1502:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
1419:Gustavo Álvarez Martínez
1362:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
1313:, junta members General
1303:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
1109:Julio González del Solar
1050:economist and publisher
496:última dictadura militar
80:Himno Nacional Argentino
3251:30 October 2013 at the
2994:Rossinow, pp. 73, 77–79
2930:Borger, Julian (2004).
2831:Blakeley, Ruth (2009).
2719:14 January 2023 at the
2466:6 December 2020 at the
2281:. Oakland, California.
1751:18 June – 1 July 1982.
1692:national public holiday
1625:crimes against humanity
1615:Argentine Supreme Court
993:During his tenure, the
627:crimes against humanity
4546:Military dictatorships
4249:Science and technology
3544:. CNN. 24 April 2002.
3518:. CNN. 18 April 2002.
2190:Radical History Review
1679:
1654:
1609:). In 1989, President
1603:
1583:Geneva Conventions Act
1492:Alleged French support
1468:The military junta in
1427:School of the Americas
1236:
1172:
1094:Argentine Central Bank
1013:in Argentine history.
856:who were fighting the
824:(1984), which won the
799:
786:
723:
691:Revolución Libertadora
689:
656:
556:President of Argentina
517:Argentine Armed Forces
506:
494:
482:
468:
463:
455:
452:Avenida del Libertador
442:and Brigadier General
267:2 April – 14 June 1982
167:President of Argentina
3367:. Algeria-watch.org.
2968:20 March 2015 at the
2409:. Desaparecidos.org.
1730:11–22 December 1981.
1714:Roberto Eduardo Viola
1677:
1631:Christian von Wernich
1551:Dominique de Villepin
1454:El Salvador Civil War
1415:Nicaraguan Revolution
1248:Carter Administration
1222:
1162:
1009:and one of the worst
780:
661:military of Argentina
654:
645:Further information:
584:forced disappearances
502:military dictatorship
474:military dictatorship
438:, Lieutenant General
433:
275:1983 general election
198:Roberto Eduardo Viola
160:military dictatorship
126:Common languages
4054:World Heritage Sites
3927:Arms race with Chile
3709:10 July 2015 at the
3314:. 11 September 1981.
3195:. Brown University.
2879:McSherry, J. Patrice
2804:Todo Argentina: 1982
2086:History of Argentina
1902:Armando Lambruschini
1474:Guatemalan Civil War
1192:political repression
1171:on 9 September 1977.
954:Chase Manhattan Bank
865:freedom of the press
852:base—the Nicaraguan
805:forced disappearance
647:History of Argentina
580:extrajudicial murder
484:última junta militar
3972:December 2001 riots
3967:Trial of the Juntas
3912:War of Independence
3632:. 10 October 2007.
3353:. pp. 122–123.
3220:The Washington Post
3169:27 May 2011 at the
3009:10 May 2006 at the
2594:. 6 November 2017.
2015:Cristino Nicolaides
2013:Lieutenant General
1948:Lieutenant General
1882:Lieutenant General
1817:Lieutenant General
1704:Jorge Rafael Videla
1605:Juicio a las Juntas
1498:Marie-Monique Robin
1212:In 1978, president
1203:Ford Administration
1130:, led to increased
1007:tenfold devaluation
943:free market economy
914:wracked by soaring
902:As Argentina's new
756:Jorge Rafael Videla
611:Trial of the Juntas
450:military parade on
186:Jorge Rafael Videla
29:República Argentina
4526:1980s in Argentina
4516:1970s in Argentina
4226:Electricity sector
3897:Colonial Argentina
3806:HIJOS Association.
2526:Al Jazeera America
2473:The New York Times
2048:Brigadier General
1983:Brigadier General
1918:Brigadier General
1852:Brigadier General
1680:
1663:Ford Motor Company
1405:In August 1981, a
1398:, particularly at
1237:
1235:on March 17, 1981.
1229:Jorge A. Aja Espil
1185:Secretary of State
1173:
963:He eliminated all
952:, who facilitated
912:collapsing economy
860:government there.
821:The Official Story
787:
665:Argentine politics
657:
546:were limited, and
456:
25:Argentine Republic
4493:
4492:
4453:
4452:
4277:
4276:
4184:
4183:
4154:Political parties
4149:National Congress
4095:Foreign relations
4062:
4061:
3922:Generation of '80
3892:First inhabitants
3822:OpenDemocracy.net
3818:Horacio Verbitsky
3776:Galasso, Norberto
3594:"Adolfo Scilingo"
3492:. 24 March 2019.
3329:. 9 October 1981.
3223:, 21 March 2005,
3017:, March 24, 2006
2852:978-0-415-68617-4
2352:978-0-19-993024-1
2288:978-0-520-96594-2
2055:
2054:
1985:Basilio Lami Dozo
1950:Leopoldo Galtieri
1735:Leopoldo Galtieri
1124:right to assembly
969:exchange controls
950:David Rockefeller
930:economic policy.
898:Economic policies
869:freedom of speech
797:documented 8,961
778:
615:life imprisonment
540:political parties
428:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
400:
399:
210:Leopoldo Galtieri
138:Roman Catholicism
97:
4568:
4551:Operation Condor
4473:
4466:
4415:National symbols
4288:
4287:
4244:
4231:Economic history
4215:
4195:
4194:
4073:
4072:
3987:
3986:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3824:, 28 July 2005,
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3505:
3503:
3501:
3490:Libertad Digital
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2983:Cold war history
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2072:Argentina portal
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2008:
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1943:
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1756:Reynaldo Bignone
1657:
1608:
1530:Edouard Balladur
1506:Augusto Pinochet
1500:documented that
1366:Sandinista Front
1291:Operation Charly
1138:, leader of the
1126:, including the
1120:rights of speech
1056:Economy Minister
1011:financial crises
922:, who adopted a
884:Reynaldo Bignone
846:Operation Condor
802:
784:
779:
752:P2 masonic lodge
728:
694:
592:Falkland Islands
570:, a campaign of
511:
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487:
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448:Independence Day
416:
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404:
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249:1976 coup d'état
222:Reynaldo Bignone
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4330:Life expectancy
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3937:Infamous Decade
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3711:Wayback Machine
3705:, 7 July 2015.
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1849:
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1816:
1813:
1767:
1765:Military juntas
1700:
1672:
1621:Adolfo Scilingo
1591:
1575:Henry Kissinger
1571:Baltasar Garzón
1567:
1559:
1521:Martine Billard
1515:Green deputies
1494:
1388:units, such as
1299:
1223:Viola met with
1188:Henry Kissinger
1157:
1152:
1128:right to strike
1090:Domingo Cavallo
1064:monetary policy
1052:Roberto Alemann
941:in favour of a
935:economic growth
900:
809:Rio de la Plata
782:
772:
770:
764:
748:José López Rega
708:Ezeiza massacre
700:Francoist Spain
649:
643:
582:and systematic
572:state terrorism
538:was suspended,
521:March 1976 coup
466:, often simply
413:
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336:
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280:30 October 1983
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4221:Communications
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4039:National Parks
4036:
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4016:
4014:Extreme points
4011:
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3799:External links
3797:
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3789:978-9505634781
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3034:. p. 118.
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2904:978-0415664578
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2870:
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2808:(in Spanish).
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1655:lesa humanidad
1590:
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1579:Peter Tatchell
1569:Spanish judge
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1493:
1490:
1319:Emilio Massera
1298:
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1150:Foreign policy
1148:
1088:Bignone chose
1027:mechanism and
1021:Lorenzo Sigaut
965:price controls
899:
896:
894:was sworn in.
873:1978 World Cup
766:Main article:
763:
760:
685:Third Position
642:
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619:courts-martial
490:military junta
454:, 9 July 1978.
444:Orlando Agosti
436:Emilio Massera
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3242:Equipo Nizkor
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3150:9780897580403
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3090:. p. 63.
3089:
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3076:, 1983, p. 27
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1885:
1884:Roberto Viola
1876:
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1670:Commemoration
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1532:. Apart from
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1508:'s regime in
1507:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
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1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
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1457:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1447:Battalion 316
1444:
1442:
1441:Raúl Alfonsín
1438:
1437:
1436:Equipo Nizkor
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
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1411:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1386:Special force
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:Ronald Reagan
1371:
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1260:Falkland Wars
1257:
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1249:
1245:
1244:Ronald Reagan
1241:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:Ronald Reagan
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4385:Architecture
4352:Prostitution
4340:Demographics
4213:Central Bank
4112:Human rights
4085:Constitution
3956:
3942:World War II
3805:
3779:
3756:The rank of
3752:
3740:. Retrieved
3729:
3720:
3714:(in Spanish)
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3690:
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3672:(1): 57–66.
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3187:
3181:(in Spanish)
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3120:. p. 7.
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3019:(in Spanish)
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2946:. Retrieved
2937:The Guardian
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2913:. Retrieved
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2814:. Retrieved
2803:
2781:. Retrieved
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2731:
2725:(in Spanish)
2712:
2707:
2702:Press, 1993.
2695:
2691:
2683:
2682:Lewis, Paul.
2678:
2666:. Retrieved
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2134:. Retrieved
2123:hdr.undp.org
2122:
2110:
2033:Rubén Franco
1993:Fourth Junta
1992:
1991:
1927:
1926:
1862:Second Junta
1861:
1860:
1819:Jorge Videla
1796:
1795:
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1619:
1611:Carlos Menem
1598:
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1495:
1486:Buenos Aires
1467:
1458:
1451:
1445:
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1430:
1412:
1404:
1389:
1359:
1335:
1327:
1317:and Admiral
1300:
1273:against the
1264:
1256:human rights
1238:
1214:Jimmy Carter
1211:
1196:
1174:
1165:Jimmy Carter
1155:U.S. support
1117:
1113:foreign debt
1106:
1092:to head the
1087:
1071:Central Bank
1068:
1048:conservative
1045:
1015:
995:foreign debt
992:
981:
973:black market
971:regime. The
962:
947:
937:, reversing
932:
928:deregulatory
903:
901:
879:
877:
862:
819:
817:
803:(victims of
788:
783:(in Spanish)
739:
719:Isabel Perón
716:
697:
681:Justicialism
658:
623:Carlos Menem
608:
552:deregulation
544:civil rights
528:Isabel Perón
514:
507:
495:
483:
459:
457:
440:Jorge Videla
377:Succeeded by
376:
371:
311:• 1980
301:• 1975
193:• 1981
153:presidential
120:Buenos Aires
75:
66:Coat of arms
28:
18:
4315:Immigration
4202:Agriculture
4127:Transgender
4009:Environment
4004:Earthquakes
3907:Viceroyalty
3902:Governorate
3742:12 December
3598:Trial Watch
3578:22 February
3500:23 November
3470:22 February
3440:22 February
3405:22 February
3375:22 February
3061:Siete Dias.
2893:. pp.
2841:. pp.
2417:22 February
2407:"Nunca más"
2156:Sciences Po
1995:(1982–1983)
1968:Jorge Anaya
1930:(1981–1982)
1928:Third Junta
1864:(1978–1981)
1799:(1976–1978)
1797:First Junta
1540:Roland Blum
1525:Yves Cochet
1517:Noël Mamère
1400:Lepaterique
1283:El Salvador
1233:White House
1169:White House
1144:Jorge Wehbe
1075:U.S. dollar
906:president,
882:president,
850:Lepaterique
744:death squad
731:kidnappings
635:neo-fascism
548:free market
476:that ruled
372:Preceded by
4500:Categories
4445:Television
4420:Newspapers
4405:Literature
4310:Healthcare
4295:Corruption
4243:(currency)
4105:ministries
4100:Government
3917:Civil Wars
2700:World Bank
2448:0742537218
2345:. Oxford.
2169:5 November
2102:References
1355:Montoneros
1307:right-wing
1275:Sandinista
1134:activity.
1098:indexation
1019:appointed
924:free trade
858:Sandinista
842:Pinochet's
725:Montoneros
669:Juan Perón
641:Background
532:Juan Perón
469:el Proceso
462:(Spanish:
315:27,949,480
305:25,865,776
290:Population
145:Government
4320:Languages
4305:Education
4269:Transport
4159:President
4090:Elections
4034:Mountains
3982:Geography
3952:Dirty War
3872:Argentina
3703:starMedia
3349:Duhalde.
3203:13 August
3176:La Nación
3030:Duhalde.
2891:Routledge
2839:Routledge
2628:La Nación
2384:cite book
2371:29 August
2361:863194632
2320:cite book
2307:29 August
2297:943710572
2260:29 August
2228:29 August
2218:224990803
2210:0163-6545
1789:Air Force
1747:(Interim)
1726:(Interim)
1589:Aftermath
1470:Argentina
1331:Dirty War
1279:Guatemala
1181:Dirty War
1041:recession
982:He freed
977:shortages
916:inflation
888:elections
818:The film
791:Dirty War
768:Dirty War
762:Dirty War
695:in 1955.
568:Dirty War
560:Peronists
478:Argentina
350:(1975–90)
134:Religion
36:1976–1983
4480:Category
4425:Painting
4357:Religion
4259:Taxation
4144:Military
4117:Intersex
4068:Politics
3947:Peronism
3876:articles
3778:(2011).
3736:Archived
3707:Archived
3674:Archived
3634:Archived
3602:Archived
3572:Archived
3546:Archived
3520:Archived
3494:Archived
3464:Archived
3460:Le Monde
3434:Archived
3399:Archived
3395:Le Monde
3369:Archived
3285:2 August
3279:Archived
3249:Archived
3197:Archived
3167:Archived
3007:Archived
2966:Archived
2942:Archived
2909:Archived
2881:(2011).
2857:Archived
2816:2 August
2810:Archived
2783:2 August
2774:Archived
2717:Archived
2668:2 August
2662:Archived
2642:2 August
2633:Archived
2596:Archived
2570:Archived
2544:Archived
2517:Archived
2492:Archived
2464:Archived
2411:Archived
2365:Archived
2301:Archived
2254:Archived
2222:Archived
2160:Archived
2127:Archived
2058:See also
2031:Admiral
1966:Admiral
1900:Admiral
1835:Admiral
1595:Alfonsín
1535:Le Monde
1378:Honduras
1353:and the
1344:and the
1287:Honduras
1252:Cold War
1060:spending
1029:devalued
967:and the
939:Peronism
910:faced a
904:de facto
880:de facto
828:for the
740:Triple A
735:bombings
712:Peronist
704:Peronist
631:genocide
564:leftists
536:Congress
525:Peronist
344:Currency
236:Cold War
158:under a
156:republic
4464:Outline
4395:Cuisine
4377:Culture
4283:Society
4264:Tourism
4207:Banking
4190:Economy
4044:Regions
4029:Islands
3999:Climate
3884:History
3731:Reuters
3680:30 June
3640:12 July
3608:12 July
3552:9 April
3526:9 April
2948:29 July
2915:29 July
2863:29 July
2602:28 July
2576:28 July
2550:28 July
1688:Proceso
1639:torture
1599:Proceso
1396:Contras
1370:Contras
1364:by the
1311:Managua
1271:Contras
1231:at the
1167:at the
988:imports
984:exports
854:Contras
793:by the
673:colonel
576:torture
500:("last
488:("last
273:•
260:•
247:•
150:Federal
129:Spanish
116:Capital
76:Anthem:
4485:Portal
4440:Sports
4390:Cinema
4335:People
4049:Rivers
3994:Cities
3874:
3786:
3258:Margen
3147:
3015:Clarín
2901:
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2440:p. 160
2359:
2349:
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1478:Videla
1338:Condor
1323:Somoza
1132:strike
1079:crisis
1037:dollar
908:Videla
504:") or
337:medium
329:(1980)
327:
171:
78:
4471:Index
4435:Radio
4410:Music
4400:Humor
4367:Women
4325:LGBT+
4300:Crime
4241:Peso
4024:Flora
4019:Fauna
3768:Books
2843:96–97
2777:(PDF)
2770:UCEMA
2766:(PDF)
2636:(PDF)
2623:(PDF)
2214:S2CID
2163:(PDF)
2130:(PDF)
2119:(PDF)
2080:HIJOS
1510:Chile
1177:junta
1017:Viola
999:upper
826:Oscar
333:0.665
4164:list
4122:LGBT
3784:ISBN
3744:2018
3682:2020
3642:2024
3610:2024
3580:2015
3554:2018
3528:2018
3502:2021
3472:2015
3442:2015
3407:2015
3377:2015
3300:1982
3287:2009
3205:2020
3145:ISBN
2950:2020
2917:2020
2899:ISBN
2865:2020
2847:ISBN
2818:2020
2785:2020
2670:2020
2644:2020
2604:2020
2578:2020
2552:2020
2444:ISBN
2419:2015
2390:link
2373:2022
2357:OCLC
2347:ISBN
2326:link
2309:2022
2293:OCLC
2283:ISBN
2262:2022
2230:2022
2206:ISSN
2194:2020
2171:2020
2138:2021
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1777:Army
1650:ESMA
1523:and
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