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learned that the fishermen build trust through jokes and fabrications. He emphasizes social capital as a process because it is built and accumulated through practice of intricate social norms. Siegelman notes that playful joking is connected to masculinity and often excludes women. He stresses that both gender and social capital are performed. Furthermore, in San
Evaristo, the gendered network of fishermen is simultaneously a social network. Nearly all fishermen in San Evaristo are men and most families have lived there for generations. Men form intimate relationships by spending 14 hour work days together, while women spend time with the family managing domestic caretaking. Siegelman observes three categories of lies amongst the fishermen: exaggerations, deceptions, and jokes. For example, a fisherman may exaggerate his success fishing at a particular spot to mislead friends, place his hand on the scale to turn a larger profit, or make a sexual joke to earn respect. As Siegelman puts it, "lies build trust." Siegelman saw that this division of labor was reproduced, at least in part, to do with the fact that the culture of lying and trust was a masculine activity unique to the fisherman. Similar to the ways in which the culture of lying excluded women from the social sphere of fishing, conservationists were also excluded from this social arrangement and, thus, were not able to obtain the trust needed to do their work of regulating fishing practices. As outsiders, conservationists, even male conservationists, were not able to fit the ideal of masculinity that was considered "trustable" by the fishermen and could convince them to implement or participate in conservation practices. In one instance, the researcher replied jokingly "in the sea" when a fisherman asked where the others were fishing that day. This vague response earned him trust. Women are excluded from this form of social capital because many of the jokes center around "masculine exploits". Siegelman finishes by asking: how can female conservationists act when they are excluded through social capital? What role should men play in this situation?
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profitability, risk aversion) as well as goals of the wider community (e.g., poverty alleviation, welfare of future generations, environmental conservation). It focuses on sustainability and at the same time tries to incorporate all possible stakeholders from the planning level itself, reducing possible future conflicts. The conceptual basis of INRM has evolved in recent years through the convergence of research in diverse areas such as sustainable land use, participatory planning, integrated watershed management, and adaptive management. INRM is being used extensively and been successful in regional and community based natural management.
698:) approach combines conservation objectives with the generation of economic benefits for rural communities. The three key assumptions being that: locals are better placed to conserve natural resources, people will conserve a resource only if benefits exceed the costs of conservation, and people will conserve a resource that is linked directly to their quality of life. When a local people's quality of life is enhanced, their efforts and commitment to ensure the future well-being of the resource are also enhanced. Regional and community based natural resource management is also based on the principle of
30:
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environmental management agendas with both direct and indirect benefits observed including a share of revenues, employment, diversification of livelihoods and increased pride and identity. Ecological and societal successes and failures of CBNRM projects have been documented. CBNRM has raised new challenges, as concepts of community, territory, conservation, and indigenous are worked into politically varied plans and programs in disparate sites. Warner and Jones address strategies for effectively managing conflict in CBNRM.
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906:, putting a strain on the already stretched biological resources; forest deterioration and deforestation; the invasion of "alien species" and "climate change"( p. 2). Since these threats have received increasing attention from environmentalists and the public, the precautionary management of biodiversity becomes an important part of natural resources management. According to Cooney, there are material measures to carry out precautionary management of biodiversity in natural resource management.
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may even be irreversible. Second, in addition to the complexity of the natural systems, managers also have to consider various stakeholders and their interests, policies, politics, geographical boundaries and economic implications. It is impossible to fully satisfy all aspects at the same time. Therefore, between the scientific complexity and the diverse stakeholders, natural resource management is typically contentious.
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915:"activities" is regarded as a critical and "irreversible" endangerment, these "activities" should be forbidden. For example, since explosives and toxicants will have serious consequences to endanger human and natural environment, the South Africa Marine Living Resources Act promulgated a series of policies on completely forbidding to "catch fish" by using explosives and toxicants.
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Australian
Government's environment and sustainable agriculture programs, which have traditionally been broadly referred to under the banner of 'natural resource management'. These programs have been delivered regionally, through 56 State government bodies, successfully allowing regional communities to decide the natural resource priorities for their regions.
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adopted. However, overall, program adoption seemed to mirror the relative advantage of CBNRM programs to local villagers and villager access to external technical assistance. There have been socioeconomic critiques of CBNRM in Africa, but ecological effectiveness of CBNRM measured by wildlife population densities has been shown repeatedly in
Tanzania.
702:. The United Nations advocates CBNRM in the Convention on Biodiversity and the Convention to Combat Desertification. Unless clearly defined, decentralised NRM can result in an ambiguous socio-legal environment with local communities racing to exploit natural resources while they can, such as the forest communities in central Kalimantan (Indonesia).
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people-centred (active or participatory results that are truly empowering) or planner-centred (nominal and results in passive recipients). Understanding power relations is crucial to the success of community based NRM. Locals may be reluctant to challenge government recommendations for fear of losing promised benefits.
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Natural resource management issues are inherently complex and contentious. First, they involve the ecological cycles, hydrological cycles, climate, animals, plants and geography, etc. All these are dynamic and inter-related. A change in one of them may have far reaching and/or long-term impacts which
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More broadly, a research study based in
Tanzania and the Pacific researched what motivates communities to adopt CBNRM's and found that aspects of the specific CBNRM program, of the community that has adopted the program, and of the broader social-ecological context together shape the why CBNRM's are
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sponsored body "pursues sustainable management of natural resources" and "applies the principles of sustainable management of natural resources" as stated in the
Environment (Wales) Act 2016. NRW is responsible for more than 40 different types of regulatory regime across a wide range of activities.
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Hamilton, C and
Attwater, R (1996) Usage of, and demand for Environmental Statistics in Australia, in Tracking Progress: Linking Environment and Economy Through Indicators and Accounting Systems Conference Papers, 1996 Australian Academy of Science Fenner Conference on the Environment, Institute of
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Furthermore, adopting a
Marxist perspective centered on class struggle, some have criticized CBNRM as an empowerment tool, asserting that its focus on state-community alliances may limit its effectiveness, particularly for communities facing challenges from "vicious states," thereby restricting the
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Murray's findings revealed that, in the
Uplands, CBNRM as a legal strategy imposed constraints on the communities. One significant limitation was the necessity for communities to fulfill discriminatory and enforceable prerequisites in order to obtain legal entitlements to resources. Murray contends
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Though presenting a transformative approach to resource management that recognizes and involves local communities rather than displacing them, Community-Based
Natural Resource Management strategies have faced scrutiny from both scholars and advocates for indigenous communities. Tania Murray, in her
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Hybrid: Many ownership regimes governing natural resources will contain parts of more than one of the regimes described above, so natural resource managers need to consider the impact of hybrid regimes. An example of such a hybrid is native vegetation management in NSW, Australia, where legislation
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is a powerful analytical tool as it is capable of overlaying datasets to identify links. A bush regeneration scheme can be informed by the overlay of rainfall, cleared land and erosion. In
Australia, Metadata Directories such as NDAR provide data on Australian natural resources such as vegetation,
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Program. Caring for our Country is an Australian Government initiative jointly administered by the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry and the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. These Departments share responsibility for delivery of the
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Social capital and gender are factors that impact community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), including conservation strategies and collaborations between community members and staff. Through three months of participant observation in a fishing camp in San Evaristo, Mexico, Ben Siegelman
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A problem of CBNRM is the difficulty of reconciling and harmonising the objectives of socioeconomic development, biodiversity protection and sustainable resource utilisation. The concept and conflicting interests of CBNRM, show how the motives behind the participation are differentiated as either
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The issue of biodiversity conservation is regarded as an important element in natural resource management. What is biodiversity? Biodiversity is a comprehensive concept, which is a description of the extent of natural diversity. Gaston and Spicer (p. 3) point out that biodiversity is "the
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The NSW Government in Australia has published an audit framework for natural resource management, to assist the establishment of a performance audit role in the governance of regional natural resource management. This audit framework builds from other established audit methodologies, including
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This gives transparency and clarity to policy making allowing stakeholders to recognise conflicts of interest and facilitate resolutions. There are numerous stakeholder theories such as Mitchell et al. however Grimble created a framework of stages for a Stakeholder Analysis in natural resource
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Dale et al. (2000) study has shown that there are five fundamental and helpful ecological principles for the land manager and people who need them. The ecological principles relate to time, place, species, disturbance and the landscape and they interact in many ways. It is suggested that land
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Integrated natural resource management (INRM) is the process of managing natural resources in a systematic way, which includes multiple aspects of natural resource use (biophysical, socio-political, and economic) meet production goals of producers and other direct users (e.g., food security,
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CBNRM is based particularly on advocacy by nongovernmental organizations working with local groups and communities, on the one hand, and national and transnational organizations, on the other, to build and extend new versions of environmental and social advocacy that link social justice and
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Cooney claims that the policy making is dependent on "evidences", relating to "high standard of proof", the forbidding of special "activities" and "information and monitoring requirements". Before making the policy of precaution, categorical evidence is needed. When the potential menace of
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After the United Nations Conference for the Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, most nations subscribed to new principles for the integrated management of land, water, and forests. Although program names vary from nation to nation, all express similar aims.
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strategies had not been effective in halting the decline of natural resources. A more integrated approach was implemented recognising the intertwined social, cultural, economic and political aspects of resource management. A more holistic, national and even global form evolved, from the
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Dale, VH, Brown, S, Hawuber, RA, Hobbs, NT, Huntly, Nj Naiman, RJ, Riebsame, WE, Turner, MG & Valone, TJ 2000, "Ecological guidelines for land use and management", in Dale, VH & Hawuber, RA (eds), Applying ecological principles to land management, Springer-Verlag,
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variety of life" and relate to different kinds of "biodiversity organization". According to Gray (p. 154), the first widespread use of the definition of biodiversity, was put forward by the United Nations in 1992, involving different aspects of biological diversity.
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Non-property (open access): There is no definite owner of these properties. Each potential user has equal ability to use it as they wish. These areas are the most exploited. It is said that "Nobody's property is Everybody's property". An example is a lake fishery.
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State property: Ownership and control over the use of resources is in hands of the state. Individuals or groups may be able to make use of the resources, but only at the permission of the state. National forest, National parks and military reservations are some US
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Starik proposed that nature needs to be represented as stakeholder. However this has been rejected by many scholars as it would be difficult to find appropriate representation and this representation could also be disputed by other stakeholders causing further
931:" including "more risk-averse and precautionary management", where "given prevailing uncertainty regarding ecosystem structure, function, and inter-specific interactions, precaution demands an ecosystem rather than single-species approach to management".
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examination of CBNRM in Upland Southeast Asia, discovered certain limitations associated with the strategy, primarily stemming from her observation of an idealistic perspective of the communities held by external entities implementing CBNRM programs.
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Natural resource management stakeholder analysis tends to include too many stakeholders which can create problems in of its self as suggested by Clarkson. "Stakeholder theory should not be used to weave a basket big enough to hold the world's
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There is no definitive definition of a stakeholder as illustrated in the table below. Especially in natural resource management as it is difficult to determine who has a stake and this will differ according to each potential stakeholder.
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This approach includes recognition that adaption occurs through a process of 'plan-do-review-act'. It also recognises seven key components that should be considered for quality natural resource management practice:
126:. It recognizes that people and their livelihoods rely on the health and productivity of our landscapes, and their actions as stewards of the land play a critical role in maintaining this health and productivity.
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management in ever growing popularity. Stakeholder analysis in the context of natural resource management identifies distinctive interest groups affected in the utilisation and conservation of natural resources.
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are successful examples of how stakeholder analysis can be incorporated into the management of natural resources. This allowed the stakeholders to identify their needs and level of involvement with the forests.
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Common property: It is a private property of a group. The group may vary in size, nature and internal structure e.g. indigenous neighbours of village. Some examples of common property are community forests.
557:, a comprehensive stakeholder analysis would have been relevant and the Batwa people would have potentially been acknowledged as stakeholders preventing the loss of people's livelihoods and loss of life.
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Grimble, R., Wellard, K. (1997) "Stakeholder methodologies in natural resource management: a review of principles, contexts, experiences and opportunities". Agricultural Systems, vol. 55, Issue. 2, pp.
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In order to have a sustainable environment, understanding and using appropriate management strategies is important. In terms of understanding, Young emphasises some important points of land management:
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Gass, G., Biggs, S., Kelly, A. (1997) "Stakeholders, science and decision making for poverty-focused rural mechanization research and development", World Development, vol. 25, Issue. 1, pp. 115β126
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Private property: Any property owned by a defined individual or corporate entity. Both the benefit and duties to the resources fall to the owner(s). Private land is the most common example.
440:"... stakeholders (individuals, groups and organizations) who have an interest (stake) and the potential to influence the actions and aims of an organization, project or policy direction."
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1251:
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Prell, C., et al. (2007) Stakeholder Analysis and Social Network Analysis in Natural Resource Management. Leeds: Sustainability Research Institute, University of Leeds, pp. 1-21
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Buanes, A., et al. (2004) "In whose interest? An exploratory analysis of stakeholders in Norwegian coastal zone planning", Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 47, pp. 207β223
870:. Audits undertaken using this framework have provided confidence to stakeholders, identified areas for improvement and described policy expectations for the general public.
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Ostrom, E, Schroeder, L and Wynne, S 1993. Institutional incentives and sustainable development: infrastructure policies in perspective. Westview Press. Oxford, UK. 266 pp.
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Holling C.S. and Meffe, G. K. 2002 'Command and control and the Pathology of Natural Resource Management. Conservation Biology. vol.10. issue 2. pages 328β337, April 1996
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The Australian Government is also currently preparing an audit framework for auditing water management, focussing on the implementation of the Murray Darling Basin Plan.
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that such legal practices, grounded in specific distinguishing identities or practices, pose a risk of perpetuating and strengthening discriminatory norms in the region.
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Twyman, C 2000. Participatory Conservation? Community-based Natural Resource Management in Botswana. The Geographical Journal, Vol 166, No.4, December 2000, pp 323-335
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Clarkson, M.B.E. (1995) "A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance", Academy of Management Review, vol. 20, Issue. 1, pp. 92β117
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Brosius, J.; Peter Tsing; Anna Lowenhaupt; Zerner, Charles (1998). "Representing communities: Histories and politics of community-based natural resource management".
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Bowie, N. (1988) The moral obligations of multinational corporations. In: Luper-Foy (Ed.), Problems of International Justice. Boulder: Westview Press, pp. 97β113.
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Therefore, it is dependent upon the circumstances of the stakeholders involved with natural resource as to which definition and subsequent theory is utilised.
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Identifying the relevant stakeholders for participatory processes is complex as certain stakeholder groups may have been excluded from previous decisions.
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Billgrena, C., Holme, H. (2008) "Approaching reality: Comparing stakeholder analysis and cultural theory in the context of natural resource management",
418:"... any individual, group and institution who would potentially be affected, whether positively or negatively, by a specified event, process or change."
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ICARDA 2005, Sustainable agricultural development for marginal dry areas, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria
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Murray, Tania (2002). "Engaging Simplifications: Community-Based Resource Management, Market Processes and State Agendas in Upland Southeast Asia".
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Freeman, E.R. (1999) "The politics of stakeholder theory: some further research directions", Business Ethics Quartley, vol. 4, Issue. 4, pp. 409β421
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Grimble and Wellard established that Stakeholder analysis in natural resource management is most relevant where issued can be characterised as;
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Governance is seen as a key consideration for delivering community-based or regional natural resource management. In the State of NSW, the 13
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management. Grimble designed this framework to ensure that the analysis is specific to the essential aspects of natural resource management.
396:"... persons or groups that have, or claim, ownership, rights, or interests in a corporation and its activities, past, present, or future."
17:
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3175:
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Harding R., 1998, Environmental Decision-Making: The Role of Scientists, Engineers and the Public, Federation Press, Leichhardt. pp366.
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3045:
1923:"How national context, project design, and local community characteristics influence success in community-based conservation projects"
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Measham TG (2007) Building capacity for environmental management: local knowledge and rehabilitation on the Gippsland red gum plains,
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Thakadu, O. T. (2005). "Success factors in community based natural resources management in northern Botswana: Lessons from practice".
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429:"... any group or individual who may directly or indirectly affectβor be affectedβ...planning to be at least potential stakeholders."
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recognises a public interest in the preservation of native vegetation, but where most native vegetation exists on private land.
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San Francisco State University: Department of Geography: GEOG 657/ENVS 657: Natural Resource Management: Biotic Resources:
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407:"...any group of people, organized or unorganized, who share a common interest or stake in a particular issue or system..."
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Dandy, N. et al. (2009) "Who's in and why? A typology of stakeholder analysis methods for natural resource management",
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Devolution and community-based natural resource management: creating space for local people to participate and benefit?
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948:"Protectionist approaches", which "most frequently links to" biodiversity conservation in natural resources management.
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Clarkson, M.B.E. (1994) A risk based model of stakeholder theory. Toronto: Working Paper, University of Toronto, pp.10
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According to Cooney, there are four methods to manage the precaution of biodiversity in natural resources management;
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movement of the same time. This type of analysis coalesced in the 20th century with recognition that preservationist
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Bartley, T Andersson, K, Jager P and Van Laerhoven 2008 The contribution of Institutional Theories for explaining
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Investigate patterns of inter-action and dependence (e.g. conflicts and compatibilities, trade-offs and synergies)
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741:(NRC), responsible for undertaking audits of the effectiveness of regional natural resource management programs.
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Lovell, C.; Mandondo A.; Moriarty P. (2002). "The question of scale in integrated natural resource management".
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TOWARD A THEORY OF STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION AND SALIENCE: DEFINING THE PRINCIPLE OF WHO AND WHAT REALLY COUNTS
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2403:""Lies Build Trust": Social capital, masculinity, and community-based resource management in a Mexican fishery"
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2194:"Austere Conservation: Understanding Conflicts over Resource Governance in Tanzanian Wildlife Management Areas"
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NSW Government 2005, Standard for Quality Natural Resource Management, NSW Natural Resources Commission, Sydney
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Cooperation between scientists who have knowledge and resources and local people who have knowledge and skills
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Natural resource management specifically focuses on a scientific and technical understanding of resources and
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2099:"PROGRESS TOWARDS HEALTHY RESILIENT LANDSCAPES IMPLEMENTING THE STANDARD, TARGETS AND CATCHMENT ACTION PLANS"
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The emphasis on a sustainability can be traced back to early attempts to understand the ecological nature of
2135:"When conservation goes viral: The diffusion of innovative biodiversity conservation policies and practices"
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Implement land-use and land-management practices that are compatible with the natural potential of the area.
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Starik, M. (1995) "Should trees have managerial standing? Toward stakeholder status for non-human nature",
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fisheries, soils and water. These are limited by the potential for subjective input and data manipulation.
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161:, totaling approximately 264 million acres (1,070,000 km2) or one-eighth of the landmass of the country.
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945:" and exposure ratings decrease the "uncertainties" of precaution, even though it has deficiencies, and
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Gaston, KJ & Spicer, JI 2004, Biodiversity: An Introduction, Blackwell Publishing Company, Malden.
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938:" is "a management approach that expressly tackles the uncertainty and dynamism of complex systems".
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1750:"United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-14 June 1992"
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There are various frameworks and computer models developed to assist natural resource management.
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On-going conflicts and lack of trust between stakeholders can prevent compromise and resolutions.
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Stakeholder analysis can be used exploited and abused in order to marginalise other stakeholders.
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2282:"Quantifying the ecological success of a community-based wildlife conservation area in Tanzania"
1990:"Quantifying the ecological success of a community-based wildlife conservation area in Tanzania"
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Billgrena and Holme identified the aims of stakeholder analysis in natural resource management:
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Examine impacts of local decisions in a regional context, and the effects on natural resources.
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Natural resource management approaches can be categorised according to the kind and right of
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and energy reporting, which closely follows Australian Standards for Assurance Engagements.
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2227:"Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area"
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The Precautionary Principle in Biodiversity Conservation and Natural Resource Management
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Geog 175: Topics in the History of Natural Resource Management: Spring 2006: Rangelands
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may exist without ownership, in which case in the UK it is vested in a local authority.
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Young, A 1998, Land resources: now and for the future, Cambridge University Press, UK
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Stakeholder methodologies in natural resource management, Socioeconomic Methodologies
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Brooks, Jeremy S.; Waylen, Kerry A.; Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff (26 December 2012).
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1195:"Resilient landscapes and communities managing natural resources in New South Wales"
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Natural resource management deals with managing the way in which people and natural
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Assessing the need to manage conflict in community-based natural resource projects
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2073:"Caring for Country Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts"
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1615:"Guidance note on how to do stakeholder analysis of aid projects and programmes"
1415:"Property Rights Regimes and Natural Resources: A Conceptual Analysis Revisited"
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451:"... persons, groups or institutions with interests in a project or programme."
374:"can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization's objectives"
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In the United States, the most active areas of natural resource management are
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2178:
2005:
1956:
1054:
816:
340:
originated from business management practices and has been incorporated into
166:
2455:
1947:
744:
4522:
4480:
4256:
4207:
4143:
3999:
3903:
3432:
3410:
3405:
3395:
3004:
2933:
2824:
2323:
2169:
2023:
1974:
1599:
1388:
Bettinger, Pete; Boston, Kevin; Siry, Jacek; Grebner, Donald, eds. (2017).
1049:
1019:
995:
Avoid or compensate for the effects of development on ecological processes.
699:
3280:
1791:
1775:
of Natural Resource Governance. Society and Natural Resources, 21:160-174
989:
Retain large contiguous or connected areas that contain critical habitats.
4618:
4562:
4384:
4362:
4357:
4224:
4101:
4067:
4055:
3943:
3866:
3400:
3295:
2192:
Bluwstein, Jevgeniy; Moyo, Francis; Kicheleri, Rose Peter (1 July 2016).
1342:(Third ed.). Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society. p. 736.
1164:
1014:
1009:
530:
321:
158:
107:
88:
2744:
4725:
4542:
4500:
4442:
4411:
4050:
3982:
3920:
3893:
3856:
3442:
3315:
2250:
2159:
2134:
2076:
962:
Comprehending the processes of nature including ecosystem, water, soils
658:
The various approaches applied to natural resource management include:
216:
141:
is closely related to, but distinct from, natural resource management.
95:
2464:
2386:
4608:
4490:
4298:
4293:
4271:
4160:
4153:
3972:
3967:
3874:
3851:
2989:
2859:
2819:
2814:
2525:"Framework for Auditing the Implementation of Catchment Action Plans"
1893:
Shackleton, S; Campbell, B; Wollenberg, E; Edmunds, D. (March 2002).
1795:
Community natural resource management: promise, rhetoric, and reality
1149:
1074:
1024:
965:
Using appropriate and adapting management systems in local situations
169:
137:
is similar to natural resource management. In academic contexts, the
119:
3714:
2700:
2514:
Environmental Studies, UNSW, Sydney, 30 September to 3 October 1996.
1620:. Overseas Development Administration, Social Development Department
4735:
4303:
4229:
4170:
4165:
4113:
4023:
3994:
3987:
3977:
3908:
3882:
3878:
3870:
3417:
1099:
873:
The Australian Government has established a framework for auditing
123:
4603:
4399:
4394:
4340:
4246:
4175:
4018:
3819:
2928:
2923:
2854:
2799:
1059:
541:
130:
115:
2441:
779:(CMAs) for regional natural resource management in Australia is
467:
Identify and categorise the stakeholders that may have influence
4452:
4417:
4241:
4197:
4045:
3843:
1682:. Vol. 22. Academy of Management Review. pp. 853β886.
1449:. NSW Environment & Heritage. 27 March 2014. Archived from
1144:
111:
76:
38:
1367:(5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. p. 634.
685:
4485:
4325:
4251:
4038:
2632:
Marine biodiversity: patterns, threats and conservation needs
581:
385:"without whose support the organization would cease to exist"
72:
64:
238:
4430:
4286:
4281:
4261:
4135:
4086:
3930:
2557:"MURRAY CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY : Audit Report"
2435:
1227:"Bachelor of Applied Science (Natural Resource Management)"
992:
Minimize the introduction and spread of non-native species.
761:
573:
Short video on Natural Resource Management in Wales by the
243:
Here are some ways to prevent changes in land and sea use:
68:
1387:
4389:
4033:
1792:
Kellert, S; Mehta, J; Ebbin, S; Litchtenfeld, L. (2000).
845:
823:
745:
Criticisms of Community-Based Natural Resource Management
738:
983:
Preserve rare landscape elements and associated species.
79:, with a particular focus on how management affects the
1572:
Brugha, RuairΓ; Varvasovszky, Zsuzsa (September 2000).
2673:. IUCN Policy and Global Change Series. Archived from
2191:
1686:
902:
The "threats" wreaking havoc on biodiversity include;
200:, to improve the consistency of practice, based on an
2480:
1659:. Chatham: Natural Resources Institute. pp. 1β12
1413:
Sikor, Thomas; He, Jun; Lestrelin, Guillaume (2017).
1268:
Natural Resource Management and Environmental History
133:
and the Life-supporting capacity of those resources.
2046:. ODI Natural Resource Perspectives. Archived from
1363:Bolen, Eric G.; Robinson, William L., eds. (2002).
106:, and the future sustainability of industries like
1920:
1571:
1338:Hubert, Wayne A.; Quist, Michael C., eds. (2010).
2280:Lee, Derek E; Bond, Monica L (26 February 2018).
2036:
1694:"Environment (Wales) Act 2016. Part 1, Section 5"
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
102:management, land use planning, water management,
4815:
3190:
1412:
1392:(Second ed.). Academic Press. p. 362.
980:Plan for long-term change and unexpected events.
198:Standard for Quality Natural Resource Management
1988:Lee, Derek E.; Bond, Monica L. (3 April 2018).
1927:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1677:
986:Avoid land uses that deplete natural resources.
775:The primary methodological approach adopted by
515:Cross-cutting systems and stakeholder interests
1530:
1247:Berkeley University of California: Geography:
645:
629:Alternatives/ Complementary forms of analysis:
3730:
3176:
2760:
1362:
1284:
1282:
853:Natural Resources Management Audit Frameworks
499:Investigate stakeholder interests and agendas
470:Develop an understanding of why changes occur
353:Different approaches to who is a stakeholder:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1340:Inland Fisheries Management in North America
1324:
1322:
1320:
2132:
1801:. Society and Natural Resources, 13:705-715
1337:
832:
692:community-based natural resource management
686:Community-based natural resource management
665:Community-based natural resource management
227:. In Australia, water sharing, such as the
3737:
3723:
3183:
3169:
2767:
2753:
2489:
2133:Mascia, Michael B.; Mills, Morena (2018).
1649:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1279:
2774:
2663:
2463:
2418:
2400:
2385:
2313:
2209:
2168:
2158:
2013:
1964:
1946:
1589:
1481:
1430:
1317:
496:Identify decision-makers and stakeholders
239:How to prevent natural resource depletion
2628:
1735:
1733:
1470:
1468:
973:managers could follow these guidelines:
762:Gender-based natural resource management
559:
518:Multiple uses and users of the resource.
148:
28:
2701:"Seven pillars of ecosystem management"
2279:
2075:. Australian Government. Archived from
1987:
1632:
1288:
758:empowerment potential of the programs.
526:Subtractability and temporal trade-offs
332:
283:Reforestation and landscape restoration
157:in the United States manages America's
14:
4816:
2698:
2363:
824:Integrated natural resource management
770:
676:Integrated natural resource management
3744:
3718:
3164:
2748:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2128:
2126:
1730:
1678:Mitchell, R. K.; et al. (1997).
1465:
898:Precautionary Biodiversity Management
473:Establish who can make changes happen
3119:
2401:Siegelman, Ben; et al. (2019).
1902:. ODI, Natural Resource Perspectives
841:Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
476:How to best manage natural resources
296:
3143:
2224:
1612:
1476:Journal of Environmental Management
24:
2352:
2231:The Journal of Wildlife Management
2123:
1860:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2000.tb00034.x
1095:Environmental resources management
490:Clarify objectives of the analysis
172:in the late 19th century, and the
25:
4850:
2037:Warner, M; Jones, P (July 1998).
883:
555:Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
493:Place issues in a systems context
4798:
4797:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3279:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3100:
3099:
2838:
2594:. Nrc.nsw.gov.au. Archived from
2562:. Nrc.nsw.gov.au. Archived from
2530:. Nrc.nsw.gov.au. Archived from
2225:Lee, Derek E. (10 August 2018).
2104:. Nrc.nsw.gov.au. Archived from
1574:"Stakeholder analysis: a review"
1311:10.1111/j.1477-8947.2005.00130.x
1200:. Nrc.nsw.gov.au. Archived from
777:catchment management authorities
735:catchment management authorities
3448:Science, technology and society
3077:Human impact on the environment
2732:
2723:
2692:
2657:
2622:
2613:
2581:
2549:
2517:
2507:
2498:
2394:
2330:
2273:
2218:
2185:
2091:
2065:
2030:
1981:
1914:
1886:
1864:
1848:
1822:Society & Natural Resources
1813:
1785:
1765:
1756:
1742:
1717:
1708:
1671:
1606:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1439:
1406:
1365:Wildlife Ecology and Management
943:Environmental impact assessment
794:Collection and use of knowledge
485:Stages in Stakeholder analysis:
2985:Public transport encouragement
2420:10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.05.031
1432:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.032
1390:Forest Management and Planning
1381:
1356:
1331:
1260:
1241:
1219:
1187:
662:Top-down (command and control)
538:Untraded products and services
139:sociology of natural resources
13:
1:
2717:10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00095-9
2378:10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00103-6
1876:, Vol 38 issue 2, pp 145β159
1181:
919:Administration and guidelines
596:Nepal, Indonesia and Koreas'
286:Establish new protected areas
280:Secure Indigenous land rights
98:interact. It brings together
4829:Environmental social science
3763:Pollution / quality
3192:Environmental social science
2705:Landscape and Urban Planning
1447:"Native Vegetation Act 2003"
1120:List of environmental issues
1045:Cultural resource management
1040:Conservation reliant species
739:Natural Resources Commission
432:Natural resource management
421:Natural resource management
410:Natural resource management
265:Use long-lasting light bulbs
43:United States Forest Service
18:Natural resources management
7:
4824:Natural resource management
3231:Environmental communication
2975:Natural resource management
1085:Environmental organizations
1002:
737:(CMAs) are overseen by the
646:Management of the resources
49:Natural resource management
10:
4855:
3216:Environmental anthropology
1725:Journal of Business Ethics
1578:Health Policy and Planning
929:Ecosystem-based management
247:Reduce, reuse, and recycle
196:, Australia established a
192:In 2005 the government of
144:
104:bio-diversity conservation
4793:
4734:
4599:
4592:
4473:
4334:Types / location
4333:
4324:
4134:
3929:
3842:
3812:
3761:
3752:
3659:
3508:
3288:
3277:
3198:
3095:
3069:
3033:
2957:
2887:Environmental engineering
2847:
2836:
2782:
1882:10.1080/00049180701392758
1842:10.1080/08941929809381069
1781:10.1080/08941920701617973
889:Biodiversity Conservation
802:Monitoring and evaluation
229:Murray Darling Basin Plan
155:Bureau of Land Management
3246:Environmental psychology
2970:Environmental technology
2919:Environmental toxicology
2914:Environmental statistics
2909:Environmental humanities
2340:. Legislation.nsw.gov.au
2211:10.4103/0972-4923.191156
2198:Conservation and Society
1478:, vol. 90, pp. 1933β1949
1273:17 December 2008 at the
1090:Environmental protection
833:Frameworks and modelling
544:and under-representation
277:Prevent invasive species
215:, often associated with
135:Environmental management
4834:Sustainable development
3251:Environmental sociology
3226:Environmental economics
3206:Ecological anthropology
2882:Environmental economics
2805:Environmental chemistry
2699:Lackey, Robert (1998).
2456:10.5751/ES-00347-050225
1948:10.1073/pnas.1207141110
1696:. The National Archives
1591:10.1093/heapol/15.3.239
1291:Natural Resources Forum
1170:Sustainable agriculture
910:Concrete "policy tools"
635:Social network analysis
586:Natural Resources Wales
437:Brugha and Varvasovszky
187:sustainable development
55:) is the management of
35:Tongass National Forest
4839:Environmental planning
3241:Environmental politics
2939:Sustainability science
2298:10.1093/jmammal/gyy014
2006:10.1093/jmammal/gyy014
1727:, vol. 14, pp. 207β217
1500:, vol. 25, pp. 550β562
1175:Sustainable management
1080:Environmental movement
798:Information management
791:Determination of scale
719:traditional custodians
673:Precautionary approach
577:
235:are also significant.
162:
45:
3336:Ecological humanities
3236:Environmental history
2904:Environmental studies
2776:Environmental science
1873:Australian Geographer
1035:Conservation movement
904:habitat fragmentation
572:
305:, natural resources:
292:Use finance as a tool
289:Redesign food systems
183:Brundtland Commission
174:resource conservation
152:
83:for both present and
32:
4709:remnant natural area
4346:storage and recovery
4012:habitat conservation
3830:Deforestation (REDD)
3428:Integrated geography
3306:Behavioral geography
3211:Ecological economics
2892:Environmental health
2877:Environmental design
2872:Ecological economics
2444:Conservation Ecology
2286:Journal of Mammalogy
2139:Conservation Letters
2079:on 28 September 2011
1994:Journal of Mammalogy
1254:11 June 2007 at the
1110:Habitat conservation
1065:Ecosystem management
1030:Conservation biology
875:greenhouse emissions
811:Community engagement
717:communities, led by
680:Ecosystem management
640:Common pool resource
399:Business Management
388:Business Management
377:Business Management
363:Who is a stakeholder
338:Stakeholder analysis
333:Stakeholder analysis
233:catchment management
221:rangeland management
209:fisheries management
185:and the advocacy of
4663:Earth Overshoot Day
4237:Marine conservation
4218:non-timber products
3699:Research institutes
3221:Environmental crime
3061:Environment by year
3051:Research institutes
2965:Energy conservation
2790:Atmospheric science
2601:on 27 February 2015
2243:2018JWMan..82.1767L
2151:2018ConL...11E2442M
2111:on 17 February 2011
1939:2012PNAS..10921265B
1933:(52): 21265β21270.
1834:1998SNatR..11..157B
1650:Grimble, R (1998).
1303:2005NRF....29..199T
1229:. Massey University
1130:Natural environment
1115:Holistic management
936:Adaptive management
864:environmental audit
781:adaptive management
771:Adaptive Management
669:Adaptive management
553:In the case of the
404:Grimble and Wellard
213:wildlife management
202:adaptive management
4648:Ecosystem services
3771:Ambient standards
3669:Environment portal
3423:Industrial ecology
3137:Environment portal
3020:Water purification
2664:Cooney, R (2004).
2251:10.1002/jwmg.21549
2160:10.1111/conl.12442
2053:on 5 December 2009
1453:on 27 October 2014
1207:on 8 February 2012
1160:Renewable resource
815:Opportunities for
723:Caring for Country
598:community forestry
578:
259:Choose sustainable
163:
85:future generations
46:
41:is managed by the
4811:
4810:
4789:
4788:
4588:
4587:
4267:genetic resources
4203:genetic resources
3838:
3837:
3746:Natural resources
3712:
3711:
3551:Green criminology
3311:Community studies
3266:Political ecology
3158:
3157:
2980:Pollution control
2629:Gray, JS (1997).
2407:World Development
2366:World Development
2338:"NSW Legislation"
1613:ODA (July 1995).
1419:World Development
1349:978-1-934874-16-5
860:performance audit
570:
458:
457:
366:Kind of research
297:Ownership regimes
225:forest management
57:natural resources
16:(Redirected from
4846:
4801:
4800:
4752:
4699:Natural heritage
4658:overexploitation
4597:
4596:
4331:
4330:
4277:herbal medicines
4257:FAO Plant Treaty
3797:
3774:
3759:
3758:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3677:
3676:
3667:
3599:natural resource
3283:
3271:Regional science
3185:
3178:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3146:
3145:
3134:
3122:
3121:
3103:
3102:
3025:Waste management
3015:Urban metabolism
3010:Sewage treatment
3000:Renewable energy
2842:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2672:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2638:. Archived from
2637:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2361:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2237:(8): 1767β1774.
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2162:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2045:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2017:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1950:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1890:
1884:
1868:
1862:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1789:
1783:
1773:Decentralization
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1647:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1619:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1315:
1314:
1286:
1277:
1264:
1258:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1155:Renewable energy
1140:Natural resource
1135:Natural heritage
1070:Ecology movement
713:The capacity of
590:Welsh Government
575:Welsh Government
571:
357:
356:
342:natural resource
100:natural heritage
21:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4785:
4750:
4730:
4716:Systems ecology
4682:Natural capital
4584:
4469:
4458:reclaimed water
4320:
4282:UPOV Convention
4130:
3925:
3834:
3808:
3804:Ozone depletion
3795:
3772:
3748:
3743:
3713:
3708:
3655:
3504:
3475:Systems ecology
3459:Sustainability
3453:science studies
3438:Rural sociology
3284:
3275:
3261:Human geography
3194:
3189:
3159:
3154:
3091:
3065:
3029:
2953:
2944:Systems ecology
2843:
2834:
2795:Biogeochemistry
2778:
2773:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2645:on 21 July 2011
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2569:on 21 June 2014
2566:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2537:on 21 June 2014
2534:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2440:
2436:
2399:
2395:
2362:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2278:
2274:
2223:
2219:
2190:
2186:
2131:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2031:
1986:
1982:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1869:
1865:
1853:
1849:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1498:Land Use Policy
1495:
1482:
1473:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1318:
1287:
1280:
1275:Wayback Machine
1265:
1261:
1256:Wayback Machine
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1125:Natural capital
1005:
953:Land management
886:
835:
826:
806:Risk management
773:
764:
747:
688:
648:
560:
534:property rights
335:
299:
274:Control hunting
241:
194:New South Wales
147:
81:quality of life
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4852:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4751:(perpetuation)
4746:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4704:Nature reserve
4701:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4600:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4337:
4335:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4181:climate change
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4149:Bioprospecting
4146:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4031:
4026:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3935:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:Clean Air Act
3786:
3781:
3776:
3767:
3765:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3719:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3671:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:Environmental
3353:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3140:
3128:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3087:Technogaianism
3084:
3082:Sustainability
3079:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2848:Related fields
2845:
2844:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2722:
2711:(1β3): 21β30.
2691:
2656:
2621:
2612:
2589:"Nature Audit"
2580:
2548:
2516:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2434:
2393:
2372:(2): 265β283.
2351:
2329:
2292:(2): 459β464.
2272:
2217:
2184:
2122:
2090:
2064:
2029:
2000:(2): 459β464.
1980:
1913:
1885:
1863:
1847:
1828:(2): 157β168.
1812:
1784:
1764:
1755:
1741:
1729:
1716:
1707:
1685:
1670:
1631:
1605:
1584:(3): 239β246.
1564:
1555:
1546:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1480:
1464:
1438:
1405:
1398:
1380:
1373:
1355:
1348:
1330:
1316:
1297:(3): 199β212.
1278:
1259:
1240:
1218:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:Global warming
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
970:
969:
966:
963:
955:
954:
950:
949:
946:
939:
932:
921:
920:
912:
911:
900:
899:
891:
890:
885:
884:Other elements
882:
868:internal audit
834:
831:
825:
822:
821:
820:
813:
808:
803:
800:
795:
792:
772:
769:
763:
760:
746:
743:
687:
684:
683:
682:
677:
674:
671:
666:
663:
647:
644:
643:
642:
637:
626:
625:
622:
619:
616:
612:
546:
545:
539:
536:
527:
524:
522:Market failure
519:
516:
504:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
478:
477:
474:
471:
468:
456:
455:
452:
449:
445:
444:
443:Health policy
441:
438:
434:
433:
430:
427:
423:
422:
419:
416:
412:
411:
408:
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
390:
389:
386:
383:
379:
378:
375:
372:
368:
367:
364:
361:
334:
331:
330:
329:
325:
317:
314:
311:
298:
295:
294:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
271:Stop pollution
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
256:Conserve water
254:
251:
248:
240:
237:
167:North American
146:
143:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4851:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4804:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4782:
4781:Non-renewable
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4721:Urban ecology
4719:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4553:Privatization
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:Surface water
4446:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3950:
3949:peak farmland
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3728:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3650:
3649:environmental
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:environmental
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:environmental
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:environmental
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3544:environmental
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3531:Ecopsychology
3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3515:Architecture
3514:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3329:environmental
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:Anthrozoology
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Human ecology
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3151:
3150:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2949:Urban ecology
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
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2958:Applications
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531:open-access
529:Unclear or
415:Gass et al.
322:Common land
262:Shop wisely
108:agriculture
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4818:Categories
4767:Extraction
4726:Wilderness
4687:accounting
4670:Management
4636:ecological
4624:tragedy of
4543:Peak water
4528:Efficiency
4501:Sanitation
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4191:management
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1182:References
715:Indigenous
217:ecotourism
204:approach.
170:rangelands
96:landscapes
4777:Renewable
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3879:peak gas
3704:Scholars
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3684:Concepts
3679:Category
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3056:Glossary
3046:Journals
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4198:Forests
4124:reserve
3899:Nuclear
3869: (
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3689:Degrees
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3629:spatial
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3483:ecology
3468:studies
3463:science
3411:zoology
3406:ecology
3384:justice
3379:studies
3374:science
3320:Design
3289:Related
3125:Commons
3041:Degrees
2929:Physics
2924:Geodesy
2855:Biology
2800:Ecology
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2239:Bibcode
2147:Bibcode
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1966:3535631
1935:Bibcode
1830:Bibcode
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1060:Ecology
615:issues.
542:Poverty
253:Educate
145:History
131:ecology
116:tourism
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3644:energy
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4326:Water
4039:metal
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3914:shade
3904:Solar
3894:Hydro
3779:Index
3634:urban
3604:waste
3034:Lists
2865:green
2678:(PDF)
2671:(PDF)
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