2321:
1062:
40:
508:
944:, not for luck but from his love of study, long before dawn; in winter he would commence at the seventh hour... He could sleep at call, and it would come upon him and leave him in the middle of his work. Before daybreak he would go to Vespasian – for he too was a night-worker – and then set about his official duties. On his return home he would again give to study any time that he had free. Often in summer after taking a meal, which with him, as in the old days, was always a simple and light one, he would lie in the sun if he had any time to spare, and a book would be read aloud, from which he would take notes and extracts.
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432:
371:
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428:(animal, vegetable, mineral) to recreate the natural world in literary form. Rather than presenting compartmentalised, stand-alone entries arranged alphabetically, Pliny's ordered natural landscape is a coherent whole, offering the reader a guided tour: "a brief excursion under our direction among the whole of the works of nature ..." The work is unified but varied: "My subject is the world of nature ... or in other words, life," he tells Titus.
2390:, c. 1235–1264) also used Pliny as a source for his own work. In this regard, Pliny's influence over the medieval period has been argued to be quite extensive. For example, one twentieth-century historian has argued that Pliny's reliance on book-based knowledge, and not direct observation, shaped intellectual life to the degree that it "stymie the progress of western science". This sentiment can be observed in the early modern period when
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1984:
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2649:, powering at least sixteen overshot water wheels arranged in two parallel sets of eight down the hillside. It is thought that the wheels were overshot water wheels with the outflow from the top driving the next one down in the set, and so on to the base of the hill. Vertical water mills were known to the Romans, being described by
2415:
Now what is very strange, there is scarce a popular error passant in our days, which is not either directly expressed, or diductively contained in this Work; which being in the hands of most men, hath proved a powerful occasion of their propagation. Wherein notwithstanding the credulity of the Reader
952:
After dinner a book would be read aloud, and he would take notes in a cursory way. I remember that one of his friends, when the reader pronounced a word wrongly, checked him and made him read it again, and my uncle said to him, "Did you not catch the meaning?" When his friend said "yes," he remarked,
830:
My subject is a barren one – the world of nature, or in other words life; and that subject in its least elevated department, and employing either rustic terms or foreign, nay barbarian words that actually have to be introduced with an apology. Moreover, the path is not a beaten highway of authorship,
2183:
and in his other galleries (XXXIV:84), but much of his information about the position of such works in Rome is from books, not personal observation. The main merit of his account of ancient art, the only classical work of its kind, is that it is a compilation ultimately founded on the lost textbooks
542:
was always producing something new. Nature's variety and versatility were claimed to be infinite: "When I have observed nature she has always induced me to deem no statement about her incredible." This led Pliny to recount rumours of strange peoples on the edges of the world. These monstrous races –
2463:
to show how Pliny in his encyclopedic work – which is the result of adaptations from many earlier writers and according to Pliny himself was intended as a reference work – nevertheless throughout expresses a basic attitude to Man and his relationship with Nature; how he understands Man's role as an
2425:
Grundy
Steiner of Northwestern University, in a 1955 judgement considered by Thomas R. Laehn to represent the collective opinion of Pliny's critics, wrote of Pliny that "He was not an original, creative thinker, nor a pioneer of research to be compared either with Aristotle and Theophrastus or with
2509:
has regained its status to a greater extent than at any time since the advent of
Humanism. Work by those with scientific as well as philological expertise has resulted in improvements both to Pliny's text and to his reputation as a scientist. The essential coherence of his enterprise has also been
848:
In the preface, the author claims to have stated 20,000 facts gathered from some 2,000 books and from 100 select authors. The extant lists of his authorities cover more than 400, including 146 Roman and 327 Greek and other sources of information. The lists generally follow the order of the subject
844:
sometimes list the authorities he actually consulted, though not exhaustively; in other cases, they cover the principal writers on the subject, whose names are borrowed second-hand from his immediate authorities. He acknowledges his obligations to his predecessors: "To own up to those who were the
1574:
of pine trees. Evidence cited includes the fact that some samples exhibit encapsulated insects, a feature readily explained by the presence of a viscous resin. Pliny refers to the way in which it exerts a charge when rubbed, a property well known to
Theophrastus. He devotes considerable space to
1450:
The first topic covered is
Astronomy, in Book II. Pliny starts with the known universe, roundly criticising attempts at cosmology as madness, including the view that there are countless other worlds than the Earth. He concurs with the four (Aristotelian) elements, fire, earth, air and water, and
2441:
for facts and curiosities, he is an author who "deserves an extended read, for the measured movement of his prose, which is enlivened by his admiration for everything that exists and his respect for the infinite diversity of all phenomena". Calvino notes that while Pliny is eclectic, he was not
2116:. The anecdotic element has been ascribed to Duris (XXXIV:61); the notices of the successive developments of art and the list of workers in bronze and painters to Xenocrates; and a large amount of miscellaneous information to Antigonus. Both Xenocrates and Antigonus are named in connection with
2066:
Pliny returns to the problem of fraud and the detection of false gems using several tests, including the scratch test, where counterfeit gems can be marked by a steel file, and genuine ones not. Perhaps it refers to glass imitations of jewellery gemstones. He refers to using one hard mineral to
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1466:
Book II continues with natural meteorological events lower in the sky, including the winds, weather, whirlwinds, lightning, and rainbows. He returns to astronomical facts such as the effect of longitude on time of sunrise and sunset, the variation of the Sun's elevation with latitude (affecting
1830:
He is critical of greed for gold, such as the absurdity of using the metal for coins in the early
Republic. He gives examples of the way rulers proclaimed their prowess by exhibiting gold looted from their campaigns, such as that by Claudius after conquering Britain, and tells the stories of
2481:
offered an expansive definition of this subject. broadly described all entities found in nature, or derived from nature, that could be seen in the Roman world and read about in its books: art, artifacts, and peoples as well as animals, plants, and minerals were included in his project.
1415:
is generally divided into the organic plants and animals and the inorganic matter, although there are frequent digressions in each section. The encyclopedia also notes the uses made of all of these by the Romans. Its description of metals and minerals is valued for its detail in the
2486:
Findlen contrasts Pliny's approach with that of his intellectual predecessors
Aristotle and Theophrastus, who sought general causes of natural phenomena, while Pliny was more interested in cataloguing natural wonders, and his contemporary Dioscorides explored nature for its uses in
1027:
Pliny wrote the first ten books in AD 77, and was engaged on revising the rest during the two remaining years of his life. The work was probably published with little revision by the author's nephew Pliny the
Younger, who, when telling the story of a tame dolphin and describing the
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records the seven "planets" including the Sun and Moon. The Earth is a sphere, suspended in the middle of space. He considers it a weakness to try to find the shape and form of God, or to suppose that such a being would care about human affairs. He mentions eclipses, but considers
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1775:, which he uses as a primary source. Pliny's work includes discussion of all known cultivated crops and vegetables, as well as herbs and remedies derived from them. He describes machines used in cultivation and processing the crops. For example, he describes a simple mechanical
2450:
it is impossible to force that variable which is destiny into the natural history of man: this is the sense of the pages that Pliny devotes to the vicissitudes of fortune, to the unpredictability of the length of any life, to the pointlessness of astrology, to disease and
484:. The components of nature are not just described in and for themselves, but also with a view to their role in human life. Pliny devotes a number of the books to plants, with a focus on their medicinal value; the books on minerals include descriptions of their uses in
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and the various grades of papyrus available to Romans are described. Different types of trees and the properties of their wood are explained in Books XII to XIII. The vine, viticulture and varieties of grape are discussed in Book XIV, while Book XV covers the
2468:
More specifically, Isager writes that "the guiding principle in Pliny's treatment of Greek and Roman art is the function of art in society", while Pliny "uses his art history to express opinions about the ideology of the state". Paula
Findlen, writing in the
1649:: "Perfumes are the most pointless of luxuries, for pearls and jewels are at least passed on to one's heirs, and clothes last for a time, but perfumes lose their fragrance and perish as soon as they are used." He gives a summary of their ingredients, such as
1475:
In Books III to VI, Pliny moves to the Earth itself. In Book III he covers the geography of the
Iberian peninsula and Italy; Book IV covers Europe; Book V looks at Africa and Asia, while Book VI looks eastwards to the Black Sea, India and the Far East.
2232:
At Rome indeed the works of art are legion; besides, one effaces another from the memory and, however beautiful they may be, we are distracted by the overpowering claims of duty and business; for to admire art we need leisure and profound stillness
1944:. The dust is very toxic, so workers handling the material wear face masks of bladder skin. Copper and bronze are, says Pliny, most famous for their use in statues including colossi, gigantic statues as tall as towers, the most famous being the
1889:
operated by treadmill and found in Roman mines. Britain, he says, is very rich in lead, which is found on the surface at many places, and thus very easy to extract; production was so high that a law was passed attempting to restrict mining.
1730:
all travelled abroad to learn magic, remarking that it was surprising anyone accepted the doctrines they brought back, and that medicine (of
Hippocrates) and magic (of Democritus) should have flourished simultaneously at the time of the
2750:"...est namque terra ex quodam argillae genere glarea mixta – 'gangadiam' vocant – prope inexpugnabilis. cuneis eam ferreis adgrediuntur et isdem malleis nihilque durius putant, nisi quod inter omnia auri fames durissima est "
1905:
by mixing copper with silver, or even admixture with iron. Tests had been developed for counterfeit coins and proved very popular with the victims, mostly ordinary people. He deals with the liquid metal mercury, also found in
408:, "to be alive is to be watchful", in a military metaphor of a sentry keeping watch in the night. Pliny claims to be the only Roman ever to have undertaken such a work, in his prayer for the blessing of the universal mother:
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529:
Pliny's work frequently reflects Rome's imperial expansion, which brought new and exciting things to the capital: exotic eastern spices, strange animals to be put on display or herded into the arena, even the alleged
404:, with whom he had served in the army (and to whom the work is dedicated). As for the nocturnal hours spent writing, these were seen not as a loss of sleep but as an addition to life, for as he states in the preface,
468:, which underlies much of his thought, but the deity in question was a goddess whose main purpose was to serve the human race: "nature, that is life" is human life in a natural landscape. After an initial survey of
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2446:, in that God is prevented by logic from conflicting with reason, even though (in Calvino's view) Pliny makes a pantheistic identification of God as being immanent in nature. As for destiny, Calvino writes:
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is more condemnable then the curiosity of the Author: for commonly he nameth the Authors from whom he received those accounts, and writes but as he reads, as in his Preface to Vespasian he acknowledgeth.
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of Naples, the author of a work in five volumes on famous works of art (XXXVI:40), probably incorporating the substance of the earlier Greek treatises; but Pliny's indebtedness to Pasiteles is denied by
4841:
412:
Hail to thee, Nature, thou parent of all things! and do thou deign to show thy favour unto me, who, alone of all the citizens of Rome, have, in thy every department, thus made known thy praise.
2156:, as well as a current catalogue of artists. Pliny's knowledge of the Greek authorities was probably mainly due to Varro, whom he often quotes (e.g. XXXIV:56, XXXV:113, 156, XXXVI:17, 39, 41).
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The absence of the author's final revision may explain many errors, including why the text is as John Healy writes "disjointed, discontinuous and not in a logical order"; and as early as 1350,
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is valuable for its transparency and hardness, and can be carved into vessels and implements. He relates the story of a woman who owned a ladle made of the mineral, paying the sum of 150,000
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nor one in which the mind is eager to range: there is not one of us who has made the same venture, nor yet one among the Greeks who has tackled single-handed all departments of the subject.
268:. It is the only work by Pliny to have survived, and the last that he published. He published the first 10 books in AD 77, but had not made a final revision of the remainder at the time of
2320:
400:. Much of his writing was done at night; daytime hours were spent working for the emperor, as he explains in the dedicatory preface addressed to Vespasian's elder son, the future emperor
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1881:, he writes, does not occur in native form and has to be mined, usually occurring with lead ores. Spain produced the most silver in his time, many of the mines having been started by
613:
or list of contents, at the beginning of the work that was later interpreted by modern printers as a table of contents. The table below is a summary based on modern names for topics.
3531:"https://catalogue.leidenuniv.nl/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=31UKB_LEU:UBL_V1&tab=Everything&docid=alma9938427964202711&searchScope=All_Content&context=L&lang=en"
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Natural history was an ancient form of scientific knowledge, most closely associated with the writings of the Roman encyclopedist Pliny the Elder ... His loquacious and witty
1885:. One of the largest had galleries running up to two miles into the mountain, while men worked day and night draining the mine in shifts. Pliny is probably referring to the
2020:, building on works by Theophrastus and other authors. The topic concentrates on the most valuable gemstones, and he criticises the obsession with luxury products such as
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2398:("On Pliny's Errors") attacked Pliny for lacking a proper scientific method, unlike Theophrastus or Dioscorides, and for lacking knowledge of philosophy or medicine.
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in Rome, which was removed after the emperor's death. The face of the statue was modified shortly after Nero's death during Vespasian's reign, to make it a statue of
940:
Does it surprise you that a busy man found time to finish so many volumes, many of which deal with such minute details?... He used to begin to study at night on the
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in detail, with large-scale use of water to scour alluvial gold deposits. The description probably refers to mining in Northern Spain, especially at the large
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Kleine Schriften Gesammelt Von Hermann Brunn Und Heinrich Bulle...: Bd. Zur Griechischen Kunstgeschichte. Mit 69 Abbildungen Im Text Und Auf Einer Doppeltafel
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In one thing Apelles stood out, namely, knowing when he had put enough work into a painting, a salutary warning that too much effort can be counterproductive.
1642:. He mentions different varieties of pepper, whose values are comparable with that of gold and silver, while sugar is noted only for its medicinal value.
4904:(vols. 1–5, 9) and W.H.S. Jones (vols. 6–8) and D.E. Eichholz (vol. 10) Harvard University Press, Massachusetts and William Heinemann, London; 1949–1954.
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rediscovered, and his ambitious portrayal, in all its manifestations, of 'nature, that is, life'.. is recognized as a unique cultural record of its time.
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1677:, Books XX to XXIX, discusses matters related to medicine, especially plants that yield useful drugs. Pliny lists over 900 drugs, compared to 600 in
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compiles information gleaned from other ancient authors. Despite the work's title, its subject area is not limited to what is today understood by
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264:; Pliny himself defines his scope as "the natural world, or life". It is encyclopedic in scope, but its structure is not like that of a modern
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for the item. Nero deliberately broke two crystal cups when he realised that he was about to be deposed, so denying their use to anyone else.
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4688:
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1061:
2205:) to all the pictures and bronzes in the world (XXXVI:37). The statue is attributed by Pliny to three sculptors from the island of Rhodes:
998:
phrases are often appended in a kind of vague "apposition" to express the author's own opinion of an immediately previous statement, e.g.,
953:"Why then did you make him turn back? We have lost more than ten lines through your interruption." So jealous was he of every moment lost.
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3579:
2120:(XXXV:68), while Antigonus is named in the indexes of XXXIII–XXXIV as a writer on the art of embossing metal, or working it in ornamental
476:, Pliny starts his treatment of animals with the human race, "for whose sake great Nature appears to have created all other things". This
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inventor ("scientist and artist"); and finally his attitude to the use and abuse of Nature's and Man's creations, to progress and decay.
2873:
582:. Pliny had gone to investigate the strange cloud – "shaped like an umbrella pine", according to his nephew – rising from the mountain.
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was a popular pastime of the rich, and Pliny provides anecdotes of the problems of owners becoming too closely attached to their fish.
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4971:
1002:
dixit (Apelles) ... uno se praestare, quod manum de tabula sciret tollere, memorabili praecepto nocere saepe nimiam diligentiam.
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Book XXXIV covers the base metals, their uses and their extraction. Copper mining is mentioned, using a variety of ores including
2195:
In several passages, he gives proof of independent observation (XXXIV:38, 46, 63, XXXV:17, 20, 116 seq.). He prefers the marble
39:
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shape of the diamond and recording that diamond dust is used by gem engravers to cut and polish other gems, owing to its great
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contribute their share in Pliny's descriptions of pictures and statues. One of the minor authorities for books XXXIV–XXXV is
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are mentioned; Pliny notes that opium induces sleep and can be fatal. Diseases and their treatment are covered in book XXVI.
1053:
complained about the corrupt state of the text, referring to copying errors made between the ninth and eleventh centuries.
1014:
Everything from "a salutary warning" onwards represents the ablative absolute phrase starting with "memorabili praecepto".
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538:
in AD 47 – although, as Pliny admits, this was generally acknowledged to be a fake. Pliny repeated Aristotle's maxim that
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are especially valuable because his work is virtually the only available classical source of information on the subject.
273:
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was to cover all learning and art so far as they are connected with nature or draw their materials from nature. He says:
65:
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17:
4801:
2777:
Healy, 2004. p. xix, citing Pliny's Preface, 6: "It is written for the masses, for the horde of farmers and artisans".
1531:
Zoology is discussed in Books VIII to XI. The encyclopedia mentions different sources of purple dye, particularly the
896:
is also named in his Indices, and Pliny had translated Theophrastus's Greek into Latin. Another work by Theophrastus,
396:). Pliny (AD 23–79) combined his scholarly activities with a busy career as an imperial administrator for the emperor
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uncritical, though his evaluations of sources are inconsistent and unpredictable. Further, Calvino compares Pliny to
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This probably refers to opencast rather than underground mining, given the dangers to the miners in confined spaces.
1791:
from the later Roman period. He also describes how grain is ground using a pestle, a hand-mill, or a mill driven by
5449:
5270:
579:
2032:, noting that it is carved into vases and other decorative objects. The account of magnetism includes the myth of
1855:
can be woven into cloth, although imperial clothes usually combined it with natural fibres like wool. He once saw
555:, who lived on scents – were not strictly new. They had been mentioned in the fifth century BC by Greek historian
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to gain access to the veins. Pliny was scathing about the search for precious metals and gemstones: "Gangadia or
1807:
Pliny extensively discusses metals starting with gold and silver (Book XXXIII), and then the base metals copper,
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2288:
to attack the gold-bearing rock and so extract the ore. In another part of his work, Pliny describes the use of
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2307:, some of the mining being underground, some on the surface. Iron mining is covered, followed by lead and tin.
987:
507:
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4721:
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4709:
4516:
Jones, R. F. J.; Bird, D. G. (1972). "Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna".
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About the middle of the 3rd century, an abstract of the geographical portions of Pliny's work was produced by
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5251:
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1036:
thirty years later, has apparently forgotten that both are to be found in his uncle's work. He describes the
354:
became a model for later encyclopedias and scholarly works as a result of its breadth of subject matter, its
59:
2455:
The art historian Jacob Isager writes in the introduction to his analysis of Pliny's chapters on art in the
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is considered the hardest of all things – except for the greed for gold, which is even more stubborn."
840:
Pliny studied the original authorities on each subject and took care to make excerpts from their pages. His
1886:
173:
5322:
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2372:–625) quotes from Pliny 45 times in Book XII alone; Books XII, XIII and XIV are all based largely on the
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1706:, and suggesting that magic originated in medicine, creeping in by pretending to offer health. He names
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5292:
4402:
Beagon, Mary (2010). "Pliny the Elder". In Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.).
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2598:
Cf. Pliny's consideration of Aristotle, as well as modern criticism of Pliny's work, in Trevor Murphy,
1046:
and characterises it as a "work that is learned and full of matter, and as varied as nature herself."
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203:
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2349:; perhaps because Pliny's name was attached to it, it enjoyed huge popularity in the Middle Ages.
2004:
1971:
Pliny gives a special place to iron, distinguishing the hardness of steel from what is now called
1863:
involving a naval battle, wearing a military cloak made of gold. He rejects Herodotus's claims of
1610:
is handled in Books XII to XVIII, with Theophrastus as one of Pliny's sources. The manufacture of
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2071:. Diamond sits at the top of the series because, Pliny says, it will scratch all other minerals.
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425:
2700:, saw the operations of gold extraction himself, since the sections in Book XXXIII read like an
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and in the adjacent islands, Pliny was indebted to the general, statesman, orator and historian
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1376:, but J.F. Healy described the translation as "distinctly imperfect". A copy printed in 1472 by
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moved it, with the help of the architect Decrianus and 24 elephants, to a position next to the
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1847:, far greater than any other metal. The examples given are its ability to be beaten into fine
1104:
There are about 200 extant manuscripts, but the best of the more ancient manuscripts, that at
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Book I serves as Pliny's preface, explaining his approach and providing a table of contents.
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948:
Pliny the Younger told the following anecdote illustrating his uncle's enthusiasm for study:
916:
2854:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1290:
Ch: New York, Pierpont Morgan Library M.871 (formerly Phillipps 8297). 9th cent (first half)
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In the last two books of the work (Books XXXVI and XXXVII), Pliny describes many different
1990:
1961:
1239:
1078:
283:
The work is divided into 37 books, organised into 10 volumes. These cover topics including
3635:"The Historie of the World, Commonly called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus"
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1914:
with gold, so is used for refining and extracting that metal. He says mercury is used for
8:
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4997:
4584:
Anecdotes artistiques chez Pline l'Ancien: La constitution d'un discours romain sur l'art
2377:
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2068:
2033:
1911:
1902:
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521:
445:
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Parejko, Ken (2009). "Pliny the Elder – Rampant Credulist, Rational Skeptic, or Both?".
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Writing in Context: Insular Manuscript Culture 500-1200 (ed.) Erik Kwakkel (Leiden 2013)
868:. In the geographical books, Varro is supplemented by the topographical commentaries of
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without the straw and was pushed by oxen (Book XVIII, chapter 72). It is depicted on a
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910:. Pliny strove to use all the Greek histories available to him, such as Herodotus and
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1085:, who admired Pliny's work, had access to a partial manuscript which he used in his "
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any of the great moderns. He was, rather, the compiler of a secondary sourcebook."
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tree in detail, followed by other trees including the apple and pear, fig, cherry,
1392:
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800:
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594:
184:
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Later Medieval Recentiores: 11th-12th centuries & up to 1469 printed editions.
990:. His sentence structure is often loose and straggling. There is heavy use of the
480:
view of nature was common in antiquity and is crucial to the understanding of the
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2337:
2149:
2080:
2040:
1897:
Roman coins were struck, not cast, so these coin moulds were created for forgery.
1771:
1381:
932:
His nephew, Pliny the Younger, described the method that Pliny used to write the
261:
249:
145:
111:
79:
45:
4944:
4355:
Findlen, Paula (2006). Roy Porter; Katharine Park & Lorraine Daston (eds.).
5553:
5351:
5334:
5204:
5194:
5118:
5113:
5083:
4907:
4553:
Lewis, P. R.; Jones, G. D. B. (1970). "Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain".
4006:
3253:
The Natural Histories of Pliny the Elder: An Advanced Reader and Grammar Review
2488:
2382:
2300:
2247:
2189:
2105:
2101:
1766:
1711:
1650:
1624:
1556:
1420:, being the most extensive compilation still available from the ancient world.
1377:
1283:
DGV: Vatican lat. 3861 + Paris lat. 6796, ff. 52-3 + Leiden, Voss. Lat. F. 61 (
850:
704:
237:
4566:
4186:
3580:"An Insular Copy of Pliny's Naturalis historia (Leiden UB VLF 4 fol 4-33)"
2281:
2257:
5627:
5536:
5531:
5459:
5424:
5409:
5287:
5275:
5214:
5093:
4423:
Science in the Early Roman Empire: Pliny the Elder, his Sources and Influence
3265:
Science in the Early Roman Empire: Pliny the Elder, his Sources and Influence
2877:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 841–844.
2868:
2855:
2693:
2566:
2443:
2430:
2402:
2263:
1653:, which he says is the most widely used base. Other substances added include
1536:
1497:
421:
141:
3309:
3305:
3016:
2683:) to be a form of this. Many later authors have copied Gerard in this error.
2201:
in the palace of Titus (widely believed to be the statue that is now in the
1936:, long used as a pigment by painters. He says that the colour is similar to
1765:
The methods used to cultivate crops are described in Book XVIII. He praises
1069:
of Pliny in a mid-12th-century manuscript from the Abbaye de Saint Vincent,
5509:
5241:
5231:
5177:
5172:
5019:
4937:
Article on Pliny by Jona Lendering, with detailed table of contents of the
3987:
3343:
2997:
2528:
2342:
2285:
2284:
site. Pliny describes methods of underground mining, including the use of
2273:
2243:
2202:
2056:
2021:
1972:
1941:
1848:
1840:
1631:
1552:
1544:
1485:
967:
893:
804:
758:
733:
675:
485:
344:
324:
320:
300:
265:
253:
165:
4499:
Pliny on Art and Society: The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of Art
3964:
Pliny on Art and Society: The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of Art
3348:
1467:
time-telling by sundials), and the variation of day length with latitude.
1395:
made an influential translation of much of the work into English in 1601.
5414:
5199:
5149:
5070:
4633:
The Mind of the Ancient World: A Consideration of Pliny's Natural History
2668:
2357:
2277:
1907:
1860:
1792:
1748:
1678:
1596:
1501:
1489:
1431:
1400:
1123:
of the surviving Historia Naturalis manuscripts. These are divided into:
1116:
consisting of nine books of selections taken from an ancient manuscript.
1090:
1033:
729:
665:
648:
544:
436:
316:
296:
288:
115:
2806:. Dedication to Titus: C. Plinius Secundus to his Friend Titus Vespasian
1463:, noting that only Aristotle has recorded seeing more than one at once.
4672:. Pliny the Elder. Johannes de Spira. Venice. before 18 September 1469.
4305:
3977:
3894:
A Perfect Red: Empire, Espionage and the Quest for the Colour of Desire
2522:
2185:
2172:
2048:
2044:
1851:
with just one ounce producing 750 leaves four inches square. Fine gold
1784:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1639:
1588:
1493:
1456:
1452:
1436:
1132:
971:
941:
911:
885:
784:
679:
465:
332:
304:
209:
131:
4574:
4537:
3994:
new series vol. 41 (1991) pp. 539–541; D. Bowder, "Duris of Samos" in
2260:, the most important gold mine in the Roman Empire, resulted from the
5007:
4662:
Complete Latin text with translation tools at Perseus Digital Library
4623:; Jones, W. H. S.; Eichholz, D. E. Loeb Classical Library. 1938–1962.
4224:. Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 224–225.
3229:
in "Letters of Pliny the Younger" with introduction by John B. Firth.
2956:, Books III-VII, Loeb Classical Library (rev. ed. 1989), pp. xi-xiii.
2720:
2680:
2650:
2571:
2304:
2293:
2221:
2144:
2094:
2090:
2060:
2029:
1965:
1926:
1844:
1707:
1703:
1592:
1584:
983:
898:
788:
661:
644:
597:'s English translation of 1601 has influenced literature ever since.
556:
497:
489:
477:
473:
469:
458:
397:
392:
was written alongside other substantial works (which have since been
336:
292:
284:
123:
4297:
4125:
Barney, Stephen A.; Lewis, W. J.; Beach, J. A.; Berghof, O. (2006).
2143:. In the indices to XXXIII–XXXVI, an important place is assigned to
1983:
1455:'s almanac grandiose for seeming to know how Nature works. He cites
5434:
5246:
4889:
4529:
4222:
Reading the world : encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age
3456:"Detlefsen on the "indices" of Pliny the Elder's "Natural History""
2638:
2628:
varies between 221,500 miles at perigee to 252,700 miles at apogee.
2228:, "which would suffice to give renown to any other spot". He adds:
2176:
2052:
2017:
1987:
1975:, a softer grade. He is scathing about the use of iron in warfare.
1933:
1919:
1882:
1816:
1743:
1658:
1560:
1540:
1525:
1516:
1165:
were published of 5 volumes; the first by L. von Jan (1856-78; see
1094:
1050:
995:
979:
873:
535:
462:
355:
4949:
2732:
See David Bird's analysis of Pliny's use of water power in mining.
787:, especially as applied to life and art, work in gold and silver,
4157:
Isidori Hispalensis Episcopi Etymologiarum Sive Originum Libri XX
3240:
Pliny the Elder's Natural History: The Empire in the Encyclopedia
3197:
Pliny the Elder's Natural History: The Empire in the Encyclopedia
2701:
2600:
Pliny the Elder's Natural History: The Empire in the Encyclopedia
2536:
2171:
For a number of items relating to works of art near the coast of
2132:
2013:
1957:
1923:
1915:
1872:
1868:
1836:
1646:
1611:
1369:
1161:, D. Detlefsen, L. von Jan, and K. RĂĽck in the 19th century. Two
1070:
907:
881:
877:
692:
512:
501:
308:
4442:
Pliny's encyclopedia : the reception of the Natural history
4358:
The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 3, Early Modern Science
3260:
2225:
2140:
2121:
1998:
1878:
1824:
1820:
1780:
1776:
1662:
1635:
1620:
1607:
1267:
1259:
725:
712:
696:
590:
564:
552:
539:
381:
312:
127:
55:
1893:
1459:'s estimate that the Moon is 230,000 miles away. He describes
1247:, beginning of Book 4, in ms. Leiden Voss. Lat. F. 4, fol. 20v
589:
was one of the first ancient European texts to be printed, in
570:"As full of variety as nature itself", stated Pliny's nephew,
4419:
4284:
Steiner, Grundy (1955). "The Skepticism of the Elder Pliny".
2646:
2405:
expressed scepticism about Pliny's dependability in his 1646
1832:
1788:
1727:
1692:
1688:
1654:
1616:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1548:
1532:
1521:
1460:
1128:
1098:
766:
741:
737:
700:
560:
420:
is encyclopaedic in scope, but its format is unlike a modern
401:
245:
101:
3998:(Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1982) pp. 101–102; Reinhold Köpke,
1169:) and the second by C. Mayhoff (1892-1906). The most recent
2554:
2217:
1994:
1949:
1852:
1444:
1263:
1082:
903:
858:
708:
551:, whose single foot could act as a sunshade, the mouthless
504:
theories, reflecting the prevailing sentiment of his time.
1368:
The work was one of the first classical manuscripts to be
185:
2209:, Athenodoros (possibly son of Agesander) and Polydorus.
2028:. He provides a thorough discussion of the properties of
1901:
Fraud and forgery are described in detail; in particular
1812:
1579:, which he admires for their industry, organisation, and
1576:
1440:
796:
493:
340:
276:. The rest was published posthumously by Pliny's nephew,
119:
4430:
4105:
3430:"The manuscripts of Pliny the Elder's "Natural History""
892:(v. 16). Juba is one of his principal guides in botany;
4696:
Karl Friedrich Theodor Mayhoff. Lipsiae. Teubner. 1906.
4124:
3506:"Manuscript: Leiden Voss.Lat.F.4, fols. 4–33 | DigiPal"
3263:
in Pliny; see also Roger French & Frank Greenaway,
4173:(January 1911). "The Editing of Isidore Etymologiae".
3404:
Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics
2152:, who holds that Pliny used the chronological work of
574:, and this verdict largely explains the appeal of the
4524:. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 59–74.
1332:
Oxford, Bodl. Auct. T.1.27 + Paris lat. 6798, 12th c.
4201:
2518:
1296:
R: Florence, Bibl. Ricc. 488. 9th cent (second half)
252:. The largest single work to have survived from the
4238:
2550:– a similar, shorter encyclopedia written by Seneca
1702:in Book XXX. He is critical of the Magi, attacking
1097:. However, Bede updated and corrected Pliny on the
636:Preface and list of contents, lists of authorities
4038:"Pliny's Arrugia Water Power in Roman Gold-Mining"
3599:"Historical traditions at Wells, 1464, 1470, 1497"
3143:
3141:
3039:
1547:in detail, as well as the value and origin of the
4561:. The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 60: 169–85.
2799:
2797:
2795:
1630:Pliny gives special attention to spices, such as
1359:d: Paris lat. 6797, third quarter of 12th century
1131:: 5th-6th centuries. None survive intact; all as
5625:
2437:, wrote that while people often consult Pliny's
966:. It aims less at clarity and vividness than at
567:, and facts), but Pliny made them better known.
4283:
4268:
4033:
4031:
1815:and iron, as well as their many alloys such as
1714:as the source of magical ideas. He states that
1193:(25.2.36; xxv.a.3) (CLA x.1455) (=codex Moneus)
1157:/stemma was established by the German scholars
4354:
4321:
4219:
3990:, "The Curriculum Vitae of Duris of Samos" in
2792:
1496:and assorted matters such as the greatness of
424:. However, it does have structure: Pliny uses
4965:
4925:(in Italian). Venezia: Bartolomeo Zani. 1489.
4480:Pliny the Elder: Natural History: A Selection
4420:French, Roger & Greenaway, Frank (1986).
4326:. Penguin (Modern Classics). pp. 37–46.
3961:
3288:Healy, 2004. page 331 (translation of XXXV:80
2723:, who describes many machines used in mining.
2641:in southern France use water supplied by the
1308:Definite descendants of E (Paris lat. 6795):
1303:
1293:F: Leiden, Lipsius 7. 9th cent. (first half).
1114:Defloratio Historiae Naturalis Plinii Secundi
4600:
4401:
4131:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press.
4028:
3655:
3189:Roman Nature: The Thought of Pliny the Elder
2345:recipes, the vast majority of them from the
2315:
1859:, wife of Claudius, at a public show on the
1668:
1484:Book VII discusses the human race, covering
1217:Pal. Chat.: Autun 24 + Paris n.a.lat. 1629 (
1108:, contains only books XXXII–XXXVII. In 1141
849:matter of each book. This has been shown in
439:, or dog-head, as described by Pliny in his
63:
5503:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
4689:
4667:
4361:. Cambridge University Press. p. 437.
4350:
4348:
4317:
4315:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3320:
2679:"Maggot berrie" and supposed "Cutchonele" (
2261:
2139:, the author of a work on the monuments of
1922:is found in silver mines and is used as an
1324:Co: Copenhagen Gl.Kgl.S.212 2°, ca. 1200 AD
1273:B: Bamberg, Class. 42 (M.v.10) 9th century.
1191:St. Paul in Carinthia, Stiftsbibliothek 3.1
1119:There are three independent classes of the
1037:
890:studiorum claritate memorabilior quam regno
375:
201:
89:
49:
4972:
4958:
4552:
3891:
3211:
3209:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
1948:. He personally saw the massive statue of
500:. Pliny's premise is distinct from modern
38:
4908:All Six Volumes free at Project Gutenberg
4700:
4515:
4461:Pliny the Elder on Science and Technology
4431:Gibson, Roy; Morello, Ruth, eds. (2011).
3178:, 1905 reproduction by Ulan Press (2012).
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2497:. In the view of Mary Beagon, writing in
2335:The anonymous fourth-century compilation
1839:. He discusses why gold is unique in its
1566:Pliny correctly identifies the origin of
5154:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
4627:
4406:. Harvard University Press. p. 745.
4345:
4312:
3948:
3400:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2319:
2251:
2158:
1982:
1892:
1742:
1515:
1430:
1238:
1060:
880:, he relies largely on Aristotle and on
654:
629:
506:
430:
380:printed by Johannes Alvisius in 1499 in
369:
4685:. (Once owned by the Earls of Pembroke)
4169:
4151:
4145:
4115:(Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 64.
3632:
3373:Healy, 2004. Introduction:xxxviii-xxxix
3255:, University of Oklahoma Press (2012),
3206:
3021:
1312:h: Berlin (East), Hamilton 517, 11th c.
1277:
1225:
962:Pliny's writing style emulates that of
27:Encyclopedia written by Pliny the Elder
14:
5626:
4586:. Paris: Sorbonne Université Presses.
4496:
3658:"Pliny the Elder, The Natural History"
3596:
3453:
3427:
3382:Healy, 2004. Introduction:xxxvi-xxxvii
2859:
2624:Posidonius's figure was accurate: the
1141:Vetustiores (older): 8th-9th centuries
1017:
872:, which were completed by the emperor
609:consists of 37 books. Pliny devised a
559:(whose history was a broad mixture of
4953:
4477:
4458:
4439:
4244:
4207:
4128:The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville
3407:. Clarendon Press. pp. 307–316.
3364:Healy, 2004. Translator's Note:xliii
3215:Pliny the Younger. Book 3, Letter V.
3150:. Columbia University Press. p.
3146:An Illustrated History of the Herbals
3045:
2809:
2602:, OUP (2004), pp. 1–27, 194–215.
2272:Pliny provides lucid descriptions of
2104:, the original Greek authorities are
1583:, discussing the significance of the
1403:made a complete translation in 1855.
5669:Encyclopedias in classical antiquity
4581:
4501:. London & New York: Routledge.
4433:Pliny the Elder: Themes and Contexts
3656:Bostock, John; Riley, H. T. (1855).
3577:
3267:, Croom Helm (1986), pp. 23–44.
1380:of Venice is held in the library at
1022:
5381:The Naturalist on the River Amazons
4979:
4657:Complete Latin text at LacusCurtius
4616:Pliny – Natural History, 10 volumes
3199:, OUP (2004), pp. 196–200 and
2759:See also Bird on mining at Arrugia.
1910:. He records that it is toxic, and
1535:snail, the highly prized source of
1287:x.1580 + Suppl. p.28) ca. A.D. 800.
1180:
1166:
24:
3321:Pliny the Elder. "II:209, IX:26".
1687:, 550 in Theophrastus, and 650 in
1299:E: Paris lat. 6795, 9-10th century
1144:Recentiores (younger): 9th century
845:means of one's own achievements."
25:
5685:
4640:
4113:Medical Latin in the Roman Empire
3481:"Codices Vossiani Latini — Brill"
3391:Healy, 2004. Introduction:xxxviii
1524:from the Archeological Museum of
1363:
927:
5571:
4945:Pliny the Elder's World Database
4878:
4395:
4277:
2847:
2521:
1318:Leiden, Voss. Lat. Q.43, 12th c.
1258:x.1578) 8th century. Written in
1196:M: Rome, Bibl. Naz. Sessor. 55 (
580:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
66:Bibliothèque nationale de France
5613:List of natural history dealers
5281:The Natural History of Selborne
4262:
4250:
4213:
4163:
4118:
4093:
4081:
4069:
4054:
4016:
3970:
3936:
3924:
3912:
3900:
3892:Greenfield, Amy Butler (2011).
3885:
3873:
3864:
3852:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3780:
3768:
3756:
3744:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3696:
3684:
3672:
3649:
3626:
3590:
3571:
3523:
3498:
3473:
3447:
3421:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3329:
3314:
3291:
3282:
3270:
3245:
3242:, OUP (2004), pp. 181–197.
3232:
3181:
3168:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3063:
3051:
3036:Healy, 2004. Introduction:xxxix
3002:
2983:
2971:
2959:
2946:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2707:
2686:
2662:
2631:
2618:
2605:
2592:
2539:– his biography is featured in
2067:scratch another, presaging the
1779:that cut the ears of wheat and
1747:Detail of a relief depicting a
1479:
1387:
1355:Independent earlier tradition:
1000:
822:Pliny's purpose in writing the
457:Nature for Pliny was divine, a
274:AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius
5515:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
4814:. Books 24–27. Index of Plants
4444:. Cambridge University Press.
3996:Who Was Who in the Greek World
3870:Healy, 2004. Introduction:xxix
3620:10.1080/00665983.1904.10852967
3485:primarysources.brillonline.com
3454:Pearse, Roger (27 June 2013).
3428:Pearse, Roger (22 June 2013).
2934:
2922:
2910:
2893:
2881:
2780:
2771:
2692:It is likely that Pliny, as a
2582:– a medieval encyclopedic work
2074:
1738:
1266:'s personal copy mentioned by
1210:P: Paris lat. 9378, folio 26 (
1089:", especially the sections on
1056:
864:One of Pliny's authorities is
426:Aristotle's division of nature
13:
1:
4220:Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012).
3349:The True Story of Lake Vadimo
2765:
2713:Pliny's work supplements the
2366:
1978:
1887:reverse overshot water-wheels
1802:
1595:. He praises the song of the
1500:, outstanding people such as
1374:Johann and Wendelin of Speyer
1135:or as recycled book bindings.
812:
358:of original authors, and its
5674:Phoenicia in ancient sources
4930:
4875:, 1855; complete, with index
4824:Books 28–32. Index of Fishes
4413:
3979:Dictionary of Art Historians
3896:. Random House. p. 351.
2579:Martianus Capella#De nuptiis
2471:Cambridge History of Science
2310:
1865:Indian gold obtained by ants
1470:
1426:
1328:Possible descendants of E:
1081:. Early in the 8th century,
776:
773:
754:
751:
721:
718:
688:
685:
671:
657:
640:
632:
621:
618:
600:
515:, described by Pliny in his
7:
5271:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
4888:public domain audiobook at
4463:. Oxford University Press.
3401:Marshall, Peter K. (1983).
3142:Anderson, Frank J. (1977).
2907:(rev. ed. 1989), pp. vii-x.
2514:
2327:translated into Italian by
1993:(1st century AD) depicting
1932:The main ore of mercury is
1343:e: Paris lat. 6796A, 12th c
1321:n: Montpellier 473, 12th c.
974:, questions, exclamations,
578:since Pliny's death in the
365:
10:
5690:
5634:1st-century books in Latin
5293:A History of British Birds
4865:Second English translation
4645:
4259:University of Chicago site
3633:Holland, Philemon (1601).
3607:The Archaeological Journal
3191:, Clarendon Press (1992),
2256:The striking landscape of
2241:
2188:and on the biographies of
2078:
1827:, and steel (Book XXXIV).
1754:
1511:
1315:X: Luxembourg 138, 12th c.
1304:Later Medieval Recentiores
835:
817:
624:
5608:Natural History Societies
5580:
5569:
5485:
5476:The Royal Natural History
5328:Ornithological Dictionary
5315:
5237:Johan Christian Fabricius
5163:
5069:
4996:
4987:
4855:First English translation
4635:. London: Longmans Green.
4567:10.1017/S0075435800043343
4340:Perché leggere i classici
4273:. Routledge. p. 111.
4271:Pliny's Defense of Empire
4187:10.1017/S0009838800019273
4051:Vol. 15, Nos. 4/5 (2004).
2420:
2341:contains more than 1,100
2316:Medieval and early modern
2237:
1669:Drugs, medicine and magic
1602:
1508:, happiness and fortune.
1406:
1006:This might be translated
902:was cited as a source on
215:
195:
183:
171:
161:
151:
137:
107:
97:
85:
75:
64:
37:
5454:The Naturalist's Library
5357:On the Origin of Species
4555:Journal of Roman Studies
4518:Journal of Roman Studies
4269:Laehn, Thomas R (2013).
3966:. Routledge. p. 16.
2586:
1761:List of Roman watermills
1587:and the use of smoke by
970:point. It contains many
957:
805:precious stones and gems
461:concept inspired by the
5588:Natural history museums
5190:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
4683:Corning Museum of Glass
4478:Healy, John F. (2004).
4459:Healy, John F. (1999).
4404:The Classical Tradition
4322:Calvino, Italo (2009).
4175:The Classical Quarterly
3637:. University of Chicago
3535:catalogue.leidenuniv.nl
3223:1 December 2008 at the
2874:Encyclopædia Britannica
2499:The Classical Tradition
2212:In the temple near the
2177:Gaius Licinius Mucianus
2085:Ancient Greek sculpture
1673:A major section of the
1591:at the hive to collect
1439:found the distances to
1372:, at Venice in 1469 by
256:to the modern day, the
5654:Encyclopedias in Latin
5639:Ancient Roman medicine
5440:William Jackson Hooker
5388:Alexander von Humboldt
5305:Philosophie zoologique
5088:Pinax theatri botanici
4741:Loeb Classical Library
4690:
4668:
4582:Naas, Valérie (2023).
4497:Isager, Jacob (1991).
4324:Why Read the Classics?
3962:Isager, Jacob (2013).
2931:VII:1 (Rackham et al.)
2905:Loeb Classical Library
2698:Hispania Tarraconensis
2637:Extant mills found at
2512:
2484:
2466:
2459:that his intention is:
2453:
2435:Why Read the Classics?
2418:
2332:
2269:
2262:
2235:
2168:
2009:
1898:
1752:
1528:
1520:A collection of Roman
1447:
1351:a: Vienna 234, 12th c.
1335:C: Le Mans 263, 12th c
1248:
1074:
1038:
1012:
1004:
955:
946:
866:Marcus Terentius Varro
833:
526:
454:
414:
385:
376:
241:
202:
90:
50:
5664:Natural history books
5526:The Study of Instinct
5465:Kunstformen der Natur
5369:The Malay Archipelago
5364:Alfred Russel Wallace
5300:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
4677:18 April 2014 at the
4043:28 March 2012 at the
3597:Church, C.M. (1904).
3174:Cf. Heinrich Brunn's
2968:XI:2 (Rackham et al.)
2611:Compare structure at
2547:Naturales quaestiones
2503:
2475:
2461:
2448:
2413:
2408:Pseudodoxia Epidemica
2323:
2255:
2242:Further information:
2230:
2162:
2154:Apollodorus of Athens
2114:Antigonus of Carystus
2079:Further information:
2005:Cabinet des MĂ©dailles
1986:
1896:
1857:Agrippina the Younger
1755:Further information:
1746:
1551:and the invention of
1519:
1434:
1242:
1231:Q: Paris lat. 10318 (
1106:Bamberg State Library
1064:
1008:
950:
938:
917:Bibliotheca Historica
828:
510:
434:
410:
373:
5659:Prose texts in Latin
5445:Joseph Dalton Hooker
5398:The Birds of America
4482:. Penguin Classics.
4440:Doody, Aude (2010).
4338:(First published as
4047:, by David Bird, in
4001:De Antigono Carystio
3251:Cf. P. L. Chambers,
2626:distance to the Moon
2216:, Pliny admires the
2198:Laocoön and his Sons
2165:Laocoön and his Sons
2137:Heliodorus of Athens
2110:Xenocrates of Sicyon
2089:Pliny's chapters on
1962:Flavian Amphitheatre
1278:Medieval Recentiores
1226:Medieval Vetustiores
736:, especially of the
534:sent to the emperor
44:First page from the
5493:Martinus Beijerinck
5036:De Natura Animalium
4885:The Natural History
4171:Lindsay, Wallace M.
4153:Lindsay, Wallace M.
3992:Classical Quarterly
3238:Cf. Trevor Murphy,
2433:, in his 1991 book
2429:The Italian author
2396:De Erroribus Plinii
2378:Vincent of Beauvais
2376:. Through Isidore,
2069:Mohs hardness scale
2034:Magnes the shepherd
1903:coin counterfeiting
1799:across the Empire.
1539:. It describes the
1492:, aspects of human
1110:Robert of Cricklade
1018:Publication history
801:sculpture in marble
522:Nuremberg Chronicle
446:Nuremberg Chronicle
86:Original title
54:printed in 1469 in
34:
5598:Parson-naturalists
5430:Philip Henry Gosse
5393:John James Audubon
5376:Henry Walter Bates
5264:Histoire Naturelle
5252:Historia Plantarum
5140:Avium Praecipuarum
5124:Historia animalium
5025:Historia Plantarum
5013:History of Animals
4922:Historia naturalis
4873:Henry Thomas Riley
4694:. Pliny the Elder.
4691:Naturalis Historia
4669:Naturalis Historia
4603:Skeptical Inquirer
4342:, Mondadori, 1991.
4159:. Clarendon Press.
3976:On these, compare
3660:. Perseus at Tufts
2952:"Introduction" to
2899:"Introduction" to
2861:Sandys, John Edwin
2507:Historia naturalis
2491:in his great work
2479:Historia naturalis
2353:Isidore of Seville
2347:Historia naturalis
2333:
2329:Cristoforo Landino
2325:Historia naturalis
2270:
2169:
2026:hardstone carvings
2010:
1946:Colossus of Rhodes
1899:
1753:
1751:harvesting machine
1645:He is critical of
1570:as the fossilised
1529:
1448:
1418:history of science
1254:, Voss. Lat. F.4 (
1249:
1235:v.593) ca.800 A.D.
1185:All 5th century:
1173:were published by
1075:
1039:Naturalis Historia
942:Festival of Vulcan
547:or Dog-Heads, the
527:
455:
386:
377:Naturalis Historia
242:Naturalis Historia
204:Naturalis Historia
91:Naturalis Historia
51:Historia Naturalis
32:
18:Naturalis Historia
5621:
5620:
5567:
5566:
5185:Marcello Malpighi
5079:Ulisse Aldrovandi
5059:De Materia Medica
4489:978-0-14-044413-1
4451:978-0-511-67707-6
4333:978-0-14-118970-3
4256:Available at the
4138:978-0-511-21969-6
3557:External link in
3414:978-0-19-814456-4
3336:Pliny the Younger
3298:Pliny the Younger
3195:; Trevor Murphy,
3187:Cf. Mary Beagon,
3129:Pliny the Elder.
3009:Pliny the Younger
2990:Pliny the Younger
2615:, with footnotes.
2558:– a 10th century
2494:De Materia Medica
2392:Niccolò Leoniceno
2268:mining technique.
2055:. He states that
2047:, describing the
2039:Pliny moves into
2001:playing the lyre
1797:Roman water mills
1757:Roman agriculture
1733:Peloponnesian War
1684:De Materia Medica
1559:. The keeping of
1243:Pliny the Elder,
1175:Les Belle Letters
1171:critical editions
1155:textual tradition
1023:First publication
992:ablative absolute
914:, as well as the
810:
809:
572:Pliny the Younger
278:Pliny the Younger
228:
227:
162:Publication place
16:(Redirected from
5681:
5575:
5548:The Dancing Bees
5472:Richard Lydekker
5420:Jean-Henri Fabre
5405:William Buckland
5210:Regnier de Graaf
5104:Andrea Cesalpino
4994:
4993:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4951:
4950:
4926:
4882:
4881:
4859:Philemon Holland
4693:
4671:
4636:
4624:
4619:. Translated by
4610:
4597:
4578:
4549:
4512:
4493:
4474:
4455:
4436:
4427:
4408:
4407:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4372:
4352:
4343:
4337:
4319:
4310:
4309:
4286:Classical Weekly
4281:
4275:
4274:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4122:
4116:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4058:
4052:
4035:
4026:
4020:
4014:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3959:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3603:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3578:Garrison, Mary.
3575:
3569:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3312:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3249:
3243:
3236:
3230:
3218:To Baebius Macer
3213:
3204:
3185:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3149:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3019:
3006:
3000:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2807:
2801:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2711:
2705:
2690:
2684:
2666:
2660:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2603:
2596:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2388:The Great Mirror
2371:
2368:
2267:
2214:Flaminian Circus
1964:(now called the
1698:Pliny addresses
1691:. The poppy and
1627:, among others.
1393:Philemon Holland
1181:Ancient Codicies
1163:Teubner Editions
1044:Naturae historia
1041:
1030:floating islands
922:Diodorus Siculus
884:, the scholarly
842:indices auctorum
616:
615:
595:Philemon Holland
406:Vita vigilia est
379:
207:
187:
153:Publication date
93:
69:
68:
60:Johann of Speyer
53:
42:
35:
33:Natural History
31:
21:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5576:
5563:
5544:Karl von Frisch
5481:
5450:William Jardine
5340:Le Règne Animal
5311:
5259:Comte de Buffon
5220:Systema Naturae
5159:
5131:Frederik Ruysch
5109:Valerius Cordus
5099:Hieronymus Bock
5065:
5047:Natural History
5042:Pliny the Elder
4999:
4989:
4983:
4981:Natural history
4978:
4939:Natural History
4933:
4919:
4897:Natural History
4879:
4706:
4679:Wayback Machine
4648:
4643:
4629:Wethered, H. N.
4613:
4594:
4509:
4490:
4471:
4452:
4416:
4411:
4400:
4396:
4384:
4383:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4353:
4346:
4334:
4320:
4313:
4298:10.2307/4343682
4282:
4278:
4267:
4263:
4255:
4251:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4218:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4168:
4164:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4123:
4119:
4110:
4106:
4100:Natural History
4098:
4094:
4088:Natural History
4086:
4082:
4076:Natural History
4074:
4070:
4059:
4055:
4045:Wayback Machine
4036:
4029:
4023:Natural History
4021:
4017:
3975:
3971:
3960:
3949:
3943:Natural History
3941:
3937:
3931:Natural History
3929:
3925:
3919:Natural History
3917:
3913:
3907:Natural History
3905:
3901:
3890:
3886:
3880:Natural History
3878:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3859:Natural History
3857:
3853:
3847:Natural History
3845:
3841:
3835:Natural History
3833:
3829:
3823:Natural History
3821:
3817:
3811:Natural History
3809:
3805:
3799:Natural History
3797:
3793:
3787:Natural History
3785:
3781:
3775:Natural History
3773:
3769:
3763:Natural History
3761:
3757:
3751:Natural History
3749:
3745:
3739:Natural History
3737:
3733:
3727:Natural History
3725:
3721:
3715:Natural History
3713:
3709:
3703:Natural History
3701:
3697:
3691:Natural History
3689:
3685:
3679:Natural History
3677:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3631:
3627:
3614:(11): 155–180.
3601:
3595:
3591:
3576:
3572:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3537:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3334:
3330:
3323:Natural History
3319:
3315:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3277:Natural History
3275:
3271:
3250:
3246:
3237:
3233:
3225:Wayback Machine
3214:
3207:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3118:Natural History
3116:
3112:
3106:Natural History
3104:
3100:
3094:Natural History
3092:
3088:
3082:Natural History
3080:
3076:
3070:Natural History
3068:
3064:
3058:Natural History
3056:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3022:
3007:
3003:
2988:
2984:
2978:Natural History
2976:
2972:
2966:Natural History
2964:
2960:
2954:Natural History
2951:
2947:
2941:Natural History
2939:
2935:
2929:Natural History
2927:
2923:
2917:Natural History
2915:
2911:
2901:Natural History
2898:
2894:
2888:Natural History
2886:
2882:
2865:Pliny the Elder
2848:
2846:
2845:
2810:
2804:Natural History
2802:
2793:
2787:Natural History
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2716:De Architectura
2712:
2708:
2691:
2687:
2671:'s influential
2667:
2663:
2656:De Architectura
2636:
2632:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2541:Natural History
2527:
2520:
2517:
2473:, asserts that
2457:Natural History
2439:Natural History
2423:
2374:Natural History
2369:
2363:The Etymologies
2343:pharmacological
2338:Medicina Plinii
2318:
2313:
2276:. He describes
2250:
2240:
2192:and Antigonus.
2181:Temple of Peace
2087:
2081:Roman sculpture
2077:
2041:crystallography
1981:
1940:, probably the
1805:
1772:De Agri Cultura
1763:
1741:
1675:Natural History
1671:
1605:
1514:
1482:
1473:
1429:
1413:Natural History
1409:
1390:
1382:Wells Cathedral
1366:
1306:
1280:
1262:hand; possibly
1245:Natural History
1228:
1183:
1087:De natura rerum
1067:Natural History
1059:
1034:Vadimonian Lake
1025:
1020:
960:
934:Natural History
930:
838:
824:Natural History
820:
815:
769:, aquatic life
607:Natural History
603:
587:Natural History
576:Natural History
517:Natural History
482:Natural History
441:Natural History
418:Natural History
390:Natural History
368:
352:Natural History
345:precious stones
262:natural history
258:Natural History
250:Pliny the Elder
233:Natural History
221:Natural History
198:
176:
154:
146:popular science
112:Natural history
80:Pliny the Elder
71:
46:editio princeps
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5687:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5595:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5554:Ronald Lockley
5551:
5541:
5529:
5522:Niko Tinbergen
5519:
5507:
5495:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5469:
5457:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5390:
5385:
5373:
5361:
5352:Charles Darwin
5349:
5344:
5335:Georges Cuvier
5332:
5323:George Montagu
5319:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5297:
5285:
5273:
5268:
5256:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5212:
5207:
5205:Jan Swammerdam
5202:
5197:
5195:William Derham
5192:
5187:
5182:
5169:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5147:
5136:William Turner
5133:
5128:
5119:Conrad Gessner
5116:
5114:Leonhart Fuchs
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5084:Gaspard Bauhin
5081:
5075:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5051:
5039:
5029:
5017:
5004:
5002:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4977:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:Translated by
4892:
4876:
4862:
4846:
4845:
4835:
4825:
4815:
4805:
4795:
4785:
4775:
4765:
4755:
4738:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4705:
4704:Latin Editions
4699:
4698:
4697:
4686:
4664:
4659:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4641:External links
4639:
4638:
4637:
4625:
4611:
4598:
4592:
4579:
4550:
4530:10.2307/298927
4513:
4507:
4494:
4488:
4475:
4469:
4456:
4450:
4437:
4428:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4394:
4367:
4344:
4332:
4311:
4276:
4261:
4249:
4237:
4230:
4212:
4210:, p. 170.
4200:
4162:
4144:
4137:
4117:
4111:D.R. Langlow,
4104:
4102:XXXIII:156-164
4092:
4090:XXXIII:138-144
4080:
4068:
4053:
4049:Mining History
4027:
4015:
3986:"Xenocrates";
3969:
3947:
3945:XXXVII:196-200
3935:
3923:
3911:
3899:
3884:
3872:
3863:
3851:
3839:
3827:
3815:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3767:
3755:
3743:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3671:
3648:
3625:
3589:
3570:
3522:
3510:www.digipal.eu
3497:
3472:
3446:
3420:
3413:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3328:
3313:
3290:
3281:
3269:
3244:
3231:
3205:
3180:
3167:
3160:
3134:
3122:
3110:
3098:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3060:XXXIII:154–751
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2919:VIII:44 (Loeb)
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2869:Chisholm, Hugh
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2675:(1597) called
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2659:of 25 BC.
2630:
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2489:Roman medicine
2422:
2419:
2383:Speculum Maius
2331:, 1489 edition
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2301:copper pyrites
2248:Roman aqueduct
2239:
2236:
2106:Duris of Samos
2102:history of art
2076:
2073:
1980:
1977:
1918:copper, while
1804:
1801:
1795:, as found in
1767:Cato the Elder
1740:
1737:
1712:Ancient Persia
1670:
1667:
1651:attar of roses
1604:
1601:
1557:oyster farming
1513:
1510:
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1478:
1472:
1469:
1428:
1425:
1408:
1405:
1389:
1386:
1378:Nicolas Jenson
1365:
1364:Printed copies
1362:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1352:
1347:Cousin of E:
1345:
1344:
1339:Copies of E:
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1203:O: Vienna 1a (
1201:
1194:
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1167:external links
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928:Working method
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851:Heinrich Brunn
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5165:Enlightenment
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4852:
4851:
4850:
4844:. Books 36–37
4843:
4839:
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4834:. Books 33–35
4833:
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4826:
4823:
4819:
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4813:
4809:
4806:
4804:. Books 20–23
4803:
4799:
4796:
4794:. Books 17–19
4793:
4789:
4786:
4784:. Books 12–16
4783:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4736:: Books 33-37
4735:
4732:
4730:: Books 23-32
4729:
4726:
4724:: Books 16-22
4723:
4720:
4717:
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4593:9791023107432
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4508:0-415-06950-5
4504:
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4470:0-19-814687-6
4466:
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4434:
4429:
4426:. Croom Helm.
4425:
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2903:, Bks. I–II,
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2856:public domain
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1537:Tyrian purple
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422:encyclopaedia
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197:Original text
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174:Dewey Decimal
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5510:Hugh B. Cott
5501:
5486:20th century
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5355:
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5316:19th century
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5291:
5279:
5262:
5250:
5242:James Hutton
5232:Joseph Banks
5218:
5178:Micrographia
5176:
5173:Robert Hooke
5153:
5143:
5139:
5122:
5087:
5057:
5046:
5045:
5035:
5023:
5020:Theophrastus
5011:
4938:
4921:
4913:
4912:
4896:
4884:
4869:John Bostock
4848:
4847:
4837:
4827:
4822:Volume VIII.
4817:
4807:
4797:
4787:
4777:
4774:. Books 8–11
4767:
4757:
4747:
4739:
4718:: Books 7-15
4650:
4649:
4632:
4615:
4606:
4602:
4583:
4558:
4554:
4521:
4517:
4498:
4479:
4460:
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4432:
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4215:
4203:
4181:(1): 42–53.
4178:
4174:
4165:
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4120:
4112:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4056:
4048:
4025:XXXIII:36-81
4022:
4018:
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4000:
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3991:
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3938:
3933:XXXVII:23-29
3930:
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3921:XXXVII:55-60
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3906:
3902:
3893:
3887:
3879:
3875:
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3662:. Retrieved
3651:
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3628:
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3538:. Retrieved
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3509:
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3484:
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3460:Roger Pearse
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3434:Roger Pearse
3433:
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3403:
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3387:
3378:
3369:
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3353:(in Italian)
3347:
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3131:Praefatio:21
3125:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3096:XXXV:151–851
3093:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3048:, p. 9.
3041:
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3004:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
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2672:
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2577:
2574:encyclopedia
2567:Urra=hubullu
2565:
2562:encyclopedia
2553:
2545:
2540:
2529:Books portal
2506:
2504:
2498:
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1973:wrought iron
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1908:silver mines
1900:
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1841:malleability
1829:
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1793:water wheels
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1553:fish farming
1545:hippopotamus
1530:
1486:anthropology
1483:
1480:Anthropology
1474:
1465:
1449:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1397:John Bostock
1391:
1388:Translations
1367:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1327:
1307:
1284:
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1103:
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1009:
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968:epigrammatic
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915:
897:
894:Theophrastus
889:
863:
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847:
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759:Pharmacology
734:horticulture
728:, including
695:, including
676:Anthropology
610:
606:
604:
586:
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575:
569:
528:
520:
516:
486:architecture
481:
478:teleological
456:
450:
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437:cynocephalus
417:
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325:pharmacology
321:horticulture
301:anthropology
282:
266:encyclopedia
257:
254:Roman Empire
232:
231:
229:
219:
166:Ancient Rome
29:
5558:Shearwaters
5415:Mary Anning
5200:Hans Sloane
5150:John Gerard
5144:New Herball
5071:Renaissance
5054:Dioscorides
4990:naturalists
4764:. Books 3–7
4754:. Books 1–2
4712:: Books 1-6
4621:Rackham, H.
4385:|work=
4292:(10): 142.
4013:II.1.26,47.
3346:; see also
3084:XXXV:15–941
2702:eye witness
2669:John Gerard
2358:Etymologiae
2290:undermining
2282:Las MĂ©dulas
2278:gold mining
2258:Las MĂ©dulas
2233:(XXXVI:27).
2075:Art history
1912:amalgamates
1861:Fucine Lake
1749:Gallo-Roman
1739:Agriculture
1679:Dioscorides
1597:nightingale
1506:Asclepiades
1502:Hippocrates
1490:ethnography
1401:H. T. Riley
1133:palimspests
1091:meteorology
1057:Manuscripts
886:Mauretanian
730:agriculture
666:ethnography
649:meteorology
545:Cynocephali
519:, from the
459:pantheistic
443:. From the
356:referencing
317:agriculture
297:ethnography
289:mathematics
272:during the
216:Translation
116:ethnography
5649:Incunabula
5628:Categories
4988:Pioneering
4902:H. Rackham
4812:Volume VII
4772:Volume III
4245:Doody 2010
4208:Doody 2010
3882:XX:198-200
3861:XV:119-138
3849:XV:102-104
3801:II:186-187
3765:II:119-153
3705:II:5-6, 10
3046:Doody 2010
2766:References
2694:Procurator
2645:supplying
2572:Babylonian
2370: 600
2186:Xenocrates
2173:Asia Minor
2118:Parrhasius
2049:octahedral
2045:mineralogy
1979:Mineralogy
1803:Metallurgy
1785:bas-relief
1724:Democritus
1720:Empedocles
1716:Pythagoras
1640:cane sugar
1589:beekeepers
1494:physiology
1457:Posidonius
1453:Hipparchus
1437:Hipparchus
1138:Medieval:
1112:wrote the
988:Silver Age
984:mannerisms
972:antitheses
912:Thucydides
876:; for his
855:Disputatio
813:Production
785:mineralogy
680:physiology
678:and human
611:summarium,
502:ecological
466:philosophy
333:mineralogy
305:physiology
210:Wikisource
191:PA6611 .A2
132:mineralogy
5644:Geoponici
5008:Aristotle
5000:antiquity
4998:Classical
4931:Secondary
4832:Volume IX
4802:Volume VI
4782:Volume IV
4762:Volume II
4743:Editions
4546:162096359
4387:ignored (
4377:cite book
4195:170517611
4078:XXXIV:117
3540:28 August
3515:28 August
3490:28 August
3465:15 August
3439:15 August
2890:XXXVII:77
2863:(1911). "
2721:Vitruvius
2681:Cochineal
2677:scolecium
2651:Vitruvius
2560:Byzantine
2311:Reception
2305:marcasite
2294:quartzite
2222:Aphrodite
2207:Agesander
2145:Pasiteles
2095:Greek art
2061:sesterces
2030:fluorspar
2018:gemstones
1966:Colosseum
1938:scolecium
1845:ductility
1787:found at
1708:Zoroaster
1704:astrology
1593:honeycomb
1585:queen bee
1561:aquariums
1471:Geography
1427:Astronomy
1177:(1950-).
1159:J. Sillig
980:metaphors
899:On Stones
861:, 1856).
662:Geography
645:Astronomy
625:Contents
601:Structure
593:in 1469.
557:Herodotus
549:Sciapodae
498:jewellery
490:sculpture
474:geography
470:cosmology
398:Vespasian
337:sculpture
293:geography
285:astronomy
270:his death
208:at Latin
124:sculpture
5435:Asa Gray
5247:John Ray
4895:Pliny's
4890:LibriVox
4842:Volume X
4792:Volume V
4752:Volume I
4734:Volume 5
4728:Volume 4
4722:Volume 3
4716:Volume 2
4710:Volume 1
4675:Archived
4631:(1937).
4609:(1): 39.
4435:. Brill.
4155:(1911).
4041:Archived
3988:A. Dalby
3837:XV:68-78
3825:XV:47-54
3693:II:28-51
3550:cite web
3221:Archived
2643:aqueduct
2639:Barbegal
2515:See also
2501:in 2010:
2394:'s 1509
2220:and the
2150:Kalkmann
2133:epigrams
2126:intaglio
2053:hardness
2014:minerals
1991:intaglio
1988:Amethyst
1934:cinnabar
1927:cosmetic
1920:antimony
1883:Hannibal
1869:griffins
1817:electrum
1811:, lead,
1659:cinnamon
1647:perfumes
1541:elephant
1526:Aquileia
1129:Codicies
1127:Ancient
1073:, France
1051:Petrarch
996:ablative
908:minerals
874:Augustus
789:statuary
746:medicine
536:Claudius
388:Pliny's
374:Copy of
366:Overview
350:Pliny's
303:, human
248:work by
157:AD 77–79
98:Language
4914:Italian
4849:English
4702:Teubner
4646:Primary
4414:Sources
4306:4343682
3813:XV:1-34
3753:I:89-90
3340:Letters
3302:Letters
3279:XXXV:80
3013:Letters
2994:Letters
2871:(ed.).
2858::
2704:report.
2673:Herball
2653:in his
2537:Famulus
2203:Vatican
2100:In the
1958:Hadrian
1924:eyebrow
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1873:Scythia
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1809:mercury
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1207:x.1470)
1200:iv.421)
1079:Solinus
1071:Le Mans
1032:of the
986:of the
878:zoology
870:Agrippa
836:Sources
818:Purpose
719:IV–VII
713:insects
697:mammals
693:Zoology
619:Volume
565:legends
532:phoenix
513:sciapod
384:, Italy
309:zoology
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108:Subject
5581:Topics
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4861:, 1601
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3201:passim
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3120:XXXVII
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1821:bronze
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540:Africa
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767:water
763:magic
752:VIII
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689:8–11
561:myths
463:Stoic
402:Titus
360:index
246:Latin
238:Latin
138:Genre
102:Latin
5602:List
5592:List
4871:and
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4818:L418
4808:L393
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