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students supported these results. Participants began the study in a lecture hall and witnessed what they thought was an unexpected five-minute belligerent encounter between an intruder and the lecturer. A week later, these participants watched a 10-minute-long video that generated either a positive, negative or neutral mood. They then completed a brief questionnaire about the previous incident between the intruder and lecturer that they witnessed the week earlier. In this questionnaire half of the participants received questions with misleading information and the other half received questions without any misleading information. This manipulation was used to determine if participants were susceptible to suggestibility failure. After 45 minutes of unrelated distractors participants were given a set of true or false questions which tested for false memories. Participants experiencing negative moods reported fewer numbers of false memories, whereas those experiencing positive moods reported a greater amount of false memories. This implies that positive affect promotes integration of misleading details and negative affect reduces the misinformation effect.
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times: one week, two months and a year after the televised verdict. These questionnaires measured participant emotion towards the verdict and the accuracy of their recalled memory of what occurred during the trial. Overall the study found that although participant response to the event outcome did not affect the quantity of remembered information, it did influence the likelihood of false memory. Participants who were pleased with the verdict of the O.J. Simpson trial were more likely to falsely believe something occurred during the trial than those who were displeased with the verdict. Another experiment found the same findings with Red Sox fans and
Yankees fans in their overall memory of events that occurred in the final game of a 2004 playoff series in which the Red Sox defeated the Yankees. The study found that the Yankees fans had better memory of events that occurred than the Red Sox fans. The results from both of these experiments are consistent with the findings that negative emotion can lead to fewer memory errors and thus increased memory accuracy of events.
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photographic lineups. Researchers demonstrated this effect in an experiment in which participants watched a video that induced either negative emotion or a neutral mood. The two videos were deliberately similar except for the action of interest, which was either a mugging (negative emotion) or a conversation (neutral emotion). After watching one of the two videos participants are shown perpetrator lineups, which either contained the target perpetrator from the video or a foil, a person that looked similar to the target. The results revealed that the participants who watched the emotion-induced video were more likely to incorrectly identify the innocent foil than to correctly identify the perpetrator. Neutral participants were more likely to correctly identify the perpetrator in comparison to their emotional counterparts. This demonstrates that emotional affect in forensic settings decreases accuracy of eyewitness memory. These findings are consistent with prior knowledge that stress and emotion greatly impair eyewitness ability to recognitive perpetrators.
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participants into either happy or sad groups using an autobiographical mood induction task in which participants reminisced on sad or happy memories. Then, participants read a philosophical essay by a fake academic who was identified as either a middle-aged, bespectacled man or as a young, unorthodox-looking woman. The fake writer was evaluated on intelligence and competence. The positive affect group exhibited a strong halo effect, rating the male writer significantly higher than the female writer in competence. The negative affect group exhibited almost no halo effects rating the two equally. Researchers concluded that impression formation is improved by negative affect. Their findings support theories that negative affect results in more elaborate processing based upon external, available information.
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controversial topic. Participants were informed that the debater was assigned a stance to take in the essay that did not necessarily reflect his views. Still, the positive affect groups rated debaters who argued unpopular views as holding the same attitude expressed in the essay. They were also rated as unlikeable compared to debaters with popular stances, thus, demonstrating FAE. In contrast, the data for the negative affect group displayed no significant difference in ratings for debaters with popular stance and debaters with unpopular stances. These results indicate that positive affect assimilation styles promote fundamental attribution error, and negative affect accommodation styles minimize the error in respect to judging people.
292:. While sadness is normally associated with the hippocampus, it does not produce the same side effects that would be associated with feelings of pleasure or excitement. Sadness correlates with feeling blue or the creation of tears, while excitement may cause a spike in blood pressure and one's pulse. As far as judgment goes, most people think about how they themselves feel about a certain situation. They will jump right to their current mood when asked a question. However, some mistake this process when using their current mood to justify a reaction to a stimulus. If they are only a little sad, their reactions and input may be negative as a whole.
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and negative affect groups, researchers had them play a computer game. Participants had to make rapid decisions to shoot only at targets carrying a gun. Some of the targets wore turbans making them appear Muslim. As expected, there was a significant bias against Muslim targets resulting in a tendency to shoot at them. However, this tendency decreased with subjects in negative affective states. Positive affect groups developed more aggressive tendencies toward
Muslims. Researchers concluded that negative affect leads to less reliance on internal stereotypes, thus decreasing judgmental bias.
215:– The International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form is an extensively validated brief, cross-culturally reliable 10-item version of the PANAS. Negative Affect items are Afraid, Ashamed, Hostile, Nervous and Upset. Internal consistency reliabilities between .72 and .76 are reported. The I-PANAS-SF was developed to eliminate redundant and ambiguous items and thereby derive an efficient measure for general use in research situations where either time or space are limited, or where international populations are of interest but where English may not be the mother tongue.
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that participants with positive affectivity were more negative and discriminated more than participants with negative affectivity. Also, happy participants were more likely to discriminate between in-group and out-group members than sad participants. Negative affect is often associated with team selection. It is viewed as a trait that could make selecting individuals for a team irrelevant, thus preventing knowledge from becoming known or predicted for current issues that may arise.
181:. Individuals high in negative affect will exhibit, on average, higher levels of distress, anxiety, and dissatisfaction, and tend to focus on the unpleasant aspects of themselves, the world, the future, and other people, and also evoke more negative life events. The similarities between these affective traits and life satisfaction have led some researchers to view both positive and negative affect with life satisfaction as specific indicators of the broader construct of
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improvement of memory. This is evidenced by reduction of the misinformation effect, and the number of false memories reported. The knowledge implies that negative affect can be used to enhance eyewitness memory; however, additional research suggests that the extent to which memory is improved by negative affect does not sufficiently improve eyewitness testimonies to significantly reduce its error.
321:, the tendency to inaccurately attribute behavior to a person's internal character without taking external, situational factors into account. The fundamental attribution error (FAE) is connected with positive affect since it occurs when people use top-down cognitive processing based on inferences. Negative affect stimulates bottom-up, systematic analysis that reduces fundamental attribution error.
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identified by participants as true or false. As expected, the negative affect group performed better in veracity judgments than the positive affect group who performed no better than chance. Researchers believe that the negative affect groups detected deception more successfully because they attended to stimulus details and systematically built inferences from those details.
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episode (they) just observed to a friend". Their speech was recorded and transcribed during this task. Results showed that speakers in a negative mood had a better quality descriptions and greater amount of information and details. These results show that negative mood can improve people's communication skills.
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nature. So, while the emotions themselves are viewed as negative, the individual experiencing them should not be classified as a negative person or depressed. They are going through a normal process and are feeling something that many individuals may not be able to feel or process due to differing problems.
305:, or the tendency to form unfounded impressions of people based on known but irrelevant information. For instance, more attractive people are often attributed with more positive qualities. Research demonstrates that positive affect tends to increase the halo effect, whereas negative affect decreases it.
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A study involving undergraduate students demonstrated a halo effect in identifying a middle-aged man as more likely to be a philosopher than an unconventional, young woman. These halo effects were nearly eliminated when participants were in a negative affective state. In the study, researchers sorted
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members. In the procedure, participants had to describe their interpretations after looking at patterns of judgments about people. Afterwards, participants were exposed to a mood induction process, where they had to watch videotapes designed to elicit negative or positive affectivity. Results showed
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Negative mood is shown to decrease suggestibility error. This is seen through reduced amounts of incorporation of false memories when misleading information is present. On the other hand, positive affect has shown to increase susceptibility to misleading information. An experiment with undergraduate
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Negative affect benefits judgment in diminishing the implicit use of stereotypes by promoting closer attention to stimuli. In one study, participants were less likely to discriminate against targets that appeared Muslim when in a negative affective state. After organizing participants into positive
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A negative mood is closely linked to better conversation because it makes use of the hippocampus and different regions of the brain. When someone is upset, that individual may see or hear things differently than an individual who is very upbeat and happy all the time. The small details the negative
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that affect the accuracy of recalled memories. This has been especially pragmatic in criminal settings as eyewitness memories have been found to be less reliable than one would hope. However, the externally focused and accommodative processing of negative affect has a positive effect on the overall
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This effect is documented in FAE research in which students evaluated a fake debater on attitude and likability based on an essay the "debater" wrote. After being sorted into positive or negative affect groups, participants read one of two possible essays arguing for one side or another on a highly
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Negative affect arousal mechanisms can induce negative affective states as evidenced by a study conducted by
Stanley S. Seidner on negative arousal and white noise. The study quantified reactions from Mexican and Puerto Rican participants in response to the devaluation of speakers from other ethnic
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Results of one study show that participants with negative affectivity were more careful with the information they shared with others, being more cautious with who they could trust or not. Researchers found that negative mood not only decreases intimacy levels but also increases caution in placing
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People who experience negative affectivity following an event report fewer reconstructive false memories. This was evidenced by two studies conducted around public events. The first surrounded the events of the televised O.J. Simpson trial. Participants were asked to fill out questionnaires three
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Negative affect is regularly recognized as a "stable, heritable trait tendency to experience a broad range of negative feelings, such as worry, anxiety, self-criticisms, and a negative self-view". This allows one to feel every type of emotion, which is regarded as a normal part of life and human
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is one common anxiety trait that allows the affected individual a different insight on how things may appear to be. A person that makes use of his or her negative affect has a different view of the world and what goes on in it, thus making their conversations different and interesting to others.
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Negative affectivity increases the accuracy of social perceptions and inferences. Specifically, high negative-affectivity people have more negative, but accurate, perceptions of the impression they make to others. People with low negative affectivity form overly-positive, potentially inaccurate
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In a study, college students were exposed to a mood induction process. After the mood induction process, participants were required to watch a show with positive and negative elements. After watching the show, they were asked to engage on a hypothetical conversation in which they "describe the
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Negative affectivity can produce several interpersonal benefits. It can cause subjects to be more polite and considerate with others. Unlike positive mood, which causes less assertive approaches, negative affectivity can, in many ways, cause a person to be more polite and elaborate when making
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as emotional stability. The Big Five are characterized as openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Neuroticism can plague an individual with severe mood swings, frequent sadness, worry, and being easily disturbed, and predicts the development and onset of all
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compared to students in positive affective states. In a study, students watched video clips of everyday people either lying or telling the truth. First, music was used to induce positive, negative, or neutral affect in participants. Then, experimenters played 14 video messages that had to be
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theories that affective states serve adaptive functions in promoting suitable cognitive strategies to deal with environmental challenges. Positive affect is associated with assimilative, top-down processing used in response to familiar, benign environments. Negative affect is connected with
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Although negative affect has been shown to decrease the misinformation effect, the degree to which memory is improved is not enough to make a significant effect on witness testimony. In fact, emotions, including negative affect, are shown to reduce accuracy in identifying perpetrators from
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Multiple studies have shown that negative affectivity has a beneficial role in increasing skepticism and decreasing gullibility. Because negative affective states increase external analysis and attention to details, people in negative states are better able to detect deception.
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First impressions are one of the most basic forms of judgments people make on a daily basis; yet judgment formation is a complex and fallible process. Negative affect is shown to decrease errors in forming impressions based on presuppositions. One common judgment error is the
255:. Negative affectivity's analytical and detailed processing of information leads to fewer reconstructive-memory errors, whereas positive mood relies on broader schematic to thematic information that ignores detail. Thus, information processing in negative moods reduces the
700:"Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants"
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Studies have indicated that negative affect has important, beneficial impacts on cognition and behavior. These developments were a departure from earlier psychological research, which was characterized by a unilateral emphasis on the benefits of
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Tellegen, A. (1985). Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the
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397:: When a witness gets confused and misattributes the misinformation to the original event. Also defined as the retroactive interference: When later information interferes with the ability to retain previously encoded information.
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individual picks up may be something completely overlooked before. Anxiety disorders are often associated with over-thinking and ruminating on topics that would seem irrelevant and pointless to an individual without a disorder.
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and limited information. Evolutionary theories propose that negative affective states tend to increase skepticism and decrease reliance on preexisting knowledge. Consequently, judgmental accuracy is improved in areas such as
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Houston, Kate A.; Clifford, Brian R.; Phillips, Louise H.; Memon, Amina (2013). "The emotional eyewitness: The effects of emotion on specific aspects of eyewitness recall and recognition performance".
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refers to the finding that misleading information presented between the encoding of an event and its subsequent recall influences a witness's memory. This corresponds to two types of memory failure:
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and interpersonal personal relations. Since negative affect relies more on cautious processing than preexisting knowledge, people with negative affect tend to perform better in instances involving
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Unkelbach, Christian; Joseph P. Forgas; Thomas F. Denson (2008). "The turban effect: The influence of Muslim headgear and induced affect on aggressive responses in the shooter bias paradigm".
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incorporates a 10-item negative affect scale. The PANAS-X is an expanded version of PANAS that incorporates negative affect subscales for Fear, Sadness, Guilt, Hostility, and
Shyness.
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Jeronimus, B. F.; Riese, H.; Sanderman, R.; Ormel, J. (2014). "Mutual
Reinforcement Between Neuroticism and Life Experiences: A Five-Wave, 16-Year Study to Test Reciprocal Causation".
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People who express high negative affectivity view themselves and a variety of aspects of the world around them in generally negative terms. Negative affectivity is strongly related to
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There are many instruments that can be used to measure negative affectivity, including measures of related concepts, such as neuroticism and trait anxiety. Two frequently used are:
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approaches that rely on preexisting knowledge and assumptions. Conversely, negative affectivity promotes controlled, analytic approaches that rely on externally drawn information.
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Koch, Alex S.; Forgas, Joseph P.; Matovic, Diana (August 2013). "Can negative mood improve your conversation? Affective influences on conforming to Grice's communication norms".
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126:, is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. Negative affectivity subsumes a variety of negative emotions, including
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150:. Low negative affectivity is characterized by frequent states of calmness and serenity, along with states of confidence, activeness, and great enthusiasm.
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and (poor) coping skills, health complaints, and frequency of unpleasant events. Weight gain and mental health complaints are often experienced as well.
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Negative affect has been shown to decrease susceptibility of incorporating misleading information, which is related to the misinformation effect. The
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Negative affectivity subconsciously signals a challenging social environment. Negative mood may increase a tendency to conform to social norms.
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and increases overall accuracy of details. People also exhibit less interfering responses to stimuli when given descriptions or performing any
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accommodative, bottom-up processing in response to unfamiliar, or problematic environments. Thus, positive affectivity promotes simplistic
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Individuals differ in negative emotional reactivity. Trait negative affectivity roughly corresponds to the dominant personality factor of
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Researchers have presented findings in which students in negative affective states had improved
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228:. Both states of affect influence mental processes and behavior.
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744:
640:
638:
2480:
1926:
2010:
1174:
96:
2784:
2623:
2614:
2381:
1810:
1735:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1708:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1673:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1499:(Web) (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
1397:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1290:
1288:
1286:
1230:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1103:
914:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
828:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
816:
691:
648:
635:
441:
419:
3283:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
2347:
1562:Current Directions in Psychological Science
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1331:Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
1033:Current Directions in Psychological Science
953:
951:
876:
576:
2017:
2003:
1839:
1414:Social thinking and interpersonal behavior
1110:Dual-process Theories in Social Psychology
103:
89:
1955:
1612:
1559:
1470:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
1297:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
1283:
1066:
1064:
1062:
428:
207:The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
1357:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
957:
948:
367:
45:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
493:Enhanced ability to experience feelings
401:
295:
14:
3293:
1936:Personality and Individual Differences
1770:
1732:
1494:
1262:
1227:
1191:
1158:Affect in social thinking and behavior
1070:
1059:
1030:
1998:
1973:
1773:Journal of Health and Social Behavior
1265:European Journal of Social Psychology
1194:European Journal of Social Psychology
787:
747:Journal of Health and Social Behavior
617:European Journal of Social Psychology
610:
608:
1927:Larsen, R. J.; Ketelaar, T. (1989).
1726:
1548:
993:
967:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
2024:
1664:
1488:
1113:. New York: Guilford Publications.
359:Memory has been found to have many
24:
1976:Journal of Research in Personality
1764:
1073:Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology
605:
483:
25:
3322:
1601:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
2726:
2720:
1574:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00506.x
1081:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy2003
502:Fit with evolutionary psychology
462:
1699:
1629:
1588:
1513:
1461:
1430:
1405:
1256:
1097:
905:
870:
411:In recall of past public events
328:
1892:Journal of Behavioral Medicine
1107:; Trope, Yaacov, eds. (1999).
854:
781:
738:
337:
192:
13:
1:
1863:Journal of Applied Psychology
555:
319:fundamental attribution error
313:Fundamental attribution error
282:fundamental attribution error
3235:Social emotional development
1988:10.1016/0092-6566(81)90047-7
1948:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90233-x
1443:Applied Cognitive Psychology
7:
2481:
1825:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197
926:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
518:
266:
218:
163:Big Five personality traits
10:
3327:
1685:10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.122
1482:10.1016/j.jesp.2004.11.005
1309:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.003
1242:10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.318
891:10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465
591:10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465
506:These findings complement
3278:
2797:
2735:
2718:
2037:
1875:10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.17
1854:10.1080/02678379608256783
1720:10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.28
1534:10.1080/02699930341000446
802:10.1037/0278-6133.5.6.503
716:10.1017/S0033291716001653
669:10.1017/s0033291713000159
442:Intergroup discrimination
420:Degree of enhanced memory
354:
161:that is found within the
3168:in virtual communication
1045:10.1177/0963721412474458
979:10.1177/0022022106297301
446:A research conducted by
1522:Cognition & Emotion
958:Thompson, E.R. (2007).
508:evolutionary psychology
2785:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2382:
2348:
1813:Psychological Bulletin
1497:Handbook of psychology
879:Psychological Bulletin
704:Psychological Medicine
657:Psychological Medicine
579:Psychological Bulletin
540:Personality psychology
429:Interpersonal benefits
51:
374:misinformation effect
368:Misinformation effect
257:misinformation effect
183:subjective well-being
49:
3205:Group affective tone
545:Positive affectivity
402:In witness of events
296:Impression formation
278:impression formation
249:impression formation
116:Negative affectivity
76:Positive affectivity
65:Cognitive psychology
34:Cognitive psychology
27:Personality variable
3258:constructed emotion
2928:functional accounts
525:Affect (psychology)
79:Positive psychology
74: •
72:Affect (psychology)
67: •
3158:in decision-making
2399:(sense of purpose)
1904:10.1007/bf00844845
1614:10.3758/BF03193993
52:
3288:
3287:
2875:Appeal to emotion
2653:Social connection
1942:(12): 1221–1228.
1423:978-0-203-13967-7
1384:978-0-205-03364-5
1167:978-1-84169-454-2
1120:978-1-57230-421-5
790:Health Psychology
629:10.1002/ejsp.1950
535:Health psychology
489:trust in others.
179:life satisfaction
113:
112:
16:(Redirected from
3318:
3263:discrete emotion
3163:in the workplace
3059:Empathy quotient
2790:
2730:
2724:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2486:
2387:
2353:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1961:
1959:
1933:
1923:
1886:
1857:
1836:
1804:
1759:
1758:
1747:10.1037/a0021129
1730:
1724:
1723:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1650:10.1037/a0029220
1633:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1557:
1546:
1545:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1455:10.1002/acp.2950
1434:
1428:
1427:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1388:
1370:
1355:
1354:
1343:10.1037/a0030466
1326:
1313:
1312:
1303:(5): 1409–1413.
1292:
1281:
1280:
1277:10.1002/ejsp.842
1260:
1254:
1253:
1225:
1210:
1209:
1206:10.1002/ejsp.842
1189:
1172:
1171:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1075:. pp. 1–3.
1068:
1057:
1056:
1028:
991:
990:
964:
955:
946:
945:
920:(6): 1063–1070.
909:
903:
902:
874:
868:
858:
852:
851:
840:10.1037/a0037009
823:
814:
813:
785:
779:
778:
742:
736:
735:
695:
689:
688:
652:
646:
642:
633:
632:
612:
603:
602:
574:
550:Toxic positivity
247:, manipulation,
168:mental disorders
105:
98:
91:
50:Mind and Emotion
30:
29:
21:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3274:
3215:Jealousy in art
2958:in conversation
2880:Amygdala hijack
2793:
2731:
2725:
2716:
2705:sense of wonder
2033:
2023:
1931:
1842:Work and Stress
1785:10.2307/2137092
1767:
1765:Further reading
1762:
1731:
1727:
1704:
1700:
1669:
1665:
1634:
1630:
1593:
1589:
1558:
1549:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1493:
1489:
1466:
1462:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1410:
1406:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1371:
1358:
1327:
1316:
1293:
1284:
1261:
1257:
1226:
1213:
1190:
1175:
1168:
1154:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1121:
1105:Chaiken, Shelly
1102:
1098:
1091:
1069:
1060:
1029:
994:
962:
956:
949:
910:
906:
875:
871:
859:
855:
824:
817:
786:
782:
759:10.2307/2136558
743:
739:
696:
692:
663:(11): 2403–15.
653:
649:
643:
636:
613:
606:
575:
562:
558:
521:
504:
495:
486:
484:Self-disclosure
465:
444:
431:
422:
413:
404:
370:
357:
340:
331:
315:
298:
269:
226:positive affect
221:
195:
124:negative affect
109:
40:Negative affect
28:
23:
22:
18:Negative affect
15:
12:
11:
5:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3268:somatic marker
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3242:
3240:Stoic passions
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3188:social sharing
3185:
3180:
3178:self-conscious
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3121:thought method
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:lateralization
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2913:classification
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2633:Sentimentality
2630:
2621:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2469:at first sight
2466:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:Disappointment
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1982:(4): 510–522.
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1924:
1887:
1858:
1837:
1819:(2): 197–229.
1808:
1805:
1779:(4): 320–327.
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1741:(3): 449–461.
1725:
1698:
1679:(1): 122–133.
1663:
1644:(1): 118–128.
1628:
1607:(5): 757–763.
1587:
1568:(4): 213–218.
1547:
1528:(4): 559–574.
1512:
1505:
1487:
1476:(6): 574–588.
1460:
1429:
1422:
1404:
1383:
1356:
1337:(4): 377–389.
1314:
1282:
1271:(7): 812–817.
1255:
1236:(2): 318–331.
1211:
1200:(7): 812–817.
1173:
1166:
1141:
1119:
1096:
1089:
1058:
1039:(3): 225–232.
992:
973:(2): 227–242.
947:
904:
885:(3): 465–490.
869:
853:
815:
796:(6): 503–529.
780:
753:(3): 254–262.
737:
690:
647:
634:
623:(5): 326–334.
604:
585:(3): 465–490.
559:
557:
554:
553:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
520:
517:
503:
500:
494:
491:
485:
482:
464:
461:
443:
440:
430:
427:
421:
418:
412:
409:
403:
400:
399:
398:
394:Misattribution
390:
387:false memories
382:Suggestibility
369:
366:
356:
353:
339:
336:
330:
327:
314:
311:
297:
294:
268:
265:
220:
217:
194:
191:
111:
110:
108:
107:
100:
93:
85:
82:
81:
61:
60:
54:
53:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3323:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3282:
3277:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:dysregulation
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2970:interpersonal
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:in psychology
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:consciousness
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:Schadenfreude
2613:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:Mono no aware
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2335:Joie de vivre
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Gratification
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2232:Embarrassment
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Belongingness
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1957:2027.42/28239
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1506:9781118133880
1502:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1090:9780470479216
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
954:
952:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
867:
863:
857:
849:
845:
841:
837:
834:(4): 751–64.
833:
829:
822:
820:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
741:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
694:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
651:
641:
639:
630:
626:
622:
618:
611:
609:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
560:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
516:
514:
509:
499:
490:
481:
478:
472:
468:
463:Communication
460:
457:
453:
449:
439:
435:
426:
417:
408:
396:
395:
391:
388:
384:
383:
379:
378:
377:
375:
365:
362:
352:
349:
348:lie detection
344:
335:
326:
322:
320:
310:
306:
304:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
216:
214:
210:
208:
204:
203:
198:
190:
186:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
106:
101:
99:
94:
92:
87:
86:
84:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
55:
48:
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
19:
3280:
3220:Meta-emotion
3133:Emotionality
3106:responsivity
3054:and bullying
3049:intelligence
2867:
2859:Affectivity
2843:neuroscience
2813:in education
2396:
2357:Homesickness
2333:
2259:Enthrallment
2244:Emotion work
2107:Anticipation
1979:
1975:
1939:
1935:
1895:
1891:
1869:(1): 17–34.
1866:
1862:
1845:
1841:
1816:
1812:
1776:
1772:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1714:(1): 28–40.
1711:
1707:
1701:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1565:
1561:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1496:
1490:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1413:
1407:
1374:
1334:
1330:
1300:
1296:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1233:
1229:
1197:
1193:
1157:
1132:. Retrieved
1109:
1099:
1072:
1036:
1032:
970:
966:
917:
913:
907:
882:
878:
872:
856:
831:
827:
793:
789:
783:
750:
746:
740:
710:(14): 1–24.
707:
703:
693:
660:
656:
650:
620:
616:
582:
578:
505:
496:
487:
473:
469:
466:
445:
436:
432:
423:
414:
405:
393:
380:
373:
371:
358:
345:
341:
332:
329:Stereotyping
323:
316:
307:
299:
286:stereotyping
270:
253:stereotyping
230:
222:
212:
211:
200:
199:
196:
187:
176:
152:
123:
119:
115:
114:
3301:Personality
3148:and culture
2953:recognition
2938:homeostatic
2838:forecasting
2787:Weltschmerz
2760:Misanthropy
2537:grandiosity
2419:Inspiration
2409:Infatuation
2377:Humiliation
2299:Frustration
2172:Contentment
1898:(1): 1–39.
1134:15 February
338:Gullibility
303:halo effect
290:gullibility
280:, reducing
193:Measurement
159:neuroticism
148:nervousness
3295:Categories
3225:Pathognomy
3126:well-being
3042:and gender
3037:expression
3032:exhaustion
3017:detachment
3002:competence
2983:Emotional
2965:regulation
2948:perception
2943:in animals
2893:and memory
2829:Affective
2737:Worldviews
2599:melancholy
2584:Resentment
2454:Loneliness
2429:Irritation
2414:Insecurity
2404:Indulgence
2279:Excitement
2264:Enthusiasm
2197:Depression
2157:Confidence
2152:Compassion
2127:Attraction
2052:Admiration
2047:Acceptance
556:References
448:Forgas J.P
434:requests.
233:perception
213:I-PANAS-SF
58:Psychology
3311:Suffering
3253:appraisal
3193:sociology
3144:Emotions
3116:symbiosis
3101:reasoning
3071:isolation
3012:contagion
2997:blackmail
2923:expressed
2918:evolution
2908:and sleep
2898:and music
2833:computing
2780:Reclusion
2775:Pessimism
2750:Defeatism
2680:Suffering
2626:Sehnsucht
2569:Rejection
2520:self-pity
2495:Nostalgia
2464:limerence
2434:Isolation
2372:Hostility
2329:Happiness
2309:Gratitude
2254:Emptiness
2237:vicarious
2187:Curiosity
2162:Confusion
2102:Annoyance
2082:Amusement
2072:Agitation
2067:Affection
2062:Aesthetic
2057:Adoration
1848:: 36–45.
1542:144508535
1393:cite book
987:145498269
513:heuristic
456:out-group
261:cognitive
245:deception
237:judgement
189:origins.
166:"common"
3111:security
3091:literacy
3076:lability
3066:intimacy
3007:conflict
2987:aperture
2884:Emotion
2868:negative
2863:positive
2853:spectrum
2818:measures
2770:Optimism
2765:Nihilism
2755:Fatalism
2745:Cynicism
2690:Sympathy
2685:Surprise
2527:Pleasure
2449:Kindness
2439:Jealousy
2424:Interest
2391:Hysteria
2274:Euphoria
2217:Distrust
2167:Contempt
2147:Calmness
2039:Emotions
2026:Emotions
1920:13229341
1755:21171788
1658:22775133
1623:17328369
1582:16885166
1351:23148455
1129:40489291
1053:55629116
866:ED346711
848:25111305
732:23548727
724:27523506
685:43717734
677:23410535
645:Erlbaum.
519:See also
452:in-group
361:failures
267:Judgment
219:Benefits
132:contempt
3306:Emotion
3281:Italics
3244:Theory
3200:Feeling
3153:history
3138:bounded
3096:prosody
2903:and sex
2888:and art
2848:science
2804:Affect
2798:Related
2673:chronic
2648:Shyness
2608:Saudade
2594:Sadness
2589:Revenge
2579:Remorse
2510:Passion
2500:Outrage
2490:Neglect
2350:Hiraeth
2249:Empathy
2227:Ecstasy
2212:Disgust
2182:Cruelty
2177:Courage
2142:Boredom
2122:Arousal
2112:Anxiety
2097:Anguish
1912:7288876
1883:9494439
1833:9747186
1801:4455735
1793:2137092
1693:2308069
1638:Emotion
1449:: 1–9.
1250:9731311
942:7679194
934:3397865
899:6393179
810:3492372
767:2136558
599:6393179
530:Emotion
155:anxiety
136:disgust
69:Emotion
3248:affect
3230:Pathos
3183:social
3027:eating
2700:Wonder
2668:Stress
2658:Sorrow
2574:Relief
2564:Regret
2552:vanity
2547:insult
2542:hubris
2397:Ikigai
2367:Horror
2343:Hatred
2202:Desire
2192:Defeat
2117:Apathy
1918:
1910:
1881:
1831:
1799:
1791:
1753:
1691:
1656:
1621:
1580:
1540:
1503:
1420:
1381:
1349:
1248:
1164:
1127:
1117:
1087:
1051:
985:
940:
932:
897:
864:
846:
808:
775:701774
773:
765:
730:
722:
683:
675:
597:
355:Memory
288:, and
273:biases
263:task.
251:, and
241:memory
172:stress
146:, and
122:), or
3173:moral
3081:labor
2933:group
2712:Worry
2695:Trust
2663:Spite
2643:Shock
2638:Shame
2532:Pride
2505:Panic
2384:Hygge
2324:Guilt
2319:Grief
2314:Greed
2284:Faith
2222:Doubt
2092:Angst
2087:Anger
2077:Agony
1932:(PDF)
1916:S2CID
1789:JSTOR
1578:S2CID
1538:S2CID
1049:S2CID
983:S2CID
963:(PDF)
938:S2CID
763:JSTOR
728:S2CID
681:S2CID
202:PANAS
140:guilt
128:anger
2992:bias
2977:work
2559:Rage
2515:Pity
2476:Lust
2459:Love
2362:Hope
2294:Flow
2289:Fear
2269:Envy
2030:list
1908:PMID
1879:PMID
1829:PMID
1797:PMID
1751:PMID
1689:PMID
1654:PMID
1619:PMID
1501:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1399:link
1379:ISBN
1347:PMID
1246:PMID
1162:ISBN
1136:2022
1125:OCLC
1115:ISBN
1085:ISBN
930:PMID
895:PMID
862:ERIC
844:PMID
806:PMID
771:PMID
720:PMID
673:PMID
595:PMID
454:and
144:fear
2444:Joy
2132:Awe
1984:doi
1952:hdl
1944:doi
1900:doi
1871:doi
1850:doi
1821:doi
1817:124
1781:doi
1743:doi
1739:100
1716:doi
1681:doi
1646:doi
1609:doi
1570:doi
1530:doi
1478:doi
1451:doi
1339:doi
1305:doi
1273:doi
1238:doi
1202:doi
1077:doi
1041:doi
975:doi
922:doi
887:doi
836:doi
832:107
798:doi
755:doi
712:doi
665:doi
625:doi
587:doi
477:OCD
3297::
1980:15
1978:.
1950:.
1940:10
1938:.
1934:.
1914:.
1906:.
1894:.
1877:.
1867:83
1865:.
1846:10
1844:.
1827:.
1815:.
1795:.
1787:.
1777:15
1775:.
1749:.
1737:.
1712:70
1710:.
1687:.
1677:58
1675:.
1652:.
1642:13
1640:.
1617:.
1605:13
1603:.
1599:.
1576:.
1566:16
1564:.
1550:^
1536:.
1526:18
1524:.
1474:41
1472:.
1447:28
1445:.
1441:.
1395:}}
1391:{{
1359:^
1345:.
1335:18
1333:.
1317:^
1301:44
1299:.
1285:^
1269:41
1267:.
1244:.
1234:75
1232:.
1214:^
1198:41
1196:.
1176:^
1144:^
1123:.
1083:.
1061:^
1047:.
1037:22
1035:.
995:^
981:.
971:38
969:.
965:.
950:^
936:.
928:.
918:54
916:.
893:.
883:96
881:.
842:.
830:.
818:^
804:.
792:.
769:.
761:.
751:19
749:.
726:.
718:.
708:46
706:.
702:.
679:.
671:.
661:43
659:.
637:^
621:43
619:.
607:^
593:.
583:96
581:.
563:^
284:,
239:,
235:,
205:–
185:.
142:,
138:,
134:,
130:,
120:NA
2032:)
2028:(
2018:e
2011:t
2004:v
1990:.
1986::
1960:.
1954::
1946::
1922:.
1902::
1896:4
1885:.
1873::
1856:.
1852::
1835:.
1823::
1803:.
1783::
1757:.
1745::
1722:.
1718::
1695:.
1683::
1660:.
1648::
1625:.
1611::
1584:.
1572::
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1484:.
1480::
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1275::
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889::
850:.
838::
812:.
800::
794:5
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757::
734:.
714::
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667::
631:.
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