Druidry (modern) - Knowledge

1568:, Evan A. Leach, and Leigh S. Shaffer gained responses from Druids in the U.S. Of these respondents, 49.7% were male and 48.2% female (2% did not answer), which reflected a greater proportion of men than the American Pagan community as a whole, which had a female majority. 73.6% of Druid respondents described themselves as heterosexual, with 16.2% as bisexual, 3% as gay men and 1.5% as lesbian. This reflected a greater proportion of heterosexuals than in the broader American Pagan community. The median income of these Druids was between $ 20,000 and $ 30,000, which was lower than the average for Pagans. The project revealed that 83.8% of Druid respondents were registered to vote, which was lower than the proportion across the broader Pagan community (87.8%). Among these Druids, 35.5% were registered independents, 31% 918:. These are the same festivals usually celebrated by Wiccans. According to the results of the World Druidry Survey of 2018–2020, 47% of world Druids currently celebrate all eight of these festivals in the traditional manner; 26% celebrate only a locally meaningful subset of them; and 27% do not celebrate any festivals at all, but focus instead on daily or weekly devotional practices and nature connection. 76% of Druids use the Wheel of the Year as a cyclical reminder to go outside to observe and connect with the natural world. As a result, 52% of world Druids report “wildcrafting” their seasonal celebrations to some extent, modifying the timing, sequence, and/or symbolism of their seasonal celebrations as needed to align with local seasonal cycles and ecologies. 627:

take place. Libations may be poured onto the ground while a chalice of drink is passed around the assembled participants, again in a deosil direction. Food, often in the form of bread or cake, is also passed around the Druids and consumed. This may be followed by a period of meditation among those assembled. A form of earth energy is then visualised, with participants believing that it is sent for a designated healing purpose. This may be designed to help the victims of a particular event, such as a war or an epidemic, or it might be directed to assist individuals known to the group who are ill or requiring emotional support. After the end of the ceremony, the Druids may remain together to take part in a meal, or visit a nearby

318: 611: 1475:, a liberal arts college that required its members to attend their choice of weekly religious services. As a form of humorous protest against this rule, a group of students, who contained Christians, Jews and agnostics within their ranks, decided to create their own, non-serious religious group. Their protest was successful, and the college's requirement was scrapped in 1964. Nonetheless, the group continued holding services. These were not considered Neopagan by most members, but rather as inter-religious. From its beginning, the RDNA encouraged the veneration of the natural world, personified as 774: 686: 40: 7902: 329:, a distinction has been drawn between "cultural" Druids, who adopt the term as part of their Welsh and Cornish cultural activities, and "esoteric" Druids who pursue the movement as a religion. The scholar of religion Marion Bowman suggested "believing" as an alternative term to "esoteric". There are also individuals who cross these two categories, involving themselves in cultural Druidic events while also holding to modern Pagan beliefs. Some cultural Druids nevertheless go to efforts to disassociate themselves from their esoteric and Pagan counterpart; the 180: 576:

Order (6%), The Druid Network (4%), the New Order of Druids (2%), each of which offers either Druidry curriculum materials or online reference materials about how to practice contemporary Druidry. Survey results indicated that 25% of world Druids belong to multiple Druid groups; 57% belong to just one group, and 18% are unaffiliated, solitary practitioners. Despite these Druid group affiliations, 92% of world Druids report that most of their devotional practices and rituals are celebrated alone, as solitary practitioners.

1189:, its origins have remained somewhat unknown, but it subsequently spread in popularity from its base in London across much of Britain and even abroad, with new lodges being founded, all of which were under the control of the central Grand Lodge in London. The Order was not religious in structure, and instead acted as somewhat of a social club, particularly for men with a common interest in music. In 1833 it suffered a schism, as a large number of dissenting lodges, unhappy at the management of the Order, formed the 1230: 1518:. Arguing that it should draw from pan-European sources, rather than just those that were considered "Celtic", he placed an emphasis on academic and scholarly accuracy, taking a stand against what he perceived as the prevalent pseudo-historical ideas of many Neopagans and Druids. In 1986, several members of Ár nDraíocht Féin openly criticized Bonewits for his pan-European approach, wishing modern Druidism to be inspired purely by Celtic sources, and so they splintered off to form a group called the 449:

connection through acts of reciprocity. Druids regularly participate in activities such as restoring native ecosystems, creating wildlife habitats, growing organic food crops, composting, installing solar or wind power systems, and changing personal consumption habits to protect the natural environment from damage. Many Druids are also involved in environmental activism, acting to protect areas of the natural landscape that are under threat from development or pollution.

619:"a stance, an attitude, a particular mode of experience and perception which gives rise to a feeling of being-in-the-world, of being part of Nature." The practices of modern Druids typically take place outside, in the daylight, in what is described as "the eye of the sun", meaning around midday. In some cases, they instead perform their rites indoors, or during the night. Druidic rituals usually reflect on the time of year and the changing of the seasons. 757:

practitioners regard it as a "revival" of genuine pre-Christian druidic practices, others see it a creative and respectful borrowing from one "native spirituality" into another, and a third school of thought regards it as a form of cultural theft. Native Americans who preserve the sweat lodge ceremonies for their communities have protested the appropriation of the ceremony by non-Natives, increasingly so now that people have been injured, and some have

6147: 1546: 4867: 1561:, there are approximately 30,000 Druids in the United States. In August 2007, the ADF claimed 1177 members, spread over 61 groves. Scholar of religion Michael T. Cooper found that, among 57 ADF members, 37% had previously been Christian, and that a common theme among participants in the group was disillusionment with Christianity, a religion that they regard as an oppressive force which has subordinated women and damaged the environment. 4881: 4874: 1116: 4782: 381: 733:. In 2000, scholar of religion Amy Hale noted that Druidic rituals at such prehistoric sites were "increasingly more common". She regarded the stone circle as "a symbol of an imagined Celtic past" shared by both Druids and Gorseth Bards. As well as performing group rituals at sites, Druids also visit them alone to meditate, pray, and provide offerings. Aside from seasonal celebrations, 496:, although there is no set pantheon of deities to which all Druids adhere. Emphasis is placed upon the idea that these deities predate Christianity. These deities are usually regarded as being immanent rather than transcendent. Some practitioners say that the real existence of these deities is less important to them than the impact that the belief therein has upon their lives. 1537:(HOGD). In 1972, the Ancient Order of Masonic Druids in America changed its name to the current name the Ancient Order of Druids in America and started initiating women, which it had not done so previously because of its masonic origin. It was also at this time that AOMD denied ever having recognized AOMDA and wasn't interested in doing so at that time. 623:

formally structured, with a fixed ceremonial framework unique to the Druid group, and a central ritual activity that varies with the season. Druids residing in the traditionally Celtic regions of Europe are significantly more likely than Druids residing in other parts of the world to perform their ceremonies and rituals in groups.

1529:, was founded as the Ancient Order of Masonic Druids in America in 1912 in Boston, Mass. The founder, James Manchester had obtained a charter from the Ancient Order of Masonic Druids of England (AOMD). AOMD started in 1874 as the Ancient Archaeological Order of Druids (AAOD) by Robert Wentworth Little, the founder of 1507:. Believing that the Reformed Druidic movement should accept that it was essentially Neopagan in nature, Bonewits founded a split-off group, the New Reformed Druids of North America (NRDNA), which he defined as an "Eclectic Reconstructionist Neo-Pagan Priestcraft, based primarily upon Gaulish and Celtic sources". 701:, southern England. Although Stonehenge predates the Iron Age and there is no evidence that it was ever used by Iron Age druids, many modern Druids believe that their ancient namesakes did indeed use it for their ceremonies. Druids also use many other prehistoric sites as spaces for their rituals, including 790:, which is dedicated to the recitation of poetry and musical performances. Within the Druidic community, practitioners who are particularly skilled in their recitation of poetry or their performance of music are referred to as Bards. Although bardism can also be found in other Pagan traditions such as 618:

Every solitary Druid and Druidic grove conducts its rituals and ceremonies in a unique way. Druidic rituals are designed to align their participants with the spirit imbuing nature. According to the anthropologist Thorsten Gieser, Druidic rituals are best seen not as a set of formalised actions but as

566:

rebury their human remains, and he said that storing and displaying those human remains was "immoral and disrespectful". Criticism of such demands has come from the archaeological community, with statements like "no single modern ethnic group or cult should be allowed to appropriate our ancestors for

448:

89% of world Druids practice nature-connection, along with some form of environmental stewardship work. Nature-connection involves spending time alone in nature, while maintaining a full sensory and spiritual awareness of whatever or whoever may be near by. Environmental stewardship work extends this

250:

Everything presently known about the Iron Age druids derives from archaeological evidence and Greco-Roman textual sources, rather than material produced by these druids themselves. Due to the scarcity of knowledge about the Iron Age druids, their belief system cannot be accurately reconstructed. Some

151:

By 2020, modern Druidry had spread to 34 nations, across 6 continents, and had taken root in 17 diverse biomes. The importance that modern Druids attributed to Celtic language and culture, circa 2020, varied depending upon the physical and cultural environments in which the individual Druid lived. By

93:

movement that promotes the cultivation of honorable relationships with the physical landscapes, flora, fauna, and diverse peoples of the world, as well as with nature deities, and spirits of nature and place. Theological beliefs among modern Druids are diverse; however, all modern Druids venerate the

921:

In some cases groups attempt to revive folkloric European festivals and their accompanying traditions. In other cases the rites are modern inventions, inspired by "the spirit of what they believe was the religious practice of pre-Roman Britain." For reasons of practicality, such celebrations are not

652:

The two most common locations for Druid rituals are indoors, at home, at a home altar or shrine (92% of Druids), or outdoors in a private garden or wild space (90% of Druids). Only 48% of world Druids regularly participate in rituals held in publicly viewable spaces, and 18% attend rituals at public

452:

Druids are generally critical of mainstream society, regarding it as being "governed by consumerism, environmental exploitation, and the supremacy of technology". In contrast to this, Druids seek to establish a way of living that they regard as being more "natural". Through seeking a connection with

1603:

as a charity, effectively giving it official recognition as a religion. A study of 75 members of the UK-based Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids found "a clear preference for introversion (61%) over extraversion (39%), a clear preference for intuition (64%) over sensing (36%), a clear preference for

1180:

in 1772. Largely revolving around ensuring the continued financial success of business on the island, it attracted many of Anglesey's wealthy inhabitants into it, and donated much of its proceeds to charity, but was disbanded in 1844. A similar Welsh group was the Society of the Druids of Cardigan,

756:

became increasingly popular among some Neo-druids in Ireland and the U.K. Some Druids regard these sweat lodges as "initiatory and regenerative opportunities to rededicate oneself to honouring the Earth and the community of life." This practice is regarded differently by different individuals. Some

626:

In the British Isles, Druid group rituals often involve the participants standing in a circle and begin with a "calling of the quarters", in which a participant draws a circle in the air in a deosil direction to hail the north, south, east, and west, marking out the space in which the ceremony will

575:

The World Druidry Survey of 2018–2020 identified 147 active Druid groups internationally. The six largest and most influential of which were the Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids (including 57% of world Druids), Ár nDraíocht Féin (12%), the Ancient Order of Druids in America (8%), the British Druid

159:

Based on 2011–2013 census data from Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland, and 2008 ARIS Report data from the United States, the population of Druids residing in anglophone nations was estimated at 59,299. The current global population of Druids is likely to significantly exceed this

97:

While there are significant variations in the expression and practice of modern Druidry, a core set of spiritual and devotional practices may be observed, including: meditation; prayer/conversation with deities and spirits; the use of extra-sensory methods of seeking wisdom and guidance; the use of

660:

constructions from the Neolithic and Bronze Age or earthworks from the Iron Age. Druids often believe that, even if the Iron Age druids did not build these monuments, they did use them for their rites. Performing rituals at said sites allows many Druids to feel that they are getting close to their

533:

Awen is a concept of spirit or divinity in Druidry, which inspires poetry and art, and is believed to be a "flowing spirit" that is given by the deity, which can be invoked by the Druid. In many Druidic rituals, Awen is invoked by either chanting the word "Awen" or "A-I-O" three times, in order to

1249:

movement. His promotion of cremation and open practice of it led to his arrest and trial, but he was acquitted, achieving a level of fame throughout Britain. He would declare himself to be a Druid, and would do much to promote the return of what he believed was an ancient religion in his country.

542:

A connection with ancestors is important in Druidry. In some recorded examples, Druids regard the "ancestors" as an amorphous group, rather than as a set of named individuals. The Druidic concept of ancestry is that of "ancestors of the land", rather than the "ancestors of the blood" venerated by

426:

Druidry is the sole religious or spiritual path for 54% of world Druids; the other 46% practice Druidry concurrently with one or more other religions traditions. The most common, concurrently practiced religious traditions reported among Druids were Buddhism, Christianity, shamanistic traditions,

634:

There is no specific dress code for ritual within the Druidic movement; some participants wear ordinary clothes, others wear robes. Some groups favour earth-coloured robes, believing that this links them to the natural world and that it aids them in traveling unnoticed when going about at night.

622:

The most common form of ritual used for seasonal celebrations is a solitary nature ramble to observe and connect with nature, combined with a personal meditation on the meaning of the season at hand. When larger, group rituals are organized among Druids, the rituals tend to be more elaborate and

1490:

While the RDNA founded new branches or "groves" around the United States, the Neopagan elements of the RDNA eventually rose to prominence, leading several groves to describe themselves as Neopagan. This was opposed by several of the group's founders, who wanted it to retain its inter-religious

1221:

with some of his followers, whom he categorised as either Bards or Ovates, with he himself being the only one actually categorised as a Druid. He himself practiced a form of religion he believed the ancient druids had, which involved the worship of a singular monotheistic deity as well as the

744:

Attitudes to land and environmental conservation are important to the Druidic world-view. In 2003, Druids performed a ritual at the Hill of Tara to heal the location after road construction took place in the adjacent landscape. Others have carried out rituals at Coldrum Long Barrow to oppose

507:

and originally addressed to a monotheistic god. In modern times, with the increase in polytheistic Druidry, and the widespread acceptance of goddess-worship, the word "Goddess" has largely replaced the word "God" in The Druid's Prayer; other variants include "God and Goddess" and "Spirit".

251:

Druids incorporate everything that is known about Iron Age druids into their practices. However, as noted by Irish contemporary paganism scholar Jenny Butler, the historical realities of Iron Age religion are often overlooked by Druids in favour of "a highly romanticised version".

336:

Some Druids identify as Pagan, others as Christian. Some practitioners merge Pagan and Christian elements in their own personal practice, in at least one case identifying as a "Christodruid". Other practitioners adopt additional elements; for instance there are self-described

1136:

and tried to suppress the coming of Christianity, certain Late Mediaeval writers had begun to extol what they believed were the virtues of the druids, and reinvented them as national heroes, particularly in Germany, France and Scotland. It was also during this period that

856: 218:

festival. The concerns of modern Druidry, which include healing the planet, and seeking connections with the natural world, are likely very different from those of the Iron Age societies in which the original druids lived. Another 18th-century fabrication is the

863:

Among many Druids, there is a system of tree lore, through which different associations are attributed to different species of tree, including particular moods, actions, phases of life, deities and ancestors. Different species of trees are often linked to the

665:

in part as recognition that prehistoric societies would have done the same. Druids in various parts of Ireland and Britain have reported such sites being home to a "Spirit of the Place" residing there. Many Druids also believe that such sites are centres of

1394:

relented to pressure and agreed to allow Druidic and greater public access to Stonehenge. During the 1990s, Pagan Druidic groups were also established in Italy, with British Druids like Carr-Gomm visiting the country to give talks to the Pagan community.

1213:, which had occurred in 1789. Eventually moving to London, he began perpetuating the claim that he was actually one of the last initiates of a surviving group of druids who were descended from those found in the Iron Age, centred on his home county of 1695:

Modern Druids have no direct connection to the Druids of the Iron Age. Many of our popular ideas about the Druids are based on the misunderstandings and misconceptions of scholars 200 years ago. These ideas have been superseded by later study and

543:

some Heathen groups; they perceive a spiritual connection, rather than a genetic one, as being important. Emphasising ancestors gives practitioners a sense of an identity which has been passed down from the past over the course of many centuries.

160:

number, as many countries with resident Druids do not allow for the existence of Druidry within their census instruments. Pagan faith surveys are also likely to undercount Druids, as only 63% of world Druids identify with either of the categories

1277:

would later remark that "it was a great, and potentially uncomfortable, irony that modern Druids had arrived at Stonehenge just as archaeologists were evicting the ancient Druids from it" as they realised that the structure dated from the

168:. In addition, 74% of world Druids report having significant privacy and safety concerns, due to discrimination and persecution within their local communities, and so are likely to be underreported in the census data that does exist. 3757:

At that time, the AOD experienced a period of troubles as the Order since 1781 prohibited any discussion on religion or politics. Because of that, and in order to preserve its heritage and traditions, it quickly retired from the

1175:

Soon after the publication and spread of Stukeley's writings, other people also began to self-describe themselves as "druids" and form societies: the earliest of these was the Druidic Society, founded on the Welsh island of

798:

at various occasions, from formal rituals to pub get-togethers and summer camps and environmental protests. Among the Druidic community, it is often believed that bards should be divinely inspired in producing their work.

195:. There is no real historical continuity between the druids of Iron Age Europe and modern Druids. However, some Druids nevertheless regard modern Druidry as a genuine continuation of the practices of the Iron Age druids. 1131:

ideas of the ancient druids that had begun to be developed in the 17th and 18th centuries. While many Early Mediaeval writers, particularly in Ireland, had demonised the ancient druids as barbarians who had practiced

306:, such as the belief systems of Australian Aboriginal and Native American communities. Practitioners differ in the levels of formality and seriousness that they bring to their adherence. Some groups use the word 802:

Storytelling is important within Druidry, with stories often following themes from the literary traditions of Celtic nations and Arthurian legend. Musical performances typically draw from the folk traditions of

274:. It has been described as a form of contemporary Paganism, and on the contemporary Pagan spectrum between reconstructionism and eclecticism, Druidry sits on the latter end. Various Druidic groups also display 1553:

At the start of the twenty-first century, Druids could be found in most European countries and countries with large European-descended communities. Druids do not seek to convert everyone else to Druidry.

398:

Druid perceptions of the divine tend to be complex, and subject to change as the individual Druid learns and grows. Most Druids identify with more than one theological category: 64% of Druids identify as

254:

Many Druids believe that the practices of the Iron Age druids should be revived and modified to meet current needs. In Ireland, some Druids have claimed that because the island was never conquered by the

1262: 368:

regarded the Iron Age druids as monotheist proto-Christians who worshipped the Christian god. In a similar vein, some modern Druids believe that ancient druidic wisdom was preserved through a distinct

117:. At the time, little accurate information was known about these ancient priests, and the modern Druidic movement has no direct connection to them, despite contrary claims made by some modern Druids. 1181:

founded circa 1779, largely by a group of friends who wished to attend "literary picnics" together. The third British group to call itself Druidic was English rather than Welsh, and was known as the

583:. Such a term reflects the movement's association with trees, and references the idea that Iron Age druids performed their rituals within tree groves. Larger Druidic organisations are usually termed 437:. One of the clearest links between Arthuriana and Druidry is through the Loyal Arthurian Warband, a Druidic group in Britain that employs Arthurian symbolism as part of its environmental campaigns. 1265:, which, like the Societas Rosicruciana, was an esoteric organisation. Meanwhile, at the start of the 20th century, Druidic groups began holding their ceremonies at the great megalithic monument of 1201:

None of the earliest modern Druidic groups had been religious in structure; however, this was to change in the late 18th century, primarily because of the work of a Welshman who took the name of

614:

A group of druids of the Order of Bards Ovates and Druids in the early morning glow of the sun, shortly after having welcomed the sunrise at Stonehenge on the morning of the summer solstice

1168:

faith very similar to Christianity, at one point even stating that ancient druidry was "so extremely like Christianity, that in effect, it differed from it only in this; they believe in

59: 148:

in an effort to create a more historically accurate practice. However, there is still controversy over how much resemblance modern Druidism may or may not have to the Iron Age druids.

1510:

Bonewits still felt that many in the RDNA were hostile towards him, believing that he had infiltrated their group, and so in 1985 he founded a new, explicitly Neopagan Druidic group,

1164:

were temples built by the druids, something now known to be incorrect. Stukeley himself, being a devout but unorthodox Christian, felt that the ancient druids had been followers of a

445:

Neo-Druidry has been described as a nature-venerating movement. Neo-druids conceive of the natural world as being imbued with spirit, and thus regard it as being alive and dynamic.

519:. Those druids have adopted the folkloric belief that such spirits are repelled by iron, and thus they avoid bringing iron to their rituals, so as not to scare those spirits away. 259:, the Iron Age druids survived here and their teachings were passed down hereditarily until modern times, at which modern Druids can reclaim them. Some Druids claim that they can 7353: 925:

Four of these are solar festivals, being positioned at the solstices and equinoxes. The other four are the crossquarter days. The idea of the Wheel of the Year was developed by

1378:

was established to co-ordinate the activities of different Druid groups at the national level. Further reflecting this spirit of unity, in 1992 a rite took place on London's

598:

Some British Druid orders divide membership into three grades, referred to as "bards", "ovates", and then "Druids". This three-tier system mirrors the three degrees found in

4045: 1141:

had begun to propagate the image of the druids as having been bearded, wise old men wearing white robes, something that would prove highly influential in future centuries.

4335:

Gieser, Thorsten (2016). "Druids at Wayland's Smithy: Tracing Transformations of the Sentient Body in Ritual". In Matthias Jung; Michaela Bauks; Andreas Ackermann (eds.).

709:

in Wiltshire. Some Druids have erected their own, modern stone circles in which to perform their ceremonies. Druidic practices have also taken place at Early Neolithic

6107: 1449: 171:

While modern Druidry has spread rapidly across the globe, Druids do not proselytize, and 74% of world Druids actively work to keep their spiritual practices private.

4508:

Letcher, Andy (2004). "Bardism and the Performance of Paganism: Implications for the Performance of Research". In Jenny Blain; Douglas Ezzy; Graham Harvey (eds.).

1390:. However, arguments between different groups persisted and in 1996, the AOD, OBOD, and BDO withdrew from the Council of British Druid Orders. In the late 1990s, 1343:; by 1993, his group had formalised as the Loyal Arthurian Warband. In 1988, a Druid order was also established in Glastonbury, Somerset, under the leadership of 1241:

Morganwg's example was taken up by other Welshmen in the 19th century, who continued to promote religious forms of Druidry. The most prominent figure in this was

136:

founded in 1781, creating traditions from the national imagination of Britain. Others, in the early 20th century, merged with contemporary movements such as the

98:

nature-based spiritual frameworks to structure devotional practices and rituals; and a regular practice of nature connection and environmental stewardship work.

372:. Over the course of the twentieth century, and particularly since the early 1960s, Druidry increasingly came to be associated with the modern pagan movement. 1678: 602:. Other groups eschew any division into bard, ovate, and druid. OBOD primarily educates its members in its form of Druidry through a correspondence course. 183:

Modern Druidry takes its name from the Iron Age druids referred to in various Greco-Roman sources, as depicted here in a nineteenth-century illustration.

1479:, holding that religious truth could be found through nature. They also adopted other elements of Neopaganism, such as celebrating the festivals of the 511:

Some Druids regard it as possible to communicate with various spirits during rituals. For example, certain Druids in Ireland have adopted belief in the

4642: 303: 653:

monuments or popular tourist destinations such as Stonehenge or Avebury, however, Druids in the British Isles are significantly more likely to do so.

3481: 3117: 1558: 1332: 702: 66:

stands at the centre surrounded by the Archdruid of Wales and the Grand Bard of Cornwall, at the celebration of the hundredth anniversary of the

922:

always held on the specific date of the festival itself, but on the nearest weekend, thus maximising the number of participants who can attend.

5434: 791: 1339:(SOD) around him. In the late 1980s, SOD's campaign was joined by another group focused on Stonehenge access, led by a Druid calling himself 1119:

An illustration of William Stukeley. One of the primary figures in the development of Druidry, he was also a significant influence on modern

430:

63% of world Druids identify as either Pagan or Heathen, in addition to identifying as Druids; 37% of Druids reject both of these labels.

5634: 555: 644:

Some Druids also involve themselves in spell-casting, although this is usually regarded as a secondary feature among their practices.

492:

By the end of the 19th century, Druidry was described as a "monotheistic philosophical tradition". Druidry is now often described as

7838: 5805: 5776: 5553: 4367: 4255:

Cooper, Michael T. (2009). "The Roles of Nature, Deities, and Ancestors in Constructing Religious Identity in Contemporary Druidry".

1591:

estimated that, in 1996, there were approximately 6000 members of Druid groups in England, two-thirds of whom were OBOD members. The

656:

Public rituals in the British Isles frequently take place at formations in the natural landscape or at prehistoric sites, among them

1144:

The image of the Iron Age druids as national heroes would later begin to emerge in England during the Early Modern period, with the

890:

Druids often revive older folk customs for use on their practices. The England-based Secular Order of Druids for instance possess a

4092: 3914: 1596: 836:. Unlike the Welsh cultural gorseddau, these Druidic events often allow anyone to perform as a bard if they are inspired to do so. 534:

shift the consciousness of the participants involved. The word "Awen" derives from the Welsh and Cornish terms for "inspiration".

7858: 7848: 5237: 7878: 7863: 7853: 5196: 4813: 4593: 7943: 7868: 6252: 5513: 5257: 5227: 5120: 4764: 4742: 4698: 4676: 4582: 4563: 4540: 4453: 4402: 4379: 4245: 4223: 4181: 4145: 3491: 3464: 227:

between 1760 and 1763. The poems were hugely popular; they were read by many of the notable figures of the period, including

3168: 247:, the works are believed to have been composed by a wistful Macpherson seeking to recreate the oral traditions of Scotland. 5705: 5517: 1152:(1687–1765) proclaiming himself to be a "druid" and writing a number of popular books in which he claimed that prehistoric 1087: 1017: 3200: 7873: 5654: 5409: 5311: 5072: 4720: 4517: 4173: 1682: 165: 4389:

Howell, Francesca Ciancimino (2015). "Bellisama and Aradia: Paganism Re-emerges in Italy". In Kathryn Rountree (ed.).

7336: 7149: 5639: 5047: 4930: 4654: 4431: 4344: 4200: 3516: 1573: 1534: 1417: 1314: 930: 145: 7933: 7928: 5573: 5419: 5262: 4925: 1581: 1577: 1569: 1464: 914:

Traditionally, modern Druids have observed eight spiritual festivals annually, which are collectively known as the

6328: 5738: 5439: 4940: 1530: 1375: 4527:

Lewis, James R. (2009). "Celts, Druids and the Invention of Tradition". In James R. Lewis; Murphy Pizza (eds.).

4354:

Hale, Amy (2000). ""In the Eye of the Sun": The Relationship between the Cornish Gorseth and Esoteric Druidry".

5280: 5247: 5165: 4306:

Doyle White, Ethan (2016). "Old Stones, New Rites: Contemporary Pagan Interactions with the Medway Megaliths".

4040: 1445: 1382:

in which various Druid orders participated. That year, two new Druidic magazines began publication Shallcrass'

1363:

became co-leader of the group in the mid-1990s. Feeling the system of Orders too limiting, in 2002 Orr created

1190: 820: 7319: 1618: 1399: 515:, which are spirits from Irish folklore, into their Druidic system, and they believe that those spirits are 7592: 5690: 5624: 5347: 5206: 4786: 4131: 214: 17: 4991: 63: 30:

This article is about the modern new religious movement. For the Iron Age priests of Celtic religion, see

6792: 6052: 5414: 5252: 5153: 4155:

Anczyk, Adam (2015). "Mages of the Isles: Some Remarks on the Esoteric Inspirations in British Druidry".

3726: 1595:, 30,569 individuals described themselves as "Druids" and 508 as "Celtic Druids". In September 2010, the 427:

Witchcraft/Wicca, northern traditions, Hinduism, Native American traditions, and Unitarian Universalism.

298:. Some practitioners regard Druidry as a form of "native spirituality", and it displays an affinity with 839:

Druids have participated in other musical genres and with more technological instruments, including the

7363: 7238: 6843: 6812: 6192: 5461: 4806: 4488: 3123: 1592: 1491:

origins, and some groves actually emphasized their connection to other religions: there was a group of

1432:. Its members consider themselves practitioners of a European native religion and they call themselves 558:. For example, in 2006, a neo-Druid called Paul Davies requested that the Alexander Keiller Museum in 317: 7324: 7159: 6787: 5113: 5016: 4085: 895: 737:

can also take place at such sites, such as a Druidic baby-naming ceremony which took place at Kent's

599: 7124: 4895: 4500: 1604:

feeling (56%) over thinking (44%), and a clear preference for judging (68%) over perceiving (32%)."

1511: 132:. Some of these groups were purely fraternal and cultural, such as the oldest one that remains, the 7664: 7098: 7074: 6400: 5599: 5267: 5222: 1460:

in 1888. Both were forms of fraternal benefit societies rather than religious or neo-pagan groups.

395:

Druidic beliefs vary widely, and there is no set dogma or belief system followed by all adherents.

868:

alphabet, which is employed in divination by Druids. Rather than ogham, some practitioners favour

7375: 7023: 6569: 6283: 6102: 5992: 5493: 4996: 4900: 3173: 1453: 1336: 1254: 1182: 804: 729:. In Ireland, Druids perform ceremonies at one of the island's best known prehistoric sites, the 133: 4594:"The Psychological-Type Profile of Practising British Druids Compared with Anglican Churchgoers" 4550:

Shallcrass, Philip (2002). "Druidry in the United Kingdom". In S. Rabinovitch; J. Lewis (eds.).

1328:

movement, incorporating many of its ideas about Glastonbury into his interpretation of Druidry.

286:, for it is disembedded and its membership is elective. Druidry has been described as a form of 7843: 7762: 7725: 6797: 6082: 6077: 5483: 5232: 4841: 1340: 1242: 1234: 777: 635:

Celtic languages are often employed during ceremonies, as are quotations and material from the

610: 302:. In defining Druidry as a "native spirituality", some Druids seek to draw elements from other 267: 4986: 4423: 4414: 4170:

Voices from the Pagan Census: A National Survey of Witches and Neo-Pagans in the United States

773: 7938: 7923: 7609: 7424: 7169: 7069: 6440: 6278: 6257: 5675: 5352: 4799: 4391:

Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonialist and Nationalist Impulses

3178: 1472: 1258: 812: 738: 710: 679: 567:

their own agendas. It is for the international scientific community to curate such remains."

847:

music, and one British club, Megatripolis, opened with the performance of a Druidic ritual.

554:

and their subsequent display in museums. Many neo-druids have organized campaigns for their

7752: 7624: 7358: 7008: 6405: 6323: 6132: 6057: 5543: 5473: 5242: 5106: 4981: 3144:

Byard, RW (26 September 2005). "Dehydration and heat-related death: sweat lodge syndrome".

1504: 667: 144:. Since the 1980s, some modern druid groups have adopted similar methodologies to those of 3230: 1525:

The Ancient Order of Druids in America (AODA), currently headed by Pagan author and druid

8: 7901: 7639: 7508: 7438: 7419: 7398: 7331: 7154: 7028: 6848: 6833: 6828: 6782: 6757: 6430: 6318: 6303: 6117: 5936: 5731: 5589: 5580: 5548: 5478: 5444: 5429: 5424: 5299: 5175: 4935: 2399: 1499:

Druids in St. Louis. Among those responsible for the transition towards Neopaganism were

1356: 827: 808: 722: 714: 369: 287: 129: 7038: 3911: 1429: 1286:, millennia before the Iron Age, when the druids first appear in the historical record. 1193:, and both groups would go on to grow in popularity throughout the rest of the century. 7805: 7536: 7429: 7393: 7314: 7269: 7164: 6990: 6881: 6838: 6767: 6574: 6349: 6112: 6097: 6092: 6087: 5997: 5854: 5810: 5468: 5369: 5357: 5321: 5180: 5042: 4708: 4616: 4476: 4323: 4210:

Butler, Jenny (2005). "Druidry in Contemporary Ireland". In Michael F. Strmiska (ed.).

1613: 1526: 1421: 1409: 1209:, and was deeply opposed to the British monarchy, supporting many of the ideals of the 938: 685: 212:, one of the 18th century traditions that were founded by Morganwg, became part of the 39: 4276:

Cooper, Michael T. (2009b). "Pathways to Druidry: A Case Study of Ár nDraíocht Féin".

4133:

Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshipers and Other Pagans in America

179: 7669: 7644: 7634: 7370: 7343: 7224: 7079: 7064: 7059: 7018: 7013: 6918: 6807: 6762: 6752: 6744: 6415: 6369: 6359: 6200: 6027: 6007: 5966: 5401: 5334: 5143: 5021: 4910: 4846: 4760: 4738: 4716: 4694: 4672: 4650: 4620: 4578: 4559: 4536: 4513: 4480: 4472: 4449: 4427: 4398: 4375: 4340: 4327: 4241: 4219: 4196: 4177: 4141: 3512: 3487: 3460: 3208: 3149: 1600: 1480: 1364: 1352: 1348: 1210: 1206: 915: 869: 816: 500: 120:

In the late 18th century, modern Druids developed fraternal organizations modeled on

4191:

Bowman, Marion (2002). "Contemporary Celtic Spirituality". In Joanne Pearson (ed.).

113:, the early neo-Druids aimed to imitate the Iron Age priests who were also known as 7698: 7659: 7614: 7601: 7521: 7500: 7403: 7348: 7033: 6853: 6772: 6364: 6298: 6188: 6067: 6062: 6032: 6002: 5956: 5918: 5784: 5568: 5558: 5538: 5170: 5062: 5026: 5011: 4971: 4920: 4730: 4686: 4608: 4532: 4468: 4315: 4285: 4264: 1519: 1468: 1391: 1360: 1344: 1318: 1294: 1245:(1800–1893), a physician who held to ideas such as vegetarianism and the political 1149: 734: 637: 365: 326: 236: 224: 188: 137: 110: 4319: 749:

in the landscape. Druids have also involved themselves in tree planting projects.

260: 7741: 7679: 7619: 7582: 7554: 7516: 7481: 7461: 7244: 7234: 7219: 7106: 6913: 6777: 6540: 6395: 6354: 6344: 6183: 6122: 6042: 6037: 6022: 6017: 5930: 5629: 5148: 5129: 5077: 4945: 4905: 4612: 4337:

Dem Körper Eingeschrieben: Verkörperung Zwischen Leiberleben und Kulturellem Sinn

4233: 4107: 4063: 4022: 3918: 1565: 1325: 1310: 1226:. In Wales, Druidry had taken on an explicitly religious formation by the 1840s. 1133: 1054: 981: 675: 346: 342: 271: 206:

literary sources and traditions that supposedly dated to the prehistoric druids.

7780: 7770: 7746: 7693: 7649: 7564: 7544: 7526: 7471: 7466: 7434: 7279: 7259: 7084: 6985: 6964: 6959: 6596: 6530: 6525: 6514: 6495: 6489: 6485: 6293: 6288: 6247: 6174: 6160: 6072: 6047: 6012: 5971: 5961: 5897: 5884: 5824: 5768: 5760: 5751: 5724: 5649: 5594: 5201: 4966: 4664: 4592:

Williams, Emyr; Francis, Leslie J.; Billington, Ursula; Robbins, Mandy (2012).

4394: 1500: 1290: 934: 758: 547: 330: 67: 3380: 1257:, a Freemason who achieved notoriety as the first Supreme Magus of the occult 7917: 7577: 7549: 7456: 7448: 7190: 7142: 6928: 6876: 6605: 6545: 6535: 6435: 6410: 6196: 5644: 5488: 5001: 4961: 4555: 4441: 4137: 1588: 1476: 1457: 1379: 1371: 1274: 1229: 1223: 1218: 1202: 1138: 873: 832: 504: 389: 299: 291: 279: 199: 153: 5327: 4289: 1452:. The former was a branch of a British organization that had split from the 1444:

The earliest American Druid organizations were fraternal orders such as the

364:

The earliest modern Druids aligned themselves with Christianity. The writer

321:

The Druid Order Ceremony at Tower Hill, London on the Spring Equinox of 2010

7895: 7688: 7476: 7000: 6954: 6893: 6802: 6579: 6557: 6550: 5987: 5912: 5902: 5834: 5685: 5390: 5382: 5158: 5006: 4976: 4752: 2795: 2779: 1306: 1169: 926: 730: 662: 338: 283: 256: 86: 6179: 4268: 1305:

The most important figure for the rise of Neopagan Druidry in Britain was

7810: 7795: 7196: 7115: 6923: 6908: 6898: 6871: 6697: 6650: 6562: 6308: 5925: 5829: 5716: 5680: 4915: 4059: 1186: 1145: 1128: 1120: 965: 891: 762: 753: 718: 434: 412: 404: 121: 102: 6465: 6231: 7733: 7721: 7174: 7138: 6938: 6903: 6863: 6455: 6217: 6208: 5604: 5498: 5342: 5087: 4851: 3153: 1283: 1266: 1165: 1157: 1153: 1071: 884: 786: 694: 516: 493: 411:, 15% of Druids identify as hard polytheists, 7% of Druids identify as 408: 239:, and the quality of the poetry inspired contemporary comparisons with 44: 4046:

2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales

3704: 1832: 1545: 1359:(BDO) to create a more explicitly Pagan form of Druidry. Fellow Druid 58: 7133: 6240: 5700: 5670: 5563: 5362: 5304: 4856: 3240: 1279: 1270: 1217:. He subsequently organised the performing of Neo-druidic rituals on 1214: 1038: 880: 698: 671: 563: 357: 351: 48: 6445: 6146: 4866: 4193:

Belief Beyond Boundaries: Wicca, Celtic Spirituality and the New Age

3974: 3964: 3962: 3877: 3078: 1205:(1747–1826). Born as Edward Williams, he would take up the cause of 1172:

who was to come into the world, as we believe in him that is come".

512: 7790: 7254: 6707: 6662: 6626: 6614: 6460: 6420: 6235: 6227: 6222: 6204: 6127: 5864: 5859: 5844: 5456: 5395: 5316: 5067: 4880: 4713:

The Druidry Handbook: Spiritual Practice Rooted in the Living Earth

4215: 3137: 1496: 1246: 1177: 1115: 1034: 903: 746: 657: 420: 416: 400: 232: 228: 141: 90: 6475: 5098: 4873: 3986: 794:, it is of particular importance within Druidry. Bards perform at 7800: 7775: 7654: 7629: 7264: 7229: 7202: 7129: 7111: 6702: 6638: 6262: 5892: 5869: 5695: 5533: 5449: 4791: 3998: 3959: 2662: 1549:

Three druids at Stonehenge on the morning of summer solstice 2005

1425: 1161: 961: 899: 706: 559: 551: 275: 208: 52: 4591: 4113: 4028: 3436: 2714: 2610: 2182: 7785: 7572: 7354:

Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles

7274: 7249: 7213: 7207: 7120: 7043: 6969: 6888: 6390: 5874: 5819: 4781: 4278:

Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions

2979: 2339: 2337: 2132: 1514:(Our Own Druidism; a.k.a. ADF) and began publishing a journal, 1001: 752:

In the 1990s and early 2000s, the use of a ritual based on the

244: 192: 71: 4238:

Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America

3169:"2 seeking spiritual enlightenment die in new-age sweat lodge" 1533:(SRIA). SRIA is the immediate predecessor organization of the 879:

Many Druids engage in a range of healing therapies, with both

674:

in the landscape. These are ideas that have been adopted from

345:

Druids". The Berengia Order of Druids drew upon elements from

333:

for example has publicly disassociated any links to Paganism.

282:

influences. The Druidic community has been characterised as a

6674: 6480: 6425: 6313: 5907: 5849: 5839: 5797: 5747: 5584: 5505: 5082: 5057: 5052: 3160: 2918: 2916: 2531: 2529: 1798: 1796: 1484: 1413: 865: 840: 240: 203: 161: 114: 106: 31: 4168:

Berger, Helen A.; Leach, Evan A.; Shaffer, Leigh S. (2003).

2334: 124:

that employed the romantic figure of the British Druids and

6933: 6470: 6450: 6385: 6213: 4836: 4257:

The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies

3054: 3030: 1647: 1335:

campaigned for religious access to Stonehenge, forming the

855: 844: 726: 693:

In the popular imagination, Druids are closely linked with

689:

Druidic ritual at Stonehenge in Wiltshire, southern England

546:

Ancestor-veneration leads many neo-druids to object to the

528: 385: 310:

for both male and female practitioners, eschewing the term

125: 3935: 3785: 3692: 3680: 3066: 2991: 2940: 2928: 2913: 2853: 2526: 2023: 1820: 1793: 1742: 1740: 1289:

One member of the Ancient Order of Druids was the English

380: 152:

2020, roughly 92% of world Druids were living outside the

4446:

Blood and Mistletoe: The History of the Druids in Britain

4060:"Druidry to be classed as religion by Charity Commission" 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3263: 3261: 3259: 1492: 1408:

in Spanish) is a pagan organization for followers of the

994: 628: 453:

nature, neo-Druids pursue a sense of "cosmic belonging".

191:

specialists of Iron Age Western Europe who were known as

4759:. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: The Aquarian Press. 4693:. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: The Aquarian Press. 4575:

World Druidry: A Globalizing Path of Nature Spirituality

4086:"The Druid Network - Decision made on 21 September 2010" 3457:

Introduction to new and alternative religions in America

3370: 3368: 3366: 3341: 3339: 3326: 3324: 3309: 3094: 2889: 2831: 2829: 2816: 2814: 2767: 2460: 2458: 2273: 1896: 784:

In Druidry, a specific ceremony takes place known as an

4372:

Listening People, Speaking Earth: Contemporary Paganism

3656: 3596: 3511:, Sutton Mallet, England: Green Magic, pp. 16–17, 3008: 3006: 2957: 2955: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2690: 2600: 2598: 2516: 2514: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2445: 2443: 2381: 2379: 2366: 2364: 2349: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2290: 2288: 2263: 2261: 2246: 2234: 2153: 2151: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2064: 2062: 2013: 2011: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1940: 1938: 1925: 1923: 1908: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1752: 1737: 1659: 1635: 243:. Though attributed to the ancient semi-legendary poet 4552:

The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism

4422:. London and New York: Hambledon and London. pp. 4010: 3947: 3923: 3822: 3773: 3761: 3732: 3668: 3351: 3297: 3285: 3256: 3042: 2583: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 1808: 290:, or "Celtic-Based Spirituality". Scholar of religion 6666: 3892: 3644: 3424: 3412: 3400: 3363: 3336: 3321: 3273: 2967: 2841: 2826: 2811: 2678: 2548:"Consultation on ancient human remains ends Jan 31". 2470: 2455: 2120: 2047: 1725: 1713: 1701: 780:

attending 2010 Summer Solstice ceremony at Stonehenge

7052: 3486:(3rd revised ed.). Facts on File. p. 111. 3003: 2952: 2901: 2877: 2865: 2755: 2730: 2702: 2650: 2638: 2626: 2595: 2571: 2511: 2499: 2482: 2440: 2428: 2376: 2361: 2317: 2285: 2258: 2222: 2198: 2148: 2103: 2086: 2074: 2059: 2035: 2008: 1991: 1974: 1962: 1950: 1935: 1920: 1877: 1865: 1848: 1764: 4195:. Milton Keynes: Open University. pp. 55–101. 3455:Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (2006). 3018: 2300: 2210: 2163: 1781: 1196: 641:. Most use some form of Morganwg's Gorsedd Prayer. 477:

And in the love of all existences, the love of God.

4647:The Path of Druidry: Walking the Ancient Green Way 4413: 4167: 4004: 3992: 3980: 3968: 3201:"Editorial: Dying to experience native ceremonies" 503:", which was written in the 18th century by Druid 499:A central prayer in modern Druidic traditions is " 4448:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 3483:The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca 3459:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 178. 3454: 1416:in 2010 which supports the practice of a type of 7915: 4512:. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. pp. 15–41. 4374:(second ed.). London: Hurst & Company. 3807:(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press), 1930, pp. 93–94 2397: 1374:—"boom years" for British Druidry. In 1989, the 1370:The early 1990s were—according to the historian 473:And in the knowledge of justice, the love of it; 187:Modern Druidry derives its name from the celtic 1559:American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) 1428:, and whose principal deities are known as the 993:Longest night and shortest day, rebirth of the 440: 294:described Druidry as the "Celtic spirituality" 433:Some Druids draw upon the legends surrounding 6630: 5732: 5114: 4807: 3148:. Vol. 29, no. 11. pp. 304–6. 1403: 475:And in that love, the love of all existences; 128:as symbols of the indigenous spirituality of 6618: 4689:(1990). "Foreword". In Nichols, Ross (ed.). 4052: 3111: 3109: 1671: 887:being popular within the Druidic community. 587:, and those that lead them are often termed 266:Druidry has been described as a religion, a 6678: 6642: 4305: 3231:"Sweat lodge incident 'not our Indian way'" 3060: 3036: 2997: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2859: 2805: 2789: 2535: 2029: 1842: 1826: 1802: 1439: 471:And in knowledge, the knowledge of justice; 6654: 5746: 5739: 5725: 5121: 5107: 4814: 4800: 4641: 4549: 4157:The Polish Journal of the Arts and Culture 3710: 3448: 1503:and Robert Larson from a grove located in 1300: 1263:Ancient and Archaeological Order of Druids 1127:The Druidic movement originated among the 976:Final harvest, transition to shorter days 5554:Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans 4685: 4671:. New York: Kensington Publishing Group. 3106: 1483:, borrowed from the Neopagan religion of 1367:, which was officially launched in 2003. 4663: 4577:. Belmont, California: Larisa A. White. 4296: 4093:Charity Commission for England and Wales 1871: 1597:Charity Commission for England and Wales 1544: 1228: 1114: 854: 772: 684: 609: 379: 316: 178: 105:in Britain, which glorified the ancient 57: 38: 4751: 4715:. York Beach, Maine: Red Wheel/Weiser. 4507: 4462: 4275: 3953: 3941: 3929: 3828: 3662: 3602: 3291: 3267: 3246: 3198: 3115: 2684: 2668: 2398:Morganwg, Iolo; Williams, John (1862). 2053: 1902: 647: 263:information about the Iron Age druids. 14: 7916: 6595: 4411: 4388: 4366: 4334: 4254: 4209: 4190: 4154: 4016: 3898: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3745: 3714: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3506: 3479: 3406: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3374: 3357: 3345: 3330: 3315: 3303: 3279: 3250: 3122:, Indian Country Today, archived from 3100: 3088: 3084: 3072: 3048: 3012: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2907: 2871: 2847: 2835: 2820: 2801: 2785: 2749: 2724: 2720: 2708: 2696: 2672: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2616: 2520: 2505: 2493: 2476: 2464: 2449: 2434: 2385: 2370: 2355: 2328: 2267: 2240: 2228: 2204: 2192: 2188: 2157: 2142: 2126: 2114: 2097: 2080: 2068: 2041: 2017: 2002: 1985: 1968: 1956: 1944: 1929: 1914: 1890: 1859: 1838: 570: 537: 202:fabricated what he claimed were early 27:Modern nature-based spiritual movement 7827: 7719: 7498: 7300: 6732: 6512: 6158: 5795: 5720: 5514:European Congress of Ethnic Religions 5102: 4795: 4707: 4669:Bonewit's Essential Guide to Druidism 4601:Mental Health, Religion & Culture 4572: 4526: 4129: 4078: 3650: 3442: 3430: 3418: 3166: 3143: 2895: 2883: 2773: 2761: 2604: 2589: 2577: 2343: 2294: 2279: 1814: 1787: 1775: 1758: 1746: 1731: 1719: 1707: 1665: 1653: 1641: 765:ceremonies performed by non-Natives. 325:Following terms devised by the Druid 5518:Foundation for Traditional Religions 4353: 3880:. Ancient Order of Druids in America 3116:Taliman, Valerie (13 October 2009), 3024: 2311: 2252: 2216: 2176: 2138: 1681:. The British Museum. Archived from 1313:, in 1964 he split off to found the 1233:The Welsh socialist and nationalist 1185:. Founded in 1781 and influenced by 697:—a Neolithic and Bronze Age site in 579:Druidic groups are usually known as 7720: 5128: 4729: 270:, a "spiritual movement", and as a 24: 4821: 4634: 4629: 4529:Handbook of Contemporary Paganisms 4465:Modern Druidry and Earth Mysteries 4174:University of South Carolina Press 1467:(RDNA) was founded by students at 1456:, while the latter was founded in 850: 768: 25: 7955: 7150:Festival Interceltique de Lorient 5048:Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism 4931:Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids 4775: 4737:. Hammersmith, London: Thorsons. 4467:. Vol. 2. pp. 313–332. 4299:Druids: A Very Short Introduction 4212:Modern Paganism in World Cultures 1535:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn 1420:called Druidism, centered on the 1418:Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism 1331:Between 1985 and 1988, the Druid 1324:Nichols drew upon ideas from the 1315:Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids 931:Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids 876:—for their divinatory practices. 661:ancestors. Druids regard them as 403:; 49% of Druids identify as soft 146:Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism 7900: 6513: 6145: 4926:Reformed Druids of North America 4879: 4872: 4865: 4780: 4473:10.2752/175169609X12464529903137 4420:Witches, Druids, and King Arthur 4034: 4005:Berger, Leach & Shaffer 2003 3993:Berger, Leach & Shaffer 2003 3981:Berger, Leach & Shaffer 2003 3969:Berger, Leach & Shaffer 2003 3904: 3870: 3858: 3846: 3834: 3810: 3797: 3751: 3720: 3632: 3620: 3608: 3584: 3572: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3524: 3500: 3473: 3223: 3199:Goulais, Bob (24 October 2009). 3192: 2404:. Sacred Texts. pp. 362–363 1564:The Pagan Census project led by 1465:Reformed Druids of North America 1347:. In the late 1970s, the former 1197:Development of religious Druidry 469:And in understanding, knowledge; 4941:Council of British Druid Orders 4240:. Oxford and Lanham: Altamira. 3167:Herel, Suzanne (27 June 2002). 2556: 2541: 2416: 2391: 1540: 1531:Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia 1376:Council of British Druid Orders 1066:Longest day and shortest night 872:—an alphabet likely devised by 467:And in strength, understanding; 4649:. Minnesota: Llewellyn Books. 4041:Office for National Statistics 1446:United Ancient Order of Druids 1191:United Ancient Order of Druids 463:"Grant, O God, Thy protection; 101:Arising from the 18th century 13: 1: 7869:Celtic place names in Galicia 7499: 5574:Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism 4320:10.1080/17432200.2016.1192152 4214:. Santa Barbara, California: 1624: 1619:List of druids and neo-druids 1436:, a concept of Irish origin. 1400:Dun Ailline Druid Brotherhood 1321:was asked to lead the Order. 1049:Planting crops, warming days 605: 174: 7944:18th-century modern paganism 7301: 5806:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups 5691:Platonism in the Renaissance 4613:10.1080/13674676.2012.681483 4339:. Springer. pp. 55–72. 4172:. Columbia, South Carolina: 4136:(revised ed.). London: 4049:. Accessed 12 December 2012. 1629: 1405:Hermandad Druida Dun Ailline 909: 465:And in protection, strength; 441:Nature-centered spirituality 407:, 37% of Druids identify as 215:National Eisteddfod of Wales 62:The Grand Druid of Brittany 7: 6793:Welsh literature in English 6733: 6159: 5885:Modern Celtic ethnic groups 5796: 1607: 830:have established their own 456: 221:Fragments of Ancient Poetry 10: 7960: 6813:Scottish Gaelic literature 6193:Brigantia (ancient region) 5655:Writers on modern paganism 4440: 4301:. Oxford University Press. 4232: 4122: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3816: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3590: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3530: 2563:"Letters: Human Remains". 2422: 1237:, a prominent modern Druid 1110: 1105: 894:based on that used in the 526: 375: 94:divine essence of nature. 29: 7891: 7834: 7828: 7823: 7761: 7732: 7715: 7678: 7600: 7591: 7563: 7535: 7507: 7494: 7447: 7412: 7386: 7307: 7296: 7183: 7160:Hebridean Celtic Festival 7097: 6999: 6978: 6947: 6862: 6821: 6788:Welsh-language literature 6743: 6739: 6728: 6690: 6604: 6521: 6508: 6378: 6337: 6271: 6167: 6154: 6143: 5980: 5949: 5883: 5804: 5791: 5758: 5663: 5617: 5526: 5289: 5278: 5215: 5189: 5136: 5035: 4954: 4888: 4863: 4829: 4573:White, Larisa A. (2021). 3507:Lamond, Frederic (2004), 3480:Guiley, Rosemary (2008). 3445:, p. 89-104,230-241. 2988:, pp. 60–61, 64, 67. 1273:, England: the historian 1099:Height of harvest season 1046:31 October or 1 November 1012:Thaw from cold to spring 970:31 October or 1 November 600:British Traditional Wicca 223:, which was published by 7593:Ancient Celtic languages 5391:Daco-Thracian (Romanian) 4463:Hutton, Ronald (2009b). 4297:Cunliffe, Barry (2010). 1450:American Order of Druids 1440:Druidry in North America 1293:, who later established 1261:, allegedly founded the 1082:Start of harvest season 1029:Height of spring season 198:The 18th-century figure 7934:New religious movements 7929:Modern pagan traditions 7864:Gaulish words in French 7849:Celtic words in English 6103:Scottish New Zealanders 5993:Anglo-Celtic Australian 4997:Robert Wentworth Little 4901:Ancient Order of Druids 4412:Hutton, Ronald (2003). 4393:. New York and Oxford: 4290:10.1525/nr.2009.12.3.40 4130:Adler, Margot (2006) . 3174:San Francisco Chronicle 1454:Ancient Order of Druids 1337:Secular Order of Druids 1301:Pagan Druidry in Europe 1255:Robert Wentworth Little 1183:Ancient Order of Druids 522: 479:God and all goodness." 134:Ancient Order of Druids 6798:Early Irish literature 6679: 6667: 6655: 6643: 6631: 6619: 6083:Scotch-Irish Canadians 6078:Scotch-Irish Americans 5228:German-speaking Europe 4992:Gwenc'hlan Le Scouëzec 2346:, p. 179-181,186. 1656:, p. 113-157,254. 1550: 1495:Druids in Olympia and 1404: 1238: 1124: 860: 781: 778:Arthur Uther Pendragon 711:chambered long barrows 690: 615: 481: 392: 349:television shows like 322: 314:for female followers. 268:new religious movement 184: 75: 64:Gwenc'hlan Le Scouëzec 55: 7425:Scottish independence 7170:Celtic Media Festival 7053:National music scenes 6279:Proto-Celtic religion 5981:Related ethnic groups 5706:Traditionalist School 5676:Witch-cult hypothesis 5190:Arts and institutions 4789:at Wikimedia Commons 4510:Researching Paganisms 4269:10.1558/pome.v11i1.58 3179:Hearst Communications 1548: 1473:Northfield, Minnesota 1341:King Arthur Pendragon 1259:Societas Rosicruciana 1232: 1118: 859:A Druid at Stonehenge 858: 776: 739:Chestnuts Long Barrow 688: 613: 461: 419:; and 2% identify as 383: 320: 182: 61: 43:A group of Druids at 42: 7749:(Medieval Welsh law) 7359:Scottish nationalism 7009:Ancient Celtic music 6324:Romano-Celtic temple 6133:Welsh New Zealanders 6058:Irish New Zealanders 5544:Church of All Worlds 5216:By country or region 5197:Festivals and events 4535:. pp. 479–496. 4397:. pp. 261–284. 4114:Williams et al. 2012 4043:, 11 December 2012, 4029:Williams et al. 2012 3917:25 June 2010 at the 3727:interview (Avalonia) 3509:Fifty Years of Wicca 2804:, pp. 109–110; 1516:The Druid's Progress 1505:Berkeley, California 953:Southern hemisphere 950:Northern hemisphere 648:Locations for ritual 103:Romanticist movement 7439:Irish republicanism 7420:Breton independence 7399:Scottish devolution 7332:Cornish nationalism 7155:Pan Celtic Festival 7029:Scottish folk music 6783:Scottish literature 6304:Celtic Christianity 6108:Scottish Travellers 6093:Scottish Argentines 5937:Scottish Travellers 5640:LGBTQ+ and paganism 5581:Neopagan witchcraft 5549:Church of Aphrodite 5445:Peterburgian Vedism 5176:Western esotericism 4987:François Jaffrennou 4936:British Druid Order 4842:Ancestor veneration 4757:The Book of Druidry 4709:Greer, John Michael 4691:The Book of Druidry 4218:. pp. 87–125. 4095:. 21 September 2010 3910:Trinity ARIS 2008; 3794:, pp. 272–273. 3701:, pp. 251–252. 3689:, pp. 252–253. 3211:on 6 September 2012 3146:Forensic Science SA 3075:, pp. 121–122. 2792:, pp. 361–362. 2565:British Archaeology 2550:British Archaeology 2255:, pp. 188–189. 1685:on 23 December 2012 1599:agreed to register 1386:and Steve Wilson's 1357:British Druid Order 1148:and Anglican vicar 1093:21 or 22 September 1026:21 or 22 September 896:'Obby 'Oss festival 828:British Druid Order 723:Coldrum Long Barrow 571:Rites and practices 538:Ancestor veneration 486:The Gorsedd Prayer. 370:Celtic Christianity 288:Celtic spirituality 130:Prehistoric Britain 81:, sometimes termed 68:Gorseth of Brittany 7430:Welsh independence 7394:Cornish devolution 7315:Breton nationalism 7165:Celtic Connections 6768:Cornish literature 6113:Ulster Protestants 6098:Scottish Canadians 6088:Scottish Americans 5998:Anglo-Irish people 5181:Western philosophy 5043:Celtic neopaganism 4558:. pp. 82–84. 3944:, pp. 48, 49. 3249:, pp. 16–17; 3237:, 14 October 2009. 3235:Quad-Cities Online 3119:Selling the sacred 2898:, p. 175-176. 2776:, p. 195-197. 2282:, p. 130-136. 1761:, p. 279-280. 1749:, p. 280-283. 1668:, p. 186-187. 1644:, p. 253-255. 1614:Celtic Neopaganism 1551: 1527:John Michael Greer 1410:Celtic Neopaganism 1349:Alexandrian Wiccan 1239: 1125: 1063:21 or 22 December 1043:30 April or 1 May 987:21 or 22 December 973:30 April or 1 May 939:Bricket Wood coven 929:, who founded the 861: 782: 691: 616: 501:The Druid's Prayer 393: 323: 185: 76: 56: 7911: 7910: 7887: 7886: 7819: 7818: 7711: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7670:Cisalpine Gaulish 7490: 7489: 7376:national identity 7371:Welsh nationalism 7364:national identity 7344:Irish nationalism 7292: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7225:Cornish wrestling 7093: 7092: 7014:Breton Folk music 6979:Regional cultures 6822:National cultures 6808:Gaelic literature 6763:Breton literature 6724: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6504: 6503: 6416:Chief of the Name 6284:Celtic polytheism 6201:Sub-Roman Britain 6141: 6140: 6028:Irish Australians 6008:Cornish Americans 5967:Scottish diaspora 5714: 5713: 5613: 5612: 5402:Kemetic Orthodoxy 5363:Ossetian-Scythian 5348:Canarian (Berber) 5166:Reconstructionism 5096: 5095: 5022:Philip Shallcrass 4982:Ossian D'Ambrosio 4911:The Druid Network 4896:Ár nDraíocht Féin 4847:Celtic polytheism 4785:Media related to 4766:978-0-85030-900-3 4744:978-0-00-710336-2 4731:Orr, Emma Restall 4700:978-0-85030-900-3 4687:Carr-Gomm, Philip 4678:978-0-8065-2710-9 4643:Billington, Penny 4607:(10): 1065–1075. 4584:978-1-7367792-0-0 4565:978-0-8065-2406-1 4542:978-90-04-16373-7 4489:cite encyclopedia 4455:978-0-300-14485-7 4415:"The New Druidry" 4404:978-1-78238-646-9 4381:978-1-85065-272-4 4308:Material Religion 4247:978-0-7591-0202-6 4225:978-1-85109-608-4 4183:978-1-57003-488-6 4147:978-0-14-303819-1 3983:, pp. 97–98. 3912:Trinity ARIS 2001 3803:Alvin J. Schmidt 3493:978-0-8160-7103-6 3466:978-0-275-98713-8 3318:, pp. 23–24. 3229:Hocker, Lindsay. 3103:, pp. 26–27. 3091:, pp. 26–27. 2699:, pp. 19–20. 2401:Barddas, Volume I 2358:, pp. 31–32. 2243:, pp. 85–86. 1917:, pp. 94–95. 1905:, pp. 41–42. 1601:The Druid Network 1557:According to the 1512:Ár nDraíocht Féin 1481:Wheel of the Year 1365:The Druid Network 1353:Philip Shallcrass 1235:Dr. William Price 1211:French Revolution 1207:Welsh nationalism 1103: 1102: 916:Wheel of the Year 16:(Redirected from 7951: 7904: 7825: 7824: 7717: 7716: 7699:Galwegian Gaelic 7598: 7597: 7496: 7495: 7404:Welsh devolution 7298: 7297: 7050: 7049: 7039:Sean-nós singing 7034:Welsh folk music 7024:Irish folk music 6991:Highland culture 6773:Irish literature 6753:Arthurian Legend 6741: 6740: 6730: 6729: 6682: 6670: 6658: 6646: 6634: 6622: 6602: 6601: 6593: 6592: 6570:Neo-Christianity 6510: 6509: 6441:Gaelic astrology 6401:Celtic festivals 6299:Celtic mythology 6272:Ancient religion 6189:Iron Age Britain 6156: 6155: 6149: 6128:Welsh Argentines 6068:Irish Uruguayans 6063:Irish Travellers 6033:Irish Brazilians 6023:Irish Argentines 6003:Breton Americans 5957:Cornish diaspora 5919:Irish Travellers 5793: 5792: 5785:Celtic languages 5741: 5734: 5727: 5718: 5717: 5664:Related articles 5569:Pagan Federation 5559:Goddess movement 5539:Christo-Paganism 5435:Rodnovery (list) 5287: 5286: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5100: 5099: 5063:British Iron Age 5027:William Stukeley 5012:Emma Restall Orr 4972:Philip Carr-Gomm 4921:Henge of Keltria 4883: 4876: 4869: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4793: 4792: 4784: 4770: 4748: 4726: 4704: 4682: 4660: 4624: 4598: 4588: 4569: 4546: 4523: 4504: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4484: 4459: 4437: 4417: 4408: 4385: 4363: 4350: 4331: 4302: 4293: 4272: 4251: 4234:Clifton, Chas S. 4229: 4206: 4187: 4164: 4151: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4090: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4066:. 2 October 2010 4056: 4050: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3805:Fraternal Orders 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3334: 3328: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3254: 3244: 3238: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3207:. Archived from 3205:North Bay Nugget 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3113: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3061:Doyle White 2016 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3037:Doyle White 2016 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3001: 2998:Doyle White 2016 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2950: 2947:Doyle White 2016 2944: 2938: 2935:Doyle White 2016 2932: 2926: 2923:Doyle White 2016 2920: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2860:Doyle White 2016 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2824: 2818: 2809: 2806:Doyle White 2016 2799: 2793: 2790:Doyle White 2016 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2728: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2593: 2592:, p. 64-65. 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2545: 2539: 2536:Doyle White 2016 2533: 2524: 2518: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2453: 2447: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2374: 2368: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2332: 2326: 2315: 2309: 2298: 2292: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2161: 2155: 2146: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2101: 2095: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2030:Doyle White 2016 2027: 2021: 2015: 2006: 2000: 1989: 1983: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1933: 1927: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1846: 1843:Doyle White 2016 1836: 1830: 1827:Doyle White 2016 1824: 1818: 1817:, p. 29-58. 1812: 1806: 1803:Doyle White 2016 1800: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1735: 1734:, p. 27-28. 1729: 1723: 1722:, p. 25-26. 1717: 1711: 1710:, p. 16-17. 1705: 1699: 1698: 1692: 1690: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1520:Henge of Keltria 1469:Carleton College 1430:Tuatha Dé Danann 1407: 1392:English Heritage 1361:Emma Restall Orr 1355:established the 1345:Rollo Maughfling 1319:Philip Carr-Gomm 1317:(OBOD). In 1988 1295:Gardnerian Wicca 1150:William Stukeley 1079:1 or 2 February 1006:1 or 2 February 944: 943: 937:, leader of the 826:Groups like the 761:, in fraudulent 735:rites of passage 715:Wayland's Smithy 638:Carmina Gadelica 488: 366:William Stukeley 327:Philip Carr-Gomm 304:native religions 237:Thomas Jefferson 225:James Macpherson 189:magico-religious 138:physical culture 21: 7959: 7958: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7883: 7830: 7815: 7757: 7753:Early Scots law 7742:Early Irish law 7728: 7703: 7680:Scottish Gaelic 7674: 7615:Proto-Brittonic 7587: 7583:Beurla Reagaird 7559: 7555:Scottish Gaelic 7531: 7503: 7486: 7482:Columba Project 7462:Celtic Congress 7443: 7408: 7382: 7303: 7284: 7245:Gaelic handball 7235:Gaelic football 7220:Cornish hurling 7179: 7089: 7048: 6995: 6974: 6960:Gaelic clothing 6943: 6858: 6817: 6778:Manx literature 6735: 6712: 6691:Other claimants 6686: 6591: 6541:Celtic Congress 6517: 6500: 6396:Celtic calendar 6374: 6333: 6267: 6163: 6150: 6137: 6123:Welsh Americans 6043:Irish Catholics 6038:Irish Canadians 6018:Irish Americans 5976: 5950:Celtic diaspora 5945: 5879: 5808: 5800: 5787: 5754: 5745: 5715: 5710: 5659: 5630:Crypto-paganism 5609: 5522: 5274: 5211: 5185: 5149:Nature religion 5132: 5130:Modern paganism 5127: 5097: 5092: 5078:Modern paganism 5031: 4950: 4946:Kredenn Geltiek 4906:The Druid Order 4884: 4878: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4861: 4825: 4820: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4745: 4723: 4701: 4679: 4665:Bonewits, Isaac 4657: 4637: 4635:Primary sources 4632: 4630:Further reading 4627: 4596: 4585: 4566: 4543: 4520: 4496: 4495: 4486: 4485: 4456: 4434: 4405: 4382: 4356:Cornish Studies 4347: 4248: 4226: 4203: 4184: 4148: 4125: 4120: 4116:, p. 1070. 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4064:BBC News Online 4058: 4057: 4053: 4039: 4035: 4031:, p. 1065. 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3919:Wayback Machine 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3711:Shallcrass 2002 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393:, p. 108; 3385: 3381: 3373: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3337: 3329: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3257: 3245: 3241: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3165: 3161: 3142: 3138: 3129: 3127: 3126:on 24 July 2012 3114: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2827: 2819: 2812: 2800: 2796: 2788:, p. 109; 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2731: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2527: 2519: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2456: 2448: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2377: 2369: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2335: 2327: 2318: 2310: 2301: 2293: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2164: 2156: 2149: 2141:, p. 189; 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2104: 2096: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2009: 2001: 1992: 1984: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1936: 1928: 1921: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1858: 1849: 1837: 1833: 1825: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1774: 1765: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1702: 1688: 1686: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1610: 1566:Helen A. Berger 1543: 1442: 1326:Earth mysteries 1311:The Druid Order 1303: 1199: 1134:human sacrifice 1113: 1108: 1096:20 or 21 March 1055:Summer Solstice 1023:20 or 21 March 984:, Alban Arthan 982:Winter Solstice 912: 853: 851:Other practices 771: 769:Arts and poetry 676:Earth mysteries 650: 608: 573: 540: 531: 525: 490: 484:Iolo Morganwg, 483: 478: 476: 474: 472: 470: 468: 466: 464: 459: 443: 378: 347:science fiction 331:Cornish Gorsedd 272:nature religion 177: 109:peoples of the 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7957: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7898: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7771:Gaelic warfare 7767: 7765: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7747:Cyfraith Hywel 7744: 7738: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7713: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7696: 7694:Deeside Gaelic 7691: 7685: 7683: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7665:Hispano-Celtic 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7620:Proto-Goidelic 7617: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7569: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7513: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7492: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7472:Celtic society 7469: 7467:Celtic Revival 7464: 7459: 7453: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7441: 7435:United Ireland 7432: 7427: 7422: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7304: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7282: 7280:Welsh handball 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7260:Highland games 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7193: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7136: 7127: 7118: 7103: 7101: 7095: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7005: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6986:Gaelic culture 6982: 6980: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6965:Highland dress 6962: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6929:Pictish stones 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6874: 6868: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6749: 6747: 6737: 6736: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6672: 6660: 6648: 6636: 6624: 6611: 6609: 6599: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6572: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6533: 6531:Celtic nations 6528: 6526:Celtic Revival 6522: 6519: 6518: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6294:Celtic Animism 6291: 6289:Celtic deities 6286: 6281: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6248:Cisalpine Gaul 6245: 6244: 6243: 6238: 6220: 6211: 6186: 6177: 6175:Gaelic Ireland 6171: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6152: 6151: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6073:Manx Americans 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6048:Irish Chileans 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6013:English people 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5972:Welsh diaspora 5969: 5964: 5962:Irish diaspora 5959: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5928: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5816: 5814: 5802: 5801: 5789: 5788: 5769:Celtic studies 5761:Celtic nations 5759: 5756: 5755: 5744: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5721: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5650:Technopaganism 5647: 5642: 5637: 5635:Discrimination 5632: 5627: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5457:Turko-Mongolic 5454: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5379: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5331: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5293: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5260: 5258:United Kingdom 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5126: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5103: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4967:Isaac Bonewits 4964: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4857:Nature worship 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4831: 4830:Common beliefs 4827: 4826: 4823:Modern Druidry 4819: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4796: 4777: 4776:External links 4774: 4772: 4771: 4765: 4749: 4743: 4727: 4722:978-1578633548 4721: 4705: 4699: 4683: 4677: 4661: 4655: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4589: 4583: 4570: 4564: 4547: 4541: 4524: 4519:978-0759105232 4518: 4505: 4497:|journal= 4460: 4454: 4442:Hutton, Ronald 4438: 4432: 4409: 4403: 4386: 4380: 4368:Harvey, Graham 4364: 4351: 4345: 4332: 4314:(3): 346–372. 4303: 4294: 4273: 4252: 4246: 4230: 4224: 4207: 4201: 4188: 4182: 4165: 4152: 4146: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4106: 4077: 4051: 4033: 4021: 4019:, p. 258. 4009: 3997: 3995:, p. 100. 3985: 3973: 3958: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3903: 3891: 3878:"AODA History" 3869: 3867:. pp. 156–157. 3857: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3819:. pp. 337–339. 3809: 3796: 3784: 3782:, p. 254. 3772: 3770:, p. 256. 3760: 3750: 3748:, p. 255. 3731: 3719: 3717:, p. 249. 3713:, p. 83; 3703: 3691: 3679: 3677:, p. 250. 3667: 3665:, p. 324. 3655: 3653:, p. 480. 3643: 3631: 3619: 3617:. pp. 253–286. 3607: 3605:, p. 314. 3595: 3593:. pp. 146–182. 3583: 3581:. pp. 132–143. 3571: 3569:. pp. 131–132. 3559: 3557:. pp. 130–131. 3547: 3535: 3523: 3517: 3499: 3492: 3472: 3465: 3447: 3435: 3433:, p. 216. 3423: 3421:, p. 193. 3411: 3399: 3389:, p. 81; 3379: 3362: 3360:, p. 203. 3350: 3335: 3320: 3308: 3306:, p. 121. 3296: 3284: 3272: 3255: 3239: 3222: 3191: 3159: 3136: 3105: 3093: 3087:, p. 83; 3077: 3065: 3063:, p. 368. 3053: 3051:, p. 114. 3041: 3039:, p. 363. 3029: 3027:, p. 192. 3017: 3002: 3000:, p. 349. 2990: 2978: 2976:, p. 106. 2966: 2951: 2949:, p. 357. 2939: 2937:, p. 356. 2927: 2925:, p. 358. 2912: 2900: 2888: 2886:, p. 173. 2876: 2864: 2862:, p. 362. 2852: 2850:, p. 111. 2840: 2838:, p. 112. 2825: 2823:, p. 110. 2810: 2808:, p. 362. 2794: 2778: 2766: 2764:, p. 194. 2754: 2729: 2723:, p. 81; 2713: 2701: 2689: 2677: 2671:, p. 24; 2661: 2649: 2637: 2625: 2619:, p. 90; 2609: 2607:, p. 176. 2594: 2582: 2580:, p. 287. 2570: 2555: 2540: 2538:, p. 355. 2525: 2510: 2498: 2481: 2479:, p. 104. 2469: 2467:, p. 105. 2454: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2390: 2375: 2360: 2348: 2333: 2316: 2314:, p. 193. 2299: 2297:, p. 142. 2284: 2272: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2221: 2219:, p. 188. 2209: 2197: 2191:, p. 82; 2181: 2179:, p. 189. 2162: 2147: 2131: 2129:, p. 103. 2119: 2102: 2085: 2073: 2058: 2046: 2034: 2032:, p. 348. 2022: 2007: 1990: 1973: 1961: 1949: 1934: 1919: 1907: 1895: 1876: 1864: 1847: 1845:, p. 351. 1841:, p. 94; 1831: 1829:, p. 351. 1819: 1807: 1805:, p. 360. 1792: 1780: 1778:, p. 114. 1763: 1751: 1736: 1724: 1712: 1700: 1670: 1658: 1646: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1609: 1606: 1593:2001 UK Census 1587:The historian 1542: 1539: 1501:Isaac Bonewits 1441: 1438: 1422:Celtic culture 1309:. A member of 1302: 1299: 1291:Gerald Gardner 1222:acceptance of 1198: 1195: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1090:, Alban Elfed 1088:Autumn equinox 1084: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1076:1 or 2 August 1074: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1060:21 or 22 June 1058: 1057:, Alban Hefin 1051: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1020:, Alban Eilir 1018:Spring equinox 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009:1 or 2 August 1007: 1004: 998: 997: 991: 990:21 or 22 June 988: 985: 978: 977: 974: 971: 968: 958: 957: 954: 951: 948: 935:Gerald Gardner 911: 908: 852: 849: 770: 767: 670:and lie along 649: 646: 607: 604: 572: 569: 550:excavation of 548:archaeological 539: 536: 527:Main article: 524: 521: 460: 458: 455: 442: 439: 377: 374: 300:folk religions 296:par excellence 176: 173: 85:, is a modern 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7956: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7903: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7890: 7880: 7879:– in Portugal 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7859:– in Galician 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7833: 7826: 7822: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7760: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7718: 7714: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7497: 7493: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7457:Celtic League 7455: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7449:Pan-Celticism 7446: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7325:reunification 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7299: 7295: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6977: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6939:Triple spiral 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6758:Bardic Poetry 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6727: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6628: 6625: 6621: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6606:Celtic League 6603: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6546:Celtic League 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6536:Pan-Celticism 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6507: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6436:Gaelicisation 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6411:Celticisation 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6214:Iron Age Gaul 6212: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6197:Roman Britain 6194: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6053:Irish Mexican 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5777:Celtic tribes 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5737: 5735: 5730: 5728: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5645:Pagan studies 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5590:Cochranianism 5588: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5277: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5263:United States 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017:William Price 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5002:Iolo Morganwg 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4962:Erwan Berthou 4960: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4868: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4812: 4810: 4805: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4788: 4783: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4753:Nichols, Ross 4750: 4746: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4656:9780738723464 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4556:Citadel Press 4553: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4433:9781852853976 4429: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4346:9783658104740 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4202:0-7546-0820-4 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4115: 4110: 4094: 4087: 4081: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4013: 4007:, p. 99. 4006: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3971:, p. 97. 3970: 3965: 3963: 3956:, p. 48. 3955: 3950: 3943: 3938: 3932:, p. 45. 3931: 3926: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3901:, p. 17. 3900: 3895: 3879: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3842: 3837: 3831:, p. 44. 3830: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3806: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3754: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3695: 3688: 3683: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3575: 3568: 3563: 3556: 3551: 3545:. pp. 86–102. 3544: 3539: 3532: 3527: 3520: 3518:0-9547230-1-5 3514: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3468: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3439: 3432: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3409:, p. 66. 3408: 3403: 3397:, p. 66. 3396: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3377:, p. 23. 3376: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3359: 3354: 3348:, p. 26. 3347: 3342: 3340: 3333:, p. 25. 3332: 3327: 3325: 3317: 3312: 3305: 3300: 3294:, p. 17. 3293: 3288: 3282:, p. 22. 3281: 3276: 3270:, p. 16. 3269: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3253:, p. 22. 3252: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3232: 3226: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3112: 3110: 3102: 3097: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3015:, p. 95. 3014: 3009: 3007: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2964:, p. 80. 2963: 2958: 2956: 2948: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2910:, p. 98. 2909: 2904: 2897: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2874:, p. 93. 2873: 2868: 2861: 2856: 2849: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2758: 2752:, p. 81. 2751: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2727:, p. 20. 2726: 2722: 2717: 2711:, p. 17. 2710: 2705: 2698: 2693: 2687:, p. 24. 2686: 2681: 2675:, p. 32. 2674: 2670: 2665: 2659:, p. 32. 2658: 2653: 2647:, p. 29. 2646: 2641: 2635:, p. 90. 2634: 2629: 2623:, p. 29. 2622: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2591: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2544: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2523:, p. 71. 2522: 2517: 2515: 2508:, p. 21. 2507: 2502: 2496:, p. 20. 2495: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2478: 2473: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2452:, p. 69. 2451: 2446: 2444: 2437:, p. 70. 2436: 2431: 2424: 2419: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2388:, p. 68. 2387: 2382: 2380: 2373:, p. 62. 2372: 2367: 2365: 2357: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2331:, p. 63. 2330: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2281: 2276: 2270:, p. 30. 2269: 2264: 2262: 2254: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2231:, p. 85. 2230: 2225: 2218: 2213: 2207:, p. 63. 2206: 2201: 2195:, p. 88. 2194: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2160:, p. 79. 2159: 2154: 2152: 2145:, p. 79. 2144: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2117:, p. 82. 2116: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2100:, p. 83. 2099: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2083:, p. 87. 2082: 2077: 2071:, p. 78. 2070: 2065: 2063: 2056:, p. 25. 2055: 2050: 2044:, p. 20. 2043: 2038: 2031: 2026: 2020:, p. 55. 2019: 2014: 2012: 2005:, p. 60. 2004: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1988:, p. 59. 1987: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1971:, p. 93. 1970: 1965: 1959:, p. 92. 1958: 1953: 1947:, p. 91. 1946: 1941: 1939: 1932:, p. 97. 1931: 1926: 1924: 1916: 1911: 1904: 1899: 1893:, p. 96. 1892: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1873: 1872:Cunliffe 2010 1868: 1862:, p. 88. 1861: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1828: 1823: 1816: 1811: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1790:, p. 31. 1789: 1784: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1760: 1755: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1733: 1728: 1721: 1716: 1709: 1704: 1697: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1667: 1662: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589:Ronald Hutton 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1547: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1463:In 1963, the 1461: 1459: 1458:Massachusetts 1455: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:Druid's Voice 1381: 1380:Primrose Hill 1377: 1373: 1372:Ronald Hutton 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:Tim Sebastion 1329: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1275:Ronald Hutton 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1243:William Price 1236: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1224:reincarnation 1220: 1219:Primrose Hill 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203:Iolo Morganwg 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1139:Conrad Celtis 1135: 1130: 1122: 1117: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 979: 975: 972: 969: 967: 963: 960: 959: 956:Associations 955: 952: 949: 946: 945: 942: 940: 936: 933:in 1964, and 932: 928: 923: 919: 917: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 886: 882: 877: 875: 874:Iolo Morganwg 871: 867: 857: 848: 846: 842: 837: 835: 834: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 800: 797: 793: 789: 788: 779: 775: 766: 764: 760: 755: 750: 748: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 705:like that at 704: 703:stone circles 700: 696: 687: 683: 681: 678:writers like 677: 673: 669: 664: 659: 654: 645: 642: 640: 639: 632: 630: 624: 620: 612: 603: 601: 596: 594: 590: 589:Chosen Chiefs 586: 582: 577: 568: 565: 561: 557: 553: 552:human remains 549: 544: 535: 530: 520: 518: 514: 509: 506: 505:Iolo Morganwg 502: 497: 495: 489: 487: 480: 454: 450: 446: 438: 436: 431: 428: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 396: 391: 390:Iolo Morganwg 387: 382: 373: 371: 367: 362: 360: 359: 354: 353: 348: 344: 341:Druids" and " 340: 334: 332: 328: 319: 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 292:Marion Bowman 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 252: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 217: 216: 211: 210: 205: 201: 200:Iolo Morganwg 196: 194: 190: 181: 172: 169: 167: 163: 157: 155: 154:British Isles 149: 147: 143: 140:movement and 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 99: 95: 92: 88: 84: 80: 73: 69: 65: 60: 54: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7939:Spirituality 7924:Neo-druidism 7896:Celts portal 7854:– in Spanish 7689:Arran Gaelic 7610:Proto-Celtic 7578:Bungi Creole 7477:Celtic unity 7413:Independence 7212: 7195: 7019:Gaelic music 6955:Celtic Dress 6904:High crosses 6894:Celtic cross 6872:Bell shrines 6803:Irish annals 6585:Neo-Druidism 6584: 6580:Celtic Wicca 6551:Celtic union 6515:Modern Celts 6406:Celtic women 6309:Celtic Rites 6258:Transylvania 6118:Ulster Scots 5988:Anglo-Celtic 5835:Celtiberians 5780: 5772: 5764: 5752:modern Celts 5686:Neotribalism 5512:Interfaith: 5400: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5333: 5326: 5253:South Africa 5159:Neoshamanism 5007:Ross Nichols 4977:Vera Chapman 4822: 4779: 4756: 4734: 4712: 4690: 4668: 4646: 4604: 4600: 4574: 4554:. New York: 4551: 4528: 4509: 4464: 4445: 4419: 4390: 4371: 4359: 4355: 4336: 4311: 4307: 4298: 4284:(3): 40–59. 4281: 4277: 4263:(1): 58–73. 4260: 4256: 4237: 4211: 4192: 4169: 4160: 4156: 4132: 4109: 4097:. Retrieved 4080: 4068:. Retrieved 4054: 4044: 4036: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3976: 3954:Cooper 2009b 3949: 3942:Cooper 2009b 3937: 3930:Cooper 2009b 3925: 3906: 3894: 3882:. Retrieved 3872: 3865:Clifton 2006 3860: 3848: 3836: 3829:Cooper 2009b 3824: 3812: 3804: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3753: 3722: 3706: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3663:Hutton 2009b 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3603:Hutton 2009b 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3533:. pp. 49–55. 3526: 3508: 3502: 3482: 3475: 3456: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3382: 3353: 3311: 3299: 3292:Letcher 2004 3287: 3275: 3268:Letcher 2004 3247:Letcher 2004 3242: 3234: 3225: 3213:. Retrieved 3209:the original 3204: 3194: 3184:26 September 3182:. Retrieved 3172: 3162: 3145: 3139: 3128:, retrieved 3124:the original 3118: 3096: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3020: 2993: 2981: 2969: 2942: 2930: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2797: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2685:Letcher 2004 2680: 2669:Letcher 2004 2664: 2652: 2640: 2628: 2612: 2585: 2573: 2567:(105). 2009. 2564: 2558: 2552:(104). 2009. 2549: 2543: 2501: 2472: 2430: 2418: 2406:. Retrieved 2400: 2393: 2351: 2275: 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2184: 2134: 2122: 2076: 2054:Letcher 2004 2049: 2037: 2025: 1964: 1952: 1910: 1903:Cooper 2009b 1898: 1867: 1834: 1822: 1810: 1783: 1754: 1727: 1715: 1703: 1696:discoveries. 1694: 1687:. Retrieved 1683:the original 1679:"The Druids" 1673: 1661: 1649: 1637: 1586: 1574:Libertarians 1563: 1556: 1552: 1541:Demographics 1524: 1515: 1509: 1489: 1477:Mother Earth 1462: 1443: 1433: 1397: 1387: 1383: 1369: 1351:high priest 1330: 1323: 1307:Ross Nichols 1304: 1288: 1252: 1240: 1200: 1174: 1166:monotheistic 1143: 1126: 927:Ross Nichols 924: 920: 913: 889: 878: 862: 838: 831: 825: 801: 795: 792:Eco-Paganism 785: 783: 751: 743: 731:Hill of Tara 692: 680:John Michell 668:earth energy 663:sacred sites 655: 651: 643: 636: 633: 625: 621: 617: 597: 592: 588: 584: 580: 578: 574: 545: 541: 532: 510: 498: 494:polytheistic 491: 485: 482: 462: 451: 447: 444: 432: 429: 425: 397: 394: 363: 356: 350: 335: 324: 311: 307: 295: 280:neo-shamanic 265: 257:Roman Empire 253: 249: 220: 213: 207: 197: 186: 170: 158: 150: 119: 100: 96: 82: 78: 77: 74:, year 1999. 36: 18:Neo-Druidism 7811:Trimarcisia 7796:Gallóglaigh 7625:Celtiberian 7349:Isle of Man 7308:Nationalism 7197:Bataireacht 7116:Calan Gaeaf 7075:Isle of Man 6919:Leaf-crowns 6909:Insular art 6882:Dragonesque 6844:Isle of Man 6698:Nova Scotia 6651:Isle of Man 6575:Neopaganism 6319:Monasticism 5830:Caledonians 5681:Hermeticism 5300:Ausar Auset 5279:Movements ( 5248:Scandinavia 4916:Dynion Mwyn 4787:Neodruidism 4017:Hutton 2003 3899:Harvey 2007 3792:Howell 2015 3780:Hutton 2003 3768:Hutton 2003 3746:Hutton 2003 3715:Hutton 2003 3699:Hutton 2003 3687:Hutton 2003 3675:Hutton 2003 3639:Hutton 2009 3627:Hutton 2009 3615:Hutton 2009 3591:Hutton 2009 3579:Hutton 2009 3567:Hutton 2009 3555:Hutton 2009 3543:Hutton 2009 3531:Hutton 2009 3407:Cooper 2009 3395:Cooper 2009 3391:Butler 2005 3387:Bowman 2002 3375:Harvey 2007 3358:Harvey 2007 3346:Harvey 2007 3331:Harvey 2007 3316:Harvey 2007 3304:Butler 2005 3280:Harvey 2007 3251:Harvey 2007 3101:Harvey 2007 3089:Harvey 2007 3085:Bowman 2002 3073:Butler 2005 3049:Butler 2005 3013:Butler 2005 2986:Gieser 2016 2974:Butler 2005 2962:Bowman 2002 2908:Butler 2005 2872:Butler 2005 2848:Butler 2005 2836:Butler 2005 2821:Butler 2005 2802:Butler 2005 2786:Butler 2005 2750:Bowman 2002 2725:Harvey 2007 2721:Bowman 2002 2709:Anczyk 2015 2697:Harvey 2007 2673:Harvey 2007 2657:Harvey 2007 2645:Harvey 2007 2633:Butler 2005 2621:Harvey 2007 2617:Butler 2005 2521:Cooper 2009 2506:Harvey 2007 2494:Harvey 2007 2477:Butler 2005 2465:Butler 2005 2450:Cooper 2009 2435:Cooper 2009 2423:Harvey 2007 2408:10 February 2386:Cooper 2009 2371:Gieser 2016 2356:Harvey 2007 2329:Gieser 2016 2268:Harvey 2007 2241:Bowman 2002 2229:Bowman 2002 2205:Cooper 2009 2193:Butler 2005 2189:Bowman 2002 2158:Bowman 2002 2143:Bowman 2002 2127:Butler 2005 2115:Bowman 2002 2098:Bowman 2002 2081:Butler 2005 2069:Bowman 2002 2042:Anczyk 2015 2018:Gieser 2016 2003:Cooper 2009 1986:Cooper 2009 1969:Bowman 2002 1957:Butler 2005 1945:Butler 2005 1930:Butler 2005 1915:Butler 2005 1891:Butler 2005 1860:Butler 2005 1839:Butler 2005 1580:, and 3.6% 1578:Republicans 1187:Freemasonry 1146:antiquarian 1129:Romanticist 1121:archaeology 966:Calan Gaeaf 892:hobby horse 763:sweat lodge 754:sweat lodge 719:Oxfordshire 593:Arch Druids 435:King Arthur 413:monotheists 405:polytheists 122:Freemasonry 7918:Categories 7874:– in Italy 7776:Ceathairne 7640:Gallaecian 7270:Road bowls 7175:Eisteddfod 7143:Calan Awst 7139:Lughnasadh 6745:Literature 6608:definition 6431:Clan chief 6218:Roman Gaul 6209:Hen Ogledd 5935:including 5917:including 5618:In society 5605:Stregheria 5600:Reclaiming 5343:Burkhanism 5137:Approaches 5088:Stonehenge 4955:Neo-Druids 4852:Eisteddfod 4531:. Leiden: 4362:: 182–196. 4163:(1): 9–22. 3884:8 December 3853:Adler 2006 3841:Adler 2006 3817:Adler 2006 3651:Lewis 2009 3443:White 2021 3431:White 2021 3419:White 2021 2896:White 2021 2884:White 2021 2774:White 2021 2762:White 2021 2605:White 2021 2590:White 2021 2578:White 2021 2344:White 2021 2295:White 2021 2280:White 2021 1815:White 2021 1788:White 2021 1776:White 2021 1759:White 2021 1747:White 2021 1732:White 2021 1720:White 2021 1708:White 2021 1689:1 December 1666:White 2021 1654:White 2021 1642:White 2021 1625:References 1284:Bronze Age 1282:and early 1267:Stonehenge 1158:Stonehenge 1072:Lughnasadh 885:homeopathy 796:Eisteddfod 787:Eisteddfod 721:, and the 695:Stonehenge 658:megalithic 606:Ceremonies 517:elementals 409:pantheists 388:symbol of 175:Definition 45:Stonehenge 7806:Redshanks 7781:Ceithearn 7509:Brittonic 7501:Languages 7134:Calan Mai 7125:Gŵyl Fair 7099:Festivals 6914:Interlace 6338:Mythology 6329:Practices 6241:Gallaecia 5855:Galatians 5701:Theosophy 5671:Ariosophy 5625:Criticism 5564:Ivanovism 5527:Syncretic 5484:Hungarian 5312:Heathenry 5305:Godianism 5268:Minnesota 5223:Australia 5073:Heathenry 4621:144149706 4499:ignored ( 4481:143506407 4328:218836456 4099:2 October 4070:2 October 3855:. p. 341. 3843:. p. 340. 3641:. p. 323. 3629:. p. 343. 3025:Hale 2000 2312:Hale 2000 2253:Hale 2000 2217:Hale 2000 2177:Hale 2000 2139:Hale 2000 1630:Footnotes 1570:Democrats 1412:based on 1280:Neolithic 1271:Wiltshire 1253:In 1874, 1215:Glamorgan 1170:a Messiah 1154:megaliths 1039:Calan Mai 947:Festival 910:Festivals 881:herbalism 833:gorseddau 699:Wiltshire 672:ley lines 564:Wiltshire 415:; 7% are 358:Babylon 5 352:Star Trek 284:neo-tribe 91:religious 87:spiritual 49:Wiltshire 7791:Gaesatae 7682:dialects 7645:Lepontic 7635:Galatian 7537:Goidelic 7387:Autonomy 7302:Politics 7255:Rounders 7107:Calendar 7080:Scotland 7065:Cornwall 7060:Brittany 6948:Clothing 6899:Knotwork 6877:Brooches 6849:Scotland 6834:Cornwall 6829:Brittany 6708:Y Wladfa 6663:Scotland 6627:Cornwall 6615:Brittany 6466:Seanchaí 6461:Tanistry 6421:Derbfine 6350:Scottish 6236:Brittany 6232:Domnonée 6228:Armorica 6223:Britonia 6205:Dumnonia 6180:Dálriata 5865:Lepontii 5860:Helvetii 5845:Gallaeci 5474:Estonian 5415:Hellenic 5410:Germanic 5396:Egyptian 5353:Caucasic 5328:Dievturi 5317:Armenian 5296:African 5144:Eclectic 5068:Paganism 4755:(1990). 4733:(2000). 4711:(2006). 4667:(2006). 4645:(2011). 4444:(2009). 4395:Berghahn 4370:(2007). 4236:(2006). 4216:ABC-CLIO 3915:Archived 3215:7 August 3130:7 August 2425:. p. 34. 1608:See also 1497:Hassidic 1448:and the 1247:Chartist 1178:Anglesey 1035:Beltaine 904:Cornwall 870:coelbren 821:Brittany 809:Scotland 747:fracking 713:such as 556:reburial 457:Theology 421:atheists 417:agnostic 401:animists 312:Druidess 233:Napoleon 229:Voltaire 142:naturism 111:Iron Age 83:Druidism 7844:Deities 7801:Hobelar 7763:Warfare 7726:Warfare 7660:Pictish 7655:Cumbric 7630:Gaulish 7602:Extinct 7522:Cornish 7320:history 7265:Hurling 7239:Ladies' 7230:Curling 7203:Camogie 7130:Beltane 7112:Samhain 7070:Ireland 6839:Ireland 6734:Culture 6703:England 6639:Ireland 6597:Nations 6496:Coinage 6486:Warfare 6379:Society 6370:Cornish 6360:British 6263:Galatia 6253:Balkans 6161:Studies 5898:Cornish 5893:Bretons 5870:Noricum 5825:Britons 5798:Peoples 5696:Thelema 5534:Adonism 5494:Mordvin 5479:Finnish 5450:Ynglism 5440:RUNVira 5425:Semitic 5376:Druidry 5238:Ireland 5233:Hungary 5207:Temples 5171:Secular 5154:New Age 5036:Related 4735:Druidry 4424:239–258 4138:Penguin 4123:Sources 3758:council 1576:, 4.6% 1572:, 5.1% 1434:creidim 1426:Ireland 1388:Aisling 1162:Avebury 1111:Origins 1106:History 962:Samhain 900:Padstow 813:England 805:Ireland 707:Avebury 560:Avebury 376:Beliefs 343:Hasidic 276:New Age 261:channel 209:Gorsedd 166:Heathen 79:Druidry 53:England 7839:Tribes 7786:Fianna 7573:Shelta 7517:Breton 7337:status 7275:Shinty 7250:Gouren 7214:Cnapan 7208:Cammag 7121:Imbolc 7044:Carnyx 6970:Tartan 6889:Carnyx 6656:Mannin 6632:Kernow 6620:Breizh 6490:Gaelic 6446:Fáinne 6391:Brehon 6365:Breton 6314:Druids 6168:Places 5875:Volcae 5820:Belgae 5781:· 5779: 5773:· 5771: 5765:· 5763: 5499:Udmurt 5469:Uralic 5430:Slavic 5370:Celtic 5358:Abkhaz 5335:Romuva 5322:Baltic 5290:Ethnic 4889:Orders 4763: 4741: 4719: 4697: 4675: 4653: 4619: 4581: 4562: 4539: 4516: 4479: 4452: 4430: 4401: 4378: 4343: 4326: 4244: 4222: 4199: 4180: 4144: 3515: 3490: 3463: 3152: 1582:Greens 1002:Imbolc 819:, and 817:France 585:orders 581:groves 245:Ossian 235:, and 193:druids 115:druids 107:Celtic 72:Hanvec 7829:Lists 7650:Noric 7565:Mixed 7545:Irish 7527:Welsh 7191:Bando 7184:Sport 7085:Wales 7001:Music 6934:Torcs 6924:Mazes 6854:Wales 6680:Cymru 6675:Wales 6558:Music 6481:Vates 6476:Túath 6426:Druid 6355:Welsh 6345:Irish 5931:Scots 5913:Irish 5908:Gaels 5903:Welsh 5850:Gauls 5840:Gaels 5811:Names 5783: 5775: 5767: 5748:Celts 5585:Wicca 5506:Zuism 5420:Roman 5383:Wicca 5243:Italy 5202:Music 5083:Wicca 5058:Druid 5053:Celts 4617:S2CID 4597:(PDF) 4533:Brill 4477:S2CID 4324:S2CID 4089:(PDF) 1485:Wicca 1414:Spain 1156:like 866:ogham 841:blues 308:Druid 241:Homer 204:Welsh 162:Pagan 126:Bards 32:Druid 7724:and 7550:Manx 7437:and 6668:Alba 6644:Éire 6563:Rock 6471:Sept 6451:Fili 6386:Bard 6184:Alba 5926:Manx 5750:and 5595:Feri 5489:Mari 5462:list 5281:list 4837:Awen 4761:ISBN 4739:ISBN 4717:ISBN 4695:ISBN 4673:ISBN 4651:ISBN 4579:ISBN 4560:ISBN 4537:ISBN 4514:ISBN 4501:help 4450:ISBN 4428:ISBN 4399:ISBN 4376:ISBN 4341:ISBN 4242:ISBN 4220:ISBN 4197:ISBN 4178:ISBN 4142:ISBN 4101:2010 4072:2010 3886:2015 3513:ISBN 3488:ISBN 3461:ISBN 3217:2014 3186:2006 3154:1078 3150:PMID 3132:2014 2410:2023 1691:2014 1398:The 1160:and 883:and 845:rave 843:and 759:died 727:Kent 529:Awen 523:Awen 386:Awen 384:The 355:and 278:and 7734:Law 7722:Law 6864:Art 6456:Law 4609:doi 4469:doi 4316:doi 4286:doi 4265:doi 1493:Zen 1424:of 1269:in 995:sun 898:of 823:. 725:in 717:in 629:pub 591:or 339:Zen 164:or 89:or 70:in 47:in 7920:: 6234:/ 6230:/ 6216:/ 6207:/ 6203:/ 6199:/ 6195:/ 6191:/ 6182:/ 5583:: 5516:· 4615:. 4605:15 4603:. 4599:. 4493:: 4491:}} 4487:{{ 4475:. 4426:. 4418:. 4358:. 4322:. 4312:12 4310:. 4282:12 4280:. 4261:11 4259:. 4176:. 4161:13 4159:. 4140:. 4091:. 4062:. 3961:^ 3734:^ 3365:^ 3338:^ 3323:^ 3258:^ 3233:, 3203:. 3177:. 3171:. 3108:^ 3005:^ 2954:^ 2915:^ 2828:^ 2813:^ 2732:^ 2597:^ 2528:^ 2513:^ 2484:^ 2457:^ 2442:^ 2378:^ 2363:^ 2336:^ 2319:^ 2302:^ 2287:^ 2260:^ 2165:^ 2150:^ 2105:^ 2088:^ 2061:^ 2010:^ 1993:^ 1976:^ 1937:^ 1922:^ 1879:^ 1850:^ 1795:^ 1766:^ 1739:^ 1693:. 1584:. 1522:. 1487:. 1471:, 1297:. 1037:, 964:, 941:. 906:. 902:, 815:, 811:, 807:, 741:. 682:. 631:. 595:. 562:, 513:Sí 423:. 361:. 231:, 156:. 51:, 7241:) 7237:( 7141:/ 7132:/ 7123:/ 7114:/ 6683:) 6677:( 6671:) 6665:( 6659:) 6653:( 6647:) 6641:( 6635:) 6629:( 6623:) 6617:( 6492:) 6488:( 5813:) 5809:( 5740:e 5733:t 5726:v 5283:) 5122:e 5115:t 5108:v 4815:e 4808:t 4801:v 4769:. 4747:. 4725:. 4703:. 4681:. 4659:. 4623:. 4611:: 4587:. 4568:. 4545:. 4522:. 4503:) 4483:. 4471:: 4458:. 4436:. 4407:. 4384:. 4360:8 4349:. 4330:. 4318:: 4292:. 4288:: 4271:. 4267:: 4250:. 4228:. 4205:. 4186:. 4150:. 4103:. 4074:. 3888:. 3729:. 3496:. 3469:. 3219:. 3188:. 3156:. 2412:. 1874:. 1402:( 1123:. 337:" 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index