857:
34:
236:
897:. They contain a high amount of lead or consist of pure lead and are distributed from the Iberian Peninsula to eastern Germany, Ireland and Southern Britain, with some pieces from Scotland, Poland and Switzerland. Different regional types are known: Brandivy in Morbihan, Dahouet and Plurien on the North coast, Tréhou in Finistère. The miniature types of Maure-de-Bretagne, Ille-et-Vilaine and Couville are typical of
1033:-remains have been found. At Tregor, boudins de Calage (hand-bricks) were the typical form of briquetage, between 2,5 and 15 cm long and with a diameter between 4–7 cm. At the salterns at Landrellec and Enez Vihan at Pleumeur-Bodou the remains of rectangular ovens have been excavated that are 2,5–3 m long and ca. 1 m wide and constructed of stones and clay. On the
465:, J. Briard sees them as burials of warrior-priests. Certainly not everybody was buried in this way, but nothing is known of "commoner-burials", especially as bones are not normally preserved in the acidic soils of Brittany. The gold-pin decoration of the dagger hilts and the amber-beads show close connection to the Wessex-culture, but there are technical differences.
433:, which indicates a complete change of the social structure. The Breton barrows have been divided into two series by Cogné and Guiot, the first dating from 1900-1600 bc, the second to 1600-1400 bc. The barrows of the first series can be up to 50 m in diameter and 6 m high. They are found in Western Brittany, along the coast, the
441:. A few examples have been recorded from Normandy. The barrows contain a small cairn over a stone cist, wooden coffin or dry stone structure containing the burial. Often the chambers are covered by large stone slabs. Sometimes roofed mortuary houses are found, for example at St. Jude en Bourbriac. The stone
475:
The barrows of the second series are a bit smaller and show a more inland-distribution. They do not normally contain metal, but numerous pottery vessels, high biconical vessels, sometimes with a geometric decoration under the rim, or single four-handled undecorated pots. There seems to be no division
69:, owing to its latitude, proximity to the coast and absence of significant mountain ranges. However, even though free of glaciers, Palaeolithic Brittany was extremely cold compared to its present climate, with annual mean temperatures at the last glacial maximum estimated at -3 °C (27 °F).
852:
Pollen analysis shows that widespread clearance of the beech forests took place in the early Bronze Age. Cereal pollen have been found at
Porsguen, Plouescat, for example. Domestic animals included sheep, goats and cattle, but hunting may have still provided a lot of meat. La Roche, Videlles, has
837:
deposits. Numerous hoards contain tools and weapons, but metalwork is rarely found in burials or settlements, which makes the synchronisation of hoards and settlements difficult. The Tréboul-group of hoards is thought to be contemporaneous with the second series barrows. Decorated spear-heads,
853:
still 60% wild animals among the animal bones, but it is not clear if this is typical. Carbonised remains of naked wheat and barley have been found at Plounéour-Trez, hazelnuts and acorns were eaten as well. Flint still formed an important part of the tool inventory.
181:
of 4625 (uncal.) for Hoëdic places it in the 6th
Millennium BC cal, rather late in the Mesolithic sequence, and indeed there are some indications of contact with agricultural societies to the East. Their economy was based on marine resources. Recently, a number of
344:. Some geometric decoration occurs, but is rather rare. Vase-supports of Chassey-type are found as well, the Breton variety has been named the Er Lannic type and is characterised by triangular perforations, while the examples found in the
239:
The
Kerloas Menhir, near Plouarzel. With a height of 9.5 metres this menhir is the tallest standing menhir in Brittany. A few centuries ago the top was knocked off in a thunder storm: originally it must have been over 10 metres
212:
Some scholars speculate that megalithic graves might go back to the
Mesolithic, but this contention is difficult to prove, as most structures have been reused. Large numbers of microliths have been found under the
1183:
Cunliffe, Barry; Karl, Raimund; Guerra, AmĂlcar; McEvoy, Brian; Bradley, Daniel; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Rrvik, Ellen; Isaac, Graham; Parsons, David; Koch, John T.; Freeman, Philip & Wodtko, Dagmar S. (2010).
957:
the first written language so far discovered from this era, but this view stands in contrast to the more generally accepted view of
Celticists that their origin lies with the Central European
256:
from the eastern edge of the Breton Massif for bracelets in settlements in the Paris Bassin attests to widespread trade. A bracelet of polished stone found in a grave in the VSG-settlement of
392:
material is known from some settlement sites, for example Kastel Koz, other beakers were found in rivers. Marine beakers predominate, AOC-decoration is found in
Southern Brittany. Small
88:
Consequently, few if any people could survive in
Brittany prior to the end of the last glaciation, and only a few Palaeolithic sites are known from Brittany, like the rock shelter of
1014:
are widespread in
Northern Armorica, for example at Trégor, Ebihens and Enez Vihan near Pleumeur-Bodou (Côtes-d'Armor) and the island of Yoc'h near Landuvez (Finistère) of late
371:-influenced pottery in central Brittany includes the Quessoy and Crec'h Quille/Le Melus types. Collared bottles can be related to the Kragenflaschenhorizont of the late TBK.
880:
73:
was present with only a very shallow active layer estimated at only 1 foot (30 cm) thawing each summer, so that only a very light (less than 5 percent) cover of
307:
190:
349:
303:
879:
influence. Hoards are numerous. The Saint-Brieuc-des-Iffs phase marks the beginnings of the
Atlantic bronze industries. It is succeeded by the
1232:
Monnier, Jean-Jacques & Cassard, Jean-Christophe, with a team of scholars of the Breton
Universities of Brest, Nantes, and Rennes (1996)
143:
without any particular order. Some graves show evidence of postmortal manipulations of the bones. There are single burials and empty graves (
1185:
283:
generally date to between 4000 and 3000 bc, followed by evolved passage graves between 3000-2500 bc. In the later part of the Neolithic,
194:
336:
Middle Neolithic settlements include La Motte, La Butte-aux-Pierres and Lannic. They mainly concentrate on the Coast. The pottery shows
916:
93:
872:
Some standing stones (Menhirs) and stone alignments date to the early Bronze Age, for example the Grand Menhir Brisé at Locmariaquer.
1022:
937:
culture. This culture was a maritime trading-networked culture that included Brittany and most of the rest of France, the other
1195:
245:
1069:
365:
By the middle of the 3rd century, the Kerugou, upper and lower Conguel and Rosmeur/Croh Collé types became preponderant.
17:
1276:
1262:
1241:
1227:
1379:
362:(a double oval of standing stones and a ditch) sometimes contain settlement material and pottery of Chasséen-type.
1127:"Tartessian: Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History in Acta Palaeohispanica X Palaeohispanica 9 (2009)"
325:
Carn-pottery, thin walled round based deep bowls, often with applied crescents (croissants) is typical for early
41:, the largest collection of megaliths in the world, demonstrate the organisation of Neolithic culture in Brittany
933:
The Museum of PreHistory in Carnac has large quantities of Late Bronze Age bronze and copper artifacts from the
1374:
291:
became the predominant type of burial monument. Some passage graves are decorated with incised lines, of which
1369:
1364:
890:
in great numbers. At Maure-de-Bretagne, over 4000 axes have been found, ca. 800 at Tréhou and Loudéac.
426:
408:
1108:
368:
1187:
Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature
81:, which (in Europe) are found today only in areas then uninhabitable due to the presence of thick
1201:
340:
influences. Bowls are still round-bottomed, but with s-shaped profiles and vertically perforated
218:
183:
842:
and long daggers are typical. The hoard from Bignan (Morbihan) contained only bronze jewellery.
469:
445:
can be quite large, up to 4 m long, but always only contain a single body. Grave gifts include
299:
249:
1094:
833:
The later part of the early Bronze Age saw the beginning of the exploitation of the Armorican
399:
There is no indication that the beaker people already exploited the Armorican metal deposits.
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105:
28:
77:
could grow. This vegetation could only support very low densities of grazing mammals like
8:
1162:
1050:
962:
954:
934:
438:
96:. The only cave site known so far is Roc'h Toul in a sandstone promontory near Guiclan (
1349:
856:
483:
479:
Glass-beads are found in some graves, for example at Mez-Nabat, Plouhinec (Finistère).
178:
1026:
1015:
348:
show circular perforations. Other local pottery types include Castellic grooved ware,
1272:
1258:
1237:
1223:
1191:
1137:
1037:
about 50 salterns have been found so far, mainly dating to the final La TĂ©ne period.
958:
849:
are known from the late Bronze Age onwards as well, for example at Curnic, Guissény.
1008:
Armorican gold coins have been widely exported and are even found in the Rhineland.
378:
was imported in some quantity. Some type of Breton axes were exported. For example,
284:
108:. Because of the presence of points with curved backs, it is now connected with the
1034:
950:
330:
230:
206:
164:
174:
graves. The bones of an infant have been postmortally ornamented with striations.
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109:
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326:
214:
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280:
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38:
396:
plaques are known from beaker graves, in Kerouaren a diadem has been found.
990:
942:
923:
472:, Finistère, provides a good example of a rich burial of the first series.
383:
382:
axes made at Plussulien have been found in Britain. The dolmen Mané-Lud at
355:
319:
140:
893:
The axes are mainly unused and may have been a form of ingot of primitive
417:
culture is commonly believed to have grown out of Beaker roots, with some
97:
998:
462:
315:
261:
193:
in Plomeur (Finistère), domestic dog and cattle were already present, in
156:
101:
1134:
Palaeohispánica: Revista Sobre Lenguas y Culturas de la Hispania Antigua
337:
1030:
1025:. Each oven was about 2 m long. The site dates to the end of the early
978:
414:
341:
269:
124:
70:
66:
62:
46:
839:
454:
359:
198:
82:
33:
1163:"New research suggests Welsh Celtic roots lie in Spain and Portugal"
132:
128:
100:). The cave contained about 200 artifacts and was dated to the late
1046:
1011:
986:
894:
876:
379:
311:
292:
276:
257:
252:
tradition are found in eastern Brittany at Le Haut Meé. The use of
144:
136:
78:
50:
1298:; 6 vol. 4to, Plihon Editeur, Imprimerie Vatar, Rennes 1905-1914.
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112:
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994:
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developed in the intense interactions of this culture with the
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904:
450:
434:
288:
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202:
167:, or rather fisher-gatherers. Certain shells are sex-specific.
152:
148:
115:. Other Azilian sites include Parc-an-Plenen and Enez Guennoc.
74:
1267:
Dillon, Myles, Chadwick, Nora & Guyonvarc'h, Christian-J.
1021:
An estimated 40–55 kg of salt per oven were produced at
973:
A variety of tribes are mentioned in Roman sources, like the
912:
908:
887:
446:
375:
265:
160:
1190:. Oxbow Books and Celtic Studies Publications. p. 384.
442:
393:
275:
The earliest long mounds date to the early-5th millennium (
171:
1234:"Toute l’histoire de Bretagne" in Britain and in Brittany
177:
The corresponding settlements consist of shell middens. A
834:
458:
127:
sites from Brittany are the cemeteries on the islands of
1337:
MĂ©moires pour servir de preuves Ă l'Histoire de Bretagne
1182:
453:
cups, gold-hilted daggers (Saint Adrien), tanged flint
298:
Some scholars see an influence of the central European
1324:; 2 vol. folio. Paris:, veuve elaguette, 1750-1756.
1220:
Saints, Seaways and Settlements in the Celtic Lands
1250:; 621 pp. Angers: Presse de l'Université d' Angers
147:) as well. The graves are covered with stones, a
1356:
1289:L'Histoire de la Bretagne et des pays celtiques
886:The square-socketed armorican axes turn up in
374:From the late 3rd millennium, Grand-Pressigny
314:), but this should rather be connected to the
268:in southern Morbihan, proves trade with local
1339:; 3 vol. folio. Paris: Ch. Osmont, 1742-1746.
1001:describe the Armoricani as belonging to the
941:, England, Spain and Portugal. According to
155:forming a sort of dome. Rich funeral gifts,
1236:; 800 pages. Morlaix: Editions Skol-Vreizh
1281:Dillon, Myles & Chadwick, Nora (1967)
429:), rich individual graves are found under
883:, found in Britain and Portugal as well.
329:. It is found in Finistère, Morbihan and
922:Settlements have rarely been excavated,
907:was imported from Spain as plano-convex
875:The later Bronze Age sees only a slight
855:
437:river and at the southern border of the
386:is thought to show a picture of a boat.
234:
32:
1294:Le Moyne de la Borderie, Arthur (1905)
1118:
1029:or the middle La Tène period. Numerous
965:cannot be classified as Celtic at all.
14:
1357:
930:is an example of a fortified village.
186:dates have been published for Hoëdic.
159:, engraved bones, shell ornaments and
139:. The collective graves are placed in
1222:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press
302:in the finds from the longbarrows of
1124:
425:influence. In the early Bronze Age (
295:is probably the best known example.
1101:
163:demonstrate the affluence of these
24:
1309:; 2 vol. folio Paris: veuve Muguet
1070:"Le Musée de Préhistoire à Carnac"
244:The westernmost extensions of the
25:
1391:
1285:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson
1271:, Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1974.
1109:"O'Donnell Lecture 2008 Appendix"
1160:
1040:
246:Villeneuve-Saint-Germain culture
1212:
56:
1176:
1154:
1095:"News: Aberystwyth University"
1087:
1062:
476:of the grave goods by gender.
260:Les-Longues-Raies was made of
13:
1:
1055:
402:
118:
1291:, Morlaix, Skol Vreizh, 1966
1246:Tonnerre, Noël-Yves (1994)
1136:. Palaeohispanica: 339–351.
486:are known from the barrows:
224:
7:
1343:
1255:Les origines de la Bretagne
968:
10:
1396:
1044:
406:
228:
170:In Teviec there are stone
26:
427:Armorican Tumulus culture
409:Armorican Tumulus culture
318:tradition, ultimately of
1248:Naissance de la Bretagne
662:Guidel, Tuchenn Cruguel
461:. Because of these rich
369:Seine-Oise-Marne culture
1380:Archaeology of Brittany
1296:Histoire de la Bretagne
560:Saint Evarzec, Kerhuel
352:, and Colpo-type ware.
219:fr:Tumulus de Dissignac
45:This page concerns the
1269:Les royaumes celtiques
1253:Fleuriot, LĂ©on (1980)
869:
730:Plouzévédé, Ar Réunic
696:Plouzévédé, Ar Réunic
526:Melrand, Saint-Fiacre
300:Linear Pottery culture
250:Linear Pottery culture
241:
42:
1375:Archaeology of France
881:carp's-tongue complex
859:
798:Plouhinec, Lescongar
407:Further information:
238:
201:were associated with
36:
1322:Histoire de Bretagne
1307:Histoire de Bretagne
1218:Bowen, E. G. (1977)
949:, Karl, and Wodtko,
926:at the mouth of the
611:Kerno en Ploudariel
594:Ligollenec, Berrien
470:Kernonen en Plouvorn
39:alignments of Carnac
29:Prehistory of France
1370:History of Brittany
1331:& Taillandier,
1316:& Taillandier,
1257:. Paris: Éd. Payot
1125:Koch, John (2009).
1051:History of Brittany
955:Tartessian language
935:Atlantic Bronze Age
747:Plouvorn, Kernonen
713:Plouvorn, Kernonen
645:Cleger, Kervelerin
628:Plouvorn, Kernonen
509:Plouvorn, Kernonen
504:standard deviation
264:from the island of
61:Brittany was never
1365:Prehistoric France
1350:Prehistoric France
911:, as found in the
870:
866:Table des Marchand
862:Grand Menhir Brisé
784:Charente Maritime
308:Mané Pochat er Ieu
242:
43:
18:Neolithic Brittany
1283:The Celtic Realms
1197:978-1-84217-410-4
959:Hallstatt culture
831:
830:
679:Cleder, Le Helen
484:radiocarbon-dates
16:(Redirected from
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1206:
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1200:. Archived from
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1072:. Archived from
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1035:Gulf of Morbihan
951:Celtic languages
489:
488:
331:Loire-Atlantique
285:allées couvertes
231:Neolithic France
179:radiocarbon date
165:hunter-gatherers
131:(10 graves) and
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868:at Locmariaquer
764:Goarem Goasven
543:Goarem Goasven
411:
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346:Channel Islands
327:chambered tombs
233:
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191:Beg an Dorchenn
123:The best-known
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110:epipalaeolithic
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135:(9 graves) in
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1076:on 2010-06-04
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1041:Later history
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255:
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248:, based on a
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222:
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205:evidence for
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1213:Bibliography
1202:the original
1186:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1161:Koch, John.
1156:
1145:. Retrieved
1133:
1120:
1103:
1089:
1078:. Retrieved
1074:the original
1064:
1020:
1010:
1007:
991:Coriosolites
972:
943:John T. Koch
932:
924:Ploubazlanec
921:
915:of Penfoul,
903:
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874:
871:
865:
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851:
844:
832:
482:A number of
481:
478:
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467:
412:
398:
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384:Locmariaquer
373:
367:
364:
354:
335:
324:
322:extraction.
297:
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243:
211:
188:
176:
169:
122:
106:de Mortillet
87:
60:
57:Palaeolithic
44:
999:Poseidonius
498:Lab number
463:grave goods
350:Souc'h-ware
316:la Hoguette
287:and simple
262:amphibolite
184:accelerator
157:flint tools
102:Magdalenian
65:during the
1359:Categories
1301:Lobineau,
1147:2010-05-17
1080:2010-06-01
1056:References
1031:briquetage
979:Armoricani
963:Tartessian
818:Finistère
801:Finistère
781:Courcoury
767:Finistère
750:Finistère
733:Finistère
716:Finistère
699:Finistère
682:Finistère
665:Finistère
648:Finistère
631:Finistère
614:Finistère
597:Finistère
580:Finistère
563:Finistère
546:Finistère
512:Finistère
457:and stone
455:arrowheads
415:Bronze Age
413:The early
403:Bronze Age
304:Mané Ty Ec
270:Mesolithic
229:See also:
207:clearances
199:microliths
125:mesolithic
119:Mesolithic
83:ice sheets
71:Permafrost
67:Quaternary
47:prehistory
27:See also:
1142:1578-5386
961:and that
840:palstaves
821:GrN-1973
804:Gif-2347
787:Gif-2347
770:Gif-1314
736:Gif-1115
702:Gif-1113
634:Gif-1149
617:Gif-2421
600:Gif-1866
583:Gif-2481
577:Kervigny
549:Gif-1313
529:Morbihan
360:Er Lannic
225:Neolithic
195:Dissignac
145:cenotaphs
98:Finistère
63:glaciated
1344:See also
1327:Morice,
1312:Morice,
1047:Armorica
1012:Salterns
987:Namnetes
969:Iron Age
917:Landelau
895:currency
877:Urnfield
847:salterns
845:Coastal
753:Gif-807
719:Gif-806
685:Gif-748
668:Gif-235
566:Gif-482
532:Gif-863
515:Gif-805
380:dolerite
338:Chasséen
312:Morbihan
293:Gavrinis
277:Barnenez
258:Jablines
137:Morbihan
94:Rochworn
79:reindeer
51:Brittany
1335:(1742)
1320:(1750)
1305:(1707)
1027:La Tène
1023:Ebihens
1016:La Tène
983:Osismii
651:Gsy-86
449:beads,
431:barrows
423:Unetice
320:Cardial
289:dolmens
153:antlers
113:Azilian
1275:
1261:
1240:
1226:
1194:
1168:10 May
1140:
1018:date.
1003:Belgae
995:Strabo
975:Veneti
928:Trieux
909:ingots
905:Copper
888:hoards
495:dept.
451:silver
435:Blavet
419:Wessex
390:Beaker
254:schist
203:pollen
149:hearth
133:TĂ©viec
129:Hoëdic
75:tundra
1130:(PDF)
1112:(PDF)
913:hoard
773:1050
756:1200
739:1210
722:1250
705:1250
688:1300
671:1320
654:1345
637:1480
620:1500
603:1550
586:1560
569:1630
552:1850
535:1950
518:1960
501:date
447:amber
443:cists
376:flint
358:like
266:Groix
240:high.
161:ochre
92:near
1273:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1170:2010
1138:ISSN
1049:and
997:and
989:and
864:and
860:The
824:700
807:850
790:850
776:130
759:120
742:120
725:120
708:120
691:115
674:200
657:150
640:120
623:100
606:120
589:100
572:200
555:130
538:135
521:120
459:axes
421:and
394:gold
342:lugs
306:and
172:cist
37:The
1333:Dom
1329:Dom
1318:Dom
1314:Dom
1303:Dom
835:tin
827:60
810:70
793:70
189:In
151:or
104:by
49:of
1361::
1132:.
1005:.
993:.
985:,
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333:.
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53:.
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310:(
20:)
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