6485:(p. 113) y. Amongst the 16,000 Indian prisoners taken by the Axis armies in North Africa, some 3,000 joined the so-called 'Legion of Free India' ('Freies Indien Legion'), in fact the 950th Infantry Regiment of the Wehrmacht, formed in 1942 in response to the call of dissident Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose (1897â1945), who had escaped from India, where he was under house arrest, in 1940 and reached Germany in 1941 after a long trek via Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. The soldiers of that regiment swore allegiance both to Hitler and to Subhas Bose and wore special insignia over their German uniforms. A few German officers were detached to command the regiment (Hartog 2001). As a fighting force, however, the legion proved singularly ineffective. First stationed in the Netherlands, it was moved in 1943 to south-west France, where it did garrison duties along the 'Mur de l'Atlantique', not a very onerous task. Following the Allied landing in June 1944, it was incorporated into the Waffen SS and followed the German army in its gradual retreat from France, occasionally engaging in skirmishes with the French RĂ©sistance. There was a breakdown of discipline, some men took to looting and raping, and twenty-nine 'lĂ©gionnaires' captured by the RĂ©sistance were publicly executed on Poitiers' main square in September 1944. The remains of the force ended up in Germany, and the legion was officially dissolved in March 1945. The men then tried to reach Switzerland, but most of them were caught by British and French troops. A few were summarily executed by Moroccan troops of the French army, but the majority were transferred to India where they were imprisoned awaiting trial, which eventually did not take place. They were not allowed to re-enlist in the army after the war but were awarded pensions by independent India.
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the front of the aircraft and the passengers were wedged in behind ... there were no proper seats on this aircraft. The plane finally took off (from Saigon) between 5:00 and 5:30 pm on August 17. Since they were so late in starting, the pilot decided to land for the night at
Tourane, Vietnam. ... The take-off from Tourane at about 5:00 am was normal ... and they flew to Taipei (Japanese: Taihoku) ...At Taipei ... the crew and passengers took their places ... and they were ready to go at 2:30. ... Just as they left the groundâbarely thirty meters up and near the edge of the airfieldâthere was a loud noise. ... With an enormous crash they hit the ground. ... The injured, including Bose and Rahman and the surviving Japanese officers, were taken to Nanmon Army Hospital. Ground personnel at the airfield had already called the hospital shortly before 3:00 pm and notified Dr. Taneyoshi Yoshimi, the surgeon in charge of the hospital, to prepare to receive the injured. ... Upon arrival the doctor noticed that Bose ... had third degree burns all over his body, but they were worst on his chest. ...Bose and Rahman were quickly taken to the treatment room and the doctor started working on Bose, the much more critically injured man. Dr Yoshimi was assisted by Dr. Tsuruta. ... An orderly, Kazuo Mitsui, an army private, was also in the room, and several nurses were also assisting. ... Bose's condition worsened as the evening darkened. His heart grew weaker. Finally between 9.00 and 10.00 pm, Bose succumbed to his terrible burns.
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4169:, pp. 31â32 But there were others who took a different course, perhaps out of expediency, perhaps in an effort to hold on to their existing gains, perhaps because they could see no end to the Japanese occupation. Thus as early as 1940, the erstwhile Chinese revolutionary and one-time leftist leader, Wang Ching-wei, became premier of a Japanese puppet government in Nanking. A few months later Subhas Bose, who had long been Nehru's rival for the plaudits of the younger Indian nationalists, joined the Axis powers, and in due course formed the Indian National Army to support the Japanese. In the Philippines, Vargas, President Quezon's former secretary, very soon headed up a Philippines Executive Commission to cooperate with the Japanese; in Indonesia both Hatta and Sukarno, now at last released, readily agreed to collaborate with them; while shortly afterwards Ba Maw, prime minister of Burma under the British, agreed to serve as his country's head of state under the Japanese as well. ... As the war turned against them so the Japanese attempted to exploit this situation further. In August 1943 they made Ba Maw prime minister of an allegedly more independent Burma. In October 1943 they established a new Republic of the Philippines under the presidency of yet another Filipino oligarch, JosĂ© Laurel. In that same month Subhas Bose established under their auspices a Provisional Government of Azad Hind (Free India)
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treatment and food and were even sent to work in the
Japanese "death camps" (labor camps) in New Guinea. One example is that of John Baptist Crasta, who was born on 31 March 1910 near Mangalore in South India. He was an Indian Christian. In 1933, he joined the Indian Army in the noncombatant branch. In March 1941, the 12th Field Battalion in which Crasta was serving was ordered to Singapore. As head clerk, Crasta was in charge of supplying rations to the 11th Indian Division. According to him, torture of the nonvolunteers started under Mohan Singh's direction from late March 1942 onwards. In Crasta's own words: "Near Bidadare, a camp was created to torture non-volunteers. Although given the innocent name of Separation Camp, it was actually a concentration camp where the most inhuman atrocities were committed by the INA men on their non-volunteer Indian brethren. Subedars Sher Singh and Fateh Khan were put in charge of this notorious prison. High ranking officers who refused to have anything to do with the INA were thrown into it without clothing or food, made to carry heavy loads on their heads, and to double up on the slightest sign of slackness. ... They would be caned, beaten, and kicked." However, Subhas Bose never used violence to compel the PoWs to join the second INA. Nevertheless, the Indian PoWs were subjected to virulent propaganda in order to ensure their compliance to join the INA.
4101:, pp. viiâix, xviâxvii, 210â212 From the Abstract (pp viiâix): It (the book) covers the beginnings of the Indian National Army, as part of a Japanese military intelligence operation under Major Iwaichi Fujiwara, ... From the Introduction (pp xviâxvii): Major Fujiwara brought India to the attention of IGHQ (Imperial General Headquarters, Tokyo) and helped organize the INA. Fujiwara established the initial sincerity and credibility of Japanese aid for the Indian independence struggle. Captain Mohan Singh, a young Sikh POW from the British-Indian cooperated with Fujiwara in the inception of the INA. From pages 210â212: Two events forced India on the attention of IGHQ once hostilities broke out in the Pacific: Japanese military successes in Malaya and Thailand, particularly the capture of Singapore and with it thousands of Indian POWs, and reports by Major Fujiwara of the creation of a revolutionary Indian army eager to fight the British out of India. Fujiwara presided at the birth of the Indian National Army, together with a young Sikh, Captain Mohan Singh. Two generals sent by IGHQ to review Fujiwara's project reported favourably on his proposals to step up intelligence activities through the civilian and military arms of the independence movement.
2978:"Although we must take Emilie Schenkl at her word (about her secret marriage to Bose in 1937), there are a few nagging doubts about an actual marriage ceremony because there is no document that I have seen and no testimony by any other person. ... Other biographers have written that Bose and Miss Schenkl were married in 1942, while Krishna Bose, implying 1941, leaves the date ambiguous. The strangest and most confusing testimony comes from A. C. N. Nambiar, who was with the couple in Badgastein briefly in 1937, and was with them in Berlin during the war as second-in-command to Bose. In an answer to my question about the marriage, he wrote to me in 1978: 'I cannot state anything definite about the marriage of Bose referred to by you, since I came to know of it only a good while after the end of the last world war ... I can imagine the marriage having been a very informal one ...'... So what are we left with? ... We know they had a close passionate relationship and that they had a child, Anita, born 29 November 1942, in Vienna. ... And we have Emilie Schenkl's testimony that they were married secretly in 1937. Whatever the precise dates, the most important thing is the relationship."
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place after a certain number of states had indicated their willingness to join. This part of the constitution never came into effect for it failed to secure the assent of the required number of princes, but nevertheless the question of its acceptance in principle was hotly debated for some time within the party. In opposing federation, Bose spoke for many within the
Congress party. He argued that under the terms of the constitution the princes would have one-third of the seats in the lower house although they represented only one-fourth of India's population. Moreover, they would nominate their own representatives, whereas legislators from British India, the nominees of various political parties, would not be equally united. Consequently, he reasoned, the princes would have a reactionary influence on Indian politics. Following his election for a second term, Bose charged that some members of the Working Committee were willing to compromise on this issue. Incensed at this allegation, all but three of the fifteen members of the Working Committee resigned. The exception was Nehru, Bose himself, and his brother Sarat. There was no longer any hope for reconciliation between the dissidents and the old guard.
3154:"The most troubling aspect of Bose's presence in Nazi Germany is not military or political but rather ethical. His alliance with the most genocidal regime in history poses serious dilemmas precisely because of his popularity and his having made a lifelong career of fighting the 'good cause'. How did a man who started his political career at the feet of Gandhi end up with Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo? Even in the case of Mussolini and Tojo, the gravity of the dilemma pales in comparison to that posed by his association with Hitler and the Nazi leadership. The most disturbing issue, all too often ignored, is that in the many articles, minutes, memorandums, telegrams, letters, plans, and broadcasts Bose left behind in Germany, he did not express the slightest concern or sympathy for the millions who died in the concentration camps. Not one of his Berlin wartime associates or colleagues ever quotes him expressing any indignation. Not even when the horrors of Auschwitz and its satellite camps were exposed to the world upon being liberated by Soviet troops in early 1945, revealing publicly for the first time the genocidal nature of the Nazi regime, did Bose react."
3068:"On 21 March 1944, Subhas Bose and advanced units of the INA crossed the borders of India, entering Manipur, and by May they had advanced to the outskirts of that state's capital, Imphal. That was the closest Bose came to Bengal, where millions of his devoted followers awaited his army's "liberation". The British garrison at Imphal and its air arm withstood Bose's much larger force long enough for the monsoon rains to defer all possibility of warfare in that jungle region for the three months the British so desperately needed to strengthen their eastern wing. Bose had promised his men freedom in exchange for their blood, but the tide of battle turned against them after the 1944 rains, and in May 1945 the INA surrendered in Rangoon. Bose escaped on the last Japanese plane to leave Saigon, but he died in Formosa after a crash landing there in August. By that time, however, his death had been falsely reported so many times that a myth soon emerged in Bengal that Netaji Subhas Chandra was aliveâraising another army in China or Tibet or the Soviet Unionâand would return with it to "liberate" India.
3037:"The good news Wavell reported was that the RAF had just recently flown enough of its planes into Manipur's capital of Imphal to smash Netaji ("Leader") Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army (INA) that had advanced to its outskirts before the monsoon began. Bose's INA consisted of about 20,000 of the British Indian soldiers captured by the Japanese in Singapore, who had volunteered to serve under Netaji Bose when he offered them "Freedom" if they were willing to risk their "Blood" to gain Indian independence a year earlier. The British considered Bose and his "army of traitors" no better than their Japanese sponsors, but to most of Bengal's 50 million Indians, Bose was a great national hero and potential "Liberator". The INA was stopped before entering Bengal, first by monsoon rains and then by the RAF, and forced to retreat, back through Burma and down its coast to the Malay peninsula. In May 1945, Bose would fly out of Saigon on an overloaded Japanese plane, headed for Taiwan, which crash-landed and burned. Bose suffered third-degree burns and died in the hospital on
6437:(p. 79) This was owing to Japan's own ambivalent attitude towards Indians: on the one hand, the Japanese saw them as potential allies in the fight against Britain, and they made an alliance with the dissident nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose; on the other hand, they despised them as a 'subject race' enslaved by the British. Thanks to this alliance, however, the Indians escaped some of the harshest measures that the Japanese took against the Chinese population in the region. That said, 100,000 Indian coolies, mostly Tamilian plantation workers, were conscripted as forced labour and put to work on various infrastructure projects for the Japanese Imperial Army. Some were sent from Malaya to Thailand to work on the infamous ThailandâBurma railway project, resulting in 30,000 deaths of fever and exhaustion (Nakahara 2005). Thousands of war prisoners who had refused to join the Indian National Army (INA) of Subhas Bose were sent to faraway New Guinea, where Australian troops discovered them hiding in 1945.
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thought Gandhi's answers were vague, his goals unclear, his plan for achieving them not thought through. Gandhi and Bose differed in this first meeting on the question of meansâfor Gandhi non-violent means to any end were non-negotiable; in Bose's thought, all means were acceptable in the service of anti-colonial ends. They differed on the question of endsâBose was attracted to totalitarian models of governance, which were anathematized by Gandhi. According to historian Gordon, "Gandhi, however, set Bose on to the leader of the
Congress and Indian nationalism in Bengal, C. R. Das, and in him Bose found the leader whom he sought." Das was more flexible than Gandhi, more sympathetic to the extremism that had attracted idealistic young men such as Bose in Bengal. Das launched Bose into nationalist politics. Bose would work within the ambit of the Indian National Congress politics for nearly 20 years even as he tried to change its course.
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5952:(pp. 134â135) Bose was convinced that his ideology could bring about the liberation of India and a total reconstruction of Indian society along authoritarian-socialist lines, envisaging gender equality therein. As mayor of Calcutta, he believed that his policy and programme was a synthesis of socialism and fascism, on the lines of modern Europe. In the early 1930s, he stated, 'We have here the justice, the equality, the love, which is the basis of Socialism as it stands in Europe today.' In the late 1930s, he reiterated his belief in the efficacy of authoritarian government and a synthesis of fascism and socialism, while in 1944 when addressing the students at Tokyo University, he asserted that India must have a political system 'of an authoritarian character ... our philosophy should be a synthesis between National Socialism and Communism'.
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Jews because she cannot ignore Jewish high finance. On the other hand, the India Office and
Foreign Office have to placate the Arabs because of the Imperial interests in the Near East and India."' While his reasoning was logical, Bose's anti-Jewish slur was no different from the anti-Semitic remarks in the (Muslim) League deliberations referred to earlier. Bose also opposed Nehru's efforts to provide asylum to a limited number of European Jewish refugees who were fleeing from Nazi persecution. Despite the opposition led by Bose, Nehru "was a strong supporter of inviting (Jewish refugees) to settle down in India... (and felt that) this was the only way by which Jews could be saved from the wrath of the Nazis... Between 1933 and the outbreak of the War, Nehru was instrumental in obtaining the entry of several German Jewish refugees into India"
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change. He set no store by non-violence and his ideals were pitched a good deal to the left of Gandhi's. His plans also included a large amount of leadership from himself. This autocratic temperament alienated virtually the whole
Congress high command, and when he forced himself into the presidency again the next year, the Working Committee revolted. Bose, bitter and broken in health, complained that the 'Rightists' had conspired to bring him down. This was true, but Bose, who seems to have had a talent for misreading situations, seriously overestimated the strength of his supportâa significant miscalculation, for it led him to resign in order to create his own faction, the Forward Bloc, modelled on the kind of revolutionary national socialism fashionable across much of Europe at the time.
2996:"Tojo turned over all his Indian POWs to Bose's command, and in October 1943 Bose announced the creation of a Provisional Government of Azad ("Free") India, of which he became head of state, prime minister, minister of war, and minister of foreign affairs. Some two million Indians were living in Southeast Asia when the Japanese seized control of that region, and these emigrees were the first "citizens" of that government, founded under the "protection" of Japan and headquartered on the "liberated" Andaman Islands. Bose declared war on the United States and Great Britain the day after his government was established. In January 1944 he moved his provisional capital to Rangoon and started his Indian National Army on their march north to the battle cry of the Meerut mutineers: "Chalo Delhi!"
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inner-European political and ideological conflicts. This was true, especially, during World War II. The war situation brought to stark light, one last time, the contradictions within the western political model of rule, leading to a rift among the anticolonialists then present in Europe. As the western empires fought against Nazi
Germany, most anticolonialists felt that they could no longer support, simultaneously, the emancipatory projects of anticolonialism and antifascism. Some, such as Subhas Chandra Bose, began to cooperate with the radically racist Nazis against colonialism, while others decided to work against Nazism with the very western authorities who had been engaged, over the previous decades, in creating a widespread network of trans-national surveillance against them.
2370:? Even in the case of Mussolini and Tojo, the gravity of the dilemma pales in comparison to that posed by his association with Hitler and the Nazi leadership. The most disturbing issue, all too often ignored, is that in the many articles, minutes, memorandums, telegrams, letters, plans, and broadcasts Bose left behind in Germany, he did not express the slightest concern or sympathy for the millions who died in the concentration camps. Not one of his Berlin wartime associates or colleagues ever quotes him expressing any indignation. Not even when the horrors of Auschwitz and its satellite camps were exposed to the world upon being liberated by Soviet troops in early 1945, revealing publicly for the first time the genocidal nature of the Nazi regime, did Bose react."
3313:(p.117) the INA was raised during the Second World War, with the support of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA); lasted less than three years; and went through two different configurations during that period. In total, it numbered some 40,000 men and women, half of whom are estimated to have been recruited from Indian Army prisoners of war (POWs). The INA's battlefield performance was quite poor when assessed either alongside the IJA or against the reformed Fourteenth Army on the battlefields of Assam and Burma. Reports of its creation in 1942/3 caused consternation among the political and military leadership (p. 118) of the GOI, but in the end its formation did not constitute a legitimate mutiny, and its presence had a negligible impact on the Indian Army.
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and Malaya remained under
Japanese control until 5 September when British forces returned. On 26 August 1945, meanwhile, wreaths were laid at the INA memorial in honour of Bose. A large group gathered at the memorial and speeches on Bose's life were made by Major-General M.Z. Kiani and Major-General S.C. Alagappan of the INA, and ITL members. The Japanese newspaper, the Syonan Shimbun, reported that "during the ceremony which lacked nothing in solemnity and dignity, many husky warriorsâSikhs, Punjabis, and others from the Central Provincesâsoldiers who had taken part in the actual war operations were seen to shed tears as they saluted for the last time a giant portrait of Netaji which occupied a prominent position in front of the War Memorial".
2865:"Bose was especially keen to have some Indian territory over which the provisional government might claim sovereignty. Since the Japanese had stopped east of the Chindwin River in Burma and not entered India on that front, the only Indian territories they held were the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. The Japanese navy was unwilling to transfer administration of these strategic islands to Bose's forces, but a face-saving agreement was worked out so that the provisional government was given a 'jurisdiction', while actual control remained throughout with the Japanese military. Bose eventually made a visit to Port Blair in the Andamans in December and a ceremonial transfer took place. Renaming them the
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that anti-Semitism must become a part of the Indian freedom movement, since the Jews, he alleged, had helped
Britain to exploit and oppress the Indians. The Jewish Advocate expressed horror at Bose's statement about a Jewish role in India's exploitation but added, "one may expect anything from one who has traveled the road to Berlin in search of his country's salvation." Norman Shohet pointed out how insignificant a part in the economic and political life of the country the Jews of India actually played. He also mentioned that other Indian leaders had so far not shown any anti-Semitic leanings, but that on the contrary, Gandhi, Nehru, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, and others had been positively friendly to the Jews.
3220:"Despite any whimsy in implementation, the clarity of Gandhi's political vision and the skill with which he carried the reforms in 1920 provided the foundation for what was to follow: twenty-five years of stewardship over the freedom movement. He knew the hazards to be negotiated. The British must be brought to a point where they would abdicate their rule without terrible destruction, thus assuring that freedom was not an empty achievement. To accomplish this he had to devise means of a moral sort, able to inspire the disciplined participation of millions of Indians, and equal to compelling the British to grant freedom, if not willingly, at least with resignation. Gandhi found his means in non-violent
3118:"Despite any whimsy in implementation, the clarity of Gandhi's political vision and the skill with which he carried the reforms in 1920 provided the foundation for what was to follow: twenty-five years of stewardship over the freedom movement. He knew the hazards to be negotiated. The British must be brought to a point where they would abdicate their rule without terrible destruction, thus assuring that freedom was not an empty achievement. To accomplish this he had to devise means of a moral sort, able to inspire the disciplined participation of millions of Indians, and equal to compelling the British to grant freedom, if not willingly, at least with resignation. Gandhi found his means in non-violent
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favourably upon racial discrimination in
Germany or did not criticise them, it cannot be said, to justify them, that they were unaware of what was happening. The great anti-Jewish pogrom known as "the Night of Broken Glass" took place on 9 November 1938. In early December, pro-Hindu Mahasabha journals published articles in favour of German anti-Semitism. This stance brought the Hindu Mahasabha into conflict with the Congress which, on 12 December, made a statement containing clear references to recent European events. Within the Congress, only Bose opposed the party stance. A few months later, in April 1939, he refused to support the party motion that Jews might find refuge in India.
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2912:"When another run-in between Professor Oaten and some students took place on February 15 (1916), a group of students including Subhas Bose, ... decided to take the law in their own hands. Coming down the broad staircase from the second floor, Oaten was surrounded (the) students who beat him with their sandalsâand fled. Although Oaten himself was not able to identify any of the attackers, a bearer said he saw Subhas Bose and Ananga Dam among those fleeing. Rumors in student circles also placed Subhas among the group. An investigation was carried out by the college authorities, and these two were expelled from the college and rusticated from the university.
2947:"Younger Congressmen, including Jawaharlal Nehru, ... thought that constitution-making, whether by the British with their (Simon) Commission or by moderate politicians like the elder (Motilal) Nehru, was not the way to achieve the fundamental changes in society. Nehru and Subhas Bose rallied a group within Congress ... to declare for an independent republic. (p. 305) ... (They) were among those who, impatient with Gandhi's programmes and methods, looked upon socialism as an alternative for nationalistic policies capable of meeting the country's economic and social needs, as well as a link to potential international support (p. 325)."
3277:, November 1944): "You cannot have a so-called democratic system, if that system has to put through economic reforms on a socialistic basis. Therefore we must have a political systemâa Stateâof an authoritarian character. We have had some experience of democratic institutions in India and we have also studied the working of democratic institutions in countries like France, England, and the United States of America. And we have come to the conclusion that with a democratic system we cannot solve the problems of Free India. Therefore, modern progressive thought in India is in favour of a State of an authoritarian character"
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3246:"On 4 November 1937, Subhas sent a letter to Emilie in German, saying that he would probably travel to Europe in the middle of November. "Please write to Kurhaus Hochland, Badgastein," he instructed her, "and enquire if I (and you also) can stay there" He asked her to mention this message only to her parents, not to reply, and wait for his next airmail letter or telegram. On 16 November, he sent a cable: "Starting aeroplane arriving Badgastein twenty second arrange lodging and meet me. ... He spent a month and a halfâfrom 22 November 1937, to 8 January 1938âwith Emilie at his favourite resort of Badgastein."
2930:"Another small, but immediate, issue for the civilians in Berlin and the soldiers in training was how to address Subhas Bose. Vyas has given his view of how the term was adopted: 'one of our boys came forward with "Hamare Neta". We improved upon it: "Netaji"... It must be mentioned, that Subhas Bose strongly disapproved of it. He began to yield only when he saw our military group ... firmly went on calling him "Netaji"'. (Alexander) Werth also mentioned adoption of 'Netaji' and observed accurately, that it '... combined a sense both of affection and honour ...' It was not meant to echo '
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2264:'s teachings on universalism, his nationalist thoughts and his emphasis on social service and reform had all inspired Subhas Chandra Bose from his very young days. The fresh interpretation of India's ancient scriptures had appealed immensely to him. Some scholars think that Hindu spirituality formed an essential part of his political and social thought. As historian Leonard Gordon explains "Inner religious explorations continued to be a part of his adult life. This set him apart from the slowly growing number of atheistic socialists and communists who dotted the Indian landscape."
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witnesses, he died on 18 August in a Japanese military hospital, talking to the very last of India's freedom. British and Indian commissions later established convincingly that Bose had died in Taiwan. These were legendary and apocalyptic times, however. Having witnessed the first Indian leader to fight against the British since the great mutiny of 1857, many in both Southeast Asia and India refused to accept the loss of their hero. Rumours that Bose had survived and was waiting to come out of hiding and begin the final struggle for independence were rampant by the end of 1945.
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staff, now approaching the plane, saw two people staggering towards them, one of whom had become a human torch. The human torch turned out to be Bose, whose gasoline-soaked clothes had instantly ignited. Rahman and a few others managed to smother the flames, but also noticed that Bose's face and head appeared badly burned. According to Joyce Chapman Lebra, "A truck which served as ambulance rushed Bose and the other passengers to the Nanmon Military Hospital south of Taihoku." The airport personnel called Dr. Taneyoshi Yoshimi, the surgeon-in-charge at the hospital at around 3
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to Oaten, the students were making an unacceptably loud noise just outside his class. A few days later, on 15 February, some students accosted Oaten on a stairway, surrounded him, beat him with sandals, and took to flight. An inquiry committee was constituted. Although Oaten, who was unhurt, could not identify his assailants, a college servant testified to seeing Subhas Bose among those fleeing, confirming for the authorities what they had determined to be the rumor among the students. Bose was expelled from the college and rusticated from
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3059:"There are still some in India today who believe that Bose remained alive and in Soviet custody, a once and future king of Indian independence. The legend of 'Netaii' Bose's survival helped bind together the defeated INA. In Bengal it became an assurance of the province's supreme importance in the liberation of the motherland. It sustained the morale of many across India and Southeast Asia who deplored the return of British power or felt alienated from the political settlement finally achieved by Gandhi and Nehru.
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6533:(p. 114) Part of the INA participated in the Japanese invasion of March 1944, but its entry into India failed to trigger the rising that Bose had hoped for, and the INA soldiers met with a determined response from their ex-comrades in the Indian army. Many were taken prisoner, and the rest retreated into Burma, where they soon faced an invasion from India. While, from a strictly military point of view, Bose's attempt was a total fiasco, the political outcome of his adventure was more significant
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resources, with Operation U-Go ultimately proving unsuccessful. Through several months of Japanese onslaught on these two towns, Commonwealth forces remained entrenched in the towns. Commonwealth forces then counter-attacked, inflicting serious losses on the Axis led forces, who were then forced into a retreat back into Burmese territory. After the Japanese defeat at the battles of Kohima and Imphal, Bose's Provisional Government's aim of establishing a base in mainland India was lost forever.
3050:"The retreat was even more devastating, finally ending the dream of gaining Indian independence through military campaign. But Bose still remained optimistic, thought of regrouping after the Japanese surrender, contemplated seeking help from Soviet Russia. The Japanese agreed to provide him transport up to Manchuria from where he could travel to Russia. But on his way, on 18 August 1945 at Taihoku airport in Taiwan, he died in an air crash, which many Indians still believe never happened."
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A left-wing admirer of Russia, he was devastated when Hitler's tanks rolled across the Soviet border. Matters were worsened by the fact that the now-retreating German army would be in no position to offer him help in driving the British from India. When he met Hitler in May 1942, his suspicions were confirmed, and he came to believe that the Nazi leader was more interested in using his men to win propaganda victories than military ones. So, in February 1943, Bose boarded a German
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the Far East in 1943. In July, at a meeting in Singapore, Rash Behari Bose handed over control of the organisation to Subhas Chandra Bose. Bose was able to reorganise the fledgling army and organise massive support among the expatriate Indian population in south-east Asia, who lent their support by both enlisting in the Indian National Army, as well as financially in response to Bose's calls for sacrifice for the independence cause. INA had a separate women's unit, the
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2022:(Independence). However, the Japanese Navy remained in essential control of the island's administration. During Bose's only visit to the islands in early 1944, apparently in the interest of shielding Bose from attaining a full knowledge of ultimate Japanese intentions, his Japanese hosts carefully isolated him from the local population. At that time the island's Japanese administration had been torturing the leader of the island's Indian Independence League,
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3322:"The (Japanese) Fifteenth Army, commanded by ... Maj.-General Mutuguchi Renya consisted of three experienced infantry divisionsâ15th, 31st and 33rdâtotalling 100,000 combat troops, with the 7,000 strong 1st Indian National Army (INA) Division in support. It was hoped the latter would subvert the Indian Army's loyalty and precipitate a popular rising in British India, but in reality the campaign revealed that it was largely a paper tiger."
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2987:"Apart from the Free India Centre, Bose also had another reason to feel satisfied-even comfortable-in Berlin. After months of residing in a hotel, the Foreign Office procured a luxurious residence for him along with a butler, cook, gardener and an SS-chauffeured car. Emilie Schenkl moved in openly with him. The Germans, aware of the nature of their relationship, refrained from any involvement. The following year she gave birth to a daughter.
3086:"The thrust of Sarkar's thought, like that of Chittaranjan Das and Subhas Bose, was to challenge the idea that 'the average Indian is indifferent to life', as R. K. Kumaria put it. India once possessed an energised, Machiavellian political culture. All it needed was a hero (rather than a Gandhi-style saint) to revive the culture and steer India to life and freedom through violent contentions of world forces (
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961:, and sang Bengali religious songs. From her, Subhas imbibed a nurturing spirit, looking for situations in which to help people in distress, preferring gardening around the house to joining in sports with other boys. His father, who was reserved in manner and busy with professional life, was a distant presence in a large family, causing Subhas to feel he had a nondescript childhood. Still, Janakinath read
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socialist state similar to that of Soviet Russia (which he had also seen and admired) would be needed for the process of national re-building. Accordingly, some suggest that Bose's alliance with the Axis during the war was based on more than just pragmatism and that Bose was a militant nationalist, though not a Nazi nor a Fascist, for he supported the empowerment of women, secularism and other
2842:"the Provisional Government of Azad Hind (or Free India Provisional Government, FIPG) was announced on 21 October. It was based at Singapore and consisted, in the first instance, of five ministers, eight representatives of the INA, and eight civilian advisers representing the Indians of Southeast and East Asia. Bose was head of state, prime minister and minister for war and foreign affairs.
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enemies." The Japanese Foreign Ministry and the military cooperated in Bose's exile, placing him aboard a Japanese plane headed for Dalian (Yunnan) from Saigon to put him in touch with the Soviet army. After a stopover in Taipei, however, the passenger plane crashed immediately after takeoff. Despite freeing himself from the wreckage, Bose was engulfed in flames and breathed his last.
1169:"But for a man of my temperament who has been feeding on ideas that might be called eccentricâthe line of least resistance is not the best line to follow ... The uncertainties of life are not appalling to one who has not, at heart, worldly ambitions. Moreover, it is not possible to serve one's country in the best and fullest manner if one is chained on to the civil service."
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returned from Europe. The draft resolution read: 'The Committee sees no objection to the employment in India of such Jewish refugees as are experts and specialists and who can fit in with the new order in India and accept Indian standards.' It was, however, rejected by the then Congress President Subhas Chandra Bose, who four years later in 1942 was reported by the
2354:"The most troubling aspect of Bose's presence in Nazi Germany is not military or political but rather ethical. His alliance with the most genocidal regime in history poses serious dilemmas precisely because of his popularity and his having made a lifelong career of fighting the 'good cause'. How did a man who started his political career at the feet of
1758:, as the commander of the German armed forces in the fight for India, whose leader is Subhas Chandra Bose". This oath clearly abrogated control of the Indian legion to the German armed forces whilst stating Bose's overall leadership of India. He was also, however, prepared to envisage an invasion of India via the USSR by Nazi troops, spearheaded by the
1161:, Indian history, and an Indian language. Successful candidates had also to clear a riding test. Having no fear of these subjects and being a rider, Subhas Bose felt the ICS was within easy reach. Yet between August 1920 and 1921 he began to have doubts about taking the final examination. Many letters were exchanged with his father and his brother
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from Europe. The draft resolution read: 'The Committee sees no objection to the employment in India of such Jewish refugees as are experts and specialists and who can fit in with the new order in India and accept Indian standards.' It was, however, rejected by the then Congress President Bose, who four years later in 1942 was reported by the
2045:, in north-eastern India. The adjacent towns of Kohima and Imphal were then encircled and placed under siege by divisions of the Japanese Army, working in conjunction with the Burmese National Army, and with Brigades of the INA, known as the Gandhi and Nehru Brigades. This attempt at conquering the Indian mainland had the Axis codename of
3109:"The claim is even made that without the Japanese-influenced 'Indian National Army' under Subhas Chandra Bose, India would not have achieved independence in 1947; though those who make claim seem unaware of the mood of the British people in 1945 and of the attitude of the newly-elected Labour government to the Indian question."
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2030:. During Bose's visit to the islands several locals attempted to alert Bose to Singh's plight, but apparently without success. During this time Loganathan became aware of his lack of any genuine administrative control and resigned in protest as Governor General, later returning to the Government's headquarters in Rangoon.
1778:, "appear to have disliked her intensely. They believed that she and Bose were not married and that she was using her liaison with Bose to live an especially comfortable life during the hard times of war" and that differences were compounded by issues of class. In November 1942, Schenkl gave birth to their daughter.
2143:). However, many among his supporters, especially in Bengal, refused at the time, and have refused since, to believe either the fact or the circumstances of his death. Conspiracy theories appeared within hours of his death and have thereafter had a long shelf life, keeping alive various martial myths about Bose.
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years to come," "a government by a strong party bound together by military discipline ... as the only means of holding India together." The next phase in world history, Bose predicted, would produce "a synthesis between Communism and Fascism, and will it be a surprise if that synthesis is produced in India?"
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Jawaharlal Nehru, the future first prime minister of independent India, was sympathetic towards the Jews. The militant nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose, who escaped to German in 1941 with the aim of freeing India through military help from the Axis nations, remained predictably reticent on this issue.
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On 21 August 1942 the Jewish Chronicle of London reported that Bose was anti-Semitic and had published an article in Angriff, the organ of Goebbels, in which he described Indians as the real ancient Aryans and the brethren of the German people. He had said that the swastika was an old Indian sign and
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Even before the INA memorial was completed, it became the focus of mourning for Singapore's Indian community. The cause of this premature use was news that Bose had died in a plane crash at Taipei, on 18 August. He had been trying to escape capture after the surrender of Japan on 15 August. Singapore
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Jawaharlal Nehru called the Jews 'People with a home or nation' and sponsored a resolution in the Congress Working Committee. Although the exact date is not known, yet it can be said that it probably happened in December 1938 at the Wardha session, the one that took place shortly after Nehru returned
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What he is remembered for is his vigor, his militancy, his readiness to trade blood (his own if necessary) for nationhood. In large parts of Uttar Pradesh, the historian Gyanendra Pandey has recently remarked, independence is popularly credited not to 'the quiet efforts at selfÂŹregeneration initiated
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In February 1943, Bose left Schenkl and their baby daughter and boarded a German submarine to travel, via transfer to a Japanese submarine, to Japanese-occupied southeast Asia. In all, 3,000 Indian prisoners of war signed up for the Free India Legion. But instead of being delighted, Bose was worried.
1072:, a confidant and partner in religious yearnings. At Presidency, their emotional ties grew stronger. In the fanciful language of religious imagery, they declared their pure love for each other. In the long vacations of 1914, they traveled to northern India for several months to search for a spiritual
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And not all the Indian PoWs who joined the first INA were volunteers. Between April and December 1942, those Indian commissioned officers, with the aid of some VCOs who had joined the INA, used violence to force the jawans to change sides. Those jawans who refused to join the INA were denied medical
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Between 1938 and 1939 the reactions of the Anti-Nazi League, the Congress, and the progressive press toward German anti-Semitism and German politics showed that Indian public opinion and the nationalist leaders were fairly well informed about the events in Europe. If Bose, Savarkar and others looked
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Among the INA personnel, there was widespread disbelief, shock, and trauma. Most affected were the young Tamil Indians from Malaya and Singapore, both men and women, who comprised the bulk of the civilians who had enlisted in the INA. The professional soldiers in the INA, most of whom were Punjabis,
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pm. Bose was conscious and mostly coherent when they reached the hospital, and for some time thereafter. Bose was naked, except for a blanket wrapped around him, and Dr. Yoshimi immediately saw evidence of third-degree burns on many parts of the body, especially on his chest, doubting very much that
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and Mohan Singh, who came to believe that the Japanese High Command was using the INA as a mere pawn and propaganda tool. Singh was taken into custody and the troops returned to the prisoner-of-war camp. However, the idea of an independence army was revived with the arrival of Subhas Chandra Bose in
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to guide them. Subhas's family was not told clearly about the trip, leading them to think he had run away. During the trip, in which the guru proved elusive, Subhas came down with typhoid fever. His absence caused emotional distress to his parents, leading both parents to break down upon his return.
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On the plane were: Bose, Shidei, Rahman. Also: Lt. Col. Tadeo Sakai; Lt. Col. Shiro Nonogaki; Major Taro Kono; Major Ihaho Takahashi, Capt. Keikichi Arai, an air force engineer; chief pilot Major Takizawa; co-pilot W/O Ayoagi; navigator Sergeant Okishta; radio-operator NCO Tominaga. The crew was in
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To a large number of Congress leaders, Bose programme shared enough similarities with Japanese fascists. After getting marginalized within Congress, Bose chose to embrace fascist regimes as allies against the British and fled India. Bose believed that India "must have a political systemâStateâof an
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and fascism, describing it as "fundamentally wrong". Bose believed communism would not gain ground in India due to its rejection of nationalism and religion and suggested a "synthesis between communism and fascism" could take hold instead. In 1944, Bose similarly stated, "Our philosophy should be a
1389:, which covered the country's independence movement in the years 1920â1934. Although it was published in London in 1935, the British government banned the book in the colony out of fears that it would encourage unrest. Bose was supported in Europe by the Indian Central European Society organized by
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that had taken India by storm the previous year and in a quarter-century would evolve to secure its independence. Gandhi happened to be in Bombay and agreed to see Bose that afternoon. In Bose's account of the meeting, written many years later, he pilloried Gandhi with question after question. Bose
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In February 1916, Bose was alleged to have masterminded, or participated in, an incident involving E. F. Oaten, Professor of History at Presidency. Before the incident, it was claimed by the students, Oaten had made rude remarks about Indian culture, and collared and pushed some students; according
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In his presidential address, Subhas Chandra Bose highlighted the contradictory nature of the British Empire and its inconsistent policy over Palestine. As a heterogeneous empire, Bose observed, the British had to be pro-Arab in India and pro Jewish elsewhere, and accused that London "has to please
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The most categorical and unabashed program for dictatorship in India's political heritage, finally, was laid down by the late Subhas Chandra Bose. He argued that India "must have a political systemâStateâof an authoritarian character," "a strong central government with dictatorial powers for some
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One of the principal points of dispute between Bose and the Congress high command was the attitude the party should take toward the proposed Indian federation. The 1935 Constitution provided for a union of the princely states with the provinces of British India on a federal basis. This was to take
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Chronology 1945: Indian Army play a major role in the liberation of Burma and Malaya from Japanese occupation; Indian troops sent to receive Japanese capitulation in the Dutch East Indies involved in clashes in Surabaya with Indonesian nationalists opposed to the return of the Dutch; in Indochina,
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journals published articles lending support to German anti-Semitism. This stance brought Hindu Mahasabha into conflict with the Congress which, on 12 December, issued a statement containing references to recent European events. Within the Congress, only Bose opposed this stance of the party. After
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Earlier, Bose had clearly expressed his belief that democracy was the best option for India. However, during the war (and possibly as early as the 1930s), Bose seems to have decided that no democratic system could be adequate to overcome India's poverty and social inequalities, and he wrote that a
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a faction within the Indian National Congress, aimed at consolidating the political left, but its main strength was in his home state, Bengal. U Muthuramalingam Thevar, who was a staunch supporter of Bose from the beginning, joined the Forward Bloc. When Bose visited Madurai on 6 September, Thevar
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in its entirety, but every time he summoned the courage to do so, a cable would arrive from Tokyo stressing the paramount necessity of victory in Burma, to compensate for the disasters in the Pacific. ... Even more incredibly, he still hoped for great things from Bose and the INA, despite all the
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Jawaharlal Nehru called the Jews 'People without a home or nation' and sponsored a resolution in the Congress Working Committee. Although the exact date is not known, yet it can be said that it probably happened in December 1938 at the Wardha session, the one that took place shortly after Nehru
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recommended the indefinite postponing of any announcement of Bose's presence in Germany and cautioned the Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop that the time had not yet come to recognize Bose's government in-exile. Woermann specifically feared that any such step would alienate both Gandhi and
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The Indian National Army (INA) was formed in 1942 by Indian prisoners of war captured by the Japanese in Singapore. It was created with the aid of Japanese forces. Captain Mohan Singh became the INA's first leader, and Major Iwaichi Fujiwara was the Japanese intelligence officer who brokered the
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Leaders of Indian National Congress (INC), which led the anti-colonial movement, responded in different ways to the plight of Jews. In 1938, Gandhi, the nationalist icon, advised the Jews to engage in non-violent resistance by challenging "the gentile Germal" to shoot him or cast him in dungeon.
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from Singapore, Bose addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the "Father of the Nation" and asked for his blessings and good wishes for the war he was fighting. This was the first time that Gandhi was referred to by this appellation. The protracted Japanese attempts to take these two towns depleted Japanese
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to amass support for the Forward Bloc, he passed through Madras and spent three days at Gandhi Peak. His correspondence reveals that despite his clear dislike for British subjugation, he was deeply impressed by their methodical and systematic approach and their steadfastly disciplinarian outlook
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Even after the Japanese surrender, Bose was determined to carry on the Free India movement and planned to return to the Subcontinent, despite his renegade status among the British. But on August 18, 1945, the airplane carrying him from Darien to Manchukuo crashed on take off from an airfield in
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18 August 1945. Upon hearing of Japan's defeat in the Pacific War, Chandra Bose, who had dedicated his life to the anti-British Indian independence struggle, immediately decided to head for the Soviet Union, "out of my commitment to ally with any country that regards the US and Britain as their
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was stunned, passing out briefly, and Bose, although conscious and not fatally hurt, was soaked in gasoline. When Rahman came to, he and Bose attempted to leave by the rear door, but found it blocked by the luggage. They then decided to run through the flames and exit from the front. The ground
1401:
In 1938 Bose stated his opinion that the INC "should be organised on the broadest anti-imperialist front with the two-fold objective of winning political freedom and the establishment of a socialist regime." By 1938 Bose had become a leader of national stature and agreed to accept nomination as
3905:
By this point the Congress leadership was in turmoil after the election of Subhas Chandra Bose as president in 1938. His victory was taken, principally by Bose himself, as proof that Gandhi's star was in decline, and that the Congress could now switch to his personal programme of revolutionary
3684:
If all else failed (Bose) wanted to become a prisoner of the Soviets: 'They are the only ones who will resist the British. My fate is with them. But as the Japanese plane took off from Taipei airport its engines faltered and then failed. Bose was badly burned in the crash. According to several
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Bose's body was cremated in the main Taihoku crematorium two days later, 20 August 1945. On 23 August 1945, the Japanese news agency Do Trzei announced the death of Bose and Shidea. On 7 September a Japanese officer, Lieutenant Tatsuo Hayashida, carried Bose's ashes to Tokyo, and the following
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Epilogue and conclusion: Finally, however, the example of Germany also demonstrates that their work in Europe frequently forced anticolonialists to make difficult moral choices, as their presence in that continent required them to take a position not only on colonialism worldwide, but also on
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pm as the bomber with Bose on board was leaving the standard path taken by aircraft during take-off, the passengers inside heard a loud sound, similar to an engine backfiring. The mechanics on the tarmac saw something fall out of the plane. It was the portside engine, or a part of it, and the
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As cases began to come to trial, the Indian National Congress began to speak out in defence of INA prisoners, even though it had vocally opposed both the INA's narrative and methods during the war. The Muslim League and the Punjab Unionists followed suit. By mid-September, Nehru was becoming
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Bose requested a declaration from the Germans that they supported the movement for freedom in Indiaâand in Arab countries. He had opposed Nehru in permitting political asylum to Jews fleeing Europe in 1939. He was prepared to ingratiate himself with Nazi ideology by writing for Goebells's
1943:
on 4 July 1944, Bose's most famous quote was "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!" In this, he urged the people of India to join him in his fight against the British Raj. Spoken in Hindi, Bose's words are highly evocative. The troops of the INA were under the aegis of a provisional
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Soon, according to historian Romain Hayes, "the (German) Foreign Office procured a luxurious residence for (Bose) along with a butler, cook, gardener, and an SS-chauffeured car. Emilie Schenkl moved in openly with him. The Germans, aware of the nature of the relationship, refrained from any
1186:
I received a letter from mother saying that in spite of what father and others think she prefers the ideals for which Mahatma Gandhi stands. I cannot tell you how happy I have been to receive such a letter. It will be worth a treasure for me as it has removed something like a burden from my
1037:, popular then among young Hindu men. Despite the preoccupation, Subhas was able to demonstrate an ability when needed to focus on his studies, to compete, and to succeed in exams. In 1912, he secured the second position in the matriculation examination conducted under the auspices of the
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to leadership in a group within the Congress which was less keen on constitutional reform and more open to socialism. Bose became Congress president in 1938. After reelection in 1939, differences arose between him and the Congress leaders, including Gandhi, over the future federation of
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None of the works that deal with ... Subhas Chandra Bose, or his Indian National Army has engaged either Bose's reaction to German mass killing of Sinti and Roma (Gypsies) because their ancestors came from India or the reaction of the soldiers in his army to the sex slaves kidnapped in
3201:"On 23 January 1897 at Cuttack, Orissa, was born Subhas Chandra Bose, ninth child of Janakinath and Prabhabati Bose. Janakinath was a lawyer of a Kayastha family, and was wealthy enough to educate all his children well. By Indian standards this family of Bengali origin was well-to-do."
6173:, a journal of Goebbels, saying that "anti-Semitism should become part of the Indian liberation movement because Jews had helped the British to exploit Indians (21 August 1942)" Although by then Bose had left the Congress, he continued to command a strong influence within the party.
3192:, a journal of Goebbels, saying that "anti-Semitism should become part of the Indian liberation movement because Jews had helped the British to exploit Indians (21 August 1942)" Although by then Bose had left the Congress, he continued to command a strong influence within the party.
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Bose's legacy is mixed. Among many in India, he is seen as a hero, his saga serving as a would-be counterpoise to the many actions of regeneration, negotiation, and reconciliation over a quarter-century through which the independence of India was achieved. His collaborations with
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and was the subject of a good deal of malicious gossip in the (British Indian) press. Mahatma Gandhi as a sincere pacifist vowed to non-violence, did not like the strutting, clicking of boots, and saluting, and he afterward described the Calcutta session of the Congress as a
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In April 1921, Subhas Bose made his decision firm not to take the final examination for the ICS and wrote to Sarat informing him of the same, apologizing for the pain he would cause to his father, his mother, and other members of his family. On 22 April 1921, he wrote to the
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with Afghanistan. For this reason, he enlisted the help of Mian Akbar Shah, then a Forward Bloc leader in the North-West Frontier Province. Shah had been out of India en route to the Soviet Union and suggested a novel disguise for Bose to assume. Since Bose could not speak
1430:
strongly supported Bose in the intra-Congress dispute. Thevar mobilised all south India votes for Bose. However, due to the manoeuvrings of the Gandhi-led clique in the Congress Working Committee, Bose found himself forced to resign from the Congress presidency.
3018:"Gracey consoled himself that Bose's Indian National Army had also been in action against his Indians and Gurkhas but had been roughly treated and almost annihilated; when the survivors tried to surrender, they tended to fall foul of the Gurkhas' dreaded kukri."
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intravenously. A third doctor, Dr. Ishii gave him a blood transfusion. An orderly, Kazuo Mitsui, an army private, was in the room and several nurses were also assisting. Bose still had a clear head which Dr. Yoshimi found remarkable for someone with such severe
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where he hoped that Russia's historical enmity to British rule in India would result in support for his plans for a popular rising in India. However, Bose found the Soviets' response disappointing and was rapidly passed over to the German Ambassador in Moscow,
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and was nominally presided by Bose. Although Bose was unusually driven and charismatic, the Japanese considered him to be militarily unskilled, and his soldierly effort was short-lived. In late 1944 and early 1945, the British Indian Army reversed the Japanese
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592:
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Initially, INA troops in the Arakan stayed loyal to the INA and their IJA masters. However, as starvation and defeat began to take their toll, loyalties began to waver, and two companies from the Bose Brigade surrendered en masse to British forces in July
1304:
Bose organized a volunteer corps in uniform, its officers were even provided with steel-cut epaulettes ... his uniform was made by a firm of British tailors in Calcutta, Harman's. A telegram addressed to him as GOC was delivered to the British General in
1195:, a lawyer who had risen to the helm of politics in Bengal; Das encouraged Subhas to return to Calcutta. With the ICS decision now firmly behind him, Subhas Bose took his Cambridge B.A. Final examinations half-heartedly, passing, but being placed in the
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not usually picked up at home. Although his western education continued apace, he began to wear Indian clothes and engage in religious speculation. To his mother, he wrote long letters which displayed acquaintance with the ideas of the Bengali mystic
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of the university on 19 November 1919 and simultaneously set about preparing for the Civil Service exams. He chose the Mental and Moral Sciences Tripos at Cambridge, its completion requirement reduced to two years on account of his Indian B. A.
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Bose attempted to maintain unity, but Gandhi advised Bose to form his own cabinet. The rift also divided Bose and Nehru; he appeared at the 1939 Congress meeting on a stretcher. He was elected president again over Gandhi's preferred candidate
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There were six vacancies in the ICS. Subhas Bose took the open competitive exam for them in August 1920 and was placed fourth. This was a vital first step. Still remaining was a final examination in 1921 on more topics on India, including the
6650:
5567:
1136:. It was past the deadline for admission. He sought help from some Indian students and from the Non-Collegiate Students Board. The Board offered the university's education at an economical cost without formal admission to a college. Bose
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turned over all Japan's Indian POWs to Bose's command, and in October 1943 Bose announced the creation of a Provisional Government of Free India, of which he became head of state, prime minister, minister of war, and minister of foreign
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2571:
932:
of mixed British and Indian ancestry. The curriculum included Englishâcorrectly written and spokenâLatin, the Bible, good manners, British geography, and British History; no Indian languages were taught. The choice of the school was
4138:
3304:"Subhas Bose might have been a renegade leader who had challenged the authority of the Congress leadership and their principles. But in death he was a martyred patriot whose memory could be an ideal tool for political mobilization."
1097:, the Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University. Despite this, Subhas Bose's expulsion remained in place until 20 July 1917, when the Syndicate of Calcutta University granted him permission to return, but to another college. He joined
3237:, Prime Minister of Great Britain. Broadcast from London after the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, 30 January 1948: "For a quarter of a century, this one man has been the major factor in every consideration of the Indian problem."
6384:, who were devoted to the Indian cause, saw Bose as a military incompetent as well as an unrealistic and stubborn man who saw only his own needs and problems and could not see the larger picture of the war as the Japanese had to."
3009:, who were devoted to the Indian cause, saw Bose as a military incompetent as well as an unrealistic and stubborn man who saw only his own needs and problems and could not see the larger picture of the war as the Japanese had to."
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3417:
The Japanese agreed to provide him transport up to Manchuria from where he could travel to Russia. But on his way, on 18 August 1945 at Taihoku airport in Taiwan, he died in an air crash, which many Indians still believe never
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could bring liberation and reconstruction of Indian society. He expressed admiration for the authoritarian methods which he saw in Italy and Germany during the 1930s; he thought they could be used to build an independent India.
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1578:(brown long coat, a black fez-type coat and broad pyjamas) to avoid being identified. Bose escaped from under British surveillance from his Elgin Roadhouse in Calcutta on the night of 17 January 1941, accompanied by his nephew
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morning they were handed to the president of the Tokyo Indian Independence League, Rama Murti. On 14 September a memorial service was held for Bose in Tokyo and a few days later the ashes were turned over to the priest of the
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1793:. Bose, due to disappointment over the lack of response from Nazi Germany, was now keen to move to Southeast Asia, where Japan had just won quick victories. However, he still expected official recognition from Nazi Germany.
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examination. He succeeded with distinction in the first exam but demurred at taking the routine final exam, citing nationalism as a higher calling. Returning to India in 1921, Bose joined the nationalist movement led by
2921:"Upon arriving in Britain, Bose went up to Cambridge to gain admission. He managed to gain entry to Fitzwilliam Hall, a body for non-collegiate members of the University. Bose took the Mental and Moral Sciences Tripos."
3077:"Subhas Bose was dead, killed in 1945 in a plane crash in the Far East, even though many of his devotees waitedâas Barbarossa's disciples had done in another time and in another countryâfor their hero's second coming."
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1618:, it would have made him an easy target of Pashto speakers working for the British. For this reason, Shah suggested that Bose act deaf and dumb, and let his beard grow to mimic those of the tribesmen. Bose's guide
2873:(Self-rule) Islands, Bose raised the Indian national flag and appointed Lieutenant-Colonel Loganadhan, a medical officer, as chief commissioner. Bose continued to lobby for complete transfer, but did not succeed."
2232:. Said Gandhi, "Subhas Bose has died well. He was undoubtedly a patriot, though misguided." Many congressmen had not forgiven Bose for quarrelling with Gandhi and for collaborating with what they considered was
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and the Soviet Union. A few days before his escape, he sought solitude and, on this pretext, avoided meeting British guards and grew a beard. Late night 16 January 1941, the night of his escape, he dressed as a
1762:; many have questioned his judgment here, as it seems unlikely that the Germans could have been easily persuaded to leave after such an invasion, which might also have resulted in an Axis victory in the War.
6748:
3590:: Charismatic socialist member of the Indian National Congress and radical anti-imperialist. Bose was born on January 23, 1897, in Cuttack, Bengal, India, and was killed in a plane crash on August 18, 1945.
3210:
Bose was born into a prominent Bengali family on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack in the present-day state of Orissa. His father was a government pleader who was appointed to the Bengal Legislative Council in
6801:
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in 1942. He argued that anti-Semitism should become a factor in the struggle for Indian freedom since the Jews had collaborated with British imperialism to exploit the country and its inhabitants.
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700:, but also because discomfort had grown among the Congress leadership over Bose's negotiable attitude to non-violence, and his plans for greater powers for himself. After the large majority of the
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insurance agent ("Ziaudddin") to reach Afghanistan, Bose changed his guise and travelled to Moscow on the Italian passport of an Italian nobleman "Count Orlando Mazzotta". From Moscow, he reached
1219:
Subhas Bose, aged 24, arrived ashore in India at Bombay on the morning of 16 July 1921 and immediately set about arranging an interview with Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi, aged 51, was the leader of the
6380:"At the same time that the Japanese appreciated the firmness with which Bose's forces continued to fight, they were endlessly exasperated with him. A number of Japanese officers, even those like
3005:"At the same time that the Japanese appreciated the firmness with which Bose's forces continued to fight, they were endlessly exasperated with him. A number of Japanese officers, even those like
937:, who wanted his sons to speak flawless English with flawless intonation, believing both to be important for access to the British in India. The school contrasted with Subhas's home, where only
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3295:"Bose's heroic endeavor still fires the imagination of many of his countrymen. But like a meteor which enters the earth's atmosphere, he burned brightly on the horizon for a brief moment only."
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707:
In April 1941 Bose arrived in Nazi Germany, where the leadership offered unexpected but equivocal sympathy for India's independence. German funds were employed to open a Free India Centre in
6620:
4127:
2337:(symbol of Nazi Germany) was an ancient Indian symbol. Bose urged that anti-Semitism should be part of Indian liberation movement because the Jews assisted the British to exploit Indians.
2383:("On to Delhi)!" This was the call he used to give the INA armies to motivate them. Another slogan coined by him was "Ittehad, Etemad, Qurbani" (Urdu for "Unity, Agreement, Sacrifice").
2076:, Bose's government ceased to be an effective political entity. A large proportion of the INA troops surrendered under Lt Col Loganathan. The remaining troops retreated with Bose towards
6771:
723:
to serve under Bose. Although peripheral to their main goals, the Germans inconclusively considered a land invasion of India throughout 1941. By the spring of 1942, the German army was
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5015:
2452:
Bose was featured on the stamps in India from 1964, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2016, 2018 and 2021. Bose was also featured in âč2 coins in 1996 and 1997, âč75 coin in 2018 and âč125 coin in 2021.
824:
pose serious ethical dilemmas, especially his reluctance to publicly criticize the worst excesses of German anti-Semitism from 1938 onwards or to offer refuge in India to its victims.
8003:
7546:
3255:"On 26 December 1937, Subhas Chandra Bose secretly married Emilie Schenkl. Despite the obvious anguish, they chose to keep their relationship and marriage a closely guarded secret."
2084:. Japan's surrender at the end of the war also led to the surrender of the remaining elements of the Indian National Army. The INA prisoners were then repatriated to India and some
7349:
4113:, p. 100 Hot-headed young Bengali radicals broke into the convention hall where Fujiwara, the founder of the INA, was to address the assemblage and shouted abuse at him.
1533:'s decision to declare war on India's behalf without consulting the Congress leadership. Having failed to persuade Gandhi of the necessity of this, Bose organised mass protests in
903:), the anchor of family life, had her first child at age 14 and 13 children thereafter. Subhas was the ninth child and the sixth son. Jankinath, a successful lawyer and government
785:. Almost half of the Japanese forces and fully half of the participating INA contingent were killed. The remaining INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula and surrendered with the
7110:
2159:, the Vice Chief of Staff of the Japanese Kwantung Army, who was to have made the negotiations for Bose with the Soviet army in Manchuria, were instantly killed. Bose's assistant
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was formed as a result of discussion between Fujiwara and Mohan Singh in the second half of December 1941, and the name chosen jointly by them in the first week of January 1942.
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Louro, Michele L (2021), "Anti-fascism and anti-imperialism between the world wars: The perspective from India", in Braskin, Kasper; Featherstone, David; Copsey, Nigel (eds.),
3331:"The real fault, however, must attach to the Japanese commander-in-chief Kawabe. Dithering, ... prostrated with amoebic dysentery, he periodically reasoned that he must cancel
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propeller. The plane swung wildly to the right and plummeted, crashing, breaking into two, and exploding into flames. Inside, the chief pilot, copilot and Lieutenant-General
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3440:
Bose died in a plane crash off Taiwan, while being flown to Tokyo on 18 August 1945, aged 48. For many millions of Indians, especially in Bengal, he remains a revered figure
1522:
officials refused to meet him or show him courtesy because he was a politician coming from a colony. In the 1930s leading figures in the Conservative Party had opposed even
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Rettig, Frederik (2020), "Recruiting the all-female Rani of Jhansi Regiment: Subhas Chandra Bose and Dr Lakshmi Swaminadhan", in Lanzona, Vina A.; Rettig, Frederik (eds.),
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Nehru, the real leaders of Indian nationalism, and the representatives of the political forces with which Germany would have to deal when her army reached the Khyber Pass.
1944:
government, the Azad Hind Government, which came to produce its own currency, postage stamps, court and civil code, and was recognised by nine Axis statesâGermany, Japan,
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1406:(self-governance), including the use of force against the British. This meant a confrontation with Mohandas Gandhi, who in fact opposed Bose's presidency, splitting the
1498:
Bose arriving at the 1939 annual session of the Congress, where he was re-elected, but later had to resign after disagreements with Gandhi and the Congress High Command
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Japanese-occupied lands and held in enclosures attached to the camps in which they were being trained to follow their Japanese comrades in the occupation of India.
1835:
In 1943, after being disillusioned that Germany could be of any help in gaining India's independence, Bose left for Japan. He travelled with the German submarine
2204:
Soon, in spite of the treatment, Bose went into a coma. A few hours later, between 9 and 10 pm (local time) on Saturday, 18 August 1945, Bose died aged 48.
2125:(left) The last aeroplane journeys of Subhas Chandra Bose; flight paths: blue (completed), red (not completed); (right) A memorial to Subhas Chandra Bose in the
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Since before the beginning of the World War II, Bose was opposed to the attempts to grant Jewish refugees asylum in India. The great anti-Jewish pogrom called "
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2187:], was put over most of his body and then a white ointment was applied and he was bandaged over most of his body. Dr. Yoshimi gave Bose four injections of
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1754:. Its members swore the following allegiance to Hitler and Bose: "I swear by God this holy oath that I will obey the leader of the German race and state,
1549:. He was thrown in jail by the British, but was released following a seven-day hunger strike. Bose's house in Calcutta was kept under surveillance by the
1085:, from law studies in England for the tempers to subside. Subhas returned to presidency and busied himself with studies, debating and student journalism.
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1093:. The incident shocked Calcutta and caused anguish to Bose's family. He was ordered back to Cuttack. His family's connections were employed to pressure
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2938:', but to give Subhas Bose a special Indian form of reverence and this term has been universally adopted by Indians everywhere in speaking about him."
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3264:"Rumours that Bose had survived and was waiting to come out of hiding and begin the final struggle for independence were rampant by the end of 1945."
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2512:. Abe, who is also the recipient of Netaji Award 2022, said to Bose's family "The Japanese are deeply moved by Bose's strong will to have led the
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during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942 refused to entertain Bose's requests and facilitated him with a submarine voyage to East Asia.
1383:. He observed party organisation and saw communism and fascism in action. In this period, he also researched and wrote the first part of his book
731:
during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942 agreed to arrange a submarine. During this time, Bose became a father; his wife, or companion,
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1182:, stating, "I wish to have my name removed from the list of probationers in the Indian Civil Service." The following day he wrote again to Sarat:
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1605:. Bose was taken to the home of Abad Khan, a trusted friend of Akbar Shah's. On 26 January 1941, Bose began his journey to reach Russia through
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3286:"His romantic saga, coupled with his defiant nationalism, has made Bose a near-mythic figure, not only in his native Bengal, but across India."
2969:, Bose also hired a secretary by the name of Emilie Schenkl. They eventually fell in love and married secretly in accordance with Hindu rites."
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status for India. It was during the Labour Party government of 1945â1951, with Attlee as the Prime Minister, that India gained independence.
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Bose, Sarmila (2005), "Love in the Time of War: Subhas Chandra Bose's Journeys to Nazi Germany (1941) and towards the Soviet Union (1945)",
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for his weakened heart. These were given about every 30 minutes. Since his body had lost fluids quickly upon being burnt, he was also given
1253:
for Das when the latter was elected mayor of Calcutta in 1924. During the same year, when Bose was leading a protest march in Calcutta, he,
743:, Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943. Off Madagascar, he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in
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Roy, Baijayanti (2019), "The Past is Indeed a Different Country: Perception of Holocaust in India", in Ballis, Anja; Gloe, Markus (eds.),
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on 18 August 1945. Some Indians did not believe that the crash had occurred, expecting Bose to return to secure India's independence. The
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Indian troops help the French re-establish control over Saigon and the south of Vietnam; death of Subhas Bose in a plane crash in Taiwan.
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1983:, were involved in operations behind enemy lines both during the diversionary attacks in Arakan, as well as the Japanese thrust towards
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ideas; alternatively, others consider he might have been using populist methods of mobilisation common to many post-colonial leaders.
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1124:(ICS) examination. Arriving in London on 20 October 1919, Subhas readied his application for the ICS. For his references he put down
812:, but eventually backtracked in the face of opposition by the Congress, and a new mood in Britain for rapid decolonisation in India.
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The Jungle, Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941â45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare
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In 1938, Bose had denounced Nazi racial policy and persecution of Jews. However, in 1942 he had published an article in the journal
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His formal title after 21 October 1943 was: Head of State, Prime Minister, Minister of War, and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the
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1132:, a wealthy Calcutta lawyer who sat on the Council of India in London. Bose was eager also to gain admission to a college at the
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and also the Secretary of the Bengal State Congress. He became the editor of the newspaper "Forward", which had been founded by
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804:, the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Bose's patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology. The
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1968:. Of those countries, five were authorities established under Axis occupation. This government participated in the so-called
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Aafreedi, Navras J. (2021), "Holocaust education in India and its challenges", in Aafreedi, Navras J.; Singh, Priya (eds.),
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Aafreedi, Navras J. (2021), "Holocaust education in India and its challenges", in Aafreedi, Navras J.; Singh, Priya (eds.),
1514:. During his sojourn in England Bose tried to schedule appointments with several politicians, but only the Labour Party and
1510:, for at least two decades. For political reasons Bose was refused permission by the British authorities to meet AtatĂŒrk at
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2496:(Longest bridge of Odisha) at Cuttack, Odisha and many other institutions in India are named after him. On 23 August 2007,
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Expelled from the college and rusticated from the university, 15 February 1916; reinstated in the university 20 July 1917.
2240:, were conflicted about the INA. Some saw the INA as traitors and wanted them punished; others felt more sympathetic. The
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between 1757 and 1803 is shown in shades of brown. Cuttack is approximately 225 miles (362 km) southwest of Calcutta.
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in January 1902. English was the medium of all instruction in the school, the majority of the students being European or
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3224:. He insisted that it was not a cowardly form of resistance; rather, it required the most determined kind of courage.
3122:. He insisted that it was not a cowardly form of resistance; rather, it required the most determined kind of courage.
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prior to their capture by Axis forces. The Indian Legion was attached to the Wehrmacht, and later transferred to the
1550:
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2275:" in a 1930 speech in Calcutta. Bose later criticized Nehru's 1933 statement that there is "no middle road" between
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and other leaders were arrested and imprisoned. After a roundup of nationalists in 1925, Bose was sent to prison in
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Policing 'Bengali Terrorism' in India and the World: Imperial Intelligence and Revolutionary Nationalism, 1905â1939
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arrangement to create the army, which was to be trained to fight British and other Allied forces in Southeast Asia.
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fascism. The Indian soldiers in the British Indian army, some two and a half million of whom had fought during the
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The Germans were unwilling to form an alliance with Bose because they considered him unpopular in comparison with
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Policing Transnational Protest: Liberal Imperialism and the Surveillance of Anticolonialists in Europe, 1905â1945
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he would live. Dr. Yoshimi promptly began to treat Bose and was assisted by Dr. Tsuruta. According to historian
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Still the INA fought in key battles against the British Indian Army in Burmese territory, notable in Meiktilla,
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In the Shadow of the Swastika: The Relationships Between Indian Radical Nationalism, Italian Fascism and Nazism
1746:(consisting of some 4500 soldiers) out of Indian prisoners of war who had previously fought for the British in
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in a special courier aircraft at the beginning of April where he was to receive a more favourable hearing from
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In 1927, after being released from prison, Bose became general secretary of the Congress party and worked with
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6802:"Subhas Chandra Bose 125th birth anniversary: Unveiling of Netaji's statue, floral tributes at Central Hall"
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Unsung Heroes of the Dachau Trials: The Investigative Work of the U.S. Army 7708 War Crimes Group, 1945-1947
2301:
authoritarian character," and "a strong central government with dictatorial powers for some years to come".
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During the mid-1930s Bose travelled in Europe, visiting Indian students and European politicians, including
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6833:"'Attempts were made to erase contributions of many,' says PM Modi as he unveils hologram statue of Netaji"
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Roman Hayes describes the troubled legacy of Bose with atrocities related to Jews in the following words:â
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1969:
1949:
1207:
1199:. He prepared to sail for India in June 1921, electing for a fellow Indian student to pick up his diploma.
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movement. Spoken as a part of a motivational speech for the Indian National Army at a rally of Indians in
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Struggle for hegemony in India, 1920â47: the colonial state, the left, and the national movement. 1934â41
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Bennet, Brad (1997), "Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897â1945)", in Powers, Roger S.; Vogele, William B. (eds.),
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2007:
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The crew of Japanese submarine I-29 after the rendezvous with German submarine U-180 300 sm southeast of
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some months in April 1939, Bose refused to support the party motion that Jews can find refuge in India.
1868:. Fujiwara's mission was "to raise an army which would fight alongside the Japanese army." He first met
1529:
On the outbreak of war, Bose advocated a campaign of mass civil disobedience to protest against Viceroy
987:
being among his favourites; several of his sons were to become English literature enthusiasts like him.
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8437:, Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia, Abington and New York: Routledge, pp. 158â172,
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2731:. The series was praised by both audience and critics, for its plot, performance and production design.
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faced an uncertain future, with many fatalistically expecting reprisals from the British. In India the
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2011:
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645:: "Respected Leader") was first applied to Bose in Germany in early 1942âby the Indian soldiers of the
306:
1853:. This was the only civilian transfer between two submarines of two different navies in World War II.
1417:
Bose, president-elect, INC, arrives in Calcutta, 24 January 1938, after two-month vacation in Austria.
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Following his five older brothers, Bose entered the Baptist Mission's Protestant European School in
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The Shadow Warriors of Nakano: A History of the Imperial Japanese Army's Elite Intelligence School
7002:
2956:"Having arrived in Berlin a bruised politician, his broadcasts brought himâand Indiaâworld notice.
2595:, a feature documentary film about Bose was released in 1947, it was directed by Chhotubhai Desai.
2333:, where he wrote that Indians were true Aryans and the 'brethren' of the Germans. Bose added that
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and scrupulous about matters of language and the law. A self-made man from the rural outskirts of
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members resigned in protest, Bose resigned as president and was eventually ousted from the party.
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5560:"It is forgotten that the toughest land battle of the Second World War was fought on Indian soil"
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Subhas Chandra Bose died on 18 August 1945 from third-degree burns after his airplane crashed in
1945:
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and assumed charge of the publicity for the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee. His mentor was
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with honours in philosophy, placing second among all philosophy students in Calcutta University.
1020:
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234:
31:
6772:"Political row over Centre's decision to celebrate Netaji's birth anniversary as Parakram Diwas"
3573:
Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage
2682:, a 2016 documentary film by Iqbal Malhotra, follows conspiracy theories regarding Bose's death.
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His most famous quote was "Give me blood and I will give you freedom". Another famous quote was
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2634:(1941â1943), in Japanese-occupied Asia (1943â1945) and the events leading to the formation of
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and left for Japan. This left the men he had recruited leaderless and demoralised in Germany.
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At his father's urging, Subhas Bose agreed to travel to England to prepare and appear for the
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President Pranab Mukherjee unveils Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's 1937 Wanderer W24 in Kolkata
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where he was met by an Abwehr unit posing as a party of road construction engineers from the
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Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service
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1373:(Bose's second-in-command, Berlin, 1941â1945), Heidi Fulop-Miller, Schenkl, and Amiya Bose.
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Brothers against the Raj: a biography of Indian nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose
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5940:, SAGE Studies on India's North East, New Delhi and Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications,
3709:
Brothers Against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose
2428:
2244:, though never seriously threatened by the INA, tried 300 INA officers for treason in the
1975:
The INA's first commitment was in the Japanese thrust towards Eastern Indian frontiers of
727:
and Bose became keen to move to southeast Asia, where Japan had just won quick victories.
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Democracy Indian Style: Subhas Chandra Bose and the Creation of India's Political Culture
5612:"Father of Our Nation" (Address to Mahatma Gandhi over the Rangoon Radio on 6 July 1944)
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2006:
in 1942 and a year later, the Provisional Government and the INA were established in the
1953:
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1306:
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1129:
766:
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642:
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6543:, Twentieth-Century Battles series, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, p. 222,
1823:
915:, he had remained in touch with his roots, returning annually to his village during the
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9213:
Imagining Japan in Post-war East Asia: Identity Politics, Schooling and Popular Culture
9103:
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India in Axis Strategy: Germany, Japan, and Indian Nationalists in the Second World War
7477:
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6476:
6428:
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2281:
1903:. The first INA was however disbanded in December 1942 after disagreements between the
1880:, and through Pritam Singh's network recruited a captured British Indian army captain,
1569:
Bose's arrest and subsequent release set the scene for his escape to Nazi Germany, via
1515:
1319:
1162:
1082:
1065:
995:
962:
837:
786:
316:
246:
1369:
president-elect, center, in Bad Gastein, Austria, December 1937, with (left to right)
808:, never seriously threatened by the INA, charged 300 INA officers with treason in the
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7596:
Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India, 1919â1947
7580:
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increasingly vocal in his view that trials of INA defendants should not move forward.
2803:
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876:
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282:
211:
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Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany: Politics, Intelligence and Propaganda 1941â1943
6004:, Princeton Legacy Library, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 314,
2209:
2126:
1116:, Calcutta which Subhas Bose entered in 1913, but from which he was expelled in 1916
14518:
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11591:
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10887:
10650:
10590:
10392:
10302:
10297:
10243:
10151:
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9998:
9973:
9887:
9867:
9733:
9718:
9650:
9610:
9605:
9468:
9438:
9351:
9330:
8153:, Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society, 23, Cambridge University Press,
7666:
7291:
7080:
7049:
Allen, Louis (2012), "The Campaigns in Asia and the Pacific", in John Gooch (ed.),
6496:
6448:
6400:
6381:
6150:
Conceptualizing Mass Violence: Representations, Recollections, and reinterpretatons
4467:
Conceptualizing Mass Violence: Representations, Recollections, and reinterpretatons
3603:
3274:
3006:
2753:
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1900:
1861:
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1503:
1464:
1380:
1370:
1323:
1285:
1246:
1234:
938:
736:
688:
659:
630:
523:
473:
393:
191:
7678:
1935:
Even when faced with military reverses, Bose was able to maintain support for the
1770:, which had been set up to aid Bose, did not get along with Emilie. In particular
1507:
1288:
for independence. In late December 1928, Bose organised the Annual Meeting of the
14701:
14571:
14467:
14457:
14339:
14250:
14218:
13938:
13718:
13150:
13145:
12961:
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12644:
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11894:
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10387:
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9147:
9115:
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8996:
8992:
8937:
8902:
8873:
8869:
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8775:
8649:
8361:
8251:
8231:
8168:
8071:
8048:
7965:
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7906:
7886:
7861:
7855:
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7522:
7485:
7450:
7406:
7368:
7279:
7236:
7176:
7137:
7074:
7050:
6866:
6643:"Rs 75 commemorative coin to mark 75th anniversary of Tricolour hoisting by Bose"
6265:
5437:
5398:
5340:
3663:
2813:
2760:
2400:
2322:
2267:
Bose first expressed his preference for "a synthesis of what modern Europe calls
2233:
2053:
1759:
1739:
1615:
1530:
1488:
1456:
1447:
towards life. In England, he exchanged ideas on the future of India with British
1297:
1078:
934:
864:
853:
797:
758:
626:
406:
383:(secretly married without ceremony or witnesses, unacknowledged publicly by Bose)
203:
11991:
11956:
5629:
Partition: The story of Indian independence and the creation of Pakistan in 1947
2660:
historical novel on the life of Subhash Chandra Bose, written by Marathi author
2188:
14427:
14392:
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13841:
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12539:
12424:
11726:
11676:
11666:
11646:
11611:
11571:
11556:
11278:
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11193:
11133:
11123:
10952:
10842:
10712:
10687:
10662:
10560:
10513:
10291:
10278:
10238:
10208:
10092:
9983:
9723:
9615:
9444:
7670:
7370:
His Majesty's Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle against Empire
6673:"à€šà„à€€à€Ÿà€à„ à€à„ 125à€”à„à€ à€à€Żà€à€€à„ à€Șà€° à€Čà„à€šà„à€ à€čà„à€à€Ÿ 125 à€°à„à€Șà€Żà„ à€à€Ÿ à€žà€żà€à„à€à€Ÿ, à€à€Ÿà€šà„à€ à€à„à€Żà€Ÿ à€čà„à€à€Ÿ à€à€Ÿà€ž"
6189:, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, p. xx,
5369:
3332:
3273:"The Fundamental Problems of India" (An address to the Faculty and students of
3234:
3132:
by Mahatma Gandhi,' but to 'the military daring of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.'
2728:
2635:
2599:
2524:
2461:
2355:
2225:
2077:
2046:
1928:
1917:
1895:
This was along the concept of, and with support of, what was then known as the
1865:
1850:
1782:
1679:
1646:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1362:
974:
970:
782:
732:
697:
680:
364:
3849:
3496:
Japan's Colonial Moment in Southeast Asia 1942â1945: The Occupiers' Experience
3449:
World War II and Southeast Asia: Economy and Society under Japanese Occupation
2527:
to commemorate the birth anniversary of Subhas Chandra Bose. Political party,
2116:
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14706:
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14508:
14447:
14407:
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13746:
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13415:
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12976:
12951:
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12727:
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12664:
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12629:
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11671:
11596:
11561:
11521:
11436:
11406:
11396:
11381:
11268:
11238:
11218:
10947:
10263:
10248:
10213:
10203:
10102:
10040:
10013:
9793:
9698:
9544:
9499:
8380:
7878:
6495:, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 79, 113, 114,
6447:, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 79, 113, 114,
6399:, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 79, 113, 114,
3920:
Communism and Nationalism in India: M. N. Roy and Comintern Policy, 1920â1939
3145:
has said, 'was one of the greatest acts of reconciliation in human history.'"
2724:
2661:
2621:
2583:
2505:
2408:
2318:
2257:
2192:
2033:
On the Indian mainland, an Indian Tricolour flag, modelled after that of the
2027:
1980:
1860:(INA) was the brainchild of Japanese Major (and post-war Lieutenant-General)
1743:
1606:
1476:
1311:
1280:
taking the salute. Annual meeting, Indian National Congress, 29 December 1928
1277:
1262:
1179:
1108:
1061:
1053:
929:
908:
880:
693:
671:
647:
9378:
2501:
1994:
14611:
14561:
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14312:
13623:
13583:
13543:
13465:
13395:
13226:
13205:
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12946:
12936:
12886:
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12815:
12800:
12732:
12689:
12684:
12669:
12649:
12624:
12489:
12364:
11874:
11761:
11391:
11356:
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11288:
11088:
10992:
10902:
10892:
10657:
10585:
10570:
10485:
10193:
10081:
10035:
9917:
9877:
9788:
9708:
9660:
9635:
9030:
Speeches of Swami Vivekananda and Subhash Chandra Bose: A Comparative Study
8645:
8020:"Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's favourite car restored; unveiled in Kolkata"
7518:
7332:"Congress President: Speeches, Articles, and Letters January 1938âMay 1939"
4092:
2756:
2689:
2631:
2535:
demanded that the day should be observed as 'Deshprem Divas'. In 2019, the
2396:
1904:
1794:
1755:
1722:
1654:
1642:
1626:
1468:
1266:
790:
728:
720:
716:
634:
622:
6501:
6453:
6405:
3608:
2224:'s official line was succinctly expressed in a letter Mohandas Karamchand
55:
14711:
14681:
14671:
14661:
14417:
14412:
14382:
14270:
14238:
14213:
14183:
14120:
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13568:
13390:
13327:
13274:
13221:
12941:
12379:
11481:
11361:
11053:
10832:
10580:
10490:
10352:
9988:
9892:
9703:
8749:
8067:
8044:
8024:
7937:
7653:
7364:
6975:
2852:
2708:
2673:
2614:
2392:
2367:
2241:
2023:
1965:
1913:
1630:
1570:
1494:
1480:
1390:
1029:
978:
966:
954:
805:
740:
667:
618:
286:
9778:
9107:
7139:
Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire
6892:
5016:"Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Birth Anniversary: History and significance"
4135:
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2nd Edition, Volume 3
2260:
was a great source of inspiration for the struggle against the British.
330:
14596:
14586:
14477:
14432:
14387:
14322:
14255:
14188:
14070:
14050:
14010:
13578:
13573:
13242:
12639:
11731:
11506:
11456:
11371:
11023:
10907:
10742:
10268:
10218:
9993:
9817:
9645:
9356:
8524:
Social, Economic and Political Philosophy of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
8351:
Pasricha, Ashu (2008), "The Political Thought of Subhas Chandra Bose",
7391:, Routledge Studies in Modern History, London and New York: Routledge,
7223:
3529:, Singapore: NUS Press, National University of Singapore, p. 185,
3221:
3119:
2735:
2552:
2395:
made him a hero among many Indians, however his wartime alliances with
2245:
2085:
2069:
1828:
1015:
1002:
In 1909, the 12-year-old Subhas Bose followed his five brothers to the
917:
461:
9479:
9391:
8285:
Making Britain: Discover how South Asians shaped the nation, 1870â1950
14260:
14115:
14090:
14085:
14030:
14015:
13593:
13460:
13383:
11711:
11606:
11566:
11541:
11476:
11138:
11128:
11028:
10495:
10113:
10029:
9939:
9872:
9494:
9248:
8555:
8413:
7801:
7524:
The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence 1942â1945
7056:
6270:. Routledge Jewish Studies Series. Taylor & Francis. p. 39.
6216:
Israel and the European Left: Between Solidarity and Deligitimization
2823:
2720:
2716:
2700:
2363:
2276:
2268:
1961:
1936:
1923:
1818:
1751:
1587:
1442:
When Subhas Chandra Bose was heading to Madurai, on an invitation of
1272:
1192:
1144:
998:(standing, centre) and Subhas Bose (aged 8, standing, extreme right).
770:
5293:
3711:, New York and Oxford: Columbia University Press, pp. 539â542,
2052:
During this operation, on 6 July 1944, in a speech broadcast by the
14493:
14462:
14442:
14422:
14367:
14317:
14208:
14135:
14105:
14055:
13490:
13011:
11073:
10717:
10377:
10342:
9549:
8755:
8073:
Britain and Indian Nationalism: The Imprint of Amibiguity 1929â1942
7487:
Eminent Indians who was who, 1900â1980, also annual diary of events
4921:
2748:
2540:
2539:
inaugurated a museum on Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and his INA at
2344:
2334:
2081:
2061:
1594:
1565:
The Wanderer car Bose used to escape from his Calcutta home in 1941
1534:
1523:
1327:
1258:
1007:
958:
912:
904:
621:
made him a hero among many Indians, but his wartime alliances with
8452:
7797:"Shinzo Abe visits Netaji Bhavan, sees notion of a 'Broader Asia'"
6520:
6472:
6424:
6101:
3627:
3548:
Sandler, Stanley, ed. (2001), "Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897â1945)",
3513:
3467:
1010:
were also taught, as were ideas from Hindu scriptures such as the
14513:
14498:
14130:
14125:
14095:
14025:
14020:
14005:
14000:
13288:
11233:
10018:
9978:
6868:
Cinema and the Indian Freedom Struggle: Covering the Subcontinent
2931:
2644:
National Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration
2509:
2272:
2129:, Tokyo. Bose's ashes are stored in the temple in a golden pagoda
2073:
2042:
2038:
1976:
1957:
1873:
925:
868:
747:
278:
7405:
Chakraborty, Phani Bhusan; BhaáčáčÄcÄrya, BrajendrakumÄra (1989),
6065:
Squaring the Circle: Mahatma Gandhi and the Jewish National Home
6009:
4857:, London, UK: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) Archives,
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4230:
4228:
4226:
3937:
1843:
to the southeast of Madagascar, where he was transferred to the
1774:, Alexander Werth and Freda Kretschemer, according to historian
1052:
Hindu men. He chose to study philosophy, his readings including
14402:
14372:
14297:
14145:
14065:
14060:
13608:
13563:
10757:
6594:
6350:
5174:
3922:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 282â283,
3038:
2359:
2147:
2140:
1988:
1984:
1802:
1738:
which was responsible for broadcasting on the German-sponsored
1671:
1662:
1598:
1575:
1561:
1511:
1403:
1238:
1229:
1212:
983:
872:
821:
708:
663:
302:
43:
13102:
8875:
Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India
8117:
Subhas Chandra Bose: Netaji's passage to im[m]ortality
5540:
5400:
Laid to Rest: The Controversy over Subhas Chandra Bose's Death
3831:
3829:
2516:
from British rule. Netaji is a much respected name in Japan."
1502:
He came to believe that an independent India needed socialist
1333:
1314:, which caused a great deal of indignation among the Bengalis.
994:
Janakinath Bose, Prabhabati Bose, and their family, ca. 1905.
796:
Bose died from third-degree burns after his plane crashed in
429:
Baptist Mission's Protestant European School, Cuttack, 1902â09
13635:
13553:
13360:
10187:
7330:
Bose, Subhas (2004), Bose, Sisir Kumar; Bose, Sugata (eds.),
6032:
5857:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5697:
4398:
Lives in the Wilderness: Three Classic Indian Autobiographies
4343:
4260:
4258:
4223:
3911:
2469:
1940:
1836:
1742:. He founded the Free India Center in Berlin and created the
1685:
1638:
1081:
and Subhas. It took the return of Subhas's favorite brother,
1049:
1011:
946:
942:
552:
541:
338:
334:
8683:
The Talwars of Pathan Land and Subhas Chandra's Great Escape
5655:
5653:
5651:
5649:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4424:
4422:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4245:
4243:
4055:
4053:
3901:
Peace, Poverty, and Betrayal: A New History of British India
2563:, for those who does excellent work in Disaster management.
2004:
Japanese also took possession of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
789:. Bose chose to escape to Manchuria to seek a future in the
674:
education, he was sent after college to England to take the
14233:
14198:
9289:
A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas
8363:
Subhas Chandra Bose, his contribution to Indian nationalism
6563:
6541:
The Battle for Malaya: The Indian Army in Defeat, 1941â1942
6493:
India and the World: A History of Connections, c. 1750â2000
6445:
India and the World: A History of Connections, c. 1750â2000
6397:
India and the World: A History of Connections, c. 1750â2000
6362:
6218:, New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, Continuum, p. 112,
5917:
5594:
4834:
4832:
4598:
4596:
4070:
4068:
4040:
4038:
3826:
3599:
India and the World: A History of Connections, c. 1750â2000
2935:
2065:
1658:
1650:
1276:
Subhas Bose (in military uniform) with Congress president,
1148:
Subhas Bose (standing, right) with friends in England, 1920
1073:
950:
578:
567:
5893:
5845:
5818:
5806:
5760:
5725:
5694:
5281:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5121:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4255:
3527:
War Memory and the Making of Modern Malaysia and Singapore
2321:" happened on 9 November 1938. In early December, the pro-
1048:, the historic and traditional college for Bengal's upper-
529:
526:
9325:
8485:
The Battle for Malaya: The Indian Army in Defeat, 1941â42
8332:
8272:
Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia, 1895â1945
6951:
6715:
6713:
6044:
5835:
5833:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5646:
5619:
5342:
Subhash Chandra Bose: A Biography of His Vision and Ideas
5322:
5320:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4482:
4419:
4294:
4240:
4187:
4050:
3977:
3975:
3960:
3880:
3868:
2575:
Bose on the tableau of Andaman & Nicobar in the 2006
2183:
2014:
appointed its Governor General. The islands were renamed
555:
8386:
Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings
7178:
Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia
5504:
5492:
5468:
5109:
4981:
4979:
4945:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4844:
4829:
4819:
4817:
4780:
4778:
4763:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4699:
4689:
4687:
4593:
4530:
4270:
4177:
4175:
4065:
4035:
3665:
Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia
3378:
3368:
3366:
3364:
2763:, which deals with Netaji's death mystery, based on the
2703:
and BIG Synergy Media, released a 9-episode web series,
1191:
For some time before Subhas Bose had been in touch with
1165:
back in Calcutta. In one letter to Sarat, Subhas wrote,
8325:"Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero (2005)"
7651:(3 October 2013) . "Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897â1945)".
7494:
7298:
Bose, Subhas (2002), Bose, Sisir; Bose, Sugata (eds.),
6387:
6121:
Jewish Communities in India: Identity in a Colonial Era
5299:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5231:
5133:
4662:
4660:
4632:
4581:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4518:
4409:
4407:
4367:
4365:
3948:
3816:
3814:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
2613:
is a 1966 Indian biographical drama film about Bose by
1718:
1318:
A little later, Bose was again arrested and jailed for
9210:
Morris, Paul; Shimazu, Naoko; Vickers, Edward (2014),
7404:
7288:
Beacon Across Asia: A Biography of Subhas Chandra Bose
7111:"World believes Netaji was married, but not his party"
6915:
6710:
6575:
5869:
5830:
5794:
5777:
5737:
5665:
5317:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5213:
4991:
4927:
4319:
4199:
4023:
3972:
3892:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3488:
Subhas Chandra Bose killed in a plane crash in Taiwan.
1396:
1202:
14534:
List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
9331:
Declassified papers at the National Archives of India
8939:
Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941â1945
6939:
6700:
6698:
6075:
5957:
5480:
5378:
5252:
5145:
5038:
4976:
4872:
4814:
4802:
4790:
4775:
4742:
4711:
4684:
4569:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4211:
4172:
4104:
3405:, Hyderabad and Delhi: Orient Longmans, p. 427,
3361:
3090:) represented in imperialism, fascism and socialism."
2688:
is a 2017 television documentary film which aired on
2607:-language biographical film, directed by Pijush Basu.
1044:
Subhas Bose followed his five brothers again 1913 to
599:
581:
558:
544:
14948:
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Taiwan
8623:, Britain and the World Series, Palgrave Macmillan,
7428:
The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947â1967
7258:
The Essential Writings of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
7076:
From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India
6338:
5442:. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 116.
5305:
5264:
5198:
5186:
5097:
4672:
4657:
4620:
4608:
4542:
4404:
4362:
4331:
4282:
4160:
4011:
3987:
3811:
3788:
3769:
3750:
3403:
From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India
3349:
2890:. with jurisdiction, but without the sovereignty of
2173:, who interviewed all the hospital personnel later,
1808:
1601:, where he was met by Akbar Shah, Mohammed Shah and
658:Bose was born into wealth and privilege in a large
575:
564:
561:
532:
453:, Non-Collegiate Students Board, Cambridge, 1919â21.
27:
Indian nationalist leader and politician (1897â1945)
9120:, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
8098:, vol. 10, no. 1, Chery Chase, Maryland,
7970:, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
7408:
News behind newspapers: a study of the Indian press
6326:
6020:
5978:
Anti-Fascism in a Global Perspective: Transnational
5905:
5881:
5682:
5210:
5164:
5162:
5160:
4897:
4730:
4080:
3999:
3850:"Speech of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Tokyo, 1943"
3729:
3699:
3697:
3695:
1899:headed from Tokyo by expatriate nationalist leader
572:
549:
538:
535:
14943:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1945
9117:Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment
9094:(2006), "Legend and Legacy: Subhas Chandra Bose",
8170:The Burma Campaign: Disaster Into Triumph, 1942â45
7967:Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment
7652:
7483:
7025:
6927:
6695:
5938:Women's Agency and Social Change: Assam and Beyond
5180:
4933:
4499:
4377:
2672:, a biography of Subhash Chandra Bose, written by
1831:; Bose is sitting in the front row (28 April 1943)
1637:who then aided his passage across Afghanistan via
11986:
6187:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
6152:, Abington and New York: Routledge, p. 154,
5582:
5516:
5085:
5073:
4909:
4469:, Abington and New York: Routledge, p. 154,
4458:
4396:Corbett, Jim; Elwin, Verrier; Ali, Salim (2004),
2738:started broadcasting the daily television series
1211:Bose at the inauguration of the India Society in
715:was recruited from among Indian POWs captured by
14749:
10543:
8504:India Votes, Elections 1996: A Critical Analysis
7277:
6733:"Ex-Japan PM Shinzo Abe given Netaji Award 2022"
6086:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 213,
5863:
5528:
5157:
4445:, Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer VS, p. 108,
3692:
2458:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station
2454:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport
1920:, which is seen as a first of its kind in Asia.
1766:involvement." However, most of the staff in the
852:Subhas Chandra Bose was born to Bengali parents
613:; 23 January 1897 â 18 August 1945) was an
8998:Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy
8278:
7877:
7720:"Biopic of Indian revolutionary sparks protest"
6356:
5338:
4951:
4395:
4116:
3835:
3498:, London and New York: Routledge, p. 211,
2216:in Tokyo. There they have remained ever since.
2037:, was raised for the first time in the town of
1556:
1365:, in Bad Gastein, Austria, 1936; (right) Bose,
941:was spoken. At home, his mother worshipped the
793:which he believed to have turned anti-British.
13481:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
9272:, Penguin Random House India Private Limited,
8606:
8222:
7072:
6250:, Kurhaus Hochland, Badgastein, 25 March 1936
5923:
5435:
4356:
4234:
3575:, London and New York: Routledge, p. 48,
3395:
3393:
2779:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
2648:National Film Award for Best Production Design
2627:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero
651:and by the German and Indian officials in the
482:(B.A. Mental and Moral Sciences Tripos, 1921.)
14838:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
13258:
13118:
11972:
10529:
9833:
9407:
9383:
9366:Newspaper clippings about Subhas Chandra Bose
8907:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,
8269:
8197:(illustrated ed.), Potomac Books, Inc.,
7823:Raj, the Making and Unmaking of British India
7448:
7108:
5851:
5625:
5345:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 408.
5127:
4854:Speech on the Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi
4434:
4389:
3552:, Garland Publishing/Routledge, p. 185,
3524:
2561:Subhas Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar
1789:. By the spring of 1942, the German army was
1402:Congress President. He stood for unqualified
1241:. In 1923, Bose was elected the President of
765:who had been captured by the Japanese in the
30:"Netaji" redirects here. For other uses, see
14863:Indian independence armed struggle activists
8581:, archived from the original on 5 March 2005
8406:
7717:
7685:
7665:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
7452:Subhas Chandra Bose: man, mission, and means
6995:
6957:
6169:of London as having published an article in
5546:
5332:
5056:
4850:
3550:World War II in the Pacific: An Encyclopedia
3400:
3188:of London as having published an article in
2638:. The film received critical acclaim at the
1960:, China, a provisional government of Burma,
1582:, later reaching Gomoh Railway Station (now
1439:organised a massive rally as his reception.
1292:in Calcutta. His most memorable role was as
655:in Berlin. It is now used throughout India.
14151:List of cities in West Bengal by population
9062:India, 1885â1947: the unmaking of an empire
7301:Azad Hind: writings and speeches, 1941â1943
7171:
6864:
6081:
6062:
5969:
5659:
5600:
4313:
4249:
3602:, Cambridge University Press, p. xix,
3484:Chronology of World War II in the Pacific:
3452:, Cambridge University Press, p. xvi,
3426:The Routledge Atlas of the Second World War
3390:
2343:had condemned Bose as "India's anti-Jewish
1334:1933â1937: Illness, Austria, Emilie Schenkl
888:
14913:Presidents of the Indian National Congress
13265:
13251:
13125:
13111:
11979:
11965:
11044:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
10536:
10522:
9840:
9826:
9414:
9400:
8801:Subhas Chandra Bose: The Man and His Times
8355:, vol. 16, Concept Publishing Company
8113:
7908:Subhas Chandra Bose: Great Freedom Fighter
7692:, National University of Singapore Press,
7686:Goto, Ken'ichi; Kratoska, Paul H. (2003),
7052:Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War
5246:
4952:Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
1686:1941â1943: Collaboration with Nazi Germany
1678:and the Foreign Ministry officials at the
1128:, Under Secretary of State for India, and
54:
12480:Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha
8970:"Emilie Schenkl, Mrs Subhas Chandra Bose"
8618:
8487:, Bloomingtom: Indiana University Press,
7829:
7794:
7741:
7474:Thy Hand, Great Anarch!: India, 1921â1952
7468:
7424:
7256:Bose, Sisir; Bose, Sugata, eds. (1997a),
7255:
6921:
6719:
6500:
6490:
6452:
6442:
6404:
6394:
6251:
6038:
5875:
5613:
5396:
4276:
3607:
3595:
1864:, head of the Japanese intelligence unit
753:With Japanese support, Bose revamped the
14918:Prisoners and detainees of British India
14813:Indian collaborators with Imperial Japan
14778:Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
14539:Discrimination against Bengalis in India
13272:
12275:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
9847:
8350:
8322:
8089:
7386:
7229:
7203:, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors
6945:
6860:
6858:
6830:
6213:
6184:
6147:
5999:
5899:
5287:
5044:
4464:
4428:
3917:
3898:
3428:(2nd ed.), Routledge, p. 227,
3336:evidence that both were busted flushes."
3141:" 'The transfer of power in India ,' Dr
2727:as Subhas Chandra Bose and Anna Ador as
2582:
2570:
2091:
2026:, who later died of his injuries in the
1993:
1922:
1822:
1584:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh Station
1560:
1493:
1412:
1271:
1237:, a voice for aggressive nationalism in
1206:
1143:
1107:
989:
836:
832:
12029:Indian National Congress (Organisation)
12009:History of the Indian National Congress
9421:
8868:
8845:
8747:
8379:
8249:
8190:
8145:
8017:
7995:
7662:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
7655:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6569:
6368:
6263:
5632:. Simon & Schuster UK. p. 13.
5429:
5275:
5204:
5192:
5139:
4325:
4264:
4217:
4205:
3547:
3493:
3423:
3372:
1296:(GOC) Congress Volunteer Corps. Author
14:
14818:Indian collaborators with Nazi Germany
14750:
13054:
9149:The Indian Army and the End of the Raj
8679:
8551:"Celluloid tribute to a national hero"
8432:
8166:
8151:The Indian Army and the End of the Raj
7963:
7936:
7904:
7765:
7647:
7624:
7449:Chattopadhyay, Subhas Chandra (1989),
7198:
7013:from the original on 25 September 2020
6613:"Netaji fan with error coin in pocket"
6581:
6332:
6118:
5887:
5839:
5824:
5812:
5800:
5788:
5771:
5754:
5731:
5719:
5676:
5510:
5498:
5474:
5390:
5326:
5225:
5002:
4891:
4838:
4823:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4769:
4757:
4724:
4705:
4693:
4678:
4666:
4651:
4626:
4614:
4602:
4587:
4575:
4563:
4551:
4536:
4524:
4493:
4193:
4181:
4122:
4110:
4098:
4059:
3966:
3874:
3820:
3805:
3782:
3763:
3570:
3384:
3355:
2799:Political views of Subhas Chandra Bose
2256:Subhas Chandra Bose believed that the
1622:, unknown to him, was a Soviet agent.
14908:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
14783:Alumni of the University of Cambridge
13246:
13106:
11960:
10517:
9821:
9395:
9382:
9348:Works by or about Subhas Chandra Bose
8980:from the original on 28 December 2018
8821:
8644:
8609:There is No Such Thing As Hate Speech
8548:
8458:
8359:
8302:
8092:"Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany"
7820:
7774:
7742:Das Gupta, Ranjan (7 February 2015),
7592:
7544:
7506:from the original on 25 February 2016
7411:, Minerva Associates (Publications),
7132:
7109:Bhattacharjee, CS (23 January 2012),
7048:
7031:
6933:
6855:
6770:Singh, Shiv Sahay (19 January 2021).
6769:
6704:
6314:from the original on 22 February 2023
6284:from the original on 22 February 2023
6267:Jews and India: Perceptions and Image
6050:
5975:
5963:
5417:from the original on 21 February 2023
5384:
5359:from the original on 21 February 2023
5311:
5258:
5151:
4985:
4903:
4861:from the original on 25 February 2021
4512:
4413:
4371:
4337:
4288:
4074:
4044:
4029:
4017:
4005:
3993:
3981:
3886:
3848:Bose, Subhas Chandra (26 June 1943).
3744:
3525:Blackburn, Kevin; Hack, Karl (2012),
1730:In Germany, Bose was attached to the
1545:in memoriam of those who died in the
1518:politicians agreed to meet with him.
857:
13032:Indian National Trade Union Congress
9242:Santhanam, Kausalya (1 March 2001),
9096:India International Centre Quarterly
8825:Longman History & Civics Icse 10
8773:
8407:Ramakrishnan, T (25 February 2001),
8339:from the original on 17 October 2015
8018:Loiwal, Manogya (19 January 2017b),
7996:Loiwal, Manogya (18 January 2017a),
7948:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
7853:
7568:
7363:
7329:
7297:
7207:
6782:from the original on 21 January 2021
6751:from the original on 23 January 2022
6683:from the original on 31 January 2021
6653:from the original on 4 February 2021
6623:from the original on 6 February 2021
5935:
5911:
5570:from the original on 20 January 2022
5522:
5115:
5103:
5091:
5079:
5026:from the original on 20 January 2022
4964:from the original on 23 January 2022
4915:
4144:from the original on 1 November 2021
4086:
3856:from the original on 30 January 2021
3847:
3445:
2884:Provisional Government of Free India
1541:, which then stood at the corner of
1451:leaders and political thinkers like
1101:, receiving his B.A. in 1918 in the
1077:Heated words were exchanged between
1068:. A year earlier, he had befriended
771:Provisional Government of Free India
13516:Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)
8797:
8762:from the original on 17 August 2017
8748:Thomson, Mike (23 September 2004),
8711:
8574:
8520:
8500:
8482:
8459:Roche, Elizabeth (24 August 2007),
8270:Narangoa, Li; Cribb, R. B. (2003),
8066:
8043:
7545:Gauri, Gayatri (21 November 2017),
7517:
7003:"'Netaji Bose â The Lost Treasure'"
6971:"Subhash Chandra Bose: The Mystery"
6538:
6344:
6026:
5688:
5534:
5486:
5168:
4939:
4736:
4440:
4383:
4166:
3954:
2809:Bibliography of Subhas Chandra Bose
2711:, a dramatised version of the book
2566:
2287:
1434:On 22 June 1939 Bose organised the
1397:1937â1940: Indian National Congress
1227:In 1922 Bose founded the newspaper
1203:1921â1932: Indian National Congress
24:
14788:All India Forward Bloc politicians
14733:Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons
8968:Bose, Madhuri (10 February 2014),
8893:
8323:Pandohar, Jaspreet (16 May 2005),
8102:from the original on 8 August 2011
7943:The Indian National Army and Japan
7230:Bose, Sisir; Bose, Sugata (1997),
6843:from the original on 10 March 2022
6831:Mehrotra, Vani (23 January 2022).
6812:from the original on 10 March 2022
4928:Chakraborty & BhaáčáčÄcÄrya 1989
4133:, in William A. Darity Jr. (ed.),
2789:Bombing of Rangoon in World War II
2490:Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Island
2486:Netaji Subhash Place metro station
1629:helped him across the border into
1586:) in the then state of Bihar (now
25:
14969:
13027:National Students' Union of India
9807:Netaji statue (India Gate Canopy)
9319:
9306:from the original on 12 July 2023
9230:from the original on 12 July 2023
9198:from the original on 12 July 2023
9166:from the original on 12 July 2023
9134:from the original on 12 July 2023
9079:from the original on 12 July 2023
9047:from the original on 12 July 2023
8956:from the original on 12 July 2023
8921:from the original on 12 July 2023
8736:from the original on 12 July 2023
8700:from the original on 12 July 2023
8668:from the original on 12 July 2023
8636:
8329:BBC Homepage: Entertainment: Film
8291:from the original on 5 April 2014
8233:A Concise History of Modern India
8211:from the original on 12 July 2023
8134:from the original on 12 July 2023
7984:from the original on 12 July 2023
7925:from the original on 12 July 2023
7730:from the original on 4 March 2016
7706:from the original on 12 July 2023
7613:from the original on 12 July 2023
7557:from the original on 20 July 2018
7352:from the original on 12 July 2023
7338:, vol. 9, Orient Blackswan,
7318:from the original on 12 July 2023
7160:from the original on 12 July 2023
7097:from the original on 12 July 2023
6903:from the original on 8 March 2021
6002:India: The Most Dangerous Decades
5588:
5456:from the original on 12 July 2023
3642:from the original on 12 July 2023
3474:from the original on 12 July 2023
2892:Japanese-occupied Andaman Islands
2680:Subhash Chandra Bose: The Mystery
1972:as an observer in November 1943.
1809:1943â1945: Japanese-occupied Asia
1653:, and from there he travelled to
1322:; this time he emerged to become
907:, was loyal to the government of
13549:Darjeeling Himalayan hill region
13346:Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)
13087:
13086:
13037:All India Professionals Congress
11990:
10738:Muslim nationalism in South Asia
9938:
9478:
9015:from the original on 2 July 2023
8507:, Deep & Deep Publications,
8471:from the original on 14 May 2013
8435:Women Warriors in Southeast Asia
7572:Subhas Chandra Bose: A Biography
7073:BandyopÄdhyÄáșa, Ćekhara (2004),
6983:from the original on 1 June 2023
6963:
6885:
6824:
6794:
6763:
6725:
6665:
6635:
6605:
6593:
6587:
6374:
6296:
6257:
6240:
6207:
6178:
6141:
6112:
6056:
5993:
5929:
5606:
5552:
5050:
5008:
4851:C. R. Attlee (30 January 1948),
3588:Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897â1945)
3325:
3316:
3307:
3298:
3289:
3280:
3267:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3227:
3214:
2784:Japanese occupation of Singapore
2624:directed the biographical film,
2436:
2427:
2312:
2115:
2106:
1703:
1694:
1645:. After assuming the guise of a
1351:
1342:
1249:. Bose worked as the CEO of the
739:. Identifying strongly with the
522:
503:
13132:
10978:Provisional Government of India
9908:Provisional Government of India
9863:Revolutionary conspiracy of WWI
9336:Subhas Chandra Bose family Tree
9244:"Wearing the mantle with grace"
7041:
6246:Bose to Dr. Thierfelder of the
3918:Haithcox, John Patrick (1971),
3841:
3204:
3195:
3177:
3167:
3157:
3148:
3135:
3125:
3112:
3103:
3093:
3080:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3044:
3031:
3021:
3012:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2897:
2686:Netaji Bose â The Lost Treasure
2494:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Setu
2492:at Andaman and Nicobar Island,
1849:for the rest of the journey to
1537:calling for the removal of the
871:âin what is today the state of
373:
181:18 January 1938 â 29 April 1939
14953:World War II political leaders
14923:Scottish Church College alumni
14808:British Empire in World War II
13599:Protected areas of West Bengal
13579:Western plateau and high lands
12610:Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya
9152:, Cambridge University Press,
9114:Lebra, Joyce Chapman (2008b),
9027:Chauhan, Abnish Singh (2006),
8549:Salam, Ziya Us (20 May 2005),
8353:Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers
8236:, Cambridge University Press,
8076:, Cambridge University Press,
8053:, Cambridge University Press,
7964:Lebra, Joyce Chapman (2008b),
7599:, Cambridge University Press,
7500:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
2876:
2859:
2845:
2836:
2248:, but eventually backtracked.
1998:Bose speaking in Tokyo in 1943
1251:Calcutta Municipal Corporation
1006:in Cuttack. Here, Bengali and
953:, told stories from the epics
757:(INA), which comprised Indian
224:22 August 1930 â 15 April 1931
135:22 June 1939 â 16 January 1941
13:
1:
14938:University of Calcutta alumni
14529:Ethnic communities in Kolkata
12465:Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar
8686:, People's Publishing House,
8607:Shanker Kapoor, Ravi (2017),
8578:Subhas Chandra Bose 1897â1945
8002:, India Today, archived from
7634:, Columbia University Press,
7211:Economic and Political Weekly
6185:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2011),
4443:Holocaust Education Revisited
3565:Formosa, and Bose was killed.
3401:Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (204),
3342:
2765:Mukherjee Commission Hearings
875:in India but was part of the
447:, Calcutta, 20 July 1917â1919
61:
14843:Indian diaspora in Singapore
14717:Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay
14687:Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury
14156:Cities and towns by district
13709:Parliamentary constituencies
13688:All India Trinamool Congress
12796:Chembakassery Mathai Stephen
12065:All India Congress Committee
12039:Indian National Congress (I)
12034:Indian National Congress (R)
11587:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
10863:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922
10545:Indian independence movement
10446:Japanese occupation of Burma
9802:statue (Shyambazar, Kolkata)
9525:Indian independence movement
9520:Greater East Asia Conference
8942:, Harvard University Press,
8901:Aldrich, Richard J. (2000),
8461:"èšȘć°äžăźćźćéŠçžăæ±äșŹèŁć€ăźăăŒă«ć€äșăźæŻćăăšéąäŒ"
8191:Mercado, Stephen C. (2002),
7795:The Hindu (24 August 2007),
7679:UK public library membership
7529:University of Michigan Press
7373:, Harvard University Press,
6082:Bruckenhaus, Daniel (2017),
5300:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica 2016
2794:Death of Subhas Chandra Bose
2611:Neta Ji Subhash Chandra Bose
2514:Indian independence movement
2484:at Kolkata, West Bengal and
2446:Bose on 1964 stamps of India
2418:
2098:Death of Subhas Chandra Bose
2072:. However, with the fall of
1979:. INA's special forces, the
1970:Greater East Asia Conference
1950:Independent State of Croatia
1557:1941: Escape to Nazi Germany
1176:Secretary of State for India
1046:Presidency College, Calcutta
883:. Prabhabati, or familiarly
827:
670:. The early recipient of an
494:Indian independence movement
439:Presidency College, Calcutta
90:4 July 1943 â 18 August 1945
7:
14958:Far-right politics in India
14697:Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
13441:Great Bengal famine of 1770
12470:Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur
11777:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
11164:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
10426:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan
10229:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
9370:20th Century Press Archives
9001:, Oxford University Press,
8878:, Oxford University Press,
8855:, Oxford University Press,
8751:Hitler's secret Indian army
8680:Talwar, Bhagat Ram (1976),
8619:Silvestri, Michael (2019),
8409:"Memories of a brave heart"
8114:Markandeya, Subodh (1990),
8090:Majumdar, Sisir K. (1997),
7830:Jesudasen, Yasmine (2006),
7781:, Oxford University Press,
7718:The Guardian (9 May 2005),
7484:Durga Das Pvt. Ltd (1985),
6357:Kulke & Rothermund 2004
6063:Kumaraswamy, P. R. (2020),
6000:Harrison, Selig S. (1960),
3903:, Oxford University Press,
3899:Matthews, Roderick (2021),
3852:. Prasar Bharati Archives.
2888:Japanese-occupied Singapore
2771:
2478:Netaji Bhavan metro station
2474:Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal
2403:left a legacy fraught with
2251:
2012:Arcot Doraiswamy Loganadan
2008:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
1506:, on the lines of Turkey's
1004:Ravenshaw Collegiate School
810:Indian National Army trials
778:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
433:Ravenshaw Collegiate School
10:
14974:
14453:Santiniketan Leather Goods
13526:NaxaliteâMaoist insurgency
13511:Partition of Bengal (1947)
13476:Partition of Bengal (1905)
12280:Dadra and Nagar Haveli Diu
12070:Congress Working Committee
11512:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
11064:Indian Independence League
10781:Partition of Bengal (1947)
10776:Partition of Bengal (1905)
10441:Selarang Barracks incident
9530:Indian Independence League
9184:, Transaction Publishers,
8936:; Harper, Timothy (2005),
8720:Tata McGraw-Hill Education
8309:, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.,
8096:South Asia Forum Quarterly
7833:Voices of Freedom Movement
7569:Getz, Marshall J. (2002),
7433:Cambridge University Press
7304:, Netaji Research Bureau,
7175:; Harper, Timothy (2007),
7144:Cambridge University Press
6491:Markovits, Claude (2021),
6443:Markovits, Claude (2021),
6395:Markovits, Claude (2021),
6123:, Routledge, p. 342,
6067:, Routledge, p. 153,
5626:White-Spunner, B. (2017).
5403:. Roli Books. p. 55.
4357:Metcalf & Metcalf 2012
3662:; Harper, Timothy (2007),
3596:Markovits, Claude (2021),
2559:started an official award
2549:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
2393:British authority in India
2095:
1897:Indian Independence League
1890:First Indian National Army
1878:Indian Independence League
1812:
1670:. He had Bose flown on to
1294:General officer commanding
702:Congress Working Committee
641:. The honorific 'Netaji' (
619:British authority in India
29:
14823:Death conspiracy theories
14730:
14652:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
14617:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
14547:
14486:
14353:
14345:Ghosts in Bengali culture
14164:
13989:
13923:
13879:
13840:
13802:
13769:
13755:
13732:
13693:Communist Party (Marxist)
13654:
13594:Sandakphu (Highest point)
13534:
13521:Bangladesh Liberation War
13369:
13355:Devil's tree (Saptaparni)
13337:White-throated kingfisher
13296:
13281:
13214:
13185:
13159:
13138:
13084:
13045:
13017:All India Mahila Congress
13004:
12844:
12758:
12751:
12703:
12325:
12305:
12257:
12091:
12078:
12052:
11999:
11903:
11802:
11687:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
11487:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
11307:
11184:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
11104:
11059:Indian Home Rule movement
11001:
10898:Fourteen Points of Jinnah
10838:Jallianwala Bagh massacre
10766:
10703:
10551:
10476:Malaysian Indian Congress
10413:
10333:
10140:
10056:
9947:
9936:
9855:
9756:
9684:
9634:
9589:
9582:
9487:
9476:
9429:
9389:
9384:Links to related articles
9292:, Yale University Press,
9268:Sengupta, Hindol (2018),
8654:, John Wiley & Sons,
8598:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
7911:, Penguin Books Limited,
7547:"Bose: Dead/Alive review"
7387:Casolari, Marzia (2020),
7117:, Kolkata, archived from
5852:Narangoa & Cribb 2003
4400:, Oxford University Press
2555:. Also in the same year,
2456:at Kolkata, West Bengal,
2386:
2374:
2319:the Night of Broken Glass
1668:Count von der Schulenburg
1428:U. Muthuramalingam Thevar
1300:wrote about the meeting:
1035:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
511:
499:
489:
460:
422:
399:
389:
358:
344:
326:
312:
292:
261:
256:
252:
240:
228:
217:
209:
197:
185:
174:
163:
151:
139:
128:
120:
106:
94:
83:
75:
71:
53:
41:
13698:Indian National Congress
13446:Indian Rebellion of 1857
13319:Banglar Mati Banglar Jol
12370:Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee
12335:Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee
11988:Indian National Congress
11926:Indian annexation of Goa
11772:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
11284:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
11049:Indian National Congress
10848:Non-cooperation movement
10431:Special Bureau for India
10066:Indian National Congress
9569:Special Bureau for India
9540:Indian National Congress
9341:24 February 2021 at the
9146:Marston, Daniel (2014),
8306:Indian Political Thought
7770:, Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta
7425:Chatterji, Joya (2007),
7183:Harvard University Press
6214:Shindler, Colin (2010),
6119:Roland, Joan G. (2017),
5547:Goto & Kratoska 2003
5339:Virender Grover (1998).
3670:Harvard University Press
3494:Satoshi, Nakano (2012),
3424:Gilbert, Martin (2009),
2830:
2713:India's Biggest Cover-up
2694:INA treasure controversy
2640:BFI London Film Festival
2547:inaugurated a Statue of
2222:Indian National Congress
2035:Indian National Congress
1964:and Japanese-controlled
1768:Special Bureau for India
1732:Special Bureau for India
1408:Indian National Congress
1290:Indian National Congress
1221:non-cooperation movement
802:Indian National Congress
685:Indian National Congress
653:Special Bureau for India
349:Indian National Congress
313:Cause of death
169:Indian National Congress
14903:People from West Bengal
14773:20th-century memoirists
14692:Michael Madhusudan Dutt
14328:Pather Panchali (novel)
14246:Prostitution in Kolkata
13714:Assembly constituencies
13679:Human Rights Commission
12852:N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar
12515:C. Vijayaraghavachariar
11931:Indian Independence Act
11517:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
11492:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
11462:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao
11199:Kandukuri Veeresalingam
11179:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
11014:All-India Muslim League
10968:Royal Air Force strikes
10933:Round table conferences
10923:Chittagong armoury raid
10813:HinduâGerman Conspiracy
10796:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy
10566:Porto Grande de Bengala
10224:Rani of Jhansi Regiment
9969:Indian National Council
9729:Rani of Jhansi Regiment
9270:The Man Who Saved India
9178:Pelinka, Anton (2003),
8830:Pearson Education India
8391:Business Standard Books
8366:, Sterling Publishers,
8287:, The Open University,
7284:Ayer, Subbier Appadurai
7262:Oxford University Press
7134:Bayly, Christopher Alan
6893:"Subhas Chandra (1966)"
6871:. Sterling Publishers.
6264:Egorova, Yulia (2008).
5660:Bayly & Harper 2007
5601:Bayly & Harper 2007
5436:John J. Dunphy (2018).
5181:Durga Das Pvt. Ltd 1985
4314:Bayly & Harper 2007
4250:Bayly & Harper 2007
2642:, and has garnered the
2523:declared 23 January as
2498:Japanese Prime Minister
2464:, a train runs between
1946:Italian Social Republic
1927:Currency issued by the
1910:Rani of Jhansi Regiment
1872:, the president of the
1721:; (right) Bose meeting
1641:to the border with the
1134:University of Cambridge
1112:A photograph (1851) of
1099:Scottish Church College
1021:Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
629:left a legacy vexed by
480:University of Cambridge
445:Scottish Church College
441:, 1912â15 February 1916
235:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
32:Netaji (disambiguation)
14883:Indian revolutionaries
14833:Indian autobiographers
14504:Economy of West Bengal
14276:Architecture of Bengal
13703:Bharatiya Janata Party
13641:Tiger Hill, Darjeeling
13062:Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu
12615:Purushottam Das Tandon
12485:Ambica Charan Mazumdar
11717:Syama Prasad Mukherjee
11622:Purushottam Das Tandon
10988:Praja Mandala movement
10802:The Indian Sociologist
10177:First Arakan offensive
9671:Joachim von Ribbentrop
9656:Adam von Trott zu Solz
9510:All India Forward Bloc
9326:Netaji Research Bureau
9033:, Prakash Book Depot,
8993:Brown, Judith Margaret
8852:A New History of India
8782:Jaico Publishing House
8167:McLynn, Frank (2011),
7854:Josh, Bhagwan (1992),
7775:Hayes, Romain (2011),
7671:10.1093/ref:odnb/47756
7455:, Minerva Associates,
7336:Netaji Collected Works
7282:; Jog, Narayan Gopal;
7199:Bhuyan, P. R. (2003),
6617:www.telegraphindia.com
6304:"Bose & the Nazis"
4954:"Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi"
4128:"Indian National Army"
2819:Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja
2669:His Majesty's Opponent
2630:depicting his life in
2588:
2587:Subhas in Army uniform
2580:
2543:, New Delhi. In 2022,
2533:All India Forward Bloc
2372:
2202:
2137:Japanese-ruled Formosa
1999:
1932:
1888:in December 1941. The
1832:
1736:Adam von Trott zu Solz
1676:Joachim von Ribbentrop
1566:
1547:Black Hole of Calcutta
1499:
1436:All India Forward Bloc
1418:
1316:
1281:
1265:, where he contracted
1216:
1189:
1171:
1149:
1117:
1091:University of Calcutta
1039:University of Calcutta
999:
867:on 23 January 1897 in
849:
787:recapture of Singapore
470:University of Calcutta
353:All India Forward Bloc
123:All India Forward Bloc
14607:Jagadish Chandra Bose
14229:Rabindra Nritya Natya
13604:Rivers of West Bengal
13496:Bengal famine of 1943
13310:Emblem of West Bengal
13072:Anumula Revanth Reddy
13022:Indian Youth Congress
12897:Kodardas Kalidas Shah
12872:Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim
12435:Gopal Krishna Gokhale
12420:Surendranath Banerjee
12385:Surendranath Banerjee
11941:Political integration
11682:Shyamji Krishna Varma
11467:Gopal Krishna Gokhale
11412:Bhupendra Kumar Datta
11244:Rettamalai Srinivasan
11204:Mahadev Govind Ranade
11009:All India Kisan Sabha
10973:Coup d'Ă©tat of Yanaon
10873:Qissa Khwani massacre
10858:Coolie-Begar movement
10673:Second Anglo-Sikh War
10461:India in World War II
10436:Azad Hind Decorations
10368:INA Defence Committee
10182:Hindustan Field Force
9964:Swami Satyananda Puri
9621:Sachindra Nath Sanyal
9059:Copland, Ian (2001),
8822:Vipul, Singh (2009),
8798:Vas, Eric A. (2008),
8715:Modern Indian History
8613:Bloomsbury Publishing
8575:Sen, Satadru (1999),
8521:Roy, Dr R.C. (2004),
8483:Roy, Kaushik (2019),
8281:"Subhas Chandra Bose"
8279:The Open University,
8250:Moreman, Tim (2013),
8175:Yale University Press
8120:, Arnold Publishers,
7593:Ghosh, Durba (2017),
7490:, Durga Das Pvt. Ltd.
6539:Roy, Kaushik (2019),
6502:10.1017/9781316899847
6454:10.1017/9781316899847
6406:10.1017/9781316899847
6252:Bose & Bose 1997a
6039:Bose & Bose 1997a
5614:Bose & Bose 1997a
5057:Faltis, Otto (1936).
3609:10.1017/9781316899847
2886:, which was based in
2586:
2574:
2460:at Gomoh, Jharkhand,
2352:
2347:" over this article.
2175:
2092:18 August 1945: Death
1997:
1926:
1826:
1657:. Once in Russia the
1597:with the help of the
1564:
1497:
1444:Muthuramalinga Thevar
1416:
1302:
1275:
1243:Indian Youth Congress
1210:
1184:
1167:
1147:
1122:Indian Civil Services
1111:
993:
840:
833:1897â1921: Early life
158:Sardul Singh Kavishar
14873:Indian National Army
14637:Satyendranath Tagore
14632:Abanindranath Tagore
13674:Legislative Assembly
12655:Shankar Dayal Sharma
12635:Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
12575:Madan Mohan Malaviya
12555:Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari
12550:S. Srinivasa Iyengar
12495:Madan Mohan Malaviya
12450:Madan Mohan Malaviya
12415:Dinshaw Edulji Wacha
12390:Rahimtulla M. Sayani
11767:Veeran Sundaralingam
11722:Tara Rani Srivastava
11657:Sahajanand Saraswati
11547:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi
11432:Chandra Shekhar Azad
11337:Alluri Sitarama Raju
11294:Vitthal Ramji Shinde
11249:Sahajanand Saraswati
11169:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
11069:Indian National Army
10913:Dharasana Satyagraha
10818:Champaran Satyagraha
10668:First Anglo-Sikh War
10234:Mohammed Zaman Kiani
10004:Bidadary Resolutions
9849:Indian National Army
9784:Mukherjee Commission
9714:Jaganath Rao Bhonsle
9535:Indian National Army
9286:Talbot, Ian (2016),
8360:Patil, V.S. (1988),
8303:Padhy, K.S. (2011),
7938:Lebra, Joyce Chapman
7905:Kumar, Anu (2010b),
7496:"Suhas Chandra Bose"
7232:"The India Struggle"
7059:, pp. 162â191,
6865:Gautam Kaul (1998).
6745:Press Trust of India
6649:. 14 November 2018.
6602:at Wikimedia Commons
5936:Deka, Meeta (2013),
5045:Bose & Bose 1997
4958:amritmahotsav.nic.in
4137:, pp. 610â611,
3957:, pp. 297, 313.
3889:, pp. 305, 325.
3446:Huff, Gregg (2020),
2676:, published in 2011.
2482:Netaji metro station
2476:at Cuttack, Odisha,
2340:The Jewish Chronicle
2230:Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
1931:with Bose's portrait
1870:Pritam Singh Dhillon
1858:Indian National Army
1815:Indian National Army
1661:transported Bose to
1424:Pattabhi Sitaramayya
1312:Bertram Mills circus
1255:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi
1138:entered the register
1126:Lord Sinha of Raipur
1070:Hemanta Kumar Sarkar
1066:Western philosophers
773:was declared on the
755:Indian National Army
676:Indian Civil Service
78:Indian National Army
14878:Indian nationalists
14803:Bengali politicians
14758:Subhas Chandra Bose
14642:Satyendranath Dutta
14627:Jnanadanandini Devi
14582:Subhas Chandra Bose
14557:Rabindranath Tagore
14524:Anglo-Indian people
14194:Arts of West Bengal
13925:Presidency division
13804:Jalpaiguri division
13559:North Bengal plains
13172:Subhas Chandra Bose
12922:Narayan Dutt Tiwari
12907:Kamalapati Tripathi
12902:Uma Shankar Dikshit
12862:Lal Bahadur Shastri
12811:P. V. Narasimha Rao
12776:Lal Bahadur Shastri
12738:P. V. Narasimha Rao
12718:Lal Bahadur Shastri
12675:P. V. Narasimha Rao
12595:Subhas Chandra Bose
12530:Mohammad Ali Jauhar
12475:Bhupendra Nath Bose
12405:Romesh Chunder Dutt
12265:Andaman and Nicobar
12019:NehruâGandhi family
11752:V. K. Krishna Menon
11697:Subhas Chandra Bose
11582:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
11577:Mohammad Ali Jauhar
11472:Govind Ballabh Pant
11452:Dayananda Saraswati
11377:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
11174:Gopal Hari Deshmukh
11154:Dhondo Keshav Karve
11149:Dayananda Saraswati
11144:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
11119:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer
10632:Anglo-Maratha Wars
10308:Battle of Irrawaddy
10058:Subhas Chandra Bose
9949:Indian Independence
9800:Subhas Chandra Bose
9423:Subhas Chandra Bose
9357:Subhas Chandra Bose
8847:Wolpert, Stanley A.
8777:Subhas Chandra Bose
8774:Toye, Hugh (2007),
8712:Tarique, Mohammad,
8501:Roy, Meenu (1996),
8224:Metcalf, Barbara D.
7883:Rothermund, Dietmar
7478:Chatto & Windus
7470:Chaudhuri, Nirad C.
6837:www.indiatvnews.com
6808:. 22 January 2022.
6747:. 23 January 2022.
6600:Subhas Chandra Bose
6572:, pp. 124â125.
6371:, pp. 117â118.
6053:, pp. 165â166.
6041:, pp. 319â320.
5924:Shanker Kapoor 2017
5827:, pp. 197â198.
5774:, pp. 541â542.
5734:, pp. 195â196.
5722:, pp. 196â197.
5118:, pp. 129â130.
5059:"India and Austria"
5022:. 22 January 2020.
4496:, pp. 102â103.
4267:, pp. 339â340.
4235:BandyopÄdhyÄáșa 2004
4196:, pp. 295â296.
4077:, pp. 141â143.
4062:, pp. 344â345.
4047:, pp. 114â116.
3969:, pp. 420â428.
3877:, pp. 459â460.
3836:The_Open_University
3387:, pp. 502â503.
2967:The Indian Struggle
2577:Republic Day Parade
2557:Government of India
2545:Government of India
2537:Government of India
2521:Government of India
2292:Bose believed that
1954:Wang Jingwei regime
1918:Lakshmi Swaminathan
1611:North West frontier
1386:The Indian Struggle
1159:Indian Evidence Act
767:Battle of Singapore
763:British Indian army
518:Subhas Chandra Bose
476:, Philosophy, 1919)
266:Subhas Chandra Bose
48:Subhas Chandra Bose
14898:People from Odisha
14722:Nihar Ranjan Gupta
14647:Raja Ram Mohan Roy
14622:Sarat Chandra Bose
14592:Bidhan Chandra Roy
14293:Bengali literature
14174:Bengal Renaissance
13881:Medinipur division
13451:Bengal Renaissance
13426:East India Company
13167:Sarat Chandra Bose
12992:Mallikarjun Kharge
12877:Yashwantrao Chavan
12831:Sushilkumar Shinde
12791:Yashwantrao Chavan
12695:Mallikarjun Kharge
12460:Bishan Narayan Dar
12455:William Wedderburn
12410:N. G. Chandavarkar
12355:William Wedderburn
11936:Partition of India
11782:Yashwantrao Holkar
11747:V. O. Chidamabaram
11702:Subramania Bharati
11632:Rahul Sankrityayan
11617:Pritilata Waddedar
11527:Shri Krishna Singh
11427:C. Rajagopalachari
11417:Bidhan Chandra Roy
11402:Bhavabhushan Mitra
11387:Begum Hazrat Mahal
11342:Annapurna Maharana
11214:Muthulakshmi Reddy
11159:G. Subramania Iyer
10853:Christmas Day Plot
10728:Indian nationalism
10678:Sannyasi rebellion
10576:East India Company
10373:Kailash Nath Katju
10318:Surrender of Japan
10313:Battle of Meiktila
10024:Bangkok Conference
9574:Surrender of Japan
9463:Sarat Chandra Bose
9447:(wife / companion)
9256:on 3 December 2013
9092:Gordon, Leonard A.
8934:Bayly, Christopher
8651:A History of India
8563:on 17 October 2015
8537:on 3 November 2006
8421:on 17 October 2015
8228:Metcalf, Thomas R.
7888:A History of India
7809:on 12 January 2012
7766:Hauner, M (1981),
7744:"Netaji in Cinema"
7689:Tensions of empire
7649:Gordon, Leonard A.
7626:Gordon, Leonard A.
7173:Bayly, Christopher
7121:on 9 February 2021
6741:The Economic Times
6647:The Times of India
5815:, p. 544â545.
5616:, pp. 301â302
5564:The Indian Express
5397:Ashis Ray (2018).
5128:Chattopadhyay 1989
4605:, pp. 19, 37.
4539:, pp. 12, 13.
3705:Gordon, Leonard A.
3660:Bayly, Christopher
2692:, it explores the
2589:
2581:
2529:Trinamool Congress
2391:Bose' defiance of
2282:National Socialism
2280:synthesis between
2000:
1933:
1916:) headed by Capt.
1912:(named after Rani
1833:
1625:Supporters of the
1593:Bose journeyed to
1567:
1539:"Holwell Monument"
1520:Conservative Party
1500:
1419:
1320:civil disobedience
1282:
1217:
1163:Sarat Chandra Bose
1150:
1130:Bhupendranath Basu
1118:
1114:Presidency College
1083:Sarat Chandra Bose
1000:
996:Sarat Chandra Bose
963:English literature
850:
617:whose defiance of
615:Indian nationalist
435:, Cuttack, 1909â12
317:Third-degree burns
247:Bidhan Chandra Roy
14893:Mayors of Kolkata
14888:Indian socialists
14868:Indian memoirists
14745:
14744:
14739:
14738:
14677:Dwarkanath Tagore
14667:Swami Vivekananda
14567:Kazi Nazrul Islam
14383:Bengal Patachitra
14368:Banglar Rosogolla
14179:Bengali calendars
14076:Jaynagar Majilpur
13985:
13984:
13977:South 24 Parganas
13960:North 24 Parganas
13905:Paschim Medinipur
13789:Paschim Bardhaman
13684:Political parties
13646:Siliguri Corridor
13619:Brahmaputra River
13501:Direct Action Day
13436:Bengal Presidency
13431:Battle of Plassey
13406:Cooch Behar State
13401:Mallabhum kingdom
13240:
13239:
13100:
13099:
13080:
13079:
13000:
12999:
12932:Shankarrao Chavan
12570:Vallabhbhai Patel
12445:Rash Behari Ghosh
12360:Pherozeshah Mehta
12321:
12320:
12149:Jammu and Kashmir
12104:Arunachal Pradesh
12044:Breakaway parties
12014:Electoral history
11954:
11953:
11921:Republic of India
11757:Vallabhbhai Patel
11742:Ubaidullah Sindhi
11642:Ram Prasad Bismil
11537:M. Bhaktavatsalam
11497:Jatindra Nath Das
11422:Bipin Chandra Pal
11357:Babu Kunwar Singh
11327:Achyut Patwardhan
11084:Khudai Khidmatgar
10928:GandhiâIrwin Pact
10868:Kakori conspiracy
10828:Rowlatt Committee
10791:Direct Action Day
10753:Swadeshi movement
10733:Khilafat Movement
10723:Hindu nationalism
10683:Rebellion of 1857
10606:Anglo-Mysore Wars
10596:Battle of Plassey
10511:
10510:
10383:Tej Bahadur Sapru
10259:Rasammah Bhupalan
10162:Fall of Singapore
10125:Death controversy
10088:Bengal Volunteers
9923:Greater East Asia
9815:
9814:
9752:
9751:
9626:Ram Prasad Bismil
9601:Bengal Volunteers
9515:Free India Centre
9299:978-0-300-19694-8
9279:978-93-5305-200-3
9223:978-1-134-68490-8
9191:978-1-4128-2154-4
9159:978-0-521-89975-8
9127:978-981-230-809-2
9072:978-0-582-38173-5
9040:978-81-7977-149-5
9008:978-0-19-873112-2
8949:978-0-674-01748-1
8914:978-0-521-64186-9
8885:978-0-19-539394-1
8862:978-0-19-512877-2
8839:978-81-317-2042-4
8815:978-81-7062-243-7
8806:Lancer Publishers
8791:978-81-7224-401-9
8693:978-0-88386-848-5
8661:978-1-4443-2351-1
8639:The Andaman Story
8630:978-3-030-18041-6
8494:978-0-253-04415-0
8444:978-1-138-82935-0
8400:978-81-905735-4-2
8373:978-81-207-0653-8
8316:978-81-203-4305-4
8263:978-1-135-76456-2
8243:978-1-107-02649-0
8204:978-1-57488-443-2
8184:978-0-300-17162-4
8160:978-0-521-89975-8
8127:978-81-7031-241-3
8083:978-0-521-89261-2
8060:978-0-521-45754-5
8050:Eclipse of Empire
8032:on 3 January 2018
7977:978-981-230-809-2
7957:978-981-230-806-1
7918:978-81-8475-312-7
7898:978-0-415-32919-4
7871:978-81-7036-295-1
7847:978-81-7478-555-8
7821:James, L (1997),
7788:978-0-19-932739-3
7677:(Subscription or
7641:978-0-231-07442-1
7606:978-1-107-18666-8
7586:978-0-7864-1265-5
7538:978-0-472-08342-8
7462:978-81-85195-19-3
7442:978-1-139-46830-5
7418:978-81-85195-16-2
7398:978-0-367-50826-5
7380:978-0-674-04754-9
7345:978-81-7824-103-6
7271:978-0-19-564854-6
7201:Swami Vivekananda
7192:978-0-674-02153-2
7153:978-1-139-50518-5
7115:The Sunday Indian
7090:978-81-250-2596-2
7066:978-1-136-28888-3
6958:The Guardian 2005
6878:978-81-207-2116-6
6737:economictimes.com
6598:Media related to
6550:978-0-253-04415-0
6512:978-1-107-18675-0
6464:978-1-107-18675-0
6416:978-1-107-18675-0
6277:978-1-134-14655-0
6248:Deutsche Academie
6225:978-1-4411-8898-4
6196:978-0-521-61826-7
6159:978-1-00-314613-1
6130:978-0-7658-0439-6
6093:978-0-19-066001-7
5987:978-1-138-35218-6
5947:978-81-321-1138-2
5902:, pp. 64â65.
5639:978-1-4711-4802-6
5549:, pp. 57â58.
5513:, pp. 24â25.
5501:, pp. 21â23.
5489:, pp. 74â75.
5477:, pp. 28â29.
5449:978-1-4766-3337-4
5410:978-81-936260-5-4
5290:, pp. 10â14.
5063:The Modern Review
4841:, pp. 62â63.
4772:, pp. 59â60.
4708:, pp. 55â56.
4654:, pp. 42â43.
4590:, pp. 34â35.
4566:, pp. 31â32.
4527:, pp. 9, 14.
4476:978-1-00-314613-1
4452:978-3-658-24204-6
4431:, pp. 89â90.
4032:, pp. 87â88.
3984:, pp. 65â67.
3679:978-0-674-02153-2
3619:978-1-107-18675-0
3536:978-9971-69-599-6
3505:978-1-138-54128-3
3459:978-1-107-09933-3
3435:978-0-415-55289-9
2804:Bengal Volunteers
2752:is a 2019 Indian
2656:, 2005 published
2603:is a 1966 Indian
2262:Swami Vivekananda
2214:Nichiren Buddhism
2171:Leonard A. Gordon
2086:tried for treason
1886:Malayan peninsula
1884:, on the western
1841:Cape of Good Hope
1791:mired in the USSR
1776:Leonard A. Gordon
1713:(left) Bose with
1635:Organization Todt
1620:Bhagat Ram Talwar
1603:Bhagat Ram Talwar
1361:(left) Bose with
1155:Indian Penal Code
1095:Asutosh Mukherjee
1025:Swami Vivekananda
1023:and his disciple
877:Bengal Presidency
775:Japanese-occupied
713:Free India Legion
711:. A 3,000-strong
515:
514:
283:Bengal Presidency
212:Mayor of Calcutta
121:President of the
16:(Redirected from
14965:
14828:Fascism in India
14398:Dhaniakhali Sari
14308:Professor Shonku
14303:Lalmohan Ganguly
14288:Bengali language
14224:Rabindra Sangeet
14081:Jiaganj Azimganj
13850:Dakshin Dinajpur
13771:Burdwan division
13767:
13766:
13742:Matua Mahasangha
13486:Anushilan Samiti
13421:Nawabs of Bengal
13267:
13260:
13253:
13244:
13243:
13201:Sisir Kumar Bose
13193:Anita Bose Pfaff
13127:
13120:
13113:
13104:
13103:
13090:
13089:
13052:
13051:
12987:Ghulam Nabi Azad
12972:Abhishek Singhvi
12912:Pranab Mukherjee
12892:Jaisukhlal Hathi
12882:Jaisukhlal Hathi
12826:Pranab Mukherjee
12771:Gulzarilal Nanda
12766:Jawaharlal Nehru
12756:
12755:
12723:Gulzarilal Nanda
12713:Jawaharlal Nehru
12620:Jawaharlal Nehru
12590:Jawaharlal Nehru
12565:Jawaharlal Nehru
12525:Chittaranjan Das
12520:Hakim Ajmal Khan
12440:Dadabhai Naoroji
12400:Anandamohan Bose
12395:C. Sankaran Nair
12375:Dadabhai Naoroji
12345:Badruddin Tyabji
12340:Dadabhai Naoroji
12144:Himachal Pradesh
12089:
12088:
11994:
11981:
11974:
11967:
11958:
11957:
11946:Simla Conference
11737:Tiruppur Kumaran
11707:Subramaniya Siva
11662:Sangolli Rayanna
11652:Rash Behari Bose
11592:Nagnath Naikwadi
11502:Jawaharlal Nehru
11447:Dadabhai Naoroji
11442:Chittaranjan Das
11332:A. K. Fazlul Huq
11254:Savitribai Phule
11079:Khaksar movement
11034:Berlin Committee
11019:Anushilan Samiti
10983:Independence Day
10943:Aundh Experiment
10918:Vedaranyam March
10823:Kheda Satyagraha
10808:Singapore Mutiny
10591:Portuguese India
10538:
10531:
10524:
10515:
10514:
10393:Jawaharlal Nehru
10303:Battle of Kohima
10298:Battle of Imphal
10152:Battle of Malaya
10009:Tokyo Conference
9999:Rash Behari Bose
9942:
9888:Berlin Committee
9842:
9835:
9828:
9819:
9818:
9734:Rash Behari Bose
9719:Iwaichi Fujiwara
9651:A. C. N. Nambiar
9611:Jawaharlal Nehru
9587:
9586:
9482:
9469:Sisir Kumar Bose
9439:Anita Bose Pfaff
9416:
9409:
9402:
9393:
9392:
9380:
9379:
9352:Internet Archive
9314:
9313:
9311:
9282:
9264:
9263:
9261:
9252:, archived from
9238:
9237:
9235:
9206:
9205:
9203:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9142:
9141:
9139:
9110:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9055:
9054:
9052:
9023:
9022:
9020:
8988:
8987:
8985:
8964:
8963:
8961:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8888:
8870:Wolpert, Stanley
8865:
8842:
8818:
8794:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8641:
8633:
8615:
8603:
8597:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8571:
8570:
8568:
8559:, archived from
8545:
8544:
8542:
8536:
8530:, archived from
8529:
8517:
8497:
8479:
8478:
8476:
8455:
8429:
8428:
8426:
8417:, archived from
8403:
8376:
8356:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8319:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8275:
8266:
8246:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8187:
8163:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8086:
8063:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8028:, archived from
8014:
8013:
8011:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7960:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7901:
7874:
7850:
7826:
7825:, London: Abacus
7817:
7816:
7814:
7805:, archived from
7791:
7771:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7750:, archived from
7738:
7737:
7735:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7682:
7674:
7658:
7644:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7589:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7541:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7491:
7480:
7465:
7445:
7421:
7401:
7383:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7294:
7292:Orient Blackswan
7280:Werth, Alexander
7274:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7244:on 10 April 2012
7240:, archived from
7226:
7204:
7195:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7081:Orient Blackswan
7069:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7018:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6967:
6961:
6955:
6949:
6943:
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6908:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6862:
6853:
6852:
6850:
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6828:
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6821:
6819:
6817:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6789:
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6767:
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6758:
6756:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6708:
6702:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6639:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6609:
6603:
6597:
6591:
6585:
6579:
6573:
6567:
6561:
6558:
6535:
6504:
6487:
6456:
6439:
6408:
6391:
6385:
6378:
6372:
6366:
6360:
6354:
6348:
6347:, pp. 51ff.
6342:
6336:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6310:. 28 June 2012.
6300:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6261:
6255:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6167:Jewish Chronicle
6145:
6139:
6138:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6060:
6054:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6024:
6018:
6017:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5933:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5864:Bose et al. 1996
5861:
5855:
5849:
5843:
5837:
5828:
5822:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5775:
5769:
5758:
5752:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5692:
5686:
5680:
5674:
5663:
5657:
5644:
5643:
5623:
5617:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5566:. 16 June 2019.
5556:
5550:
5544:
5538:
5532:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
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5394:
5388:
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3329:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3278:
3275:Tokyo University
3271:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3231:
3225:
3218:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3186:Jewish Chronicle
3181:
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2919:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2895:
2880:
2874:
2863:
2857:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2734:In January 2019
2719:, which starred
2705:Bose: Dead/Alive
2567:In popular media
2440:
2431:
2413:military failure
2405:authoritarianism
2294:authoritarianism
2288:Authoritarianism
2284:and communism."
2238:Second World War
2226:(Mahatma) Gandhi
2177:A disinfectant,
2167:
2157:Tsunamasa Shidei
2153:
2150:, at around 2:30
2119:
2110:
1901:Rash Behari Bose
1862:Iwaichi Fujiwara
1787:Jawaharlal Nehru
1760:Azad Hind Legion
1715:Heinrich Himmler
1707:
1698:
1580:Sisir Kumar Bose
1543:Dalhousie Square
1504:authoritarianism
1465:Arthur Greenwood
1381:Benito Mussolini
1371:A. C. N. Nambiar
1355:
1346:
1286:Jawaharlal Nehru
1247:Chittaranjan Das
1235:Chittaranjan Das
1027:, and the novel
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
862:
844:: The growth of
818:Japanese fascism
759:prisoners of war
735:, gave birth to
689:Jawaharlal Nehru
660:Bengali Kayastha
639:military failure
631:authoritarianism
610:
606:
603:
597:
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595:
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531:
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451:Fitzwilliam Hall
394:Anita Bose Pfaff
385:
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275:
273:
257:Personal details
243:
231:
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192:Jawaharlal Nehru
188:
179:
154:
142:
133:
114:Office abolished
109:
97:
88:
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63:
58:
39:
38:
21:
14973:
14972:
14968:
14967:
14966:
14964:
14963:
14962:
14853:Indian fascists
14748:
14747:
14746:
14741:
14740:
14735:
14726:
14702:Sister Nivedita
14572:Anil Kumar Gain
14543:
14482:
14468:Sundarban Honey
14458:Shantipuri sari
14349:
14251:Pohela Boishakh
14160:
13992:
13981:
13919:
13910:Purba Medinipur
13875:
13836:
13798:
13794:Purba Bardhaman
13760:
13751:
13728:
13719:CID West Bengal
13664:Chief Ministers
13650:
13530:
13365:
13292:
13277:
13271:
13241:
13236:
13210:
13181:
13155:
13151:Prabhabati Bose
13146:Janakinath Bose
13134:
13131:
13101:
13096:
13076:
13047:Chief ministers
13041:
13005:Political wings
12996:
12962:Digvijaya Singh
12927:P. Shiv Shankar
12840:
12747:
12705:Prime ministers
12699:
12645:S. Nijalingappa
12605:J. B. Kripalani
12600:Abul Kalam Azad
12585:Rajendra Prasad
12580:Nellie Sengupta
12535:Abul Kalam Azad
12510:Lala Lajpat Rai
12500:Syed Hasan Imam
12317:
12301:
12253:
12083:
12081:
12074:
12048:
11995:
11985:
11955:
11950:
11911:Cabinet Mission
11899:
11803:British leaders
11798:
11787:Yogendra Shukla
11692:Siraj ud-Daulah
11647:Rani Lakshmibai
11637:Rajendra Prasad
11627:R. Venkataraman
11572:Mithuben Petitâ
11552:Mahadaji Shinde
11532:Lala Lajpat Rai
11367:Bahadur Shah II
11352:Ashfaqulla Khan
11322:Accamma Cherian
11317:Abul Kalam Azad
11309:
11303:
11274:Syed Ahmad Khan
11264:Sister Nivedita
11229:Pandita Ramabai
11224:Niralamba Swami
11189:J. B. Kripalani
11114:Ashfaqulla Khan
11106:
11100:
11039:Ghadar Movement
10997:
10878:Flag Satyagraha
10786:Revolutionaries
10768:
10762:
10705:
10699:
10601:Battle of Buxar
10547:
10542:
10512:
10507:
10456:Masakasu Kawabe
10451:Burma Area Army
10421:Azad Hind Radio
10409:
10388:Bhulabhai Desai
10335:Red Fort trials
10329:
10244:A.D. Loganathan
10143:
10142:Indian National
10136:
10120:Habib-ur-Rahman
10052:
9950:
9943:
9934:
9851:
9846:
9816:
9811:
9774:Political views
9748:
9739:Shah Nawaz Khan
9694:Habib ur Rahman
9686:
9680:
9676:Wilhelm Keppler
9638:
9630:
9593:
9578:
9505:Azad Hind Radio
9483:
9474:
9465:(elder brother)
9457:Prabhabati Bose
9451:Janakinath Bose
9425:
9420:
9385:
9343:Wayback Machine
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8896:
8894:Further reading
8891:
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8465:Elizabeth Roche
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8214:
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8185:
8161:
8147:Marston, Daniel
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7958:
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7872:
7848:
7812:
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7789:
7757:
7755:
7754:on 9 March 2021
7733:
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7519:Fay, Peter Ward
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7237:Hindustan Times
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6033:
6029:, pp. 7â8.
6025:
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5966:, pp. 345.
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5411:
5395:
5391:
5387:, pp. 111.
5383:
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5247:Markandeya 1990
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2973:
2965:"While writing
2964:
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2828:
2774:
2761:Srijit Mukherji
2569:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2421:
2389:
2377:
2323:Hindu Mahasabha
2315:
2290:
2254:
2197:Ringer solution
2165:
2151:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2100:
2094:
2054:Azad Hind Radio
1876:chapter of the
1821:
1813:Main articles:
1811:
1740:Azad Hind Radio
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1688:
1559:
1531:Lord Linlithgow
1489:Stafford Cripps
1457:George Lansbury
1399:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1336:
1298:Nirad Chaudhuri
1205:
900:
897:
894:
891:
865:Janakinath Bose
854:Prabhabati Bose
835:
830:
798:Japanese Taiwan
783:attack on India
725:mired in Russia
698:princely states
648:Indische Legion
608:
604:
601:
590:
589:
571:
548:
525:
521:
485:
456:
418:
413:Prabhabati Bose
407:Janakinath Bose
382:
381:
380:
379:
376: 1937)
371:
367:
351:
345:Political party
307:Japanese Taiwan
301:
297:
277:
276:23 January 1897
271:
269:
268:
267:
241:
229:
223:
218:
204:Rajendra Prasad
198:
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134:
129:
107:
95:
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84:
67:
64:
49:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14971:
14961:
14960:
14955:
14950:
14945:
14940:
14935:
14933:Third Position
14930:
14925:
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14905:
14900:
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14885:
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14805:
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14798:Bengali Hindus
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14494:Bengali people
14490:
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14481:
14480:
14475:
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14455:
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14428:Jaynagarer Moa
14425:
14420:
14415:
14410:
14405:
14400:
14395:
14393:Darjeeling tea
14390:
14385:
14380:
14375:
14373:Banglar Muslin
14370:
14365:
14363:Baluchari sari
14359:
14357:
14351:
14350:
14348:
14347:
14342:
14337:
14335:Bengali cinema
14332:
14331:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14290:
14285:
14284:
14283:
14281:Bengal temples
14273:
14268:
14266:Raksha Bandhan
14263:
14258:
14253:
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14048:
14043:
14041:Hugli-Chuchura
14038:
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14013:
14008:
14003:
13997:
13995:
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13871:Uttar Dinajpur
13868:
13863:
13858:
13852:
13846:
13844:
13842:Malda division
13838:
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13724:Kolkata Police
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13508:
13506:Noakhali riots
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13411:Sher Shah Suri
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13216:
13215:4th generation
13212:
13211:
13209:
13208:
13203:
13198:
13195:
13189:
13187:
13186:3rd generation
13183:
13182:
13180:
13179:
13177:Emilie Schenkl
13174:
13169:
13163:
13161:
13160:2nd generation
13157:
13156:
13154:
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13148:
13142:
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13139:1st generation
13136:
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12982:Manmohan Singh
12979:
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12969:
12967:P. Chidambaram
12964:
12959:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12939:
12934:
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12909:
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12867:Govind Ballabh
12864:
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12743:Manmohan Singh
12740:
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12577:
12572:
12567:
12562:
12557:
12552:
12547:
12545:Sarojini Naidu
12542:
12540:Mahatma Gandhi
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12502:
12497:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12472:
12467:
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12425:Lalmohan Ghosh
12422:
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12186:
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12176:
12171:
12169:Madhya Pradesh
12166:
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12156:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12116:
12111:
12106:
12101:
12099:Andhra Pradesh
12095:
12093:
12086:
12076:
12075:
12073:
12072:
12067:
12062:
12056:
12054:
12050:
12049:
12047:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12031:
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12021:
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12011:
12005:
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11997:
11996:
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11812:
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11784:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11727:Tarak Nath Das
11724:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11677:Shuja-ud-Daula
11674:
11669:
11667:Sarojini Naidu
11664:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11612:Prafulla Chaki
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11557:Mahatma Gandhi
11554:
11549:
11544:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11494:
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11319:
11313:
11311:
11305:
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11302:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11279:Vakkom Moulavi
11276:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11236:
11231:
11226:
11221:
11216:
11211:
11209:Mahatma Gandhi
11206:
11201:
11196:
11194:Jyotirao Phule
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11134:B. R. Ambedkar
11131:
11126:
11124:Ayya Vaikundar
11121:
11116:
11110:
11108:
11102:
11101:
11099:
11098:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
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11061:
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11041:
11036:
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11026:
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11016:
11011:
11005:
11003:
10999:
10998:
10996:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10953:Cripps Mission
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10843:Noakhali riots
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10772:
10770:
10764:
10763:
10761:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10709:
10707:
10706:and ideologies
10701:
10700:
10698:
10697:
10690:
10688:Radcliffe Line
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10663:Vellore Mutiny
10660:
10655:
10654:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10630:
10629:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
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10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10557:
10555:
10549:
10548:
10541:
10540:
10533:
10526:
10518:
10509:
10508:
10506:
10505:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10417:
10415:
10414:Related topics
10411:
10410:
10408:
10407:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10339:
10337:
10331:
10330:
10328:
10327:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10288:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10239:Lakshmi Sahgal
10236:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10209:Subhas Brigade
10206:
10201:
10199:Gandhi Brigade
10196:
10191:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10148:
10146:
10138:
10137:
10135:
10134:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10110:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10093:Emilie Schenkl
10090:
10085:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10062:
10060:
10054:
10053:
10051:
10050:
10043:
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10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
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9961:
9955:
9953:
9945:
9944:
9937:
9935:
9933:
9932:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9913:Imperial Japan
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9865:
9859:
9857:
9853:
9852:
9845:
9844:
9837:
9830:
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9810:
9809:
9804:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9760:
9758:
9754:
9753:
9750:
9749:
9747:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9724:Lakshmi Sahgal
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9690:
9688:
9685:Southeast Asia
9682:
9681:
9679:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9666:Hiroshi Ćshima
9663:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9642:
9640:
9632:
9631:
9629:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9616:Mahatma Gandhi
9613:
9608:
9603:
9597:
9595:
9584:
9580:
9579:
9577:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9559:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9491:
9489:
9485:
9484:
9477:
9475:
9473:
9472:
9466:
9460:
9454:
9448:
9445:Emilie Schenkl
9442:
9435:
9433:
9427:
9426:
9419:
9418:
9411:
9404:
9396:
9390:
9387:
9386:
9377:
9376:
9363:
9354:
9345:
9333:
9328:
9321:
9320:External links
9318:
9316:
9315:
9298:
9283:
9278:
9265:
9239:
9222:
9207:
9190:
9175:
9158:
9143:
9126:
9111:
9102:(1): 103â112,
9088:
9071:
9056:
9039:
9024:
9007:
8989:
8965:
8948:
8930:
8913:
8897:
8895:
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8814:
8795:
8790:
8771:
8745:
8728:
8709:
8692:
8677:
8660:
8642:
8637:Singh, Iqbal,
8634:
8629:
8616:
8604:
8572:
8546:
8518:
8513:
8498:
8493:
8480:
8467:, AFPBB News,
8456:
8443:
8430:
8404:
8399:
8381:Phadnis, Aditi
8377:
8372:
8357:
8348:
8320:
8315:
8300:
8276:
8267:
8262:
8247:
8242:
8220:
8203:
8188:
8183:
8164:
8159:
8143:
8126:
8111:
8087:
8082:
8064:
8059:
8041:
8015:
8006:on 15 May 2017
7993:
7976:
7961:
7956:
7934:
7917:
7902:
7897:
7879:Kulke, Hermann
7875:
7870:
7851:
7846:
7827:
7818:
7792:
7787:
7772:
7763:
7739:
7715:
7698:
7683:
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7622:
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7542:
7537:
7515:
7492:
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7461:
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7402:
7397:
7384:
7379:
7361:
7344:
7327:
7310:
7295:
7275:
7270:
7253:
7227:
7218:(3): 249â256,
7205:
7196:
7191:
7169:
7152:
7130:
7106:
7089:
7070:
7065:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7024:
6994:
6962:
6950:
6938:
6926:
6922:Das Gupta 2015
6914:
6884:
6877:
6854:
6823:
6793:
6762:
6724:
6720:The Hindu 2007
6709:
6694:
6664:
6634:
6604:
6586:
6584:, p. 429.
6574:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6549:
6536:
6511:
6488:
6463:
6415:
6386:
6373:
6361:
6359:, p. 311.
6349:
6337:
6325:
6295:
6276:
6256:
6239:
6224:
6206:
6195:
6177:
6158:
6140:
6129:
6111:
6092:
6074:
6055:
6043:
6031:
6019:
5992:
5986:
5968:
5956:
5946:
5928:
5916:
5904:
5892:
5880:
5876:Chaudhuri 1987
5868:
5856:
5844:
5842:, p. 545.
5829:
5817:
5805:
5803:, p. 543.
5793:
5791:, p. 542.
5776:
5759:
5757:, p. 541.
5736:
5724:
5693:
5691:, p. 384.
5681:
5679:, p. 540.
5664:
5645:
5638:
5618:
5605:
5603:, p. 325.
5593:
5591:, p. 249.
5581:
5551:
5539:
5527:
5515:
5503:
5491:
5479:
5467:
5448:
5428:
5409:
5389:
5377:
5351:
5331:
5329:, p. 446.
5316:
5304:
5292:
5280:
5263:
5261:, p. 554.
5251:
5230:
5209:
5197:
5185:
5173:
5156:
5154:, p. 234.
5144:
5142:, p. 185.
5132:
5120:
5108:
5106:, p. 127.
5096:
5084:
5072:
5049:
5037:
5007:
5005:, p. 190.
4990:
4988:, p. 116.
4975:
4944:
4932:
4920:
4908:
4896:
4871:
4843:
4828:
4813:
4801:
4789:
4774:
4762:
4741:
4739:, p. 179.
4729:
4710:
4698:
4683:
4671:
4656:
4631:
4629:, pp. 37.
4619:
4607:
4592:
4580:
4578:, p. 150.
4568:
4556:
4541:
4529:
4517:
4498:
4481:
4475:
4457:
4451:
4433:
4418:
4416:, p. 165.
4403:
4388:
4386:, p. 522.
4376:
4374:, p. 297.
4361:
4359:, p. 210.
4342:
4340:, p. 179.
4330:
4328:, p. 129.
4318:
4293:
4291:, p. 283.
4281:
4279:, p. 278.
4277:Chatterji 2007
4269:
4254:
4239:
4237:, p. 427.
4222:
4210:
4208:, p. 124.
4198:
4186:
4184:, p. 517.
4171:
4159:
4115:
4103:
4091:
4089:, p. 255.
4079:
4064:
4049:
4034:
4022:
4020:, p. 162.
4010:
3998:
3996:, p. 152.
3986:
3971:
3959:
3947:
3928:
3910:
3891:
3879:
3867:
3840:
3825:
3810:
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3717:
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3678:
3656:
3618:
3593:
3581:
3568:
3558:
3545:
3535:
3522:
3504:
3491:
3486:18 August 1945
3458:
3443:
3434:
3411:
3389:
3377:
3375:, p. 339.
3360:
3358:, p. 502.
3347:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:Operation U-Go
3324:
3315:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3279:
3266:
3257:
3248:
3239:
3226:
3213:
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2940:
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2905:
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2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
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2770:
2769:
2768:
2745:
2732:
2729:Emilie Schenkl
2697:
2683:
2677:
2665:
2651:
2650:for that year.
2636:Azad Hind Fauj
2618:
2608:
2600:Subhas Chandra
2596:
2593:Netaji Subhash
2568:
2565:
2525:Parakram Divas
2462:Netaji Express
2445:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2401:Imperial Japan
2388:
2385:
2376:
2373:
2314:
2311:
2289:
2286:
2253:
2250:
2210:RenkĆji Temple
2161:Habibur Rahman
2127:RenkĆji Temple
2124:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:Main article:
2093:
2090:
2068:, Nyangyu and
2047:Operation U-Go
1929:Azad Hind Bank
1866:Fujiwara Kikan
1851:Imperial Japan
1810:
1807:
1783:Mahatma Gandhi
1772:Adam von Trott
1717:, head of the
1712:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1680:Wilhelmstrasse
1558:
1555:
1485:Gilbert Murray
1473:J.B.S. Haldane
1461:Clement Attlee
1398:
1395:
1363:Emilie Schenkl
1360:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1204:
1201:
975:Matthew Arnold
971:William Cowper
846:British Bengal
834:
831:
829:
826:
733:Emilie Schenkl
687:. He followed
681:Mahatma Gandhi
627:Imperial Japan
513:
512:
509:
508:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
486:
484:
483:
477:
466:
464:
458:
457:
455:
454:
448:
442:
436:
430:
426:
424:
420:
419:
417:
416:
410:
403:
401:
397:
396:
391:
387:
386:
369:
365:Emilie Schenkl
363:
362:
360:
356:
355:
346:
342:
341:
328:
324:
323:
314:
310:
309:
300:(aged 48)
296:18 August 1945
294:
290:
289:
265:
263:
259:
258:
254:
253:
250:
249:
244:
238:
237:
232:
226:
225:
215:
214:
207:
206:
201:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
172:
171:
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
146:Office created
143:
137:
136:
126:
125:
118:
117:
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
81:
80:
76:2nd Leader of
73:
72:
69:
68:
59:
51:
50:
47:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14970:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14949:
14946:
14944:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14934:
14931:
14929:
14928:ShĆwa Statism
14926:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14916:
14914:
14911:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14881:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14869:
14866:
14864:
14861:
14859:
14858:Indian Hindus
14856:
14854:
14851:
14849:
14848:Indian exiles
14846:
14844:
14841:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14829:
14826:
14824:
14821:
14819:
14816:
14814:
14811:
14809:
14806:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14784:
14781:
14779:
14776:
14774:
14771:
14769:
14766:
14764:
14761:
14759:
14756:
14755:
14753:
14734:
14729:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14713:
14710:
14708:
14707:Mother Teresa
14705:
14703:
14700:
14698:
14695:
14693:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14665:
14663:
14660:
14658:
14657:Rani Rashmoni
14655:
14653:
14650:
14648:
14645:
14643:
14640:
14638:
14635:
14633:
14630:
14628:
14625:
14623:
14620:
14618:
14615:
14613:
14610:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14602:Nandalal Bose
14600:
14598:
14595:
14593:
14590:
14588:
14585:
14583:
14580:
14578:
14577:Ritwik Ghatak
14575:
14573:
14570:
14568:
14565:
14563:
14560:
14558:
14555:
14554:
14552:
14550:
14546:
14540:
14537:
14535:
14532:
14530:
14527:
14525:
14522:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14499:Bihari people
14497:
14495:
14492:
14491:
14489:
14485:
14479:
14476:
14474:
14473:Tangail Saree
14471:
14469:
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14448:Nakshi kantha
14446:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14408:Fazli (mango)
14406:
14404:
14401:
14399:
14396:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14378:Bankura horse
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14360:
14358:
14356:
14352:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14311:
14309:
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14295:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14282:
14279:
14278:
14277:
14274:
14272:
14269:
14267:
14264:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14240:
14237:
14236:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14212:
14210:
14207:
14205:
14202:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14171:
14169:
14167:
14163:
14157:
14154:
14152:
14149:
14147:
14144:
14142:
14139:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14124:
14122:
14119:
14117:
14114:
14112:
14109:
14107:
14104:
14102:
14099:
14097:
14094:
14092:
14089:
14087:
14084:
14082:
14079:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14062:
14059:
14057:
14054:
14052:
14049:
14047:
14044:
14042:
14039:
14037:
14034:
14032:
14029:
14027:
14024:
14022:
14019:
14017:
14014:
14012:
14009:
14007:
14004:
14002:
13999:
13998:
13996:
13994:
13988:
13978:
13975:
13972:
13969:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13934:
13931:
13930:
13928:
13926:
13922:
13916:
13913:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13901:
13898:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13886:
13884:
13882:
13878:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13848:
13847:
13845:
13843:
13839:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13810:
13809:
13807:
13805:
13801:
13795:
13792:
13790:
13787:
13785:
13782:
13780:
13777:
13776:
13774:
13772:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13758:
13754:
13748:
13747:Bangla Pokkho
13745:
13743:
13740:
13739:
13737:
13735:
13734:Rights groups
13731:
13725:
13722:
13720:
13717:
13715:
13712:
13710:
13707:
13704:
13701:
13699:
13696:
13694:
13691:
13689:
13685:
13682:
13680:
13677:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13661:
13659:
13657:
13653:
13647:
13644:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13630:
13629:Hooghly River
13627:
13625:
13622:
13620:
13617:
13615:
13614:Damodar River
13612:
13610:
13607:
13606:
13605:
13602:
13600:
13597:
13595:
13592:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13582:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13565:
13562:
13560:
13557:
13555:
13552:
13550:
13547:
13545:
13542:
13541:
13539:
13537:
13533:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13471:Sovabazar Raj
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13456:Bardhaman Raj
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13439:
13437:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13416:Mughal Empire
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13385:
13382:
13381:
13380:
13379:Gauda Kingdom
13377:
13376:
13374:
13372:
13368:
13362:
13358:
13356:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13325:
13322:
13320:
13316:
13313:
13311:
13307:
13304:
13303:
13301:
13299:
13298:State symbols
13295:
13291:
13290:
13285:
13280:
13276:
13268:
13263:
13261:
13256:
13254:
13249:
13248:
13245:
13233:
13232:Sumantra Bose
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13219:
13217:
13213:
13207:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13197:Ardhendu Bose
13196:
13194:
13191:
13190:
13188:
13184:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13164:
13162:
13158:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13143:
13141:
13137:
13128:
13123:
13121:
13116:
13114:
13109:
13108:
13105:
13095:
13094:
13083:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13059:
13057:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13044:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13023:
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13009:
13007:
13003:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12978:
12977:Rajeev Shukla
12975:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12952:Jairam Ramesh
12950:
12948:
12945:
12943:
12940:
12938:
12935:
12933:
12930:
12928:
12925:
12923:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12857:Charu Chandra
12855:
12853:
12850:
12849:
12847:
12843:
12837:
12834:
12832:
12829:
12827:
12824:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12786:Indira Gandhi
12784:
12782:
12781:Satya Narayan
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12763:
12761:
12757:
12754:
12750:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12731:
12729:
12728:Indira Gandhi
12726:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12716:
12714:
12711:
12710:
12708:
12706:
12702:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12680:Sitaram Kesri
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12665:Indira Gandhi
12663:
12661:
12660:D. K. Barooah
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12630:Indira Gandhi
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12560:Motilal Nehru
12558:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12505:Motilal Nehru
12503:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12408:
12406:
12403:
12401:
12398:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12332:
12330:
12328:
12324:
12314:
12311:
12310:
12308:
12304:
12298:
12295:
12293:
12290:
12286:
12285:Daman and Diu
12283:
12281:
12278:
12277:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12262:
12260:
12256:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12244:Uttar Pradesh
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12097:
12096:
12094:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12077:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12057:
12055:
12051:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12024:The Emergency
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12006:
12004:
12002:
11998:
11993:
11989:
11982:
11977:
11975:
11970:
11968:
11963:
11962:
11959:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11908:
11906:
11902:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11807:
11805:
11801:
11795:
11794:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11672:Satyapal Dang
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11597:Nana Fadnavis
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11562:Mangal Pandey
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11522:Khudiram Bose
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11460:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11445:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11437:Chetram Jatav
11435:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11407:Bhikaiji Cama
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11397:Bharathidasan
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11382:Basawon Singh
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11314:
11312:
11306:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11269:Sri Aurobindo
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11239:Ram Mohan Roy
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11219:Narayana Guru
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11111:
11109:
11103:
11097:
11096:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11006:
11004:
11002:Organisations
11000:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10963:Bombay Mutiny
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10948:Indian Legion
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10888:1928 Protests
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10833:Rowlatt Bills
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10803:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10773:
10771:
10765:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10710:
10708:
10702:
10696:
10695:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10633:
10631:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10608:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10558:
10556:
10554:
10550:
10546:
10539:
10534:
10532:
10527:
10525:
10520:
10519:
10516:
10504:
10503:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10418:
10416:
10412:
10406:
10405:
10401:
10399:
10398:Bombay mutiny
10396:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10363:Burhan-ud-Din
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10340:
10338:
10336:
10332:
10326:
10325:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10293:
10289:
10287:
10286:
10282:
10280:
10279:Burma theatre
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10264:Shaukat Malik
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10214:Bahadur Group
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10204:Nehru Brigade
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10189:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10149:
10147:
10145:
10139:
10133:
10132:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10115:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10103:Indian Legion
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10083:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10063:
10061:
10059:
10055:
10049:
10048:
10044:
10042:
10041:Azad Hind Dal
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10031:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9952:
9946:
9941:
9931:
9930:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9903:Kabul mission
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9860:
9858:
9854:
9850:
9843:
9838:
9836:
9831:
9829:
9824:
9823:
9820:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9801:
9797:
9795:
9794:Netaji Bhawan
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9761:
9759:
9755:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9699:Hideo Iwakuro
9697:
9695:
9692:
9691:
9689:
9683:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9643:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9598:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9585:
9581:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9564:
9560:
9558:
9557:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9545:Indian Legion
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9500:Azad Hind Dal
9498:
9496:
9493:
9492:
9490:
9486:
9481:
9470:
9467:
9464:
9461:
9458:
9455:
9452:
9449:
9446:
9443:
9440:
9437:
9436:
9434:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9417:
9412:
9410:
9405:
9403:
9398:
9397:
9394:
9388:
9381:
9375:
9371:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9340:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9323:
9305:
9301:
9295:
9291:
9290:
9284:
9281:
9275:
9271:
9266:
9255:
9251:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9229:
9225:
9219:
9216:, Routledge,
9215:
9214:
9208:
9197:
9193:
9187:
9183:
9182:
9176:
9165:
9161:
9155:
9151:
9150:
9144:
9133:
9129:
9123:
9119:
9118:
9112:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9078:
9074:
9068:
9064:
9063:
9057:
9046:
9042:
9036:
9032:
9031:
9025:
9014:
9010:
9004:
9000:
8999:
8994:
8990:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8966:
8955:
8951:
8945:
8941:
8940:
8935:
8931:
8920:
8916:
8910:
8906:
8905:
8899:
8898:
8887:
8881:
8877:
8876:
8871:
8867:
8864:
8858:
8854:
8853:
8848:
8844:
8841:
8835:
8831:
8827:
8826:
8820:
8817:
8811:
8807:
8803:
8802:
8796:
8793:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8778:
8772:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8752:
8746:
8735:
8731:
8729:0-07-066030-1
8725:
8721:
8717:
8716:
8710:
8699:
8695:
8689:
8685:
8684:
8678:
8667:
8663:
8657:
8653:
8652:
8647:
8646:Stein, Burton
8643:
8640:
8635:
8632:
8626:
8622:
8617:
8614:
8610:
8605:
8601:
8595:
8580:
8579:
8573:
8562:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8533:
8526:
8525:
8519:
8516:
8514:81-7100-900-X
8510:
8506:
8505:
8499:
8496:
8490:
8486:
8481:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8457:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8440:
8436:
8431:
8420:
8416:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8402:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8387:
8382:
8378:
8375:
8369:
8365:
8364:
8358:
8354:
8349:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8321:
8318:
8312:
8308:
8307:
8301:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8277:
8273:
8268:
8265:
8259:
8256:, Routledge,
8255:
8254:
8248:
8245:
8239:
8235:
8234:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8210:
8206:
8200:
8196:
8195:
8189:
8186:
8180:
8176:
8173:, New Haven:
8172:
8171:
8165:
8162:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8133:
8129:
8123:
8119:
8118:
8112:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8088:
8085:
8079:
8075:
8074:
8069:
8065:
8062:
8056:
8052:
8051:
8046:
8042:
8031:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8005:
8001:
8000:
7994:
7983:
7979:
7973:
7969:
7968:
7962:
7959:
7953:
7949:
7946:, Singapore:
7945:
7944:
7939:
7935:
7924:
7920:
7914:
7910:
7909:
7903:
7900:
7894:
7891:, Routledge,
7890:
7889:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7873:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7858:
7852:
7849:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7834:
7828:
7824:
7819:
7808:
7804:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7790:
7784:
7780:
7779:
7773:
7769:
7764:
7753:
7749:
7748:The Statesman
7745:
7740:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7716:
7705:
7701:
7699:9971-69-281-3
7695:
7691:
7690:
7684:
7680:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7663:
7657:
7656:
7650:
7646:
7643:
7637:
7633:
7632:
7627:
7623:
7612:
7608:
7602:
7598:
7597:
7591:
7588:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7573:
7567:
7556:
7553:, Firstpost,
7552:
7548:
7543:
7540:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7525:
7520:
7516:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7488:
7482:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7464:
7458:
7454:
7453:
7447:
7444:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7429:
7423:
7420:
7414:
7410:
7409:
7403:
7400:
7394:
7390:
7385:
7382:
7376:
7372:
7371:
7366:
7362:
7351:
7347:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7328:
7317:
7313:
7311:81-7824-034-3
7307:
7303:
7302:
7296:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7278:Bose, Sisir;
7276:
7273:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7254:
7243:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7212:
7206:
7202:
7197:
7194:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7179:
7174:
7170:
7159:
7155:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7140:
7135:
7131:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7107:
7096:
7092:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7077:
7071:
7068:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7033:
7028:
7012:
7008:
7004:
6998:
6982:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6966:
6959:
6954:
6947:
6946:Pandohar 2005
6942:
6935:
6930:
6923:
6918:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6888:
6880:
6874:
6870:
6869:
6861:
6859:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6827:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6766:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6728:
6721:
6716:
6714:
6706:
6701:
6699:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6608:
6601:
6596:
6590:
6583:
6578:
6571:
6566:
6557:
6552:
6546:
6542:
6537:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6494:
6489:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6446:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6398:
6390:
6383:
6377:
6370:
6365:
6358:
6353:
6346:
6341:
6334:
6329:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6299:
6283:
6279:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6260:
6254:, p. 155
6253:
6249:
6243:
6236:
6234:
6227:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6198:
6192:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6161:
6155:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6132:
6126:
6122:
6115:
6108:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6047:
6040:
6035:
6028:
6023:
6016:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5983:
5980:, Routledge,
5979:
5972:
5965:
5960:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5920:
5914:, p. 98.
5913:
5908:
5901:
5900:Pasricha 2008
5896:
5889:
5884:
5877:
5872:
5865:
5860:
5853:
5848:
5841:
5836:
5834:
5826:
5821:
5814:
5809:
5802:
5797:
5790:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5773:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5756:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5733:
5728:
5721:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5690:
5685:
5678:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5661:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5641:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5622:
5615:
5609:
5602:
5597:
5590:
5585:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5548:
5543:
5536:
5531:
5524:
5519:
5512:
5507:
5500:
5495:
5488:
5483:
5476:
5471:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5432:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5393:
5386:
5381:
5374:
5371:
5358:
5354:
5352:9788176290050
5348:
5344:
5343:
5335:
5328:
5323:
5321:
5314:, p. 67.
5313:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5289:
5288:Majumdar 1997
5284:
5277:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5260:
5255:
5248:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5227:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5206:
5201:
5194:
5189:
5182:
5177:
5170:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5153:
5148:
5141:
5136:
5129:
5124:
5117:
5112:
5105:
5100:
5093:
5088:
5081:
5076:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5041:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5011:
5004:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4942:, p. 32.
4941:
4936:
4929:
4924:
4917:
4912:
4905:
4900:
4894:, p. 69.
4893:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4847:
4840:
4835:
4833:
4826:, p. 63.
4825:
4820:
4818:
4811:, p. 62.
4810:
4805:
4799:, p. 61.
4798:
4793:
4787:, p. 60.
4786:
4781:
4779:
4771:
4766:
4760:, p. 59.
4759:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4738:
4733:
4727:, p. 56.
4726:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4707:
4702:
4696:, p. 55.
4695:
4690:
4688:
4681:, p. 54.
4680:
4675:
4669:, p. 49.
4668:
4663:
4661:
4653:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4628:
4623:
4617:, p. 20.
4616:
4611:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4589:
4584:
4577:
4572:
4565:
4560:
4554:, p. 11.
4553:
4548:
4546:
4538:
4533:
4526:
4521:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4495:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4478:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4429:Casolari 2020
4425:
4423:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4380:
4373:
4368:
4366:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4339:
4334:
4327:
4322:
4316:, p. 21.
4315:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4290:
4285:
4278:
4273:
4266:
4261:
4259:
4252:, p. 22.
4251:
4246:
4244:
4236:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4220:, p. 69.
4219:
4214:
4207:
4202:
4195:
4190:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4168:
4163:
4156:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4112:
4107:
4100:
4095:
4088:
4083:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4014:
4008:, p. 76.
4007:
4002:
3995:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3976:
3968:
3963:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3929:0-691-08722-9
3925:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3883:
3876:
3871:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3823:, p. 52.
3822:
3817:
3815:
3808:, p. 48.
3807:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3785:, p. 33.
3784:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3766:, p. 32.
3765:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3747:, p. 15.
3746:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3725:
3720:
3718:0-231-07443-3
3714:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3672:, p. 2,
3671:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3582:0-8153-0913-9
3578:
3574:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3559:0-8153-1883-9
3555:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3412:81-250-2596-0
3408:
3404:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3334:
3328:
3319:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3276:
3270:
3261:
3252:
3243:
3236:
3230:
3223:
3217:
3207:
3198:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3170:
3160:
3151:
3144:
3143:Radhakrishnan
3138:
3128:
3121:
3115:
3106:
3096:
3089:
3088:vishwa shakti
3083:
3074:
3065:
3056:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3024:
3015:
3008:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2918:
2909:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2872:
2869:(Martyr) and
2868:
2862:
2854:
2848:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2725:Rajkummar Rao
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2707:, created by
2706:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2662:Vishvas Patil
2659:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2622:Shyam Benegal
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2573:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2519:In 2021, the
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:Netaji Bhawan
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2439:
2430:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:anti-Semitism
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2313:Anti-semitism
2310:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:Bhagavad Gita
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2118:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2028:Cellular Jail
2025:
2021:
2018:(Martyr) and
2017:
2013:
2010:with Lt Col.
2009:
2005:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:Bahadur Group
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:Indian Legion
1741:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1697:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1607:British India
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:Kemal AtatĂŒrk
1505:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:Ivor Jennings
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1394:
1393:from Vienna.
1392:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1345:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1278:Motilal Nehru
1274:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:British Burma
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1180:Edwin Montagu
1177:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
997:
992:
988:
986:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
930:Anglo-Indians
927:
922:
920:
919:
914:
910:
909:British India
906:
886:
882:
881:British India
878:
874:
870:
866:
860:
855:
847:
843:
839:
825:
823:
819:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
750:in May 1943.
749:
746:
745:Japanese-held
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
694:British India
690:
686:
682:
677:
673:
672:Anglo-centric
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
649:
644:
640:
636:
635:anti-Semitism
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:
593:
586:
519:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:
492:
488:
481:
478:
475:
471:
468:
467:
465:
463:
459:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
427:
425:
421:
414:
411:
408:
405:
404:
402:
398:
395:
392:
388:
366:
361:
357:
354:
350:
347:
343:
340:
336:
332:
329:
327:Resting place
325:
322:
318:
315:
311:
308:
304:
295:
291:
288:
287:British India
284:
280:
264:
260:
255:
251:
248:
245:
239:
236:
233:
227:
221:
216:
213:
208:
205:
202:
196:
193:
190:
184:
178:
173:
170:
166:
162:
159:
156:
150:
147:
144:
138:
132:
127:
124:
119:
116:
115:
111:
105:
102:
99:
93:
87:
82:
79:
74:
70:
57:
52:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
14612:Meghnad Saha
14581:
14562:Satyajit Ray
14487:Demographics
14438:Manasa chali
14313:Tarini Khuro
14101:Krishnanagar
13624:Teesta River
13584:Ganges Delta
13544:Bengal Basin
13466:Jhargram Raj
13396:Sena dynasty
13287:
13227:Sarmila Bose
13206:Subrata Bose
13171:
13091:
13067:Siddaramaiah
12957:A. K. Antony
12947:Anand Sharma
12937:Motilal Vora
12887:M. C. Chagla
12836:Rahul Gandhi
12821:Sonia Gandhi
12816:Sharad Pawar
12801:Rajiv Gandhi
12733:Rajiv Gandhi
12690:Rahul Gandhi
12685:Sonia Gandhi
12670:Rajiv Gandhi
12650:Jagjivan Ram
12625:U. N. Dhebar
12594:
12490:Annie Besant
12430:Henry Cotton
12365:Anandacharlu
12119:Chhattisgarh
12053:Organisation
11916:Constitution
11904:Independence
11791:
11762:Vanchinathan
11696:
11392:Bhagat Singh
11347:Annie Besant
11308:Independence
11289:Vinoba Bhave
11093:
11089:Swaraj Party
10993:Lucknow Pact
10903:Purna Swaraj
10893:Nehru Report
10800:
10704:Philosophies
10692:
10658:Polygar Wars
10586:French India
10571:Dutch Bengal
10561:Colonisation
10500:
10481:INA treasure
10471:William Slim
10402:
10322:
10290:
10283:
10254:Janaki Davar
10249:J.R. Bhonsle
10194:Azad Brigade
10186:
10129:
10112:
10098:Forward Bloc
10082:Purna Swaraj
10080:
10057:
10045:
10036:Hikari Kikan
10028:
9984:K.P.K. Menon
9959:Pritam Singh
9951:League (IIL)
9927:
9918:Pan Asianism
9799:
9789:Purna Swaraj
9769:Bibliography
9709:Hikari Kikan
9661:Adolf Hitler
9562:
9555:
9422:
9310:26 September
9308:, retrieved
9288:
9269:
9258:, retrieved
9254:the original
9247:
9232:, retrieved
9212:
9202:26 September
9200:, retrieved
9180:
9170:26 September
9168:, retrieved
9148:
9138:26 September
9136:, retrieved
9116:
9099:
9095:
9083:26 September
9081:, retrieved
9061:
9051:26 September
9049:, retrieved
9029:
9019:26 September
9017:, retrieved
8997:
8982:, retrieved
8973:
8960:26 September
8958:, retrieved
8938:
8925:26 September
8923:, retrieved
8903:
8874:
8851:
8824:
8800:
8776:
8764:, retrieved
8750:
8740:26 September
8738:, retrieved
8714:
8702:, retrieved
8682:
8672:26 September
8670:, retrieved
8650:
8638:
8620:
8608:
8583:, retrieved
8577:
8565:, retrieved
8561:the original
8554:
8539:, retrieved
8532:the original
8523:
8503:
8484:
8473:, retrieved
8464:
8434:
8423:, retrieved
8419:the original
8412:
8385:
8362:
8352:
8341:, retrieved
8328:
8305:
8293:, retrieved
8284:
8271:
8252:
8232:
8215:26 September
8213:, retrieved
8193:
8169:
8150:
8136:, retrieved
8116:
8104:, retrieved
8095:
8072:
8049:
8034:, retrieved
8030:the original
8023:
8008:, retrieved
8004:the original
7998:
7986:, retrieved
7966:
7942:
7927:, retrieved
7907:
7887:
7856:
7832:
7822:
7811:, retrieved
7807:the original
7800:
7777:
7767:
7756:, retrieved
7752:the original
7747:
7732:, retrieved
7724:The Guardian
7723:
7708:, retrieved
7688:
7660:
7654:
7630:
7615:, retrieved
7595:
7571:
7559:, retrieved
7550:
7523:
7508:, retrieved
7499:
7486:
7473:
7451:
7427:
7407:
7388:
7369:
7365:Bose, Sugata
7354:, retrieved
7335:
7322:26 September
7320:, retrieved
7300:
7287:
7257:
7246:, retrieved
7242:the original
7235:
7215:
7209:
7200:
7177:
7164:26 September
7162:, retrieved
7138:
7123:, retrieved
7119:the original
7114:
7101:26 September
7099:, retrieved
7075:
7051:
7042:Bibliography
7027:
7015:. Retrieved
7007:HISTORY TV18
7006:
6997:
6985:. Retrieved
6974:
6965:
6953:
6941:
6929:
6917:
6905:. Retrieved
6896:
6887:
6867:
6845:. Retrieved
6836:
6826:
6814:. Retrieved
6805:
6796:
6784:. Retrieved
6775:
6765:
6753:. Retrieved
6736:
6727:
6685:. Retrieved
6679:(in Hindi).
6677:Zee Business
6676:
6667:
6655:. Retrieved
6646:
6637:
6625:. Retrieved
6616:
6607:
6589:
6577:
6570:Moreman 2013
6565:
6554:
6540:
6532:
6492:
6484:
6444:
6436:
6396:
6389:
6376:
6369:Marston 2014
6364:
6352:
6340:
6328:
6316:. Retrieved
6307:
6298:
6286:. Retrieved
6266:
6259:
6247:
6242:
6232:
6229:
6215:
6209:
6200:
6186:
6180:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6149:
6143:
6134:
6120:
6114:
6105:
6083:
6077:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6046:
6034:
6022:
6013:
6001:
5995:
5977:
5971:
5959:
5951:
5937:
5931:
5919:
5907:
5895:
5883:
5871:
5859:
5847:
5820:
5808:
5796:
5727:
5684:
5662:, p. 2.
5628:
5621:
5608:
5596:
5584:
5572:. Retrieved
5563:
5554:
5542:
5530:
5518:
5506:
5494:
5482:
5470:
5458:. Retrieved
5438:
5431:
5419:. Retrieved
5399:
5392:
5380:
5368:
5361:. Retrieved
5341:
5334:
5307:
5295:
5283:
5276:Thomson 2004
5254:
5205:Loiwal 2017b
5200:
5193:Loiwal 2017a
5188:
5176:
5147:
5140:Phadnis 2009
5135:
5123:
5111:
5099:
5087:
5075:
5066:
5062:
5052:
5040:
5028:. Retrieved
5019:
5010:
4966:. Retrieved
4957:
4947:
4935:
4923:
4911:
4906:, p. 2.
4899:
4863:, retrieved
4853:
4846:
4804:
4792:
4765:
4732:
4701:
4674:
4622:
4610:
4583:
4571:
4559:
4532:
4520:
4515:, p. 1.
4466:
4460:
4442:
4436:
4397:
4391:
4379:
4333:
4326:Marston 2014
4321:
4284:
4272:
4265:Wolpert 2000
4218:Wolpert 2009
4213:
4206:Marston 2014
4201:
4189:
4162:
4153:
4146:, retrieved
4134:
4118:
4106:
4094:
4082:
4025:
4013:
4001:
3989:
3962:
3950:
3941:
3919:
3913:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3882:
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3843:
3722:
3708:
3683:
3664:
3651:
3644:, retrieved
3598:
3587:
3586:
3572:
3563:
3549:
3540:
3526:
3517:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3476:, retrieved
3448:
3439:
3425:
3416:
3402:
3380:
3373:Wolpert 2000
3351:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3300:
3291:
3282:
3269:
3260:
3251:
3242:
3235:C. R. Attlee
3229:
3216:
3206:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3169:
3159:
3150:
3137:
3127:
3114:
3105:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3055:
3046:
3033:
3023:
3014:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2966:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2847:
2838:
2824:Gumnami Baba
2759:directed by
2757:mystery film
2747:
2739:
2712:
2690:History TV18
2685:
2679:
2667:
2632:Nazi Germany
2625:
2610:
2598:
2592:
2579:in New Delhi
2518:
2504:visited the
2451:
2397:Nazi Germany
2390:
2380:
2378:
2358:end up with
2353:
2349:
2338:
2330:
2328:
2316:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2266:
2255:
2218:
2206:
2203:
2189:Vita Camphor
2182:
2176:
2145:
2134:
2080:or made for
2059:
2051:
2032:
2019:
2015:
2001:
1974:
1934:
1905:Hikari Kikan
1894:
1855:
1845:
1834:
1799:
1795:Adolf Hitler
1780:
1764:
1756:Adolf Hitler
1748:North Africa
1729:
1723:Adolf Hitler
1655:Nazi Germany
1643:Soviet Union
1627:Aga Khan III
1624:
1592:
1568:
1528:
1501:
1469:Harold Laski
1453:Lord Halifax
1449:Labour Party
1441:
1433:
1420:
1400:
1384:
1378:
1317:
1307:Fort William
1303:
1283:
1267:tuberculosis
1228:
1226:
1218:
1190:
1185:
1172:
1168:
1151:
1119:
1087:
1043:
1028:
1001:
982:
935:Janakinath's
923:
916:
884:
851:
841:
814:
795:
791:Soviet Union
752:
729:Adolf Hitler
721:Afrika Korps
717:Erwin Rommel
706:
657:
646:
623:Nazi Germany
517:
516:
298:(1945-08-18)
242:Succeeded by
219:
199:Succeeded by
176:
153:Succeeded by
145:
130:
113:
108:Succeeded by
85:
65: 1930s
36:
14768:1945 deaths
14763:1897 births
14712:Amartya Sen
14682:Sukumar Ray
14672:Sarada Devi
14662:Ramakrishna
14418:Gobindobhog
14413:Garad Saree
14355:GI products
14271:Ratha Yatra
14239:Dol Purnima
14214:Chhau dance
14121:Murshidabad
14046:Cooch Behar
13866:Murshidabad
13817:Cooch Behar
13569:Rarh region
13391:Pala Empire
13328:Fishing cat
13275:West Bengal
13222:Sugata Bose
13133:Bose family
12942:Ahmed Patel
12845:Rajya Sabha
12806:Arjun Singh
12350:George Yule
12297:Lakshadweep
12258:Territorial
12249:West Bengal
12239:Uttarakhand
12174:Maharashtra
11860:Mountbatten
11482:Hemu Kalani
11362:Bagha Jatin
11299:Vivekananda
11054:India House
10938:Act of 1935
10713:Ambedkarism
10581:British Raj
10491:Joyce Lebra
10167:Farrer Park
10157:Mohan Singh
9898:Barkatullah
9893:Bagha Jatin
9868:Rash Behari
9704:Hideki Tojo
9260:31 December
9065:, Longman,
8984:28 December
8425:13 February
8274:, Routledge
8036:20 February
8025:India Today
8010:20 February
7988:13 November
7929:29 November
7758:19 February
7710:13 December
7551:showsha.com
7510:13 February
7125:13 February
6987:10 February
6907:19 February
6582:McLynn 2011
6333:Kumar 2010b
6318:22 February
6288:22 February
6233:Der Angriff
5888:Gordon 1990
5840:Gordon 1990
5825:Lebra 2008a
5813:Gordon 1990
5801:Gordon 1990
5789:Gordon 1990
5772:Gordon 1990
5755:Gordon 1990
5732:Lebra 2008a
5720:Lebra 2008a
5677:Gordon 1990
5511:Lebra 2008a
5499:Lebra 2008a
5475:Hauner 1981
5460:21 February
5421:21 February
5363:21 February
5327:Gordon 1990
5226:Talwar 1976
5003:Gordon 1990
4968:24 February
4892:Gordon 1990
4839:Gordon 1990
4824:Gordon 1990
4809:Gordon 1990
4797:Gordon 1990
4785:Gordon 1990
4770:Gordon 1990
4758:Gordon 1990
4725:Gordon 1990
4706:Gordon 1990
4694:Gordon 1990
4679:Gordon 1990
4667:Gordon 1990
4652:Gordon 1990
4627:Gordon 1990
4615:Gordon 1990
4603:Gordon 1990
4588:Gordon 1990
4576:Gordon 1990
4564:Gordon 1990
4552:Gordon 1990
4537:Gordon 1990
4525:Gordon 1990
4494:Lebra 2008a
4194:McLynn 2011
4182:Gordon 1990
4111:Lebra 2008b
4099:Lebra 2008a
4060:Gordon 1990
3967:Gordon 1990
3875:Gordon 1990
3821:Gordon 1990
3806:Gordon 1990
3783:Gordon 1990
3764:Gordon 1990
3385:Gordon 1990
3356:Gordon 1990
2853:Hideki Tojo
2715:written by
2709:Ekta Kapoor
2674:Sugata Bose
2615:Hemen Gupta
2381:Dilli Chalo
2242:British Raj
2191:and two of
2024:Diwan Singh
1966:Philippines
1914:Lakshmi Bai
1882:Mohan Singh
1839:around the
1631:Afghanistan
1571:Afghanistan
1481:G.D.H. Cole
1391:Otto Faltis
1197:Third Class
1103:First Class
1030:Ananda Math
979:Shakespeare
967:John Milton
955:Mahabharata
806:British Raj
741:Axis powers
737:a baby girl
668:British Raj
666:during the
230:Preceded by
187:Preceded by
141:Preceded by
101:Mohan Singh
96:Preceded by
14752:Categories
14597:Jyoti Basu
14587:Jamini Roy
14478:Tulaipanji
14433:Madurkathi
14388:Chhau mask
14323:Kiriti Roy
14256:Durga Puja
14189:Chalchitra
14184:Patachitra
14071:Jalpaiguri
14051:Darjeeling
14011:Berhampore
13991:Cities and
13973:(declared)
13971:Sundarbans
13967:(declared)
13946:(declared)
13935:(declared)
13896:(declared)
13857:(declared)
13855:Berhampore
13827:Jalpaiguri
13822:Darjeeling
13812:Alipurduar
13656:Governance
13574:Sundarbans
12917:V.P. Singh
12640:K. Kamaraj
12327:Presidents
12313:Mumbai RCC
12270:Chandigarh
12224:Tamil Nadu
12204:Puducherry
11890:Linlithgow
11830:Chelmsford
11820:Cornwallis
11732:Tatya Tope
11602:Nana Saheb
11507:K. Kamaraj
11457:Dhan Singh
11372:Bakht Khan
11024:Arya Samaj
10958:Quit India
10908:Salt March
10767:Events and
10743:Satyagraha
10358:Shah Nawaz
10269:John Thivy
10219:Tokyo Boys
10076:Sarat Bose
9989:A.M. Sahay
9974:I Fujiwara
9856:Historical
9646:Abid Hasan
9441:(daughter)
8766:6 February
8585:6 February
8453:2019032590
8106:6 February
8068:Low, D. A.
8045:Low, D. A.
7940:(2008a) ,
7838:Sura Books
7813:16 October
7681:required.)
7617:25 January
7248:6 February
7055:, London:
7032:Gauri 2017
7017:23 January
6976:discovery+
6934:Salam 2005
6786:23 January
6705:Roche 2007
6687:27 January
6657:27 January
6627:27 January
6521:2021000609
6473:2021000609
6425:2021000609
6102:2016042217
6051:Hayes 2011
5964:Stein 2010
5574:20 January
5385:Hayes 2011
5312:Hayes 2011
5259:James 1997
5152:Padhy 2011
5069:: 205â207.
5030:20 January
4986:Vipul 2009
4904:Hayes 2011
4865:30 January
4513:Hayes 2011
4414:Hayes 2011
4372:Stein 2010
4338:Allen 2012
4289:Bayly 2012
4148:1 November
4075:Hayes 2011
4045:Hayes 2011
4030:Hayes 2011
4018:Hayes 2011
4006:Hayes 2011
3994:Hayes 2011
3982:Hayes 2011
3887:Stein 2010
3860:26 January
3745:Hayes 2011
3646:28 January
3628:2021000608
3514:2018026197
3478:28 January
3468:2020022973
3343:References
3222:satyagraha
3120:satyagraha
2736:Zee Bangla
2646:, and the
2553:India Gate
2502:ShinzĆ Abe
2488:at Delhi.
2246:INA trials
2193:Digitamine
2181: [
2070:Mount Popa
1829:Madagascar
1590:), India.
1079:Janakinath
1064:and other
1016:Upanishads
945:goddesses
921:holidays.
861: Dutt
662:family in
643:Hindustani
462:Alma mater
272:1897-01-23
14793:Azad Hind
14519:Rajbanshi
14261:Bhai Dooj
14116:Midnapore
14091:Kharagpur
14086:Kalimpong
14036:Bishnupur
14031:Bardhaman
14016:Balurghat
13894:Bishnupur
13832:Kalimpong
13762:districts
13757:Divisions
13536:Geography
13461:Nadia Raj
13384:Shashanka
13273:State of
12759:Lok Sabha
12229:Telangana
12214:Rajasthan
12184:Meghalaya
12159:Karnataka
12154:Jharkhand
12084:Committee
12082:Congress
12080:Regional
12060:President
11865:Wellesley
11850:Dalhousie
11712:Surya Sen
11607:P. Kakkan
11567:Mir Qasim
11542:M. N. Roy
11477:Har Dayal
11310:activists
11139:Baba Amte
11129:Ayyankali
11107:reformers
11029:Azad Hind
10769:movements
10748:Socialism
10496:Hugh Toye
10486:Peter Fay
10466:14th Army
10285:Admin Box
10172:First INA
10114:Azad Hind
10030:Azad Hind
10014:H Iwakuro
9994:S.A. Ayer
9873:Har Dayal
9744:Abbas Ali
9687:(1943â45)
9639:(1941â43)
9594:(1921â40)
9495:Azad Hind
9249:The Hindu
9234:18 August
8704:4 October
8556:The Hindu
8414:The Hindu
8295:2 October
8138:4 October
7802:The Hindu
7577:McFarland
7356:2 October
7260:, Delhi:
7057:Routledge
6776:The Hindu
6529:233601747
6481:233601747
6433:233601747
6308:Frontline
5912:Bose 2011
5523:Bose 2002
5116:Bose 2011
5104:Bose 2011
5092:Josh 1992
5080:Bose 2004
4916:Toye 2007
4087:Bose 2005
3636:233601747
3418:happened.
3233:Rt. Hon.
2856:affairs."
2721:Bollywood
2717:Anuj Dhar
2701:ALTBalaji
2699:In 2017,
2654:Mahanayak
2620:In 2004,
2419:Memorials
2364:Mussolini
2277:communism
2269:socialism
2228:wrote to
2200:injuries.
1962:Manchukuo
1937:Azad Hind
1819:Azad Hind
1752:Waffen SS
1588:Jharkhand
1330:in 1930.
1193:C. R. Das
885:MÄ jananÄ«
828:Biography
500:Signature
490:Known for
423:Education
359:Spouse(s)
220:In office
177:In office
165:President
131:In office
86:In office
14463:Sitabhog
14443:Mihidana
14423:Himsagar
14318:Kakababu
14209:Gombhira
14136:Siliguri
14106:Kurseong
14056:Durgapur
13965:Ranaghat
13944:Ichamati
13933:Basirhat
13900:Jhargram
13669:Governor
13491:Jugantar
13093:Category
13012:Seva Dal
12194:Nagaland
11895:Hastings
11855:Bentinck
11074:Jugantar
10718:Gandhism
10378:Asaf Ali
10071:C.R. Das
9779:RenkĆ-ji
9606:C.R. Das
9550:Jai Hind
9471:(nephew)
9459:(mother)
9453:(father)
9339:Archived
9304:archived
9228:archived
9196:archived
9164:archived
9132:archived
9108:23005940
9077:archived
9045:archived
9013:archived
8995:(1994),
8978:archived
8954:archived
8919:archived
8872:(2009),
8849:(2000),
8760:archived
8756:BBC News
8734:archived
8698:archived
8666:archived
8648:(2010),
8594:citation
8469:archived
8383:(2009),
8337:archived
8289:archived
8230:(2012),
8209:archived
8149:(2014),
8132:archived
8100:archived
8070:(2002),
8047:(1993),
7982:archived
7923:archived
7885:(2004),
7728:archived
7704:archived
7628:(1990),
7611:archived
7555:archived
7521:(1995),
7504:archived
7502:, 2016,
7472:(1987),
7367:(2011),
7350:archived
7316:archived
7286:(1996),
7158:archived
7136:(2012),
7095:archived
7011:Archived
6981:Archived
6901:Archived
6847:10 March
6841:Archived
6816:10 March
6810:Archived
6780:Archived
6749:Archived
6681:Archived
6651:Archived
6621:Archived
6382:Fujiwara
6345:Roy 1996
6312:Archived
6282:Archived
6027:Roy 2004
6010:60005749
5689:Fay 1995
5568:Archived
5487:Fay 1995
5454:Archived
5415:Archived
5370:Woermann
5357:Archived
5169:Sen 1999
5024:Archived
4962:Archived
4940:Vas 2008
4859:archived
4737:Fay 1995
4384:Fay 1995
4167:Low 1993
4139:archived
4126:(2008),
3955:Low 2002
3938:79120755
3854:Archived
3707:(1990),
3640:archived
3472:archived
3007:Fujiwara
2814:Subhasji
2772:See also
2749:Gumnaami
2541:Red Fort
2531:and the
2345:Quisling
2335:Swastika
2252:Ideology
2234:Japanese
2082:Thailand
2062:Mandalay
1595:Peshawar
1535:Calcutta
1524:Dominion
1487:and Sir
1328:Calcutta
1259:Mandalay
1014:and the
1008:Sanskrit
959:Ramayana
913:Calcutta
683:and the
415:(mother)
409:(father)
390:Children
331:RenkĆ-ji
321:aircrash
210:5th
14514:Adivasi
14219:Cuisine
14166:Culture
14131:Raiganj
14126:Purulia
14096:Kolkata
14026:Barasat
14021:Bankura
14006:Asansol
14001:Alipore
13950:Kolkata
13915:Purulia
13889:Bankura
13784:Hooghly
13779:Birbhum
13589:Climate
13371:History
13289:Kolkata
13284:Capital
13055:Current
12752:Leaders
12234:Tripura
12189:Mizoram
12179:Manipur
12139:Haryana
12134:Gujarat
12092:Pradesh
12001:History
11815:Canning
11234:Periyar
10883:Bardoli
10651:Gwalior
10553:History
10348:Dhillon
10274:Battles
10019:I Kikan
9979:F Kikan
9636:Germany
9372:of the
9368:in the
9350:at the
8974:Outlook
8541:6 April
8475:31 July
7561:19 July
7224:4416082
6171:Angriff
5535:Tarique
3190:Angriff
3039:Formosa
2932:Fuehrer
2754:Bengali
2658:Marathi
2605:Bengali
2510:Kolkata
2331:Angriff
2307:liberal
2273:fascism
2179:Rivamol
2148:Taihoku
2074:Rangoon
2043:Manipur
2039:Moirang
2016:Shaheed
1977:Manipur
1958:Nanjing
1874:Bangkok
1647:Pashtun
1516:Liberal
1410:party.
1215:in 1926
1062:Bergson
965:avidlyâ
939:Bengali
926:Cuttack
905:pleader
892:
869:Cuttack
761:of the
748:Sumatra
400:Parents
378:
370:
303:Taihoku
279:Cuttack
167:of the
14549:People
14509:Gurkha
14403:Dhokra
14298:Feluda
14146:Tamluk
14066:Howrah
14061:Haldia
13939:Howrah
13564:Dooars
13359:Fish:
13342:Flower
13324:Animal
13315:Anthem
13306:Emblem
12292:Ladakh
12219:Sikkim
12209:Punjab
12199:Odisha
12164:Kerala
11885:Cripps
11880:Outram
11870:Lytton
11835:Curzon
11810:Wavell
11105:Social
10758:Swaraj
10641:Second
10626:Fourth
10616:Second
10353:Sahgal
9883:Chatto
9757:Legacy
9583:People
9488:Events
9431:Family
9296:
9276:
9220:
9188:
9156:
9124:
9106:
9069:
9037:
9005:
8946:
8911:
8882:
8859:
8836:
8812:
8788:
8726:
8690:
8658:
8627:
8511:
8491:
8451:
8441:
8397:
8370:
8313:
8260:
8240:
8201:
8181:
8157:
8124:
8080:
8057:
7974:
7954:
7915:
7895:
7868:
7844:
7785:
7696:
7675:
7638:
7603:
7583:
7535:
7459:
7439:
7415:
7395:
7377:
7342:
7308:
7268:
7222:
7189:
7150:
7087:
7063:
6875:
6755:8 July
6547:
6527:
6519:
6509:
6479:
6471:
6461:
6431:
6423:
6413:
6274:
6222:
6193:
6156:
6127:
6100:
6090:
6008:
5984:
5944:
5636:
5446:
5407:
5349:
4473:
4449:
3936:
3926:
3715:
3676:
3634:
3626:
3616:
3579:
3556:
3533:
3512:
3502:
3466:
3456:
3432:
3409:
3211:1912."
2934:' or '
2871:Swaraj
2867:Shahid
2741:Netaji
2723:actor
2466:Howrah
2411:, and
2387:Legacy
2375:Quotes
2366:, and
2360:Hitler
2356:Gandhi
2166:
2152:
2141:Taiwan
2078:Malaya
2020:Swaraj
1989:Kohima
1985:Imphal
1952:, the
1948:, the
1803:U-boat
1734:under
1672:Berlin
1663:Moscow
1616:Pashto
1599:Abwehr
1576:Pathan
1512:Ankara
1404:Swaraj
1239:Bengal
1230:Swaraj
1213:Prague
1187:mind."
1157:, the
984:Hamlet
977:, and
898:mother
873:Odisha
863:) and
822:Nazism
709:Berlin
664:Orissa
637:, and
600:shuub-
60:Bose,
44:Netaji
18:Netaji
14340:Jatra
14204:Bhadu
14141:Siuri
14111:Malda
13993:towns
13955:Nadia
13861:Malda
13636:Khoai
13609:Ganga
13554:Terai
13361:Ilish
12306:Other
12124:Delhi
12114:Bihar
12109:Assam
11875:Clive
11845:Minto
11840:Ripon
11825:Irwin
11259:Shahu
10646:Third
10636:First
10621:Third
10611:First
10343:CSDIC
10188:Jiffs
10108:U-180
9878:Ghadr
9764:Death
9591:India
9563:U-180
9104:JSTOR
8567:2 May
8535:(PDF)
8528:(PDF)
8343:2 May
7734:2 May
7220:JSTOR
6525:S2CID
6477:S2CID
6429:S2CID
5589:Singh
4142:(PDF)
4131:(PDF)
3632:S2CID
3028:1944.
2831:Notes
2470:Kalka
2139:(now
2041:, in
1941:Burma
1837:U-180
1639:Kabul
1324:Mayor
1058:Hegel
1050:caste
1012:Vedas
947:Durga
943:Hindu
918:pooja
842:Map 1
609:BOHSS
607:-drÉ
602:HAHSS
588:
372:(
368:
339:Japan
335:Tokyo
319:from
14234:Holi
14199:Baul
13759:and
13351:Tree
13333:Bird
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