445:
538:
prevalence of 1%, while 2% of those sampled used such drugs within the last 6 months, 3% within the last 12 months, and 5% of others used the drugs over their lifetimes. Of those students who used such substances during the last 6 months, 39% reported their use once in this period, 24% twice, 12% three times, and 24% more than three times. Consumers of neuroenhancement drugs are more willing to use them again in the future due to positive experiences or a tendency towards addiction.
337:
93:
434:
371:
methods are being researched and developed. Results indicate details of the stimulation procedures are crucial, with some applications impairing rather than enhancing cognition and questions being raised about whether this approach can deliver any meaningful results for cognitive domains. Stimulation
521:
In general, people under the age of 25 feel that neuroenhancement agents are acceptable or that the decision to use them is to be made individually. Healthcare officials and parents feel concerned due to safety factors, lack of complete information on these agents, and possible irreversible adverse
537:
A 2016 German study among 6,454 employees found a rather low life-time prevalence of cognitive enhancement prescription drug use (namely 3%), while the willingness to take such drugs was found in 10% of respondents. A survey of some 5,000 German university students found a relatively low 30-day
525:
A 2024 study based on a representative sample of more than 20,000 adults in
Germany showed that around 70% of those surveyed had taken substances with the aim of improving mental performance within a year, without a medical prescription. The consumption of caffeinated drinks, such as coffee and
289:
are drop-out rates and subjective rating. The drop-out rates were minimal or non-existent for donepezil, memantine, MPH, and modafinil. In the drug trials, participants reported the following adverse reactions to use of donepezil, memantine, MPH, modafinil or caffeine:
396:
may be considered a tool for enabling or extending cognition. However, it is not "a simple, uniform technology, either in its composition, or in its use" and, as "an informational resource, currently fails to enhance cognition", partly due to issues that include
222:. Modafinil may impair one's self-monitoring ability; a common trend found in research studies indicated that participants rated their performances on cognitive tests higher than it was, suggesting an "overconfidence" effect.
282:
Common drugs intended for neuroehancement are typically well-tolerated by healthy people. These drugs are already in mainstream use to treat people with different kinds of psychiatric disorders.
1365:
250:
A comparison between the sales of MPH to the number of people for whom it was prescribed revealed a disproportionate ratio, indicating high abuse. MPH may impair cognitive performance.
2542:"Evaluating the drivers of and obstacles to the willingness to use cognitive enhancement drugs: the influence of drug characteristics, social environment, and personal characteristics"
2116:
318:, diuresis. The side effects normally ceased in the course of treatment. Various factors, such as dosage, timing and concurrent behavior, may influence the onset of adverse effects.
2030:
1488:"Effectiveness of bright light exposure, modafinil and armodafinil for improving alertness during working time among nurses on the night shift: A systematic review"
124:
There are many supposed nootropics, most having only small effect sizes in healthy individuals. The most common pharmacological agents in neuroenhancement include
2414:
Sattler S, Wiegel C (2013). "Cognitive test anxiety and cognitive enhancement: the influence of students' worries on their use of performance-enhancing drugs".
886:
Repantis D, Laisney O, Heuser I (June 2010). "Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic review".
526:
energy drinks, was widespread (64% of users), expressly with the aim of improving performance, followed by dietary supplements and home remedies, such as
814:"Cognitive enhancement: Effects of methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine on latent memory and resting state functional connectivity in healthy adults"
2141:
Marois A, Lafond D (1 November 2022). "Augmenting cognitive work: a review of cognitive enhancement methods and applications for operational domains".
1192:"Pharmacological Neuroenhancement: Current Aspects of Categorization, Epidemiology, Pharmacology, Drug Development, Ethics, and Future Perspectives"
2279:
1103:
Weiergräber M, Ehninger D, Broich K (1 April 2017). "Neuroenhancement and mood enhancement – Physiological and pharmacodynamical background".
1558:
Repantis D, Schlattmann, Peter (2010). "Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic review".
1313:
Buckner JD, Morris PE, Abarno CN, Glover NI, Lewis EM (17 April 2021). "Biopsychosocial Model Social
Anxiety and Substance Use Revised".
244:
2464:"Prevalence of Legal, Prescription, and Illegal Drugs Aiming at Cognitive Enhancement across Sociodemographic Groups in Germany"
1780:"The ethics of AI-assisted warfighter enhancement research and experimentation: Historical perspectives and ethical challenges"
2491:"Associations Between the Big Five Personality Traits and the Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs for Cognitive Enhancement"
2604:
2254:
1911:
1654:"Cognitive enhancement effects of stimulants: a randomized controlled trial testing methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine"
1410:
1383:
71:
Non-pharmacological measures of cognitive enhancement may include behavioral methods (activities, techniques, and changes),
469:, sampling and lab testing are commonly substandard or absent for products thought to be cognitive enhancers, including
173:
Enhancers are multidimensional and can be clustered into biochemical, physical, and behavioral enhancement strategies.
2056:
582:
923:"Brain augmentation and neuroscience technologies: current applications, challenges, ethics and future prospects"
263:
534:
for cognitive enhancement (lifetime prevalence of 6%), corresponding to around 2.5 million users in
Germany.
462:
258:
Studies are too preliminary to determine whether there are any cognitive-enhancing effects of agents such as
203:
is a wakefulness-promoting drug used to decrease fatigue, increase vigilance, and reduce daytime sleepiness.
76:
614:
1595:"Effects of Methylphenidate on Cognitive Function in Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Meta-Analysis"
567:
349:
291:
207:
improves alertness, attention, long-term memory, and daily performance in people with sleep disorders.
105:
2326:
1429:
Dresler M, Sandberg A, Bublitz C, Ohla K, Trenado C, Mroczko-Wąsowicz A, et al. (20 March 2019).
1259:
615:"Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects: a systematic review"
392:
technologies may affect general memory enhancement, extending perception and learning-assistance. The
1487:
1190:
Daubner J, Arshaad MI, Henseler C, Hescheler J, Ehninger D, Broich K, et al. (13 January 2021).
513:(2011), which may to some degree probe and explore opportunities and threats of using such products.
196:
2463:
2687:
2241:. Science, Technology and Innovation Studies. Springer International Publishing. pp. 243–259.
2234:
192:
45:. Agents or methods of neuroenhancement are intended to affect cognitive, social, psychological,
1141:
Marazziti D, Avella MT, Ivaldi T, Palermo S, Massa L, Della
Vecchia A, et al. (June 2021).
2692:
562:
495:
2682:
2677:
2352:"The Rationale for Consuming Cognitive Enhancement Drugs in University Students and Teachers"
557:
552:
65:
1364:
Tennison MN, Moreno JD (2017). "Neuroenhancement and
Therapy in National Defense Contexts".
214:, repeated use of modafinil helped individuals maintain higher levels of wakefulness than a
2363:
1271:
1049:
398:
247:(ADHD). MPH is abused by a segment of the general population, especially college students.
8:
2667:
466:
38:
2367:
1275:
1053:
75:, which has been used with the intent to improve cognitive and affective functions, and
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2007:
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921:
Jangwan NS, Ashraf GM, Ram V, Singh V, Alghamdi BS, Abuzenadah AM, et al. (2022).
848:
813:
786:
761:
737:
702:
683:
642:
494:
increase incentives to develop potential therapies for various brain diseases, such as
470:
219:
2081:
Glisson JK (14 March 2011). "Dietary
Supplements: Safety Issues and Quality Control".
1260:"Drugs, games, and devices for enhancing cognition: implications for work and society"
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979:
Antal A, Luber B, Brem AK, Bikson M, Brunoni AR, Cohen Kadosh R, et al. (2022).
954:
903:
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791:
742:
724:
687:
634:
577:
531:
389:
211:
147:
46:
31:
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2322:
762:"Psychostimulants and cognition: a continuum of behavioral and cognitive activation"
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368:
72:
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1928:
1503:
2618:
2427:
2376:
2246:
2031:"Prohibited, unlisted, even dangerous ingredients turn up in dietary supplements"
1947:
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1400:
451:
444:
236:
231:
129:
42:
27:
701:
Al-Shargie F, Tariq U, Mir H, Alawar H, Babiloni F, Al-Nashash H (August 2019).
2154:
1990:
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402:
286:
137:
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Neuroenhancement products are mentioned in entertainment productions, such as
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1998:
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1521:
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450:
Upper photo of modafinil tablets acquired via the
Internet; below photo is a
423:
377:
1611:
1062:
719:
376:, several forms of acoustic stimulation, and physical methods like forms of
52:
Pharmacological neuroenhancement agents may include compounds thought to be
2642:
2614:
2577:
2526:
2462:
Sattler S, van Veen F, Hasselhorn F, El Tabei L, Fuhr U, Mehlkop G (2024).
2435:
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2016:
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857:
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638:
373:
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777:
2621:(2009). "Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics, Regulatory Challenges".
1512:
419:
271:
2288:: on the use of fiction in preparatory debates on cognitive enhancement"
336:
92:
1778:
Moreno J, Gross ML, Becker J, Hereth B, Shortland ND, Evans NG (2022).
1283:
522:
effects; such concerns may reduce the willingness to take such agents.
486:
311:
303:
188:
161:
153:
830:
2202:
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547:
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267:
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204:
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182:
133:
125:
57:
53:
34:
1136:
1134:
2235:"Emerging Technologies, Trends and Wild Cards in Human Enhancement"
1723:"Delaying memory decline: different options and emerging solutions"
393:
315:
295:
61:
481:
Neuroenhancement products or methods are used with the intent to:
2461:
1721:
Schneider F, Horowitz A, Lesch KP, Dandekar T (21 January 2020).
1131:
307:
215:
1402:
The
Exercise Effect on Mental Health: Neurobiological Mechanisms
1652:
Repantis D, Bovy L, Ohla K, Kühn S, Dresler M (February 2021).
1424:
1422:
1189:
2186:"Neuroethical issues in pharmacological cognitive enhancement"
1720:
372:
methods include electrical stimulation, magnetic stimulation,
1419:
1143:"Neuroenhancement: state of the art and future perspectives"
1140:
1968:
760:
Wood S, Sage JR, Shuman T, Anagnostaras SG (January 2014).
433:
1962:
1557:
1428:
759:
703:"Vigilance Decrement and Enhancement Techniques: A Review"
2539:
2349:
1771:
1714:
1312:
1102:
914:
811:
1431:"Hacking the Brain: Dimensions of Cognitive Enhancement"
812:
Becker M, Repantis D, Dresler M, Kühn S (October 2022).
700:
1777:
1485:
2597:
1894:
Smart PR (22 November 2013). "The Web-Extended Mind".
694:
140:
or other neurological therapies may affect cognition.
1249:
1247:
1245:
981:"Non-invasive brain stimulation and neuroenhancement"
920:
885:
314:, nervousness, restlessness, sleep disturbances, and
1651:
1183:
978:
662:"Cognitive Enhancement and the Threat of Inequality"
1486:Okechukwu CE, Okechukwu CE, Torre GL (2022-10-02).
1242:
653:
2546:Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy
413:
2659:
2540:Sattler S, Mehlkop G, Graeff P, Sauer C (2014).
2350:Sattler S, Sauer C, Mehlkop G, Graeff P (2013).
2177:
64:, and other drugs used for treating people with
49:, or motor benefits beyond normal functioning.
2613:
1593:Chien, Chien, Liu, Wu, Chang, Wu (2019-10-24).
1592:
1042:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2488:
2284:as a neuro-pharmaceutical experiment and as a
2239:Emerging Technologies for Economic Development
1492:International Journal of Healthcare Management
1363:
476:
158:sociability (e.g., talking-related or empathy)
41:abilities in healthy people who do not have a
2413:
2343:
1253:
612:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2140:
1096:
530:(31%). Around 4% stated that they had taken
408:
1398:
1105:Medizinische Monatsschrift für Pharmazeuten
277:
30:or non-pharmacological methods intended to
1264:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
2567:
2557:
2516:
2506:
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2402:
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2006:
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1225:
1207:
1166:
1079:
1061:
1012:
948:
938:
847:
829:
785:
736:
718:
677:
2277:
807:
805:
491:possibly encourage societal productivity
245:attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
2232:
2183:
2080:
1975:"The Internet as Cognitive Enhancement"
1898:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 116–133.
974:
972:
970:
968:
595:
2660:
2054:
321:
143:Neuroenhancement may also occur from:
2594:
1926:
1893:
1839:"Extended Cognition and the Internet"
1836:
1367:The Routledge Handbook of Neuroethics
802:
613:Battleday R, Brem AK (28 July 2015).
502:
383:
16:Extension of cognition in the healthy
2295:Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1035:
965:
659:
330:
86:
2057:"Setting Standards for Supplements"
1399:Budde H, Wegner M (17 April 2018).
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
753:
326:
239:(MPH), also known as Ritalin, is a
82:
13:
2588:
1929:"Human-extended machine cognition"
285:Assessment to determine potential
225:
14:
2704:
1536:
1159:10.36131/cnfioritieditore20210303
985:Clinical Neurophysiology Practice
927:Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
583:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
218:, but did not help attention and
2143:Cognition, Technology & Work
864:
666:Journal of Cognitive Enhancement
619:European Neuropsychopharmacology
443:
432:
335:
91:
2533:
2482:
2271:
2226:
2134:
2117:"Are Dietary Supplements Safe?"
2109:
2074:
2048:
2023:
1920:
1887:
1830:
1645:
1586:
1479:
1392:
1357:
1306:
631:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028
374:optical stimulation with lasers
264:acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
2623:Science and Engineering Ethics
2089:(5): 476–7, author reply 477.
1979:Science and Engineering Ethics
1969:Voinea C, Vică C, Mihailov E,
1029:
414:Validation and quality control
73:non-invasive brain stimulation
1:
2489:Sattler S, Schunck R (2016).
2476:10.1080/01639625.2024.2334274
2184:Mohamed AD (September 2014).
2095:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.53
2083:Archives of Internal Medicine
1504:10.1080/20479700.2022.2054508
588:
516:
2595:Blank RH (5 November 2016).
2428:10.3109/10826084.2012.751426
2377:10.1371/journal.pone.0068821
2247:10.1007/978-3-030-04370-4_11
1948:10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.11.001
1837:Smart P (1 September 2017).
1447:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00571
176:
7:
1843:Philosophy & Technology
541:
477:Well-being and productivity
292:gastrointestinal complaints
26:is the experimental use of
10:
2709:
2155:10.1007/s10111-022-00715-1
1991:10.1007/s11948-020-00210-8
1936:Cognitive Systems Research
1671:10.1007/s00213-020-05691-w
1572:10.1016/j.phrs.2010.04.002
1327:10.1007/s11920-021-01249-5
1315:Current Psychiatry Reports
940:10.3389/fnsys.2022.1000495
900:10.1016/j.phrs.2010.02.009
568:Intelligence amplification
417:
229:
180:
2635:10.1007/s11948-009-9142-5
2599:. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
2307:10.1007/s11019-013-9481-5
1904:10.1002/9781118700143.ch8
1896:Philosophical Engineering
1855:10.1007/s13347-016-0250-2
1797:10.3389/fdata.2022.978734
1739:10.1038/s41398-020-0697-x
1681:21.11116/0000-0007-453B-A
1435:ACS Chemical Neuroscience
1038:"Brain–machine interface"
997:10.1016/j.cnp.2022.05.002
679:10.1007/s41465-018-0108-x
409:Quality and social issues
253:
197:shift work sleep disorder
2508:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01971
2416:Substance Use and Misuse
1727:Translational Psychiatry
1560:Pharmacological Research
1376:10.4324/9781315708652-12
1147:Clinical Neuropsychiatry
888:Pharmacological Research
278:Possible adverse effects
169:psychological resilience
77:brain-machine interfaces
2495:Frontiers in Psychology
2190:WIREs Cognitive Science
1612:10.3390/brainsci9110291
1063:10.1073/pnas.1319310110
766:Pharmacological Reviews
720:10.3390/brainsci9080178
193:obstructive sleep apnea
136:in general and various
563:Deep brain stimulation
243:that is used to treat
187:Approved for treating
66:neurological disorders
2559:10.1186/1747-597X-9-8
1784:Frontiers in Big Data
1036:Nair P (2013-11-12).
778:10.1124/pr.112.007054
558:Cosmetic pharmacology
553:Cognitive development
24:cognitive enhancement
1370:. pp. 150–165.
1209:10.1155/2021/8823383
399:information overload
150:('mood enhancement')
2368:2013PLoSO...868821S
2061:Scientific American
1276:2016NYASA1369..195B
1054:2013PNAS..11018343N
818:Human Brain Mapping
496:Alzheimer's disease
471:dietary supplements
461:Quality standards,
452:mail order pharmacy
322:Non-pharmacological
166:cognitive endurance
138:dementia treatments
2233:Saritas O (2019).
1658:Psychopharmacology
1284:10.1111/nyas.13040
532:prescription drugs
503:In popular culture
384:Software and media
348:. You can help by
220:executive function
104:. You can help by
2606:978-1-349-84797-6
2278:Zwart H. (2014).
2256:978-3-030-04370-4
1973:(1 August 2020).
1927:Smart PR (2018).
1913:978-1-118-70014-3
1412:978-1-4987-3953-5
1385:978-1-315-70865-2
1196:Neural Plasticity
831:10.1002/hbm.25949
824:(14): 4225–4238.
625:(11): 1865–1881.
578:Neuroregeneration
390:augmented reality
366:
365:
212:sleep deprivation
122:
121:
2700:
2654:
2610:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2468:Deviant Behavior
2459:
2448:
2447:
2411:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2379:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2325:. Archived from
2292:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2205:
2203:10.1002/wcs.1306
2181:
2175:
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2078:
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2071:
2069:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2010:
1985:(4): 2345–2362.
1966:
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1933:
1924:
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1891:
1885:
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1828:
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1701:
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1614:
1590:
1584:
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1555:
1534:
1533:
1515:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1441:(3): 1137–1148.
1426:
1417:
1416:
1396:
1390:
1389:
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1355:
1354:
1310:
1304:
1303:
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1094:
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1083:
1065:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1016:
976:
963:
962:
952:
942:
918:
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911:
883:
862:
861:
851:
833:
809:
800:
799:
789:
757:
751:
750:
740:
722:
698:
692:
691:
681:
657:
651:
650:
610:
447:
436:
405:and persuasion.
388:Applications of
369:Neurostimulation
361:
358:
339:
331:
327:Neurostimulation
117:
114:
95:
87:
83:Potential agents
20:Neuroenhancement
2708:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2688:Neurotechnology
2658:
2657:
2607:
2591:
2589:Further reading
2586:
2585:
2538:
2534:
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2483:
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2110:
2079:
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2035:Washington Post
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2024:
1967:
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660:Veit W (2018).
658:
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519:
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356:
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346:needs expansion
340:
329:
324:
287:adverse effects
280:
256:
237:Methylphenidate
234:
232:Methylphenidate
228:
226:Methylphenidate
185:
179:
130:methylphenidate
118:
112:
109:
102:needs expansion
96:
85:
28:pharmacological
17:
12:
11:
5:
2706:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2656:
2655:
2629:(3): 311–341.
2611:
2605:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2532:
2481:
2449:
2401:
2342:
2286:Daseinsanalyse
2270:
2255:
2225:
2196:(5): 533–549.
2176:
2149:(4): 589–608.
2133:
2121:www.cancer.org
2108:
2073:
2055:Eisenstein M.
2047:
2022:
1961:
1919:
1912:
1886:
1849:(3): 357–390.
1829:
1770:
1713:
1664:(2): 441–451.
1644:
1599:Brain Sciences
1585:
1566:(3): 187–206.
1535:
1498:(4): 336–346.
1478:
1418:
1411:
1391:
1384:
1356:
1305:
1270:(1): 195–217.
1241:
1182:
1153:(3): 137–169.
1130:
1111:(4): 154–164.
1095:
1028:
964:
913:
894:(6): 473–481.
863:
801:
772:(1): 193–221.
752:
707:Brain Sciences
693:
672:(4): 404–410.
652:
593:
592:
590:
587:
586:
585:
580:
575:
573:Neuromarketing
570:
565:
560:
555:
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543:
540:
518:
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467:authentication
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403:misinformation
385:
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334:
328:
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230:Main article:
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181:Main article:
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120:
119:
99:
97:
90:
84:
81:
43:mental illness
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2705:
2694:
2693:Transhumanism
2691:
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2469:
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2445:
2441:
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2433:
2429:
2425:
2422:(3): 220–32.
2421:
2417:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:(7): e68821.
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2357:
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2332:on 2019-05-04
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2018:
2014:
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1996:
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1965:
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1405:. CRC Press.
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528:ginkgo biloba
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424:Health policy
421:
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404:
400:
395:
391:
381:
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378:neurofeedback
375:
370:
360:
357:February 2024
351:
347:
344:This section
342:
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210:In sustained
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149:
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113:February 2024
107:
103:
100:This section
98:
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69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:
29:
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21:
2683:Neuroscience
2678:Intelligence
2626:
2622:
2596:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2467:
2419:
2415:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2334:. Retrieved
2327:the original
2301:(1): 29–38.
2298:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2238:
2228:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2120:
2111:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2064:. Retrieved
2060:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2034:
2025:
1982:
1978:
1964:
1939:
1935:
1922:
1895:
1889:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1730:
1726:
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350:adding to it
345:
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106:adding to it
101:
70:
51:
23:
19:
18:
1971:Savulescu J
1605:(11): 291.
1256:Sahakian BJ
991:: 146–165.
420:Food safety
272:galantamine
266:(examples:
132:(Ritalin).
2668:Nootropics
2662:Categories
2619:Sandberg A
2336:2016-05-07
1790:: 978734.
1254:Brühl AB,
713:(8): 178.
589:References
517:Prevalence
487:well-being
463:validation
418:See also:
312:drowsiness
304:nightmares
294:(nausea),
189:narcolepsy
162:creativity
154:motivation
134:Stimulants
56:, such as
54:nootropics
2673:Cognition
2615:Bostrom N
2282:Limitless
2265:169759910
2212:1939-5078
2171:252372408
2163:1435-5566
1999:1471-5546
1863:2210-5441
1806:2624-909X
1747:2158-3188
1733:(1): 13.
1690:0033-3158
1621:2076-3425
1530:247814079
1522:2047-9700
1455:1948-7193
1351:233261493
1335:1535-1645
1321:(6): 35.
1218:1687-5443
1117:0342-9601
1072:0027-8424
1005:2467-981X
840:1065-9471
729:2076-3425
688:158643005
548:Alertness
510:Limitless
454:dispenser
300:dizziness
268:donepezil
260:memantine
241:stimulant
205:Modafinil
201:modafinil
183:Modafinil
177:Modafinil
126:modafinil
58:modafinil
39:affective
35:cognitive
2643:19543814
2578:24484640
2527:26779083
2501:: 1971.
2470:: 1–35.
2444:34698382
2436:23302063
2396:23874778
2356:PLOS ONE
2323:29893291
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2220:26308743
2126:19 March
2103:21403052
2066:19 March
2040:24 April
2017:32253711
1942:: 9–23.
1881:32010552
1824:36156934
1765:32066684
1708:33201262
1639:31653039
1580:20416377
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1343:33864136
1292:27043232
1258:(2016).
1236:33519929
1202:: 1–27.
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1023:35734582
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858:35670369
796:24344115
747:31357524
647:23319688
639:26381811
542:See also
485:improve
394:Internet
316:insomnia
296:headache
62:caffeine
2651:6846531
2569:3928621
2518:4700267
2387:3714277
2364:Bibcode
2008:7417391
1956:4327856
1872:6961510
1815:9500287
1756:7026464
1699:7826302
1630:6895997
1464:6429408
1300:5111793
1272:Bibcode
1227:7817276
1168:8629054
1081:3831969
1050:Bibcode
1014:9207555
950:9538357
849:9435011
787:3880463
738:6721323
308:anxiety
216:placebo
32:improve
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254:Others
195:, and
2647:S2CID
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2440:S2CID
2330:(PDF)
2319:S2CID
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2261:S2CID
2167:S2CID
1952:S2CID
1932:(PDF)
1526:S2CID
1347:S2CID
1296:S2CID
684:S2CID
643:S2CID
2639:PMID
2601:ISBN
2574:PMID
2523:PMID
2432:PMID
2392:PMID
2311:PMID
2251:ISBN
2216:PMID
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2128:2023
2099:PMID
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2042:2022
2013:PMID
1995:ISSN
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1877:PMID
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1743:ISSN
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1407:ISBN
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1331:ISSN
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1200:2021
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1001:ISSN
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854:PMID
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792:PMID
743:PMID
725:ISSN
635:PMID
465:and
422:and
148:mood
128:and
47:mood
37:and
2631:doi
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2554:doi
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2503:doi
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2424:doi
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2303:doi
2243:doi
2198:doi
2151:doi
2091:doi
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2003:PMC
1987:doi
1944:doi
1900:doi
1867:PMC
1851:doi
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1792:doi
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1735:doi
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1676:hdl
1666:doi
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1508:hdl
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