411:, which germinates while still attached to the tree. The seed has a long cylindrical shape that falls off the parent tree and either sticks in the mud growing next to the parent tree, or floats off to sea. These seeds have a very strong, protective covering that allows them to float and survive for long distances and periods of time. The seedling may finally reach a point of its destination where conditions are favorable, and the roots will begin to bury into the ground, forming a new mangrove tree. The dispersal of these "live" young trees is called
1156:
29:
744:. Mangrove trees grow on a narrow strip between land and ocean in river systems, between the latitudes 25 degrees N and 30 degrees S, and the constant renewal of the trees relies on rivers bringing nutrients to the coast in regular seasonal patterns. The limited distribution of this ecosystem adds to the delicacy of it. Many global changes such as an increased rise in sea water is largely thought to be responsible for the destruction of these mangrove forests. A few other factors such as
41:
773:
Many steps around the world are being taken in an effort to conserve mangrove forests from being completely wiped out. Some of these efforts include replanting of trees by local communities, and the development of sustainable use systems within a community. This practice includes using resources from
385:
Mangroves depend on a complex series of dynamic natural tidal processes that create the conditions for their survival. Rivers depositing sediment, together with waves and coastal currents, reshape the tidal zone where mangroves thrive. There are several features that all species of mangroves have in
403:
that allow the roots to breathe the same way a snorkel lets you breathe while underwater. When trying to overcome the obstacle of the salinity that these trees live in, they have a few adaptations. They can actually concentrate much of the salt concentration in older leaves, which are soon to fall
394:
conditions. The use of water to disperse young plants is also very characteristic of mangroves. As a result of the water-logged soil that mangrove trees reside in, they have formed adaptations to help them survive. For example, black mangroves survive in water-logged soil by using special "root
312:
The New Guinea mangroves cover an area of 26,800 square kilometers (10,300 sq mi), particularly among the river mouths of the island's south coast. This ecoregion contains the greatest diversity of mangrove species in the world and they are an important habitat for wildlife. Areas of
763:
Threats to mangroves in
Bintuni Bay and on Daru and Bobo (Bristow) Islands, Western Province, PNG, includes cutting for firewood and charcoal burning. Cutters travel by canoe up creeks into the interior of the mangrove forest and clear-fell large areas of trees which from the outside appear
764:
untouched. The timber is sold in the market on Daru, an island which is home to 10% of the
Western Province population i.e. some 15,000 people including immigrants from Indonesian New Guinea (Papua). It is doubtful the mangrove forests can sustain this level of harvesting. Kwila (
423:
The range of newly deposited and well-established areas, varying water depth, and variations in salinity from the mixing of salt and fresh water create a diversity of habitats that are home to different mixes of species. On the shoreline pioneering species like the
791:
810:
Eric
Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b.
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Sasmito SD, Sillanpää M, Hayes MA, et al. Mangrove blue carbon stocks and dynamics are controlled by hydrogeomorphic settings and land-use change. Glob Change Biol. 2020; 26: 3028–3039.
1025:
Valiela, Ivan, Bowen, Jennifer, York, Joanna . "Mangrove
Forests: One of the World's Threatened Major Tropical Environments." American Institute of Biological Sciences 2001 807-815.
1055:
Valiela, Ivan, Bowen, Jennifer, York, Joanna. "Mangrove
Forests: One of the World's Threatened Major Tropical Environments." American Institute of Biological Sciences 2001 807-815.
1040:
Valiela, Ivan, Bowen, Jennifer, York, Joanna. "Mangrove
Forests: One of the World's Threatened Major Tropical Environments." American Institute of Biological Sciences 2001 807-815.
1010:
Valiela, Ivan, Bowen, Jennifer, York, Joanna. "Mangrove
Forests: One of the World's Threatened Major Tropical Environments." American Institute of Biological Sciences 2001 807-815.
1180:
783:
96:
775:
1420:
888:
Murdiyarso, D., Sasmito, S.D., Sillanpää, M. et al. Mangrove selective logging sustains biomass carbon recovery, soil carbon, and sediment. Sci Rep 11, 12325 (2021).
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off, taking the excess salt with them. Some species even have salt glands which excrete salt to the surface of the leaves allowing it to be washed away by rain.
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Even though this thick forest is hard to penetrate about 35% of the mangrove forests have been lost in the past two decades. These losses exceed those for
1313:
589:
446:
growing in the coastal tidal creeks. Their complex root networks encourage further sedimentation and growth which then creates shade that allows
1507:
1413:
774:
mangroves that is at a rate in which the ecosystem can recover. Meanwhile, there are four protected areas that include some coastal mangroves:
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by stabilizing sediments provide nursery and spawning areas for commercially important fish and provide stop over sites for organisms such as
1338:
225:
107:
660:. Reptiles recorded from the New Guinea mangroves on Daru and Bobo (Bristow) Islands, Western Province, PNG, during survey work were the
1251:
1406:
1071:
960:
947:
112:
1487:
760:, fish, honey, lumber, and reptile skins. Without this tropical habitat, many of these products would be reduced in our market.
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Over 30 species of mangroves have been recorded in
Bintuni Bay, and undisturbed mangrove stands can grow up to 30 metres tall.
122:
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930:
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183:
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1343:
649:
374:
117:
101:
1060:
1045:
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476:) are the next in succession but still in waters that are more than 10% saline. Mature mangrove forests include
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262:
91:
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can form monotypic stands, reaching up to 20 meters in height, with buttressed trunks up to a meter across.
1502:
1353:
1145:
1190:
1130:
657:
617:
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peninsulas, contains the largest continuous area of mangroves in
Indonesia, and is second only to the
1230:
1205:
633:
605:
1333:
370:
350:
1072:
http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/fieldcourses04/PapersMarineEcologyArticles/EcologyofMangroves.html
961:
http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/fieldcourses04/PapersMarineEcologyArticles/EcologyofMangroves.html
948:
http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/fieldcourses04/PapersMarineEcologyArticles/EcologyofMangroves.html
1261:
716:
Mangrove forests act as a "natural cleaner". For example, they intercept land-derived nutrients,
625:
621:
535:
518:
1210:
720:, and suspended matter before these contaminants reach deeper water. They also prevent coastal
629:
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have also contributed to the recent loss of mangrove habitats. Mangroves provide humans with
1271:
926:"Plant Diversity-Mangroves." Wet Tropics Management Authority 2002-2006 Web.12 Apr 2009. <
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737:
653:
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These continuously changing woodlands do not have a great variety of mammals, although the
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rivers. Some areas such as the Kikori delta have larger and thicker mangroves than others.
8:
1246:
913:"Mangrove Swamps." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 21 Oct 2008 Web.12 Apr 2009. <
900:"Mangrove Swamps." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 21 Oct 2008 Web.12 Apr 2009. <
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333:. However the largest areas are found on the south coast, including in the mouths of the
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mangroves on the northern coast of New Guinea can be found at the mouths of the
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28:
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770:) and Papuan mahogany have more valuable timber and so are more vulnerable.
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708:). All are species strongly associated with southern New Guinea mangroves.
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334:
16:
Mangrove ecoregion that covers extensive areas of the coastline New Guinea
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745:
741:
571:
346:
1070:
Maikut, Diana. "Ecology of
Mangroves." 04 Jun 2004 Web.12 Apr 2009. <
959:
Maikut, Diana. "Ecology of Mangroves." 04 Jun 2004 Web.12 Apr 2009. <
812:
1438:
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Maikut, Diana. "Ecology of Mangroves." 04 Jun 2004 Web.12 Apr 2009.<
717:
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637:
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823:
1450:
1400:
1397:
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541:
425:
408:
390:, tolerance to submergence in water, or waterlogged soil, and to low
342:
301:
289:
151:
73:
973:
1111:
496:
412:
400:
286:
40:
721:
616:. Many species of birds also inhabit these forests including the
450:
to establish itself, ultimately supplanting the shade-intolerant
1181:
International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem
757:
391:
569:, along with typical freshwater swamp forest species, such as
314:
97:
Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater swamp forests
68:
1080:
440:
are usually the first to establish on coastal shores, with
318:
792:
Kikori Integrated Conservation and Development Project
386:
common. These include tolerance to conditions of high
399:. These structures are covered with small holes call
915:
http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/types/mangrove.html
902:
http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/types/mangrove.html
415:, or birth of live young, very similar to mammals.
620:, while endemic or near-endemic birds include the
928:http://www.wettropics.gov.au/pa/pa_mangroves.html
1459:
45:Location of the New Guinea mangroves (in purple)
349:in western New Guinea, which lies between the
1414:
1339:Northern Mesoamerican Pacific Coast Mangroves
1096:
292:that covers extensive areas of the coastline
108:Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests
1314:Amazon–Orinoco–Southern Caribbean mangroves
731:
495:Where freshwater flows create a less salty
307:
1421:
1407:
1103:
1089:
890:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91502-x
380:
882:
848:. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas
711:
113:Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests
1252:Indus River Delta–Arabian Sea mangroves
966:
1460:
140:25,303 km (9,770 sq mi)
1508:Natural history of Western New Guinea
1084:
816:
1257:Mangroves of the Straits of Malacca
1176:Community Based Mangrove Management
838:
407:Mangroves begin as a seed called a
13:
860:
296:, the large island in the western
14:
1519:
974:https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15056
123:Vogelkop–Aru lowland rain forests
1344:South American Pacific mangroves
1154:
650:red-breasted paradise-kingfisher
375:Trans-Fly savanna and grasslands
118:Trans-Fly savanna and grasslands
102:Southeastern Papuan rain forests
39:
27:
1064:
1049:
1034:
1019:
1004:
978:
953:
373:apart from the length of drier
1488:Ecoregions of Papua New Guinea
1136:Ecological values of mangroves
940:
920:
907:
894:
804:
499:environment the mangrove palm
377:coastline on the south coast.
369:The coast of New Guinea has a
321:rivers on the eastern side of
1:
1110:
797:
784:Pulau Kimaam Wildlife Reserve
517:. Mangrove forests bordering
1354:Coastal Venezuelan mangroves
1146:Tropical salt pond ecosystem
7:
1498:Flora of Western New Guinea
1046:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051.
1016:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051.
870:. The Encyclopedia of Earth
702:Richardson's mangrove snake
486:Heritiera. Papuan mahogany
10:
1524:
1131:Mangrove tree distribution
1061:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051
1031:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051
776:Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve
694:crab-eating mangrove snake
658:olive-crowned flowerpecker
618:New Guinea flightless rail
364:
1493:Flora of Papua New Guinea
1392:
1366:
1306:
1285:
1239:
1231:Southern Africa mangroves
1206:Central African mangroves
1198:
1189:
1163:
1152:
1118:
606:greater sheath-tailed bat
505:is common, together with
361:of India and Bangladesh.
271:
261:
256:
219:
165:
144:
136:
131:
92:Biak–Numfoor rain forests
79:
67:
55:
50:
38:
26:
21:
1483:Ecoregions of New Guinea
1334:Gulf of Panama mangroves
824:"Map of Ecoregions 2017"
732:Threats and preservation
599:
519:freshwater swamp forests
418:
371:Tropical monsoon climate
308:Location and description
1478:Ecoregions of Indonesia
1468:Australasian ecoregions
1262:Myanmar Coast mangroves
622:red-billed brush-turkey
536:Dolichandrone spathacea
381:The growth of mangroves
1211:East African mangroves
990:Terrestrial Ecoregions
986:"New Guinea Mangroves"
868:"New Guinea mangroves"
846:"New Guinea mangroves"
634:Salvadori's fig parrot
630:western crowned pigeon
530:Camptostemon schultzii
1272:Sunda Shelf mangroves
992:. World Wildlife Fund
794:in Papua New Guinea.
780:Lorentz National Park
738:tropical rain forests
728:, mammals, and fish.
712:Ecological importance
654:white-bellied pitohui
448:Rhizophora mucronata
1473:Central Indo-Pacific
1446:Australian mangroves
1434:New Guinea mangroves
1379:Wetland conservation
1298:New Guinea mangroves
1293:Australian mangroves
1267:Sri Lankan mangroves
1221:Madagascar mangroves
1171:Mangrove restoration
626:Wallace's fruit-dove
584:Myristica hollrungii
560:Rhizophora apiculata
554:Heritiera littoralis
548:Excoecaria agallocha
514:Heritiera littoralis
473:Bruguiera gymnorhiza
470:, (and occasionally
467:Bruguiera parviflora
461:Rhizophora apiculata
283:New Guinea mangroves
33:New Guinea mangroves
22:New Guinea mangroves
1503:Mangrove ecoregions
1247:Indochina mangroves
698:Fordonia leucobalia
690:Morelia amethistina
662:estuarine crocodile
566:Xylocarpus granatum
524:Bruguiera sexangula
508:Xylocarpus granatum
489:Xylocarpus granatum
263:Conservation status
237: /
1349:Trinidad mangroves
933:2011-10-10 at the
706:Myron richardsonii
686:amethystine python
666:Crocodylus porosus
212:(Papua New Guinea)
62:Australasian realm
1456:
1455:
1387:
1386:
1362:
1361:
1329:Guianan mangroves
1324:Florida mangroves
1226:Red Sea mangroves
1216:Guinean mangroves
674:Emoia atrocostata
610:Emballonura furax
395:snorkels" called
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678:mangrove monitor
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437:Avicennia marina
331:Ward Hunt Strait
327:Dyke Ackland Bay
323:Cenderawasih Bay
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767:Intsia bijuga
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1374:Blue carbon
750:agriculture
746:mariculture
742:coral reefs
572:Calophyllum
351:Bird's Head
347:Bintuni Bay
246:-5.1; 137.7
244: /
220:Coordinates
180:(Indonesia)
1462:Categories
1439:New Guinea
1401:ecoregions
1277:Sundarbans
1141:Salt marsh
874:August 20,
852:August 20,
830:August 20,
798:References
718:pollutants
656:, and the
642:brown lory
638:black lory
479:Xylocarpus
456:Sonneratia
443:Sonneratia
359:Sundarbans
294:New Guinea
267:Vulnerable
189:East Sepik
178:West Papua
1451:Australia
1398:mangroves
1191:By region
1112:Mangroves
826:. Resolve
788:Indonesia
542:Diospyros
452:Avicennia
426:Avicennia
409:propagule
401:lenticels
302:Australia
300:north of
290:ecoregion
272:Protected
166:Provinces
152:Indonesia
145:Countries
132:Geography
74:mangroves
1307:Americas
931:Archived
790:and the
782:and the
521:include
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428:species
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355:Bomberai
287:mangrove
232:137°42′E
1367:Related
1286:Oceania
1119:Ecology
722:erosion
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458:. Then
365:Climate
210:Western
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184:Central
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1199:Africa
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335:Purari
325:, and
229:5°06′S
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