History of New York City

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were now professionally trained, and conversant in an extremely complex language that combined highly specific legal terms and motions with a dose of Latin. Court proceedings became a baffling mystery to the ordinary layman. Lawyers became more specialized and built their reputation, and their fee schedule, on the basis of their reputation for success. But as their status, wealth and power rose, animosity grew even faster. By the 1750s and 1760s, there was a widespread attack ridiculing and demeaning the lawyers as pettifoggers (lawyers lacking sound legal skills). Their image and influence declined. The lawyers organized a

1446: 159: 1052: 1462: 1421: 1619: 1354: 552:, and its cultural and economic influence has made it one of the most important urban areas in the United States and the world. The economy in the 1700s was based on farming, local production, fur trading, and Atlantic jobs like shipbuilding. In the 1700s, New York was sometimes referred to as a breadbasket colony, because one of its major crops was wheat. New York colony also exported other goods included iron ore as a raw material and as manufactured goods such as tools, plows, nails and kitchen items such as kettles, pans and pots. 1730: 4811: 5346: 2192: 809: 801: 5359: 1915: 4377:; v. 5. The Revolutionary period, part II (1776–1783). Period of adjustment and reconstruction New York as the state and federal capital (1783–1811). The War of 1812 (1812–1815); period of invention, prosperity, and progress (1815–1841). Period of industrial and educational development (1842–1860). The Civil War (1861–1865); Period of political and social development (1865–1876). The modern city and island (1876–1909) 1802:

headquarters to the suburbs or to distant cities. At the same time, there was enormous growth in services, especially finance, education, medicine, tourism, communications and law. New York remained the largest city and largest metropolitan area in the United States, and continued as its largest financial, commercial, information, and cultural center.

1865:, and the city reclaimed its role at the center of the worldwide financial industry. Unemployment and crime remained high, the latter reaching peak levels in some categories around the close of the decade and the beginning of the 1990s. Neighborhood restoration projects funded by the city and state had very good effects for New York, especially 1412:

led by Irish Catholics, who attacked black neighborhood and abolitionist homes. Many blacks left the city and moved to Brooklyn. After the Civil War, the rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply, and New York became the first stop for millions seeking a new and better life in the United States, a

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v. 2. Cartography: an essay on the development of knowledge regarding the geography of the east coast of North America; Manhattan Island and its environs on early maps and charts / by F.C. Wieder and I.N. Phelps Stokes. The Manatus maps. The Castello plan. The Dutch grants. Early New York newspapers

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By the 1760s, the situation had dramatically changed. Lawyers were essential to the rapidly growing international trade, dealing with questions of partnerships, contracts, and insurance. The sums of money involved were large, and hiring an incompetent lawyer was a very expensive proposition. Lawyers

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families. A large fraction of the prominent lawyers were Loyalists; their clientele was often to royal authority or British merchants and financiers. They were not allowed to practice law unless they took a loyalty oath to the new United States of America. Many went to Britain or Canada (primarily

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organized rent strikes and garbage offensives, demanding improved city services for poor areas. They also set up free health clinics and other programs, as a guide for organizing and gaining "Power to the People." By the 1970s the city had gained a reputation as a crime-ridden relic of history. In

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to the post as trading laborers used to build the fort and stockade, and some gained freedom under the Dutch. After the seizure of the colony in 1664, the slave trade continued to be legal. In 1703, 42% of the New York households had slaves; they served as domestic servants and laborers but also

1801:

The transition away from the industrial base toward a service economy picked up speed, while the jobs in the large shipbuilding and garment industries declined sharply. The ports converted to container ships, costing many traditional jobs among longshoremen. Many large corporations moved their

1797:

After a short war boom, the Bronx declined from 1950 to 1985, going from predominantly moderate-income to mostly lower-income, with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.

1082:. Historians believe their alarm was mostly fabrication and fear, but officials rounded up 31 black and 4 white people, who over a period of months were convicted of arson. Of these, the city executed 13 black people by burning them alive and hanged the remainder of those incriminated. 1556:. Municipal governments contained within the boroughs were abolished, and the county governmental functions were absorbed by the city or each borough. In 1914, the New York State Legislature created Bronx County, making five counties coterminous with the five boroughs. 676:

technique, which extended the productive life of planted fields. They also harvested vast quantities of fish and shellfish from the bay. Historians estimate that at the time of European settlement, approximately 5,000 Lenape lived in 80 settlements around the region.

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v. 3. The War of 1812 (1812–1815). Period of invention, prosperity, and progress (1815–1841). Period of industrial and educational development (1842–1860). The Civil War (1861–1865); period of political and social development (1865–1876). The modern city and island

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The Bronx had a steady boom period during 1898–1929, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression created a surge of unemployment, especially among the working class, and a slow-down of growth.

1964:

to New York in the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan. It flooded low-lying areas of Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. Electrical power was lost in many parts of the city and its suburbs.

2459:"Ce site unique, entrevu par Verrazano dès 1524 et baptisé par lui Nouvelle-Angoulême en l'honneur de François Ier, fut acheté un siècle plus tard aux Indiens par les Hollandais, et s'appela Nieuwe Amsterdam, avant d'arrriver enfin, en 1665..." (p. 184) 4251: 2709:""[F] or King Willian and Queen Mary, for the defence of the protestant religion and the good of the country," Leisler's Rebellion; A study of Colonial New York and the Formation of Political and Religious Coalitions on the frontier 1620–1691" 535:

Beginning in the mid-19th century, waves of new immigrants arrived from Europe dramatically changing the composition of the city and serving as workers in the expanding industries. Modern New York traces its development to the consolidation of the

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from Europe and its population grew faster. The Bolting Act of 1678, whereby no mill outside the city was permitted to grind wheat or corn, boosted growth until its repeal in 1694, increasing the number of houses over the period from 384 to 983.

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occurred in the 1930s and was the largest-ever private development project at the time. Both before and especially after World War II, vast areas of the city were also reshaped by the construction of bridges, parks and parkways coordinated by

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From 1890 to 1930, the largest cities, led by New York, were the focus of international attention. The skyscrapers and tourist attractions were widely publicized. Suburbs were emerging as bedroom communities for commuters to the central city.

912:) of New Amsterdam, Arent van Hattem and Martin Cregier, were appointed in that year. By the early 1660s, the population consisted of approximately 1500 Europeans, only about half of whom were Dutch, and 375 Africans, 300 of whom were slaves. 566:

Prior to the first human settlement, the area that eventually encompassed modern day New York was originally a marshland swamp, with numerous streams and creeks throughout modern day Manhattan Island. The first human Inhabitants were by the

1018:

In New York at first, legal practitioners were full-time businessmen and merchants, with no legal training, who had watched a few court proceedings, and mostly used their own common sense together with snippets they had picked up about

1899:, one of the factors in a decade of booming real estate values. New York was also able to attract more business and convert abandoned industrialized neighborhoods into arts or attractive residential neighborhoods; examples include the 1167:

of suspicious origin, with the Loyalists and Patriots accusing each other of starting the conflagration. The city became the political and military center of operations for the British in North America for the remainder of the war.

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barons. As the city's demographics temporarily stabilized, labor unionization helped the working class gain new protections and middle-class affluence, the city's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under

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v. 1. The period of discovery (1524–1609); the Dutch period (1609–1664). The English period (1664–1763). The Revolutionary period (1763–1783). Period of adjustment and reconstruction; New York as the state and federal capital

532:, along with coastal traffic to lower New England, making the city the preeminent port on the Atlantic Ocean. The arrival of rail connections to the north and west in the 1840s and 1850s strengthened its central role. 1686:

in 1925, which had reigned for a century. During the difficult years of the Great Depression, the reformer Fiorello La Guardia was elected as mayor, and Tammany Hall fell after eighty years of political dominance.

1200:. More Americans lost their lives aboard these ships than died in all the battles of the war. The British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783. George Washington triumphantly returned to the city that day, as 1869:, Harlem, and The Bronx. The city later resumed its social and economic recovery, bolstered by the influx of Asians, Latin Americans, and U.S. citizens, and by new crime-fighting techniques on the part of the 855:

began. Later, the Dutch West Indies Company imported African slaves to serve as laborers; they were forced to build the wall that defended the town against English and Indian attacks. Early directors included

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In 1945... Todd Webb moved to New York City and began a remarkable project. For the next year Mr. Webb walked the streets of the city with a heavy camera and tripod, photographing the buildings and people he

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The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909 compiled from original sources and illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions of important maps plans views and documents in public and private collections

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population. Beaver pelts were in fashion in Europe, fueling a lucrative business. Hudson's report on the regional beaver population served as the impetus for the founding of Dutch trading colonies in the

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tribes joined forces and nearly defeated the Dutch. Holland sent additional forces to the aid of Kieft, leading to the overwhelming defeat of the Native Americans and a peace treaty on August 29, 1645.

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For the next century, various attempts were made, and failed, to build an effective organization of lawyers. Finally a Bar Association emerged in 1869 that proved successful and continues to operate.

1926:; according to census estimates since 2000, the city has continued to grow, including rapid growth in the most urbanized borough, Manhattan. During this period, New York City was a site of the 1513:

dominated the entire nation in terms of communications, trade, finance, popular culture, and high culture. More than a fourth of the 300 largest corporations in 1920 were headquartered here.

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for veterans, stimulating the development of huge suburban tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County. The city was extensively photographed during the post–war years by photographer

3479: 672:. The Lenape developed sophisticated techniques of hunting and managing their resources. By the time of the arrival of Europeans, they were cultivating fields of vegetation through the 2258: 1261:

was drafted and ratified there. George Washington was inaugurated at Federal Hall. New York remained the national capital until 1790, when the role was transferred to Philadelphia.

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A recent historian estimates that about 6,800 Americans were killed in all the war's battles, and about 18,000 POW's died, mostly in British ships in New York. Edwin G. Burrows,

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Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication, marking its rising influence with such events as the

1891:

became mayor in 1994. In the late 1990s, the city benefited from the nationwide fall of violent crime rates, the resurgence of the finance industry, and the growth of the "

1396:; before the war, half of its exports were related to cotton, including textiles from upstate mills. Together with its growing immigrant population, which was angry about 952: 1993:

became mayor in 2022. In 2024, Adams became the first New York City mayor to be indicted on criminal charges. He has been federally charged with corruption and bribery.

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and joined with three other boroughs created from parts of adjacent counties to form the new municipal government originally called "Greater New York". The Borough of

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Like many major U.S. cities, New York suffered race riots, gang wars and some population decline in the late 1960s. Street activists and minority groups such as the

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Select "New York City" value to browse NYC Maps (satyrical, political, pictorial) from 1883 to 1984 at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection

959:. Two weeks later, Stuyvesant officially capitulated by signing Articles of Surrender and in June 1665, the town was reincorporated under English law and 3789: 1577:

took the lives of 146 garment workers. In response, the city made great advancements in the fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations.

5217: 5207: 2174: 145: 4371:; v. 4. The period of discovery (565–1626); the Dutch period (1626–1664). The English period (1664–1763). The Revolutionary period, part I (1763–1776) 4001: 513:. Under the new government, the city hosted the inauguration of George Washington as the first President of the United States, the drafting of the 2952: 2215:

Although it has been claimed that African slaves comprised 40% of the small population of the city at that time, this has not been substantiated.

1381:. It usually dominated local politics throughout this period and into the 1930s. Public-minded members of the merchant community pressed for a 5240: 3483: 2163: 1440: 1157: 561: 39: 1655: 1627: 1454: 1378: 5033: 1238: 975:, the Dutch briefly recaptured the city in 1673, renaming the city "New Orange", before permanently ceding the colony of New Netherland to 656:

for fishing, hunting trips, trade, and occasionally war. Many paths created by the indigenous peoples are now main thoroughfares, such as

5297: 1843: 1265: 81: 4590: 5043: 4974: 4966: 4707: 3980: 1136:

met in New York City in 1765 in the first organized resistance to British authority across the colonies. After the major defeat of the

96: 4477: 4081: 1822:. The city was also forced to accept increased financial scrutiny by an agency of New York State. In 1977, the city was struck by the 927:). Few buildings, however, remain from the 17th century. The oldest recorded house still in existence in New York, the Pieter Claesen 908:. The colony was granted self-government in 1652, and New Amsterdam was incorporated as a city on February 2, 1653. The first mayors ( 4989: 2357: 939:

On August 27, 1664, four English frigates under the command of Col. Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor and demanded

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policies. The city's strategic location and status as a major seaport made it the prime target for British seizure in 1776. General

5292: 5287: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5162: 4729: 3573: 1724: 1434: 1348: 1213: 76: 71: 60: 55: 50: 5265: 4652: 4630: 66: 4552: 4231: 1156:

refugees, becoming a British stronghold for the entire war. Consequently, the area also became the focal point for Washington's

5308: 4697: 1980: 1931: 1707: 1691: 138: 5212: 5202: 5048: 4996: 4979: 4751: 3462: 3437: 3410: 3383: 3358: 3323: 3288: 3263: 3236: 3201: 2268: 2007: 1976: 1319: 1072: 646: 17: 2425: 5110: 5058: 4778: 3895: 2520: 1942:, an event considered highly traumatic for the city but which did not stop the city's rapid regrowth. On November 3, 2014, 1634:

The city was a destination for internal migrants as well as immigrants. Through 1940, New York was a major destination for

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After a series of fires in 1741, the city panicked over rumors of its black population conspiring with some poor whites to

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On June 15, 1904, over 1,000 people, mostly German immigrant women and children, were killed when the excursion steamship

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immigrants, and by 1850 the Irish comprised one quarter of the city's population. Government institutions, including the

3002: 5088: 4948: 4921: 4195: 3426:

Lawson, Ronald (January 1, 1986). "Ch. 2: New York City Tenant Organizations and the Post-World War I Housing Crisis".

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Lawson, Ronald (January 1, 1986). "Ch. 2: New York City Tenant Organizations and the Post-World War I Housing Crisis".

3252:

Lawson, Ronald (January 1, 1986). "Ch. 2: New York City Tenant Organizations and the Post-World War I Housing Crisis".

3190:

Lawson, Ronald (January 1, 1986). "Ch. 2: New York City Tenant Organizations and the Post-World War I Housing Crisis".

2596: 2478: 1984: 1939: 1639: 1604: 1585: 1218: 869: 572: 518: 5383: 5038: 4890: 4714: 4120: 3993: 3105: 3037: 2767:

Milton M. Klein, Milton M. "From Community to Status: The Development of the Legal Profession in Colonial New York."

2637: 2437: 2409: 2337: 2158: 1397: 131: 121: 4465: 5177: 5078: 4941: 1866: 1647: 1607:

Somewhere between several tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of tenants went on strike across the city. A

1570: 1185: 1064:

became involved in skilled trades, shipping and other fields. Yet following reform in ethics according to American

991: 4246:

Richter, Hedwig. "Transnational Reform and Democracy: Election Reforms in New York City and Berlin Around 19001."

3923: 3832: 1690:

Despite the effects of the Great Depression, some of the world's tallest skyscrapers were built during the 1930s.

4958: 4931: 4875: 4761: 4441: 2652:

William Pelletreau, "History of Putnam County," (Interlaken, New York: Heart of the Lakes Publishing, 1975), p. 5

1900: 1315: 1010:

and effectively controlled the city and surrounding areas from 1689 to 1691, before being arrested and executed.

4455: 5182: 4900: 4680: 4133: 3927: 3681: 2671: 2148: 1823: 1747:

veterans and immigrants from Europe created a postwar economic boom. Demands for new housing were aided by the

1331: 1269: 1153: 499: 3786: 1675:, ended the blight of many tenement areas, expanded new parks, remade streets, and restricted and reorganized 5172: 4926: 4773: 4692: 4685: 2780:

Luke J. Feder, "'No Lawyer in the Assembly!": Character Politics and the Election of 1768 in New York City."

2380: 2235: 1405: 1246: 1230: 1164: 967:". The war ended in a Dutch victory in 1667, but the colony remained under English rule as stipulated in the 715:, where he anchored the night of April 17, and left to continue his voyage. He named the area New Angoulême ( 1611:

housing and coal shortage sparked the strikes. It became marked both by occasional violent scuffles and the

1385:, which was opened to a design competition in 1857; it became the first landscape park in an American city. 1059:

By 1700, the Lenape population of New York had diminished to 200. The Dutch West Indies Company transported

4756: 4403: 4241: 2153: 1258: 984: 915:

A few of the original Dutch place names have been retained, most notably Flushing (after the Dutch town of

669: 514: 4506: 4340:(6 vols., 1915–28). A highly detailed, heavily illustrated chronology of Manhattan and New York City. see 3616: 5006: 4984: 4862: 4623: 4428: 4015: 2143: 1676: 1465: 1254: 1079: 4368: 4361: 4158: 717: 5323: 5315: 5194: 5145: 4736: 4602: 3721: 3148: 2956: 1923: 1870: 1401: 1242: 1090: 848: 653: 510: 4380: 4374: 4354: 4347: 4005: 3656: 1918:

Lower Manhattan on September 11, 2001, after terrorists flew planes into the World Trade Center towers

5235: 5083: 4895: 4819: 4793: 4673: 2521:""Battery Park". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved on September 13, 2008" 2012: 1581: 1553: 1297: 1234: 1201: 1149: 1113: 786:. The beaver's importance in New York's history is reflected by its use on the city's official seal. 506: 101: 4810: 4185: 3543: 1292:

as the largest city in the United States. New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of

1105: 5312: 5282: 5167: 5093: 5070: 4905: 4741: 4724: 4099:

The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History

3975: 2630:

The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History

2074: 1517: 1281: 832: 760: 491: 2495: 1445: 1031:, but it fell apart in 1768 during the bitter political dispute between the factions based in the 892: 748:. For the next century, the area was occasionally visited by fur traders or explorers, such as by 726: 5123: 5118: 4571: 3985: 3962:

The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850–1896

2923: 2691: 2103: 2093: 1549: 1533: 1023:. Court proceedings were quite informal, for the judges had no more training than the attorneys. 881: 158: 4109:

In Pursuit of Privilege: A History of New York City's Upper Class and the Making of a Metropolis

5362: 5140: 4936: 4870: 4746: 4719: 4616: 4460: 4051: 3097: 2874: 2118: 2002: 1943: 1908: 1593: 1490: 1322:, were established in the 1840s and 1850s to respond to growing demands of residents. In 1831, 1051: 1007: 968: 956: 698: 456: 3340: 3305: 3218: 2588: 2327: 1461: 5128: 5098: 5016: 5011: 4880: 4766: 4584: 4125: 1971:

became mayor in 2014. The city went into lockdown in March 2020 amidst the first wave of the

1882: 1771: 1767: 1699: 1650:. New York's ever accelerating changes and rising crime and poverty rates were reduced after 1506: 1482: 1141: 972: 960: 944: 905: 174: 105: 4598: 4091: 4090:(Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. 2937: 2826: 2580: 1975:. As of December 2021, New York City had experienced the most deaths of any locality in the 730: 5350: 5302: 5021: 5001: 4788: 4489: 3951: 3350: 3315: 3228: 2980:

Map of the City of New York and Island of Manhattan with Explanatory Remarks and References

2196: 2123: 2113: 2037: 1927: 1703: 1589: 1420: 1065: 1060: 770: 657: 576: 490:

lost a series of battles from which he narrowly escaped (with the notable exception of the

109: 3505: 2433: 8: 4514: 4485: 4080:. (New York: Anchor Press, 1977); scholarly study that argues Tweed was mostly innocent. 3837: 3577: 3432:. Internet Archive. New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press. pp. 51–89. 3405:. Internet Archive. New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press. pp. 51–89. 3258:. Internet Archive. New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press. pp. 51–89. 3196:. Internet Archive. New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press. pp. 51–89. 2687: 2042: 2018: 1979:, which itself has the highest number of confirmed coronavirus cases of any state in the 1787: 1668: 1521: 1409: 1323: 1086: 999: 948: 804:

1627 letter in Dutch by Pieter Schaghen stating the purchase of Manhattan for 60 guilders

722: 691: 4323:

Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity.

4287:(2000); Postcards lacking the (c) symbol are not copyright and are in the public domain. 2917: 2611: 5028: 4798: 4271: 4143: 4115: 4102: 4041: 3965: 3938: 3090: 2939:

Forgotten Patriots: The Untold Story of American Prisoners During the Revolutionary War

2743: 2429: 2168: 1953: 1904: 1815: 1643: 1569:

caught fire and sank. It is the city's worst maritime disaster. On March 25, 1911, the

1389: 1353: 1307: 1293: 1133: 976: 885: 708: 626: 509:

from 1785 to 1789, and briefly served as the new nation's capital in 1789–90 under the

475: 113: 3941:

Compares the three cities in terms of geography, economics and race from 1800 to 1990.

3806: 3761: 3427: 3400: 3253: 3191: 498:

occupied New York and made it their base on the continent until late 1783, attracting

117: 5053: 4885: 4549: 4261: 4168: 4129: 4065: 4026:(2003), book version of 17-hour Burns PBS documentary, "NEW YORK: A Documentary Film" 3989: 3735: 3695: 3675: 3458: 3433: 3406: 3379: 3354: 3319: 3284: 3259: 3232: 3197: 3101: 3033: 2708: 2667: 2633: 2592: 2581: 2474: 2443: 2405: 2333: 2264: 2098: 2052: 1972: 1949: 1695: 1618: 1574: 1414: 1370: 1145: 1109: 1036: 487: 479: 4330:

Mirror for Gotham: New York as Seen by Contemporaries from Dutch Days to the Present

4228:

Second Founding: New York City, Reconstruction, and the Making of American Democracy

2898:

Eric W. Plaag, "New York's 1741 slave conspiracy in a climate of fear and anxiety."

2785: 1729: 3971: 3455:

Urban castles: tenement housing and landlord activism in New York City, 1890 – 1943

3376:

Urban castles: tenement housing and landlord activism in New York City, 1890 - 1943

3346: 3311: 3281:

Urban castles: tenement housing and landlord activism in New York City, 1890 – 1943

3224: 2128: 2069: 1659: 1635: 1540:

incorporated the independent City of Brooklyn, recently joined to Manhattan by the

1392:(1861–1865), the city was affected by its history of strong commercial ties to the 1280:

in 1825, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the

1169: 1137: 1032: 964: 901: 877: 840: 824: 765: 610: 602: 541: 525: 3870: 3149:

The 100 Year Anniversary of the Consolidation of the 5 Boroughs into New York City

1128:

who maintained a long-running skirmish with locally stationed British troops over

904:

was inaugurated as director general upon his arrival and ruled as a member of the

5103: 4556: 4309: 4238:

The Restless City: A Short History of New York from Colonial Times to the Present

4059: 3793: 2398: 2373: 2079: 1957: 1791: 1541: 1469: 1450: 1374: 1327: 1303:

In 1842, water was piped from a reservoir to supply the city for the first time.

1181: 1125: 1094: 1028: 857: 618: 467: 170: 2953:"The People's Vote: President George Washington's First Inaugural Speech (1789)" 1682:

For a while, New York ranked as the most populous city in the world, overtaking

884:, resulted in the death of 80 natives in February 1643. Following the massacre, 4431:. It originally aired in 1999 with additional episodes airing in 2001 and 2003. 3629: 2352: 2329:

Black and White Manhattan: The History of Racial Formation in Colonial New York

2108: 1968: 1806: 1763: 1733: 1715:, the greatest proponent of automobile-centered modernist urbanism in America. 1615:. It would lead to the passage of the first rent laws in the nation's history. 1565: 1393: 940: 873: 852: 828: 817: 673: 581: 548:. Throughout its history, New York has served as a main port of entry for many 3896:"NYC Mayor Adams turns himself in to federal authorities ahead of arraignment" 3167:"orough presidents ... responsible for local administration and public works." 2260:

Population History of New York City by Ira Rosenwaike (p.3 1656, through 1990)

851:(today's Hudson River). Soon thereafter, most likely in 1626, construction of 741: 5377: 5245: 5157: 4851: 4639: 4594:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 610–624. 4579: 4069: 3762:"Occupy Wall Street | 2011, Definition, Movement, & Purpose | Britannica" 3006: 2292:"City of New York: Population History - Highly Urbanized Boroughs(1790–2000)" 2057: 1892: 1888: 1878: 1819: 1814:

1975, the city government avoided bankruptcy only through a federal loan and

1779: 1510: 1478: 1362: 1189: 1003: 928: 795: 749: 594: 590: 537: 471: 460: 45: 4383:; v. 6. Chronology: addenda. Original grants and farms. Bibliography. Index. 2919:

An Historical Sketch of Columbia College, in the City of New York, 1754–1876

2447: 2424: 1774:. During the late 1960s, the views of real estate developer and city leader 1626:

epitomized New York's success of the early 20th century; it was home to the

1152:

the island was effectively left to the British. The city became a haven for

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Jim Crow New York: A Documentary History of Race and Citizenship, 1777–1877

3696:"Rudy Giuliani | Biography, Facts, & September 11 Attacks | Britannica" 1932:

2,606 people who were in the towers and in the surrounding area were killed

1896: 1775: 1744: 1712: 1672: 1382: 1366: 1311: 1289: 1250: 1180:. In addition, the British began to hold the majority of captured American 1129: 865: 861: 756: 614: 545: 495: 166: 4563: 4038:

Paupers and Poor Relief in New York City and Its Rural Environs, 1700–1830

3457:. The Columbia history of urban life. New York, NY: Columbia Univ. Press. 3378:. The Columbia history of urban life. New York, NY: Columbia Univ. Press. 3283:. The Columbia history of urban life. New York, NY: Columbia Univ. Press. 808: 734: 4316:

The Columbia Historical Portrait of New York: An Essay In Graphic History

2291: 1961: 1862: 1810: 1783: 1759: 1651: 1608: 1498: 1273: 1173: 1020: 755:

European exploration continued on September 2, 1609, when the Englishman

712: 703: 642: 633:

neighbors were culturally and linguistically more closely related to the

630: 622: 529: 4221:

Little Germany: Ethnicity, Religion, and Class in New York City, 1845–80

4155:

New York at War: Four Centuries of Combat, Fear, and Intrigue in Gotham

2903: 2747: 2731: 1548:

was created from western Queens County (with the remnant established as

800: 5277: 5272: 2583:

In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863

2496:"Quand New York s'appelait Angoulême : une conférence le 21 avril" 2047: 1990: 1914: 1827: 1663: 1623: 1277: 1193: 916: 733:

from 1496 until his coronation in 1515. The name refers to the town of

598: 586: 549: 522: 2814: 1662:

reduced the need for new labor. The combination ended the rule of the

1408:

at the outbreak of war. Tensions related to the war culminated in the

1068:

thought, by the 1770s slaves made up less than 25% of the population.

5150: 4839: 4827: 4424: 3787:

Superstorm Sandy causes at least 9 U.S. deaths as it slams East Coast

3574:"The Center of the World – New York: A Documentary Film (Transcript)" 1935: 1758:

New York emerged from the war as the leading city of the world, with

1752: 1748: 1612: 1592:

company) began operating in 1904, and the railroads operating out of

1529: 1525: 1177: 1121: 924: 844: 820: 783: 665: 661: 483: 162: 4583: 4205:(Simon and Schuster, 2017), scholarly study of mayoralty. 2002–2013 1786:

gained popularity. Citizen rebellion stopped a plan to construct an

1148:

withdrew to Manhattan Island, but with the subsequent defeat at the

690:"New Angoulême" redirects here. For the place in French Guiana, see 4833: 4381:

I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 6. 1928

4375:

I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 5. 1926

4369:

I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 4. 1922

4362:

I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 3. 1918

4355:

I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 2. 1916

4348:

I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 1. 1915

3853:"How New York became the epicenter of America's coronavirus crisis" 2851: 2569:. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York 2011. 1537: 1197: 980: 738: 606: 2471:

The European Discovery of America. Volume 1: The Northern Voyages

1831: 1502: 1486: 920: 634: 4608: 4054:; Popular history concentrating on violent events & scandals 3123:

The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863

2809:

Albert P. Blaustein, "New York Bar Associations Prior to 1870."

1124:

and other British measures fomented dissent, particularly among

4845: 4518: 3946:

City of Dreams: The 400-Year Epic History of Immigrant New York

3598:

Robert A. Olmsted, "A History of Transportation in the Bronx",

1683: 1545: 1494: 1285: 778: 745: 638: 568: 4533: 1852: 585:. Early European settlers called bands of Lenape by the Unami 571:

people. These groups of culturally and linguistically related

459:

in 1524. European settlement began with the Dutch in 1608 and

3613:

Branding New York: How a city in crisis was sold to the world

3482:. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from 1983:. During the first wave, one-third of total known U.S. cases 4543: 4058:

Habert, Jacques; Lipman-Wulf, Peter (illustrations) (1949).

4012:

Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919

3657:"David N. Dinkins, New York's First Black Mayor, Dies at 93" 777:. He never found one, but he did take note of the abundant 774: 711:, where he encountered native Lenape, returned through the 2732:"Being Dutch: An Interpretation of Why Jacob Leisler Died" 4504: 4475: 4240:(2010), Popular history with focus on politics and riots 1739:

arriving in New York Harbor with thousands of U.S. troops

1881:

became the city's first Black mayor. He came out of the

1605:

affected by the largest rent strike wave in its history.

1040:

to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) after losing the war.

963:"New York" after the Duke, and Fort Orange was renamed " 652:

These peoples made use of the abundant waterways in the

540:

in 1898 and an economic and building boom following the

4538: 4285:

Manhattan Memories: A Book of Postcards of Old New York

4182:

City At The Water's Edge: A Natural History of New York

4165:

Fiorello H. LaGuardia and the Making of Modern New York

3935:

New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's global cities

3087: 1552:

in 1899); and the Borough of Richmond contained all of

1400:, sympathies among residents were divided for both the 1342: 1207: 1046: 4167:(1989) the most detailed standard scholarly biography 3937:(U of Minnesota Press, 1999). ISBN 978-0-8166-3336-4. 3630:"Ed Koch | Biography, Mayor, & Facts | Britannica" 2664:

Raid on America: The Dutch Naval Campaign of 1672–1674

2473:. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press. p. 490. 1922:

New York's population reached an all-time high in the

1658:

limited additional immigration after the war, and the

1276:

to encompass all of Manhattan, and the opening of the

680: 4088:

Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820–1980

3807:"Bill de Blasio | Biography & Facts | Britannica" 2915: 1264:

During the 19th century, the city was transformed by

4292:

A Mayor's Life: Governing New York's Gorgeous Mosaic

4268:

The city of Brooklyn, 1865–1898: a political history

4192:

To be mayor of New York: Ethnic politics in the city

3176:

Olmsted, Robert A. "Transportation Made the Bronx",

1956:

protest movement happened in New York City in 2011.

1071:

By the 1740s, 20% of the residents of New York were

823:

posts and settlements were in 1614 near present-day

455:

began with the first European explorer, the Italian

3527:Allen, Oliver E. (1993). "Chapter 9: The Decline". 2696:. New York: Valentine Mutual Press. pp. 36–37. 1818:by the Municipal Assistance Corporation, headed by 1762:leading the United States ascendancy. In 1951, the 3089: 2541: 2397: 2369: 2367: 2175:List of newspapers in New York in the 18th century 1457:when completed in 1908. It was demolished in 1968. 1361:This period started with the 1855 inauguration of 769:through the Narrows into Upper New York Bay. Like 505:The city served as the national capital under the 482:met in the city in 1765 to organize resistance to 4248:The Journal Of The Gilded Age And Progressive Era 4214:City Unions: Managing Discontent in New York City 4057: 3480:"Height: The History of Measuring Tall Buildings" 2578: 2332:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 25. 2314:The Lenape: Archaeology, history, and ethnography 1225:, 1849. Chromo lithograph by James Charles Sidney 831:first appeared on maps. Only in May 1624 did the 5375: 3722:"One World Trade Center – the Skyscraper Center" 3526: 3165:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 206. 3027: 2977: 2662:Shomette, Donald G.; Haslach, Robert D. (2002). 2612:Spencer P.M. Harrington, "Bones and Bureaucrats" 2565:Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.), 1428: 1334:institution surrounding Washington Square Park. 3871:"Eric Adams | American politician | Britannica" 3429:The Tenant movement in New York City, 1904–1984 3402:The Tenant movement in New York City, 1904–1984 3255:The Tenant movement in New York City, 1904-1984 3193:The Tenant movement in New York City, 1904–1984 2661: 2627: 2364: 1718: 773:, Hudson was looking for a westerly passage to 5124:New York (Manhattan, the Bronx, Staten Island) 4304:Jackson, Kenneth T. and David S. Dunbar, eds. 4086:Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. 4048:The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History 3970: 3032:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 91. 2955:. U.S. News & World Report. Archived from 2395: 2164:Timeline of New York City crimes and disasters 1441:List of former municipalities in New York City 1326:was founded by U.S. Secretary of the Treasury 1268:, a visionary development proposal called the 872:in 1638 but five years later was embroiled in 4624: 4358:(1725–1811). Plan of Manhattan Island in 1908 3955:New York City, 1664–1710: Conquest and Change 3928:Mayor of New York City § Further reading 3924:Timeline of New York City § Bibliography 3529:The Tiger – The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall 3046: 2986: 2875:"A Burial Ground and Its Dead Are Given Life" 555: 139: 4031:Tigers of Tammany: Nine Men Who Ran New York 3345:. New Haven (Conn.): Yale University press. 3310:. New Haven (Conn.): Yale University press. 3223:. New Haven (Conn.): Yale University press. 3120: 2844: 2618:March/April 1993, accessed February 11, 2012 2587:. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 1671:, and his controversial parks commissioner, 1245:. The Constitution also created the current 4306:Empire City: New York Through the Centuries 4297:Gellman, David N. and David Quigley, eds. 3135:David R. Goldfield and Blaine A. Brownell, 2827:"The Hidden History of Slavery in New York" 2798:The rise of the legal profession in America 2442:(in French). Paris: Larousse. p. 184. 2418: 2391: 2389: 2022:– film history of city from 1609 to present 1646:flourished during the 1920s and the era of 1424:King's Color-graphs of New York City (1910) 1413:role acknowledged by the dedication of the 701:, an Italian in command of the French ship 697:The first European visitor to the area was 4631: 4617: 4000:, The standard scholarly history, 1390pp 3981:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 3948:(Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016). 766 pp. 3571: 3535: 3332: 3297: 3061: 2819: 2400:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 2325: 2316:(New Jersey Historical Society v 21, 1986) 2256: 934: 562:History of New York City (prehistory–1664) 470:" campaigned against British authority in 146: 132: 3833:"Coronavirus in New York: Latest Updates" 3655:McFadden, Robert D. (November 24, 2020). 3477: 3210: 2872: 2866: 2719:: 50 – via Digital Commons Network. 2535: 2404:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 2396:Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (1998). 2374:"Gotham Center for New York City History" 2358:The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell 2236:"U.S. Bureau of the Census(1900–present)" 1766:relocated from its first headquarters in 1706:— came to define the city's skyline. The 1223:Sidney's Map Twelve Miles Around New York 1112:enters New York in triumph following the 880:, across the Hudson River in present-day 494:, his first victory of the war), and the 4578: 4423: hour documentary film directed by 4029:Connable, Alfred and Edward Silberfarb. 3654: 3342:The great rent wars: New York, 1917–1929 3338: 3307:The great rent wars: New York, 1917–1929 3303: 3220:The great rent wars: New York, 1917–1929 3216: 3064:"A Brief History of New York University" 2515: 2513: 2439:Géographie universelle Larousse (Vol. 3) 2386: 1913: 1728: 1617: 1460: 1444: 1419: 1352: 1217: 1104: 1050: 891: 807: 799: 157: 4653:Index of New York City-related articles 4534:Gotham Center for New York City History 4114: 3600:Bronx County Historical Society Journal 3178:Bronx County Historical Society Journal 3160: 3096:. Kent State University Press. p. 2873:Rothstein, Edward (February 26, 2010). 2729: 2605: 2468: 1844:History of New York City (1978–present) 1778:began to fall out of favor as the anti- 1296:'s policies and practices as the first 725:, King of France of the royal house of 707:in 1524. It is believed he sailed into 629:are derived from Lenape names. Eastern 478:of representatives from throughout the 177:(at right) was built from 1870 to 1883. 14: 5376: 3425: 3398: 3251: 3189: 2666:. University of South Carolina Press. 2493: 1977:coronavirus pandemic in New York state 1708:construction of the Rockefeller Center 1310:(1845–1850) brought a large influx of 1233:met in the city of New York under the 1163:New York was greatly damaged twice by 1100: 943:'s surrender, as part of an effort by 5049:John F. Kennedy International Airport 4997:Metropolitan Transportation Authority 4612: 3542:Hagen, Charles (September 22, 1995). 3541: 2706: 2686: 2510: 2008:History of education in New York City 1603:From 1918 to 1920, New York City was 1520:was formed with the consolidation of 1237:. In 1789, New York became the first 1202:the last British forces left the city 647:Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett language 5059:Newark Liberty International Airport 4094:; see index at p. 410 for list. 3531:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 3446: 3367: 3351:10.12987/yale/9780300191721.001.0001 3316:10.12987/yale/9780300191721.001.0001 3229:10.12987/yale/9780300191721.001.0001 3151:, New York. Retrieved June 29, 2007. 3092:Fernando Wood: A Political Biography 2026: 1725:History of New York City (1946–1977) 1642:from the rural American South. The 1528:, and outlying areas. Manhattan and 1435:History of New York City (1898–1945) 1349:History of New York City (1855–1897) 1343:Tammany and consolidation: 1855–1897 1214:History of New York City (1784–1854) 1208:Federal and early America: 1784–1854 1158:espionage and intelligence-gathering 1047:Native Americans and Enslaved People 990:The colony benefited from increased 4548:Boston Public Library, Map Center. 4390:Historic Maps and Views of New York 4342:The Iconography of Manhattan Island 4258:Population history of New York City 4203:Bloomberg: A Billionaire's Ambition 3452: 3419: 3392: 3373: 3278: 3272: 3245: 2361:, New York: Ballantine Books, 2006. 1946:opened on the site of the attack. 789: 681:European exploration and settlement 24: 4396: 4277: 4270:(Columbia University press, 1944) 4194:(Columbia University Press, 1993) 4061:When New York was Called Angoulême 3917: 3183: 2494:Koussa, Nicolas (April 12, 2016). 1524:(until then an independent city), 1288:. By 1835, New York had surpassed 876:against the Native Americans. The 621:. Some modern place names such as 519:Supreme Court of the United States 25: 5395: 4638: 4435: 4344:All volumes are on line free at: 4332:(New York University Press, 1956) 4121:The Encyclopedia of New York City 3339:Fogelson, Robert Michael (2013). 3304:Fogelson, Robert Michael (2013). 3217:Fogelson, Robert Michael (2013). 2811:American Journal of Legal History 2567:Exploring Historic Dutch New York 2546:. Old Town Books. pp. 37–40. 2326:Foote, Thelma Wills (2003–2004). 2159:New York City water supply system 1532:were established as two separate 1337: 5358: 5357: 5344: 4809: 4024:New York: An Illustrated History 3088:Mushkat, Jerome Mushkat (1990). 2190: 1571:Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 685: 4505:New York University Libraries. 4476:Columbia University Libraries. 4022:Burns, Ric, and James Sanders. 3888: 3863: 3845: 3825: 3799: 3780: 3754: 3728: 3714: 3688: 3648: 3622: 3605: 3592: 3565: 3520: 3498: 3471: 3170: 3154: 3142: 3129: 3114: 3081: 3055: 3021: 2995: 2971: 2945: 2930: 2909: 2892: 2803: 2790: 2774: 2761: 2730:Merwick, Donna (October 1989). 2723: 2700: 2680: 2655: 2646: 2621: 2572: 2559: 2550: 2487: 2462: 2209: 1837: 1316:New York City Police Department 1249:, and its first sitting was at 1075:, totaling about 2,500 people. 589:for where they lived, such as " 4539:Museum of the City of New York 4184:(2005), environmental history 4175:New York City: A Short History 4078:Tweed's New York: Another Look 4064:. New York: Transocean Press. 4033:(Holt, 1967); popular history. 3572:Burns, Ric (August 22, 2003). 2916:Moore, Nathaniel Fish (1876). 2852:"Exhibit: Slavery in New York" 2469:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1971). 2346: 2319: 2306: 2284: 2250: 2228: 2149:Museum of the City of New York 1824:New York City blackout of 1977 931:in Brooklyn, dates from 1652. 13: 1: 3163:Encyclopedia of New York City 2854:. New York Historical Society 2430:Brunhes Delamarre, Mariel J.- 2222: 1861:The 1980s began a rebirth of 1429:Early 20th century: 1898–1945 1247:Congress of the United States 1114:British evacuation of America 1089:was founded under charter by 1055:View of New York Harbor, 1727 835:land a number of families at 4466:Resources in other libraries 4404:New York: A Documentary Film 4148:The Almanac of New York City 3508:. City Mayors. June 28, 2007 3506:"The World's Largest Cities" 3478:Gerometta, Marshall (2010). 3052:Lankevich (1998), pp. 84–85. 2992:Lankevich (1998), pp. 67–68. 2922:. Columbia College. p. 2713:The City College of New York 2154:New York: A Documentary Film 1719:Post–World War II: 1946–1977 1656:Immigration Restriction Acts 1654:disrupted trade routes, the 1357:Broadway at 42nd St. in 1898 1259:United States Bill of Rights 1176:was hanged in Manhattan for 515:United States Bill of Rights 165:in 1873, looking north. The 7: 5278:East Bronx expansion (1895) 4544:New-York Historical Society 4294:(PublicAffairs Books, 2013) 2542:Ellis, Edward Robb (1966). 2498:(in French). French Morning 2144:New-York Historical Society 1996: 1826:and serial slayings by the 1270:Commissioners' Plan of 1811 613:" in New Jersey across the 10: 5400: 5318:hybrid variant (2020–2021) 4603:Cornell University Library 3921: 3680:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 2579:Harris, Leslie M. (2003). 2379:December 29, 2008, at the 1952:became mayor in 2002. The 1871:New York Police Department 1841: 1722: 1586:Interborough Rapid Transit 1438: 1432: 1377:that controlled the local 1346: 1253:on Wall Street. The first 1211: 1013: 843:) off the southern tip of 793: 689: 559: 556:Native American settlement 511:United States Constitution 56:Federal and early American 5337: 5226: 5193: 5069: 4957: 4914: 4861: 4818: 4807: 4661: 4648: 4461:Resources in your library 4314:Kouwenhoven, John Atlee. 3792:January 20, 2013, at the 3161:Jackson, Kenneth (1995). 3062:Communications, NYU Web. 3028:Bayor, Ronald H. (1997). 2978:Bridges, William (1811). 2632:. Owl Books. p. 34. 2544:The Epic of New York City 2064:Streets and thoroughfares 2013:Timeline of New York City 1582:Hudson-Fulton Celebration 1298:Secretary of the Treasury 1235:Articles of Confederation 1150:Battle of Fort Washington 507:Articles of Confederation 398: 183: 61:Tammany and Consolidation 40:Lenape and New Netherland 5384:History of New York City 5351:New York City portal 4447:History of New York City 4146:and Roberts, Sam (eds.) 4111:(2016). Cover 1760–1970. 3137:Urban America: A History 2628:Homberger, Eric (2005). 2257:Rosenwaike, Ira (1972). 2202: 2197:New York City portal 2053:History of Staten Island 1455:world's tallest building 1365:as the first mayor from 1282:Midwestern United States 1272:which expanded the city 983:in November 1674 at the 833:Dutch West India Company 761:Dutch East India Company 492:Battle of Harlem Heights 453:history of New York City 33:History of New York City 5273:Annexed District (1874) 4591:Encyclopædia Britannica 4572:New York Public Library 4478:"New York City History" 4308:1015 pages of excerpts 4266:Syrett, Harold Coffin. 4242:excerpt and text search 4186:excerpt and text search 4159:Excerpt and text search 4052:Excerpt and text search 3986:Oxford University Press 3180:(1998) 35#2 pp: 166–180 3003:"A History of New York" 2796:Anton-Hermann Chroust, 2070:History of Fifth Avenue 1132:from 1766 to 1776. The 935:English rule: 1664–1783 923:), and Brooklyn (after 759:, in the employ of the 575:traditionally spoke an 4985:Vision Zero Initiative 4250:15.2 (2016): 149–175. 4230:(Hill and Wang, 2004) 3964:(Cambridge UP, 2001). 3453:Day, Jared N. (1999). 3374:Day, Jared N. (1999). 3279:Day, Jared N. (1999). 3139:(2nd ed. 1990), p. 299 2784:95.2 (2014): 154–171. 2707:Terry, Steven (2013). 2080:History of Wall Street 2003:American urban history 1960:brought a destructive 1944:One World Trade Center 1919: 1834:became mayor in 1978. 1772:East Side of Manhattan 1740: 1631: 1630:between 1908 and 1974. 1594:Grand Central Terminal 1473: 1458: 1425: 1358: 1226: 1144:in late 1776, General 1117: 1056: 998:In the context of the 957:Second Anglo-Dutch War 897: 813: 805: 699:Giovanni da Verrazzano 457:Giovanni da Verrazzano 178: 51:British and Revolution 5017:Long Island Rail Road 5012:Staten Island Railway 4585:"New York City" 4555:May 15, 2013, at the 4335:Stokes, I.N. Phelps. 4173:Lankevich, George J. 4140:; second edition 2010 4126:Yale University Press 4036:Cray, Robert E., Jr. 3952:Archdeacon, Thomas J. 3933:Abu-Lughod, Janet L. 3602:(1989) 26#2 pp: 68–91 3576:. PBS. Archived from 3121:Cook, Adrian (1974). 3009:on September 24, 2014 2959:on September 25, 2008 2902:84.3 (2003): 275–299 1985:were in New York City 1917: 1768:Flushing Meadows Park 1732: 1700:Empire State Building 1692:Art Deco architecture 1621: 1507:Midwest United States 1464: 1448: 1423: 1356: 1229:Starting in 1785 the 1221: 1142:Battle of Long Island 1108: 1093:as King's College in 1054: 985:Treaty of Westminster 973:Third Anglo-Dutch War 906:Dutch Reformed Church 895: 827:, the same year that 812:New Amsterdam in 1664 811: 803: 718:La Nouvelle-Angoulême 521:. The opening of the 463:was founded in 1624. 161: 18:New York City history 5022:Metro-North Railroad 4949:Emergency Management 4752:Environmental issues 4521:on February 22, 2014 4492:on February 23, 2014 4388:Virga, Vincent, ed. 4046:Ellis, Edward Robb. 3902:. September 27, 2024 3813:. September 21, 2024 3742:. September 12, 2024 3702:. September 26, 2024 2813:12.1 (1968): 50–57. 2688:Brown, Henry Collins 2556:Ellis (1966), p. 57. 2426:Deffontaines, Pierre 2381:Stanford Web Archive 2058:History of Manhattan 2038:History of the Bronx 1928:September 11 attacks 1907:(in Manhattan) and 1901:Meatpacking District 1704:30 Rockefeller Plaza 1694:—such as the iconic 1598:Pennsylvania Station 1590:New York City Subway 1516:In 1898, the modern 1160:throughout the war. 847:at the mouth of the 771:Christopher Columbus 402:boroughs" before the 400:Including the "outer 82:Modern and post-9/11 5303:9/11 terror attacks 5034:Bridges and tunnels 4891:Community Districts 4515:New York University 4486:Columbia University 4407:: an eight part, 17 4198:; covers 1881–1989. 4144:Jackson, Kenneth T. 4116:Jackson, Kenneth T. 3125:. pp. 193–195. 2075:History of Broadway 2043:History of Brooklyn 2019:Here Grows New York 1669:Fiorello La Guardia 1410:Draft Riots of 1863 1324:New York University 1101:American Revolution 1087:Columbia University 1008:Leisler's Rebellion 1000:Glorious Revolution 949:James, Duke of York 692:Anne-Marie Javouhey 579:now referred to as 577:Algonquian language 186:population by year 5208:Elementary schools 5203:Dept. of Education 4915:Emergency services 4886:Borough presidents 4328:Still, Bayrd, ed. 4290:Dinkins, David N. 4283:Burke, Katie. ed. 4216:(Rutgers UP, 1987) 4076:Hershkowitz, Leo. 4040:(Temple UP, 1988) 4004:; Pulitzer Prize; 3875:www.britannica.com 3811:www.britannica.com 3766:www.britannica.com 3740:www.britannica.com 3736:"Britannica Money" 3700:www.britannica.com 3661:The New York Times 3634:www.britannica.com 3615:(Routledge, 2009) 3611:Miriam Greenberg, 3548:The New York Times 3030:The New York Irish 2879:The New York Times 2383:Timeline 1700–1800 2312:Herbert C. Kraft, 2169:Kenneth T. Jackson 1954:Occupy Wall Street 1940:World Trade Center 1920: 1867:Bedford-Stuyvesant 1816:debt restructuring 1741: 1644:Harlem Renaissance 1632: 1474: 1459: 1426: 1390:American Civil War 1359: 1308:Great Irish Famine 1294:Alexander Hamilton 1227: 1134:Stamp Act Congress 1118: 1057: 898: 814: 806: 731:Count of Angoulême 709:Upper New York Bay 476:Stamp Act Congress 404:1898 consolidation 179: 72:Early 20th century 5371: 5370: 5309:COVID-19 pandemic 5089:Community gardens 5054:LaGuardia Airport 4854:(Richmond County) 4842:(New York County) 4442:Library resources 4321:Paterson, David. 4256:Rosenwaike, Ira. 4236:Reitano, Joanne. 4201:McNickle, Chris. 4190:McNickle, Chris. 4163:Kessner, Thomas. 4153:Jaffe, Steven H. 4097:Homberger, Eric. 3972:Burrows, Edwin G. 3944:Anbinder, Tyler. 3859:. March 27, 2020. 3841:. March 28, 2020. 3768:. August 23, 2024 3636:. August 30, 2024 3464:978-0-231-11402-8 3439:978-0-8135-1203-7 3412:978-0-8135-1203-7 3385:978-0-231-11402-8 3360:978-0-300-19172-1 3325:978-0-300-19172-1 3290:978-0-231-11402-8 3265:978-0-8135-1203-7 3238:978-0-300-19172-1 3203:978-0-8135-1203-7 2800:(1965) vol 2:3–11 2771:60.2 (1979): 133. 2523:. Nycgovparks.org 2294:. Demographia.com 2270:978-0-8156-2155-3 2185: 2184: 2048:History of Queens 1973:COVID-19 pandemic 1950:Michael Bloomberg 1859: 1858: 1770:, Queens, to the 1696:Chrysler Building 1636:African Americans 1575:Greenwich Village 1544:; the Borough of 1415:Statue of Liberty 1371:political machine 1146:George Washington 1110:George Washington 953:Lord High Admiral 919:), Harlem (after 900:On May 27, 1647, 729:and who had been 488:George Washington 480:Thirteen Colonies 449: 448: 156: 155: 77:Post–World War II 16:(Redirected from 5391: 5361: 5360: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5111:Farmers' markets 4813: 4642: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4610: 4609: 4595: 4587: 4575: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4517:. Archived from 4501: 4499: 4497: 4488:. Archived from 4422: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4226:Quigley, David. 4219:Nadel, Stanley. 4180:McCully, Betsy. 4139: 4073: 3999: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3803: 3797: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3679: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3626: 3620: 3609: 3603: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3580:on June 23, 2011 3569: 3563: 3562: 3556: 3554: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3486:on June 11, 2011 3475: 3469: 3468: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3095: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3005:. Archived from 2999: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2949: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2913: 2907: 2900:New York History 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2823: 2817: 2807: 2801: 2794: 2788: 2782:New York History 2778: 2772: 2769:New York History 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2736:New York History 2727: 2721: 2720: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2625: 2619: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2586: 2576: 2570: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2517: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2403: 2393: 2384: 2371: 2362: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2323: 2317: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2232: 2216: 2213: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2131:– New Jersey/NYC 2124:Roosevelt Island 2114:Governors Island 2104:Randall's Island 2027: 1936:terrorist attack 1848: 1847: 1660:Great Depression 1628:tallest building 1518:City of New York 1379:Democratic Party 1239:national capital 1182:prisoners of war 1170:Continental Army 1138:Continental Army 979:for what is now 902:Peter Stuyvesant 896:Peter Stuyvesant 878:Pavonia Massacre 841:Governors Island 825:Albany, New York 790:Dutch settlement 727:Valois-Angoulême 573:Native Americans 542:Great Depression 517:, and the first 184:City of New York 181: 180: 169:is at left. The 148: 141: 134: 29: 28: 21: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5345: 5343: 5333: 5241:Prehistory-1664 5222: 5189: 5158:"Sixth borough" 5065: 4953: 4942:law enforcement 4910: 4857: 4848:(Queens County) 4814: 4805: 4686:ethnic enclaves 4657: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4568:Research Guides 4564:"Urban Affairs" 4562: 4559:, various dates 4557:Wayback Machine 4524: 4522: 4511:Research Guides 4507:"New York City" 4495: 4493: 4482:Research Guides 4472: 4471: 4470: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4399: 4397:Further viewing 4325:New York, 2020) 4280: 4278:Primary sources 4212:Maier, Mark H. 4136: 4107:Hood. Clifton. 4010:Wallace, Mike. 3996: 3960:Beckert, Sven. 3930: 3920: 3918:Further reading 3915: 3905: 3903: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3794:Wayback Machine 3785: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3673: 3672: 3665: 3663: 3653: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3610: 3606: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3570: 3566: 3552: 3550: 3544:"Art in Review" 3540: 3536: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3188: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2941:(2008) p. x–xi. 2935: 2931: 2914: 2910: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2808: 2804: 2795: 2791: 2779: 2775: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2728: 2724: 2705: 2701: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2626: 2622: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2577: 2573: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2467: 2463: 2452: 2450: 2436:, eds. (1960). 2434:Larousse (firm) 2423: 2419: 2412: 2394: 2387: 2372: 2365: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2324: 2320: 2311: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2191: 2189: 2186: 1999: 1958:Hurricane Sandy 1911:(in Brooklyn). 1855: 1853: 1846: 1840: 1792:Lower Manhattan 1727: 1721: 1677:zoning controls 1640:Great Migration 1554:Richmond County 1542:Brooklyn Bridge 1470:Lower East Side 1466:Mulberry Street 1451:Singer Building 1443: 1437: 1431: 1375:Irish Americans 1351: 1345: 1340: 1328:Albert Gallatin 1257:sat there. The 1216: 1210: 1126:Sons of Liberty 1103: 1095:Lower Manhattan 1049: 1029:bar association 1016: 969:Treaty of Breda 955:to provoke the 945:King Charles II 937: 858:Willem Verhulst 798: 792: 695: 688: 683: 654:New York region 619:Lower Manhattan 564: 558: 468:Sons of Liberty 403: 401: 185: 171:Brooklyn Bridge 152: 120: 99: 80: 75: 70: 64: 59: 54: 49: 43: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5397: 5387: 5386: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5355: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5306: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5283:1898 expansion 5280: 5275: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5232: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5113: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5075: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4990:Port Authority 4987: 4982: 4977: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4959:Transportation 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4929: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4836:(Kings County) 4831: 4830:(Bronx County) 4824: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4762:food and water 4759: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4596: 4582:, ed. (1911). 4580:Chisholm, Hugh 4576: 4560: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4502: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4436:External links 4434: 4433: 4432: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4264: 4254: 4244: 4234: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4199: 4188: 4178: 4171: 4161: 4151: 4141: 4134: 4118:, ed. (1995). 4112: 4105: 4095: 4084: 4074: 4055: 4050:(2004) 640pp; 4044: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4019: 4018: 3994: 3968: 3958: 3949: 3942: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3887: 3862: 3844: 3824: 3798: 3779: 3753: 3727: 3713: 3687: 3647: 3621: 3604: 3591: 3564: 3560:encountered... 3534: 3519: 3497: 3470: 3463: 3445: 3438: 3418: 3411: 3391: 3384: 3366: 3359: 3331: 3324: 3296: 3289: 3271: 3264: 3244: 3237: 3209: 3202: 3182: 3169: 3153: 3141: 3128: 3113: 3106: 3080: 3054: 3045: 3038: 3020: 2994: 2985: 2970: 2944: 2929: 2908: 2891: 2865: 2843: 2818: 2802: 2789: 2773: 2760: 2722: 2699: 2679: 2672: 2654: 2645: 2638: 2620: 2604: 2598:978-0226317731 2597: 2571: 2558: 2549: 2534: 2509: 2486: 2480:978-0195082715 2479: 2461: 2417: 2410: 2385: 2363: 2353:Mark Kurlansky 2345: 2338: 2318: 2305: 2283: 2269: 2249: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2109:Liberty Island 2106: 2101: 2096: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2015: 2010: 2005: 1998: 1995: 1969:Bill de Blasio 1895:", during the 1857: 1856: 1851: 1842:Main article: 1839: 1836: 1807:Black Panthers 1764:United Nations 1723:Main article: 1720: 1717: 1566:General Slocum 1505:dominated the 1489:dominated the 1481:dominated the 1433:Main article: 1430: 1427: 1347:Main article: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1338:Modern history 1336: 1320:public schools 1241:under the new 1212:Main article: 1209: 1206: 1102: 1099: 1091:King George II 1061:African slaves 1048: 1045: 1015: 1012: 941:New Netherland 936: 933: 853:Fort Amsterdam 829:New Netherland 794:Main article: 791: 788: 721:) in honor of 687: 684: 682: 679: 674:slash and burn 645:who spoke the 560:Main article: 557: 554: 447: 446: 443: 439: 438: 435: 431: 430: 427: 423: 422: 419: 415: 414: 411: 407: 406: 396: 395: 392: 388: 387: 384: 380: 379: 376: 372: 371: 368: 364: 363: 360: 356: 355: 352: 348: 347: 344: 340: 339: 336: 332: 331: 328: 324: 323: 320: 316: 315: 312: 308: 307: 304: 300: 299: 296: 292: 291: 288: 284: 283: 280: 276: 275: 272: 268: 267: 264: 260: 259: 256: 252: 251: 248: 244: 243: 240: 236: 235: 232: 228: 227: 224: 220: 219: 216: 212: 211: 208: 204: 203: 200: 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 154: 153: 151: 150: 143: 136: 128: 125: 124: 97:Transportation 93: 92: 86: 85: 84:, 1978–present 36: 35: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5396: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5364: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5246:New Amsterdam 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4901:City agencies 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4852:Staten Island 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4681:Neighborhoods 4679: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4641:New York City 4634: 4629: 4627: 4622: 4620: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4430: 4426: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4124:. New Haven: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4083: 4082:online review 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4003: 4002:onlibe review 3997: 3995:0-195-11634-8 3991: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3976:Wallace, Mike 3973: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3906:September 27, 3901: 3897: 3891: 3880:September 27, 3876: 3872: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3817:September 27, 3812: 3808: 3802: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3783: 3772:September 27, 3767: 3763: 3757: 3746:September 27, 3741: 3737: 3731: 3723: 3717: 3706:September 27, 3701: 3697: 3691: 3683: 3677: 3666:September 27, 3662: 3658: 3651: 3640:September 27, 3635: 3631: 3625: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3601: 3595: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3530: 3523: 3507: 3501: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3466: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3441: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3422: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3395: 3387: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3362: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3335: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3308: 3300: 3292: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3248: 3240: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3213: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3164: 3157: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3132: 3124: 3117: 3109: 3107:0-87338-413-X 3103: 3099: 3094: 3093: 3084: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3049: 3041: 3039:0-8018-5764-3 3035: 3031: 3024: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2989: 2981: 2974: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2912: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2853: 2847: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2770: 2764: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2683: 2675: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2649: 2641: 2639:0-8050-7842-8 2635: 2631: 2624: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2600: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2584: 2575: 2568: 2562: 2553: 2545: 2538: 2522: 2516: 2514: 2497: 2490: 2482: 2476: 2472: 2465: 2453:September 20, 2449: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2413: 2411:9780199729104 2407: 2402: 2401: 2392: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2341: 2339:0-19-516537-3 2335: 2331: 2330: 2322: 2315: 2309: 2293: 2287: 2272: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2253: 2237: 2231: 2227: 2212: 2208: 2198: 2188: 2187: 2181: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2099:Rikers Island 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2088:Small islands 2085: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1981:United States 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893:Silicon Alley 1890: 1889:Rudy Giuliani 1886: 1884: 1880: 1879:David Dinkins 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820:Felix Rohatyn 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780:urban renewal 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1738: 1737: 1731: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1550:Nassau County 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1511:New York City 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1479:San Francisco 1471: 1467: 1463: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1436: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1369:. 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