New Zealand Wars - Knowledge

2025: 1076:" strategy of laying waste to Māori villages and cultivations, with attacks on villages, whether warlike or otherwise. Historian Brian Dalton noted: "The aim was no longer to conquer territory, but to inflict the utmost 'punishment' on the enemy; inevitably there was a great deal of brutality, much burning of undefended villages and indiscriminate looting, in which loyal Maoris often suffered." As the troops advanced, the Government built an expanding line of redoubts, behind which settlers built homes and developed farms. The effect was a creeping confiscation of almost 4,000 km (1,500 sq mi) of land, with little distinction between the land of loyal or rebel Māori owners. The outcome of the armed conflict in Taranaki between 1860 and 1869 was a series of enforced confiscations of Taranaki tribal land from Māori blanketed as being in rebellion against the Government. 57: 2185:) whose tough, stringy foliage absorbed much of the force of the ammunition. The palisade was lifted a few centimetres from the ground so muskets could be fired from underneath rather than over the top. Sometimes there were gaps in the palisade, which led to killing traps. There were trenches and rifle pits to protect the occupants and, later, very effective artillery shelters. They were usually built so that they were almost impossible to surround completely, but usually presented at least one exposed face to invite attack from that direction. They were cheap and easily built—the L-Pa at Waitara was constructed by 80 men overnight—and they were completely expendable. The British repeatedly mounted often lengthy expeditions to besiege a 2291:(short rifle) was ordered by the New Zealand Government from Calisher and Terry, Birmingham gunsmiths in 1861 after earlier fighting against Māori showed the need for a carbine suited to fighting in heavy bush. This was the favoured weapon of the New Zealand Forest Rangers because of its shortness, its lightness, and its ability to be reloaded while the marksman lay down—unlike the Enfield, which required the soldier to stand to load the powder—and could be loaded on the run. This feature led to a decisive victory for the Forest Rangers at Orakau: several groups of soldiers harried the fleeing Māori but only the Forest Rangers, equipped with carbines, were able to follow them 10 km to the 882:, and a "solemn contract" by local Māori not to sell. Governor Browne accepted the purchase with full knowledge of the circumstances and tried to occupy the land, anticipating it would lead to armed conflict, and a demonstration of the substantive sovereignty the British believed they had gained in the Treaty of Waitangi. Hostilities began on 17 March 1860. The war was fought by more than 3,500 imperial troops brought in from Australia, as well as volunteer soldiers and militia, against Māori forces that fluctuated between a few hundred and about 1,500. In response to a call from Governor Browne for reinforcements, the 2201: 2106:(clan) within the tribe. Continual presence on battlefields remained difficult for most, however, because of the constant need for tribal labour in their home community, so there was a constant turnover of small tribal groups. At Meremere, Paterangi, Hangatiki and Maungatatauri, between August 1863 and June 1864 Māori maintained forces of between 1,000 and 2,000 men, but troops were forced to disperse after each campaign because of labour and domestic needs at home. Belich has estimated that the total Māori mobilisation was at least 4,000 warriors, representing one-third of the total manpower available. 2335: 1135: 190: 2044: 2323: 937: 2086:

west coast of the North Island between Taranaki and Wanganui, and Cameron, who regarded such a campaign as unnecessary, impractical and contrary to Imperial policy. Grey blocked Cameron's attempts to dispatch the first regiments from New Zealand in May 1865 and the first regiment finally embarked in January 1866. By May 1867 only the 2/18th Regiment remained in the country, their departure delayed by political pressure over the "peril" still facing settlers; the last soldiers finally left in February 1870.

178: 149: 1216:, from where he had escaped with almost 200 Māori prisoners of war and their families. Te Kooti, who had been held without trial on the island for two years, asked that he and his followers be left in peace, but within two weeks they were being pursued by a force of militia, government troops and Māori volunteers. The pursuit turned into a four-year guerrilla war, involving more than 30 expeditions by colonial and Māori troops against Te Kooti's dwindling number of warriors. 2280:. Properly described as a rifled musket, it was loaded down the barrel like a conventional musket but the barrel was rifled. While muskets were accurate to about 60–80 m, an 1853 Enfield was accurate to about 300 m to 400 m in the hands of an experienced soldier; at 100 m an experienced soldier could easily hit a human target. The rifle was 1.44 m long, weighed 4 kg and had a 53 cm socket bayonet. This rifle was also commonly used in the 166: 202: 1290: 735: 2095: 843:. The causes were similar—dubious land purchases by the New Zealand Company and the desire of the settlers to move on to land before disputes over titles were resolved—and the two conflicts shared many of the same protagonists. The campaign's most notable clashes were the Māori dawn raid on an imperial stockade at Boulcott's Farm on 16 May 1846 in which eight British soldiers and an estimated two Māori died, and the 720: 1298:

outbreak of Taranaki hostilities in 1860, reinforcements were brought from Auckland to boost the New Plymouth garrison, raising the total force of regulars to 450 and for many months the total number of Māori under arms exceeded the number of troops in Taranaki. In mid-April the arrival of three warships and about 400 soldiers from Australia marked the beginning of the escalation of imperial troop numbers.

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the area. In a continual buildup of force, Cameron eventually had 14,000 British and colonial soldiers at his disposal, including 2,500 volunteers from Australia who were integrated into the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Waikato militia regiments; as well as steamers and armoured vessels for use on the Waikato River. They fought a combined Māori contingent of about 4,000.

1175:. Although Tītokowaru provided the strategy and leadership that had been missing among tribes that had fought in the Second Taranaki War and his forces never lost a battle during their intensive campaign, they mysteriously abandoned a strong position at Tauranga-ika Pā and Tītokowaru's army immediately began to disperse. 1060:, was fuelled by a combination of factors: lingering Māori resentment over the sale of land at Waitara in 1860 and government delays in resolving the issue; a large-scale land confiscation policy launched by the government in late 1863; and the rise of the so-called Hauhau movement, an extremist part of the 4198:

The Crown unreservedly apologises for not having honoured its obligations to Ngāti Pāhauwera under the Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) and through this settlement, the Crown seeks to atone for its wrongs and to begin the process of healing. The Crown looks forward to building a relationship

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However the British force consisted of professional soldiers supported by an economic system capable of sustaining them in the field almost indefinitely, in contrast, the Māori warrior was a part-time fighter who also needed to work on producing food. The biggest problem for the Māori was that their

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with promises of free grants of land confiscated from "rebel" Māori—also began service in the Waikato. By the end of October the number of military settlers, known as the Waikato Militia, had reached more than 2,600, the majority having come from Australia. By March 1864 troop numbers peaked at 9,000

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or be expelled south of the Waikato River; when his ultimatum was rejected the vanguard of the army crossed the frontier into Kīngitanga territory and established a forward camp. A long series of bush raids on his supply lines forced Cameron to build an extensive network of forts and redoubts through

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After a series of battles and actions the war ended in a ceasefire, with neither side explicitly accepting the peace terms of the other. Total losses among the imperial, volunteer and militia troops are estimated to have been 238, while Māori casualties totalled about 200. Though there were claims by

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Campaigners on both sides of the New Zealand wars had developed distinctive war strategies and tactics. The British set out to fight a European-style war, based on engaging with the opposing forces, besieging and then capturing fortified positions. The British Army were professional soldiers who had

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that came to a bloody end: although Te Kooti escaped the siege, Māori forces loyal to the government caught and executed more than 130 of his supporters, as well as prisoners he had earlier seized. Dissatisfied with the Māori King Movement's reluctance to continue its fight against European invasion

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The legacy of the New Zealand Wars continues, but these days the battles are mostly fought in courtrooms and around the negotiation table. Numerous reports by the Waitangi Tribunal have criticised Crown actions during the wars, and also found that the Māori, too, had breached the treaty. As part of

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A special 65-man bush-scouring corps, the Forest Rangers, composed of local farmers who were familiar with the bush, had proven guerrilla techniques and were capable of "roughing it", was formed in August 1863; the Forest Rangers split into two separate companies in November, with the second led by

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in May 1863 and served in Waikato and militia forces were also used throughout the New Zealand wars. The Militia Ordinance 1845 provided for the compulsory training or service within 40 km of their town by all able-bodied European men aged between 18 and 60; the Auckland Militia and Volunteers

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of Māori gods with the human heart torn from the first slain in a battle. Although Tītokowaru's forces were numerically small and initially outnumbered in battle twelve to one by government troops, the ferocity of their attacks provoked fear among settlers and prompted the resignation and desertion

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Major conflicts within the campaign included the cavalry and artillery attack on Te Tarata pā near Ōpōtiki in October 1865 in which about 35 Māori were killed, and the seven-day siege of Waerenga-a-Hika in November 1865. The government confiscated northern parts of Urewera land in January 1866 in a

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on 2 March 1865 sparked settler fears of an outbreak of violence and later that year the New Zealand government launched a lengthy expedition to hunt for Volkner's killers and neutralise the movement's influence. Rising tensions between Pai Mārire followers and conservative Māori led to a number of

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on one side, and Māori and Māori-allied settlers on the other. Though the wars were initially localised conflicts triggered by tensions over disputed land purchases (by European settlers from Māori), they escalated dramatically from 1860 as the government became convinced it was facing united Māori

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The various conflicts of the New Zealand wars span a considerable period, and the causes and outcomes differ widely. The earliest conflicts in the 1840s happened at a time when Māori were still the predominant power, but by the 1860s settler numbers and resources were much greater. From about 1862

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While the British could defeat Māori in battle, the defeats were often not decisive. For example, the capture of Ruapekapeka Pā can be considered a British tactical victory, but it was purpose-built as a target for the British, and its loss was not damaging; Heke and Kawiti managed to escape with

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introduced a policy of "self-reliance" for New Zealand, which included the gradual but complete withdrawal of Imperial troops, who would be replaced by a colonial force of 1,500. The move came at a time of rising conflict between Grey, who sought more extensive military operations to "pacify" the

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The style of warfare after 1863 differed markedly from that of the 1860–1861 conflict, in which Māori had taken set positions and challenged the army to an open contest. From 1863 the army, working with greater numbers of troops and heavy artillery, systematically took possession of Māori land by

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troops, supported by artillery, cavalry and local militia, battled about 4,000 Māori warriors in what became a gross imbalance of manpower and weaponry. Although outnumbered, the Māori were able to withstand their enemy with techniques that included anti-artillery bunkers and the use of carefully

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and the start of Te Kooti's War—resulted in the deaths of proportionately more Māori than in any other district during the New Zealand wars. It condemned the "illegal imprisonment" on the Chatham Islands of a quarter of the East Coast region's adult male population and said the loss in war of an

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The bloodshed heightened settlers' fears in nearby Wanganui, which was given a strong military force to guard against attack. In April 1847 an accidental shooting of a minor Wanganui Māori chief led to a bloody revenge attack on a settler family; when the perpetrators were captured and hanged, a

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After the Battle of Ruapekapeka, Heke and Kawiti were ready for peace. They approached Tāmati Wāka Nene to act as the intermediary to negotiate with Governor Grey, who accepted the advice of Nene that Heke and Kawiti should not be punished for their rebellion. The fighting in the north ended and

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Large areas of land were confiscated from the Māori by the government under the New Zealand Settlements Act in 1863, purportedly as punishment for rebellion. In reality, land was confiscated from both "loyal" and "rebel" tribes alike. More than 16,000 km (6,200 sq mi) of land was

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Although they were not part of a structured command system, Māori generally followed a consistent strategic plan, uniting to build skilfully engineered defensive lines up to 22 kilometres (14 mi) long. Māori united under proven military commanders, including Rewi Maniapoto and Tikaokao of

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In 1855 just 1,250 Imperial troops, from two under-strength British regiments, were in New Zealand. Although both were scheduled to depart at the end of the year, Browne succeeded in retaining one of them for use in New Plymouth, where settlers feared the spread of intertribal violence. At the

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Following the setback, efforts to negotiate peace intensified, with Governor Grey seeking to limit land confiscations and reduce Māori resistance, leading to a temporary cessation of hostilities. However, in June, Māori forces, reinforced and commanded by Hoera te Mataatai, chose to engage the

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and both served in Waikato and Taranaki. Other rangers corps during the New Zealand wars included the Taranaki Bush Rangers, Patea Rangers, Opotiki Volunteer Rangers, Wanganui Bush Rangers and Wellington Rangers. From September 1863 the first contingents of what was planned as 5,000 military

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in 1859 set the government on a collision course with the Kīngitanga movement, and the government interpreted the Kīngitanga response as a challenge to the Crown's authority. Governor Gore Browne succeeded in bringing 3,500 Imperial troops from the Australian colonies to quash this perceived

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massacre, a well-organised lightning strike against selected European settlers and Māori opponents in the Matawhero district, in which 51 men, women and children were slaughtered and their homes set alight. The attack prompted another vigorous pursuit by government forces, which included a

1041:, overcame Māori entrenchments, resulting in substantial casualties on both sides. The Tauranga campaign concluded with the surrender of Ngāi Te Rangi warriors, marking a turning point in the New Zealand Wars and shaping subsequent negotiations between Māori and the colonial government. 603:

had bought large tracts of land before 1840. The Treaty of Waitangi included the right of Crown pre-emption on land sales, and the New Zealand colonial government, pressured by immigrant European settlers, tried to speed up land sales to provide farmland. This met resistance from the

1154:, responded to the continued surveying and settlement of confiscated land with well-planned and effective attacks on settlers and government troops in an effort to block the occupation of Māori land. Coinciding with a violent raid on a European settlement on the East Coast by 990:

The Kīngitanga Māori retreated into the rugged interior of the North Island and in 1865 the New Zealand Government confiscated about 12,000 km of Māori land (4% of New Zealand's land area) for white settlement—an action that quickly provoked the Second Taranaki War.

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were used by both sides in later campaigns, often fought in dense bush. Over the course of the Taranaki and Waikato campaigns, the lives of about 1,800 Māori and 800 Europeans were lost, and total Māori losses over the course of all the wars may have exceeded 2,100.

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East coast hostilities erupted in April 1865 and, as in the Second Taranaki War, sprang from Māori resentment of punitive government land confiscations coupled with the embrace of radical Pai Marire expression. The religion arrived on the east coast from

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confiscated. Although about half of this was subsequently paid for or returned to Māori control, it was often not returned to its original owners. The confiscations had a lasting impact on the social and economic development of the affected tribes.

1309:, the Commander-in-Chief of the British troops in New Zealand, began the Waikato invasion in July with fewer than 4,000 effective troops in Auckland at his disposal, but the continuous arrival of regiments from overseas rapidly swelled the force. 2156:. During the Flagstaff War, Kawiti and Heke appear to have followed a strategy of drawing the colonial forces into attacking a fortified pā, from which the warriors could fight from a strong defensive position that was secure from cannon fire. 1161:

Tītokowaru, who had fought in the Second Taranaki War, was the most skilful West Coast Māori warrior. He also assumed the roles of a priest and prophet of the extremist Hauhau movement of the Pai Mārire religion, reviving ancient rites of

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Between 1863 and 1866 there was a resumption of hostilities between Māori and the New Zealand Government in Taranaki, which is sometimes referred to as the Second Taranaki War. The conflict, which overlapped the wars in Waikato and

685:. The clash was sparked when settlers led by a representative of the New Zealand Company—which held a false title deed to a block of land—attempted to clear Māori off the land ready for surveying. The party also attempted to arrest 2414:

in New Zealand had presented a petition to parliament in 2015 asking for more recognition of the Wars as an example of New Zealand history that should be taught in the country's schools. This was agreed to by the government and

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pursued a Ngāti Toa force led by chief Te Rangihaeata through steep and dense bushland. Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha was also taken into custody during the campaign; he was detained without charge in Auckland for two years.

813:, forcing Kawiti to retreat. Heke's confidence waned after he was wounded in battle with Tāmati Wāka Nene and his warriors, and by the realisation that the British had far more resources than he could muster, including some 856:

major raid was launched on the town as a reprisal, with homes plundered and burned and livestock stolen. Māori besieged the town before mounting a frontal attack in July 1847. A peace settlement was reached in early 1848.

705:, investigated the incident and declared the settlers were at fault. The Wairau Affray—described as the Wairau Massacre in early texts—was the only armed conflict of the New Zealand Wars to take place in the South Island. 2372:. Parihaka's population grew to over 2,000 before the government sent the constabulary to arrest Te Whiti and his supporters on 5 November 1881. Another incident in the aftermath of the New Zealand Wars was the so-called 917:

has claimed that Māori succeeded in thwarting the British bid to impose sovereignty over them, and had therefore been victorious. Belich also states that the Māori victory was a hollow one, leading to the invasion of the

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religion, which was strongly opposed to the alienation of Māori land and eager to strengthen Māori identity. The Hauhau movement became a unifying factor for Taranaki Māori in the absence of individual Māori commanders.

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expansive areas of the North Island for sale to settlers, with the funds used to cover war expenses; punitive measures that on the east and west coasts provoked an intensification of Māori resistance and aggression.

2419:, the Prime Minister announced in 2019 that within a revised curriculum, the teaching of history would be compulsory in New Zealand. A draft curriculum document was developed and trialled in 2021, and in March 2022 587:

All pre-treaty colonial land-sale deals had taken place directly between two parties. In the early period of contact, Māori had generally sought trade with Europeans. The British and the French had established

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were extremely costly. At Gate Pā, during the 1864 Tauranga Campaign, Māori withstood a day-long bombardment in their underground shelters and trenches. The palisade destroyed, the British troops rushed the

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Browne began making arrangements for a Waikato campaign to destroy the Kīngitanga stronghold at the close of the First Taranaki War. Preparations were suspended in December 1861 when he was replaced by Sir

754:, between March 1845 and January 1846, and was the first major conflict between the British and Māori people. In 1845 George Grey arrived in New Zealand to take up his appointment as governor. At this time 567:

which was a new word meaning "governance". This led to considerable disagreement over the meaning of the Treaty. Some Māori wanted to sign to consolidate peace and in hopes of ending the long intertribal

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bid to break down supposed Māori support for Volkner's killers and confiscated additional land in Hawke's Bay a year later after a rout of a Māori party it deemed a threat to the settlement of Napier.

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of many militia volunteers, ultimately leading to the withdrawal of most government military forces from South Taranaki and giving Tītokowaru control of almost all territory between New Plymouth and

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between government military forces and followers of spiritual leader Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki. The conflict was sparked by Te Kooti's return to New Zealand after two years of internment on the

2237:, whereupon Māori fired on them from hidden trenches, killing 38 and injuring many more in the most costly battle for the Pākehā of the New Zealand Wars. The troops retired and Māori abandoned the 913:

the British that they had won the war, there were widely held views at the time they had suffered an unfavourable and humiliating result. Historians have also been divided on the result. Historian

1237:. Wounded three times in battle, he gained a reputation for being immune to death and uttered prophecies that had the appearance of being fulfilled. In early 1870 Te Kooti gained refuge from 797:(CMS) had been controversial, the rebellion led by Heke was directed against the colonial forces with the CMS missionaries trying to persuade Heke to end the fighting. Despite the fact that 2392:

The National Day of Commemoration for the New Zealand Wars was inaugurated in 2017 and is held on 28 October. In 2019, a commemorative plaque was unveiled for the New Zealand Wars in the

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in London for the immediate dispatch of three more regiments and also wrote to the Australian governors asking for whatever British troops that could be made available. Lieutenant-General

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Once Tītokowaru was defeated and the East Coast threat minimised, the alienation of Māori land, as well as the political subjugation of Māori, continued at an even more rapid pace.

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society was ill-adapted to support a sustained campaign. A long campaign would disrupt food supplies and epidemics resulted in significant numbers of deaths among the Māori.

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like these were built in the dozens, particularly during the First Taranaki War, where they eventually formed a cordon surrounding New Plymouth and in the Waikato campaign.

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F. Glen, For glory and a farm: the story of Australia's involvement in the New Zealand Wars of 1860–1866 (Whakatane, NZ: Whakatane & District Historical Society, 1984)

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in December 1863, before completing their Waikato conquest in April 1864. The Waikato campaign cost the lives of 700 British and colonial soldiers and about 1,000 Māori.

959:, but Grey revived plans for an invasion in June 1863. He persuaded the Colonial Office in London to send more than 10,000 Imperial troops to New Zealand and General Sir 4302: 2040:

reached a peak of about 1650 on active service in the early stages of the Waikato campaign; and the last force—the Taranaki Militia—was released from service in 1872.

4769: 905:. The ship's service in the First Taranaki War marks the first time an Australian military unit committed to active service overseas, and is today recognised by the 3842:

Mark G.A. Whitmore, "Waikato tour: Australia and the New Zealand Wars, 1863–64", Wartime: official magazine of the Australian War Memorial 7 (1999) : pp. 44–50

433:(fortified villages) that allowed them to block their enemy's advance and often inflict heavy losses, yet quickly abandon their positions without significant loss. 2163:

means a fortified strong point near a Māori village or community. They were built with a view to defence, but primarily they were built to safely store food. The

697:. Fighting broke out and 22 Europeans were killed, as well as four to six Māori. Nine of the Europeans were slain after being captured. In early 1844, the new 285: 4268: 6439: 4325: 3719: 1219:

Although initially fighting defensively against pursuing government forces, Te Kooti went on the offensive from November 1868, starting with the so-called

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for his Waikato invasion, and in March 1864 total troop numbers peaked at about 14,000 (9,000 Imperial troops, more than 4,000 colonial and a few hundred

4809: 1505: 1158:, the attacks shattered what European colonists regarded as a new era of peace and prosperity, creating fears of a "general uprising of hostile Māoris". 476:

Although Māori were initially fought by British Army forces, the New Zealand government developed its own military force, including local militia, rifle

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were lured by the promise of a £5,000 reward for Te Kooti's capture. Te Kooti was finally granted sanctuary by the Māori king in 1872 and moved to the

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The buildup increased rapidly under Grey's term as governor: when the second round of hostilities broke out in Taranaki in May 1863 he applied to the

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for European settlement. It was marked by strategic maneuvering and intense battles between British Imperial forces and local Māori tribes, primarily

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Revolvers were mainly used by officers but were a general issue for the Forest Rangers. The most common revolver appears to have been the five-shot

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About 15 of the 26 major North Island tribal groups sent contingents to join the Waikato campaign, although sometimes they represented a single

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policy from 1865, depriving "rebel" Māori of the means of living, fuelled further Māori anger and resentment, fanning the flames of conflict in

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supporting an aggressive approach, while Governor Grey advocated a defensive stance to prevent wider rebellion. The conflict culminated in the

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to support the fighting men. This was the reasoning behind the bush-scouring expeditions of Chute and McDonnell in the Second Taranaki War.

805:. Grey, with the financial support and far more troops armed with 32-pounder cannons that had been denied to FitzRoy, attacked and occupied 6346: 4885: 4393: 4159: 1265:

estimated 43 percent of the male population, many through acts of "lawless brutality", was a stain on New Zealand's history and character.

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and coastal patrols, while maintaining supply routes between ports. Sailors from the crew served ashore in combat, and in August 1860, the

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for all who died in the New Zealand Wars. "Kia mate toa" translates as "fight unto death" or "be strong in death", and is the motto of the

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with Ngāti Pāhauwera, based on mutual trust and co-operation, founded on the Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) and its principles.

4829: 4814: 2150:, the decades-long bitter intertribal fighting during which warriors had perfected the art of building defensive fortifications around a 790: 7661: 278: 4558:. (A near-contemporaneous account, although written primarily with an aim to entertain rather than with an eye to historical accuracy) 2346:, Australia in 1850, in memory of the soldiers of the 99th Regiment of Foot who were killed during the New Zealand campaign of 1845–46 2189:, which would absorb their bombardment and possibly one or two attacks, and then be abandoned by the Māori. Shortly afterwards, a new 620:

challenge, and within four years a total of 9,000 British troops had arrived in New Zealand, assisted by more than 4,000 colonial and

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religious and political movement, which was strongly opposed to the conquest of Māori land and eager to strengthen Māori identity.

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tribes, which consequently suffered a series of damaging raids in which crops and villages were destroyed, after other Māori

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The six-month long Tauranga campaign of 1864 was initially launched by Cameron to disrupt Māori supply lines and secure the

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and integrated with the New Zealand militia. The government also responded with legislation to imprison Māori opponents and

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required a significant input of labour and resources. The destruction of the Māori economic base in the area around the

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sovereignty. The colonial government summoned thousands of British troops to mount major campaigns to overpower the

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and also conquest of farming and residential land for British settlers. Later campaigns were aimed at quashing the

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in 1863 and again at Gate Pā in 1864, British and colonial forces discovered that frontal attacks on a defended

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and most of Ngāpuhi sided with the government, the small and ineptly led British force had been beaten at the

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New Zealand Wars Memorial in Symonds Street, Auckland. The bronze statue at the base of the memorial is

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effectively neutralised the overwhelming disparity in numbers and armaments. At Ōhaeawai Pā in 1845, at

1034: 7005: 6933: 6873: 6722: 5647: 5458: 5307: 5048: 4920: 4182:"Ngāti Pāhauwera Treaty Claims Settlement Bill 273-2 (2011), Government Bill – New Zealand Legislation" 3683: 2288: 1018: 4645:, Translated by J. Crockett. Dunedin: University of Otago Press. (Original Italian publication, 1896). 3904:. The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64) 2431:

A number of fictionalised accounts of the New Zealand Wars have been adapted for film and literature:

786: 7646: 7263: 6650: 6577: 6493: 6168: 5809: 5774: 5672: 5652: 5632: 5617: 5348: 4086: 3493: 1139: 883: 794: 485: 182: 7666: 6396: 6391: 6273: 6265: 5978: 5970: 5960: 5911: 626:(pro-government Māori) fighters as the government sought a decisive victory over the "rebel" Māori. 7516: 7329: 7275: 7161: 7149: 7119: 6861: 6752: 6553: 6547: 6126: 5657: 5612: 5547: 5314: 5260: 5107: 5002: 3475: 3412:

The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Vol. 2, 1864–1872

3224:

The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Vol. 1, 1845–1864

2819: 2773: 2702: 2654: 2610: 2550: 1673: 1306: 960: 942: 914: 677:

The first armed conflict between Māori and the European settlers took place on 17 June 1843 in the

518: 6136: 3654:. McGibbon, I. C. (Ian C.), Goldstone, Paul. Auckland: Oxford University Press. 2000. p. 70. 3407: 3259: 3219: 2643: 2599: 7480: 7414: 7251: 7215: 7017: 6993: 6951: 6824: 6812: 6734: 6728: 6511: 5716: 5684: 5580: 5532: 5353: 5243: 4983: 4551: 3119: 2303: 2213: 2006: 1970: 1922: 1864: 1839: 1807: 1778: 1749: 1697: 1654: 1569: 1542: 1526: 1471: 1452: 1429: 1413: 1394: 1371: 1348: 931: 698: 462: 339: 7101: 6794: 6300: 6148: 457:

in March 1860. The war between the government and Kīngitanga Māori spread to other areas of the

7456: 7065: 7047: 7041: 6830: 6764: 6632: 6517: 6499: 5828: 5764: 5736: 5642: 5542: 5527: 5505: 5446: 5396: 5388: 5363: 5287: 5224: 5195: 5053: 5033: 4903: 4638:. Fictional treatment of the New Zealand Wars as seen through the eyes of a young Englishwoman. 4504: 4500: 2540: 2457: 2369: 2209: 967:

to the border of Kīngitanga territory and on 9 July 1863 Grey ordered all Māori living between

6078: 5868: 2832: 2504: 1550: 1479: 1456: 1398: 1379: 1129: 605: 553:(treasures) in return for becoming British subjects, selling land to the government only (the 410: 363: 7113: 6716: 6656: 6583: 6290: 6216: 5754: 5627: 5500: 5485: 5275: 5150: 5145: 4978: 4626: 3238: 2445: 2200: 2056: 1592: 1281:

troops, local militia groups, the specialist Forest Rangers and kūpapa, or "loyalist" Māori.

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deployed its naval forces, and at least 2,500 volunteers formed contingents that crossed the

397: 170: 6381: 6198: 3184:. No. 16 Ao Hou, Te / The New World, National Library of New Zealand Library. pp. 38–46 802: 7510: 7299: 7245: 7173: 7095: 7083: 6879: 6638: 6559: 5837: 5799: 5794: 5779: 5726: 5704: 5590: 5112: 5075: 4842: 4514: 2545: 2436: 2334: 2277: 2065: 2028: 1994: 1958: 1897: 1728: 1685: 1642: 1623: 1604: 1513: 1498: 1209: 1204:

Te Kooti's War was fought in the East Coast region and across the heavily forested central

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Fletcher, Henry James, Rev., Turnbull, Alexander (ed.), National Library of New Zealand,

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after deserting from the 57th Regiment, told Cowan 50 years later the chief had lost his

1050: 980: 634: 600: 573: 547:(tribes) should have undisturbed possession of their lands, forests, fisheries and other 522: 351: 6401: 6341: 4716: 1134: 1096: 592:, and missionaries had received land from iwi for houses, schools, churches, and farms. 7552: 7420: 7402: 7353: 7317: 7305: 7293: 7239: 7011: 6969: 6800: 6776: 6746: 6674: 6153: 6083: 5938: 5842: 5480: 5331: 4958: 3765: 3677: 2622: 2411: 2360:

In the immediate aftermath of the wars in Taranaki, and land confiscations, a new town

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was appointed to lead the campaign. Cameron used soldiers to build the 18 km-long

956: 865: 612: 538: 333: 327: 194: 6131: 5996: 3462:

David Morris, Speaker of the House of Representatives, March 1869, as cited by Belich.

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British infantry regiments stationed in New Zealand during the New Zealand Wars were:

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faith. He was formally pardoned by the government in February 1883 and died in 1893.

1199: 1163: 1057: 1000: 834: 589: 554: 434: 369: 345: 6368: 6158: 6088: 6050: 6030: 5861: 5662: 5343: 2322: 874:

of a 240 hectare block of land at Waitara, despite a veto by the paramount chief of

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challenged the authority of the British, beginning by cutting down the flagstaff on

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The Colonial Defence Force, a cavalry unit of about 100 men, was formed by Colonel

1336: 1225: 984: 484:(pro-government Māori). As part of broader Australian involvement in the wars, the 189: 70: 6178: 6116: 6108: 5903: 5769: 4935: 4747: 2814: 2555: 2074:

Imperial troops, 4,000 Colonial troops (3,600 of them Australians), a few hundred

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Deed of settlement of historical claims, Maungaharuru-Tangitu hapu and the Crown

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report said the action of Crown forces on the East Coast from 1865 to 1869—the

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and were led by officers who were themselves trained by men who had fought at

979:

Cameron and his Kīngitanga foe engaged in several major battles including the

7640: 7624: 7600: 7498: 7492: 7390: 6758: 6644: 6614: 6163: 6068: 6058: 4482: 4330: 3523: 3510: 2570: 2307: 1990: 1982: 1954: 1946: 1934: 1893: 1724: 1681: 1638: 1619: 1600: 1494: 1234: 1230: 1187:, or sacred power, after committing adultery with the wife of another chief. 1085: 1006: 840: 747: 714: 678: 672: 638: 442: 357: 315: 309: 31: 6173: 4156:"Turanga Tangata Turanga Whenua: The Report on the Turanganui a Kiwa Claims" 3734: 3669: 1277:, most of which were allied with the Kīngitanga movement, fighting a mix of 1151: 1147: 1100: 875: 763: 521:

popularised the name "New Zealand Wars" in the 1980s, although according to

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The Life of Henry Williams: "Early Recollections" written by Henry Williams

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revolver. Von Tempsky's second company of the Forest Rangers also used the

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British troops began arriving in much greater number, summoned by Governor

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Ian McGibbon, The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History, p. 373

2440:, silent film (1925), Remake with sound (1940) based on the last stand of 2078:(Māori that fought for the British) for a combined force of about 14,000. 2052: 755: 686: 127:

1863; confiscation of 16,000 km (6,200 sq mi) of Māori land

7588: 7233: 7029: 6963: 6770: 6620: 5928: 5522: 4894: 4794: 4269:"College students petition for a national holiday to recognise Land Wars" 4246: 3091:

The New Zealand wars and the Victorian interpretation of racial conflicts

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version of the Treaty, however, the word "sovereignty" was translated as

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The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict

2172: 1312: 1013:. The campaign faced internal political divisions early on with Premier 7035: 6957: 6668: 6505: 6121: 5190: 4863: 4556:

A History of the War in the North of New Zealand against the Chief Heke

4212:"Date set to commemorate land wars | Ministry for Culture and Heritage" 2475: 1064: 1061: 771: 581: 489: 201: 74: 6245: 4693: 4499:. New Zealand Government Printer. (Originally published 1922) Online: 4326:"Otorohanga College students deliver Land Wars petition to Parliament" 2380:

the negotiated out-of-court settlements of tribes' historical claims (

1289: 1250: 7450: 7203: 7023: 6206: 6188: 4243:"Compulsory New Zealand history curriculum will 'open Pandora's box'" 2815:

Australian Involvement in the New Zealand Wars of the 1840s and 1860s

2508: 2225: 983:

and a three-day siege at Orakau, capturing the Kīngitanga capital of

871: 734: 723: 608:

that emerged in the 1850s and opposed further European encroachment.

406: 6040: 5948: 2094: 622: 481: 214: 7179: 6278: 6255: 5894: 5185: 5130: 4683: 2410:

The Day of Commemoration came about after a group of students from

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NCOs of the 58th Regiment of the Foot in New Zealand, date unknown.

1172: 1155: 1030: 968: 947: 470: 450: 263: 6283: 1273:

The New Zealand campaigns involved Māori warriors from a range of

1249:, where he continued to develop rituals, texts and prayers of his 577: 421:

that promoted pan-Māori identity played a major role in the Wars.

6318: 6240: 5923: 5180: 5140: 4742: 2252:

The British soon realised this was an easier way to neutralise a

919: 870:

The catalyst for the First Taranaki War was the disputed sale to

6008: 4669:"The People of Many Peaks: The Māori Biographies". (1990). From 2655:

https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow02NewZ-b14.html

2611:

https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow02NewZ-b14.html

2276:

The main weapon used by the British forces in the 1860s was the

719: 465:

in 1863–1864, before hostilities concluded with the pursuits of

453:

eventually led to the involvement of British military forces at

111:

Crown victory. Loss of Māori land, the retreat of Kīngitanga to

6003: 4394:"New Zealand history will be compulsory in all schools by 2022" 2886: 2644:

https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow01NewZ-b5.html

2600:

https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow01NewZ-b5.html

2524:(1838–1936), last British soldier (and possibly last combatant) 2339: 806: 596: 549: 4362:"Editorial: Commemoration of New Zealand wars is long overdue" 3700:. regiments.org. Archived from the original on 13 January 2008 2384:), as of 2011 the Crown is making formal apologies to tribes. 2131:

experience fighting in various parts of the Empire, many from

1116:

armed by the government in a bid to exterminate the movement.

405:

resistance to further land sales and a refusal to acknowledge

6018: 4586:(Report). Wellington: New Zealand Department of Conservation. 2132: 2070: 774:

and therefore symbolised the grievances of Heke and his ally

6023: 4673:. Bridget Williams Books and Department of Internal Affairs. 4489:. Christchurch: Capper Press. (Originally published in 1900) 3607: 3605: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3035: 3033: 2152: 557:) and surrendering sovereignty to the British Crown. In the 430: 6211: 6183: 4324:

Rikihana Smallman, Elton; Small, Vernon (8 December 2015).

4019:

Von Tempsky, Artist and Adventurer. King M and Rose G.1981.

3433:, Office of Treaty Settlements, 25 May 2013, pp. 21–22 2833:

https://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/colonialforces/newzealandwars

2467:, docudrama television miniseries (1977) based on Governor 1095:

in early 1865. The subsequent ritual killing of missionary

4671:

The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Vol. 1, 1769–1869

3485: 3483: 2743: 2741: 508:, and an earlier Māori-language name for the conflict was 6013: 4477:

Redemption Songs: A Life of Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki

3602: 3290: 3030: 2302:.44 percussion revolver. Other revolvers in use were the 1021:

in April, where Māori defenders, under the leadership of

839:

The Hutt Valley campaign of 1846 came as a sequel to the

543: 230: 220: 5853: 4743:

Documenting research of New Zealand War Medal recipients

4563:

Frontier, the Battle for the North Island of New Zealand

500:

The New Zealand Wars were previously referred to as the

4521:

Battlefields of the New Zealand Wars: A Visitor's Guide

3480: 2843: 2841: 2738: 750:

took place in the far north of New Zealand, around the

615:'s provocative purchase of a disputed block of land at 7672:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Oceania

4323: 3617: 3275:, Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 29 February 2022. 2947: 2920: 2423:, English- and Māori-medium were officially launched. 2146:

Many of the Māori fighters had been raised during the

2069:

settlers—recruited on the goldfields of Australia and

1233:

vision of salvation from oppression and a return to a

847:

from 6–13 August as British troops, local militia and

4400:(News New Zealand / Te Ao Maori). 12 September 2019. 3559:. Waitangi Tribunal. 23 December 2013. Archived from 2752:(1st ed.). Auckland: Penguin. pp. 204–205. 2421:

Aotearoa New Zealand Histories and Te Takanga o te Wa

2399: 1313:

Imperial regiments and units stationed in New Zealand

1142:

ambushed by Tītokowaru's forces at Te Ngutu o Te Manu

824: 255:

745 killed (including civilians) 1,014-1,050 wounded

4267:

Wilson, Libby; Thomas, Rachael (28 September 2015).

3652:

The Oxford companion to New Zealand military history

3007: 3005: 2838: 821:

there was no punitive confiscation of Ngāpuhi land.

766:. The flagstaff had previously flown the colours of 473:

Arikirangi Te Turuki on the east coast (1868–1872).

441:

Violence over land ownership broke out first in the

7677:

19th-century military history of the United Kingdom

4777: 3813:. Hamilton: self-published. pp. 1, 10–11, 34. 4625:, Whitcombe and Tombs Limited, Christchurch, 1910 4424:"Aotearoa New Zealand history curriculum launches" 4101: 3952: 3245:. Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 2697: 2695: 4317: 4134:. Wellington: Allen & Unwin. pp. 35–37. 3784:""Armed forces", The Encyclopedia of New Zealand" 3534:. Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage 3122:(ENZB), University of Auckland Library. pp. 3002: 2988:. Wellington: Allen & Unwin. pp. 32–33. 2893: 2256:. Although cheap and easy to build, a gunfighter 7638: 3718:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3476:Chapter 20: Opening of the Titokowaru's Campaign 901:rescued 100 civilians from the besieged town of 787:grievances in relation to the Treaty of Waitangi 424:At the peak of hostilities in the 1860s, 18,000 258:2,154 killed (including civilians) 2,000 wounded 4684:The New Zealand Wars / Nga Pakanga Whenua O Mua 4111:. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage 4089:. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage 2734:. Sydney: Sydney University Press. p. 179. 2692: 2625:. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage 4618:(2nd ed.) Wellington: Oxford University Press. 4079: 4065:. Hamilton: self-published. pp. 270–283. 3324: 3322: 2709:. Auckland: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 26. 2673:"New Zealand wars – New Zealand wars overview" 1506:65th (Yorkshire North Riding) Regiment of Foot 971:and the Waikato take an oath of allegiance to 469:in Taranaki (1868–1869) and Rangatira (chief) 6433: 5869: 4879: 4763: 4616:The Oxford Illustrated History of New Zealand 1146:War flared again in Taranaki in June 1868 as 726:cuts down the flagstaff on Flagstaff Hill at 461:, with the biggest single campaign being the 279: 4266: 4240: 3623: 3507:Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou – Struggle Without End 2953: 2926: 2899: 2175:were the first of the so-called "gunfighter 2055:who fought alongside Colonial forces at the 1229:and confiscation, Te Kooti offered Māori an 4657:Two Peoples, One Land: The New Zealand Wars 4650:Ka whawhai Tonu Matou: Struggle Without End 4573:The New Zealand Wars Ngā Pakanga O Aotearoa 4295:"Aotearoa commemorates Te Pūtake o Te Riri" 4129: 3627:The New Zealand Wars Nga Pakanga o Aotearoa 3319: 2957:The New Zealand Wars Nga Pakanga o Aotearoa 2930:The New Zealand Wars Nga Pakanga o Aotearoa 2903:The New Zealand Wars Nga Pakanga o Aotearoa 2193:would appear in another inaccessible site. 1581:80th (South Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot 1414:First Taranaki War, Invasion of the Waikato 509: 396:) took place from 1845 to 1872 between the 46: 6440: 6426: 5876: 5862: 4886: 4872: 4770: 4756: 4643:History of New Zealand and its inhabitants 4386: 4148: 3220:"Chapter 11: The Fight at Boulcott's Farm" 2822:, pp. 313–318. Retrieved 29 February 2024. 925: 286: 272: 6094:Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements 4354: 3999:. Hamilton: self-published. p. 106. 3155:White Chief – The Story of a Pakeha Maori 3152: 3068:. David Ling Publishing. pp. 81–98. 2732:War and Politics in New Zealand 1855–1870 2382:Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements 2019: 1858:Military Train and Horse Transport Corps 1406:40th (2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot 1179:, who lived as a slave with Tītokowaru's 1072:driving off the inhabitants, adopting a " 537:The 1840 English language version of the 145: 4893: 4690:of Victoria University of Wellington, NZ 4578: 3970:Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams 3770:Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3363: 3157:. Penguin Books (NZ). pp. 100–140. 3136: 3113: 2333: 2321: 2199: 2093: 2042: 2023: 1288: 1133: 935: 733: 718: 572:(1807–1845) others wanted to keep their 4708:New Zealand Wars (1845–1872) collection 4123: 4060: 3994: 3982: 3961: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3887: 3875: 3808: 3532:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3450: 3346: 3328: 3301: 3284: 3243:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3107: 3039: 2847: 2800: 2780:. Auckland: Penguin. pp. 126–133. 2772: 2747: 2678:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 2338:Monument erected at Anglesea Barracks, 2125: 1360:14th (Buckinghamshire) Regiment of Foot 1037:, the British forces, led by Brigadier 525:, the term was first used by historian 77:and the flag of the Māori defenders of 14: 7639: 4581:Fortifications of the New Zealand Wars 4479:. Auckland: Auckland University Press. 4416: 4260: 3967: 3893: 3863: 3851: 3630:. Bridget Williams Books. p. 13. 3611: 3596: 3584: 3522: 3489: 3471: 3402: 3390: 3354:"The Taranaki Report: Kaupapa Tuatahi" 3340: 3255: 3236: 3214: 3177: 3088: 2980: 2960:. Bridget Williams Books. p. 26. 2933:. Bridget Williams Books. p. 29. 2906:. Bridget Williams Books. p. 29. 2859: 2729: 2670: 2666: 2664: 2662: 1464:57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot 1044: 6421: 5857: 4867: 4751: 4518: 3899: 3414:. Wellington: RNZ Government Printer. 3226:. Wellington: RNZ Government Printer. 3129: 3093:. London: Penguin books. p. 29. 3066:FitzRoy: Governor in Crisis 1843–1845 2812:Hopkins-Weise, Jeffrey Ellis (2004). 2426: 859: 817:, who supported the colonial forces. 517:("the white man's anger"). Historian 449:in June 1843, but rising tensions in 267: 6699:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 4623:Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century 4374:from the original on 11 October 2022 4305:from the original on 28 October 2021 4132:Days of Darkness: Taranaki 1878–1884 3313: 3063: 3051: 3011: 2701: 2394:New Zealand House of Representatives 1487:58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot 1337:12th (East Suffolk) Regiment of Foot 994: 480:, the specialist Forest Rangers and 293: 4594:(1986, Wellington, Grantham House) 4523:. Auckland (North Shore): Penguin. 4287: 4158:. Waitangi Tribunal. Archived from 4036:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography 4028: 3740:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography 3408:"Chapter 11: East Coast Operations" 2659: 1612:99th (Lanarkshire) Regiment of Foot 1422:43rd (Monmouthshire) Light Infantry 1387:18th (Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot 1123: 950:during the Invasion of the Waikato. 24: 5893:Indigenous people of New Zealand ( 4731:Myths of Origins of the Maori Wars 4712:New Zealand Electronic Text Centre 4630:New Zealand Electronic Text Centre 4539:I have named it the Bay of Islands 4452: 4437:from the original on 24 April 2022 4241:Jessica Long (15 September 2019). 4031:"Tempsky, Gustavaus Ferdinand von" 4029:Tempsky, Gustavaus Ferdinand von. 3972:. Pegasus Press. pp. 215–216. 3732: 3237:Oliver, Steven (30 October 2012). 3171: 3014:The Penguin History of New Zealand 2536:Early naval vessels of New Zealand 2400:The New Zealand history curriculum 1445:50th (Queens Own) Regiment of Foot 825:Hutt Valley and Wanganui campaigns 25: 7693: 7662:Wars involving the United Kingdom 6448:Colonial conflicts involving the 4677: 4495:, & Hasselberg, P. D. (1983) 4342:from the original on 6 April 2022 4275:from the original on 20 June 2022 4041:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 3790:from the original on 20 July 2013 3745:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 3271:Blanch, Craig (12 January 2022). 3205:, Tim Ryan and Bill Parham, p. 28 1717:Royal Corps of Sappers and Miners 1193: 886:sent its first and only warship, 738:Governor (and later Premier) Sir 541:guaranteed that individual Māori 6377:Influence on New Zealand English 4404:from the original on 7 July 2022 3698:"70th (Surrey) Regiment of Foot" 2515: 2406:Aotearoa New Zealand's histories 2387: 2031:, captain of the Forest Rangers. 1079: 666: 606:Kīngitanga (Māori King) movement 411:Kīngitanga (Māori King) movement 200: 188: 176: 164: 147: 55: 7682:Aboriginal title in New Zealand 6524:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 4779:Military history of New Zealand 4737:An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 4724:An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 4694:New Zealand's 19th Century Wars 4234: 4204: 4174: 4054: 4022: 4013: 3988: 3976: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3881: 3869: 3857: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3802: 3776: 3758: 3726: 3690: 3644: 3590: 3578: 3546: 3528:"Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki" 3516: 3499: 3465: 3456: 3444: 3418: 3396: 3384: 3334: 3307: 3278: 3265: 3249: 3230: 3208: 3196: 3146: 3082: 3057: 3045: 2974: 2865: 2853: 2825: 2806: 2794: 2766: 2561:Military history of New Zealand 1268: 909:as its earliest battle honour. 708: 398:New Zealand colonial government 6627:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War 6064:Minister for Māori Development 4590:Ryan, Tim & Parham, Bill. 3359:. the Waitangi Tribunal. 1996. 3260:Chapter14: The War at Wanganui 3178:Kawiti, Tawai (October 1956). 3016:. Penguin Books. p. 214. 2723: 2671:Keenan, Danny (20 June 2012). 2648: 2637: 2615: 2604: 2593: 2566:New Zealand land confiscations 2453:The Earthquake Shakes the Land 2352:New Zealand land confiscations 1558:70th (Surrey) Regiment of Foot 1108:wars between and within Māori 13: 1: 7657:Race relations in New Zealand 7024:Black War (Van Diemen's Land) 6868:Castle Hill convict rebellion 4641:Vaggioli, Dom Felici (2000). 4592:The Colonial New Zealand Wars 3866:, pp. 227–230, 245, 275. 3854:, pp. 209–211, 218, 239. 3554:"The Mangatu Remedies Report" 3203:The Colonial New Zealand Wars 2877:(video). Landmark Productions 2831:'New Zealand Wars 1845–1864' 2818:(PDF) (PhD). Brisbane, Qld.: 2623:"End of the New Zealand Wars" 2587: 532: 5934:United Tribes of New Zealand 4087:"Maori land loss, 1860–2000" 3968:Rogers, Lawrence M. (1973). 3599:, pp. 103–104, 108–110. 2317: 2220:For a long time, the modern 1535:68th (Durham) Light Infantry 893:, to supply men and perform 768:United Tribes of New Zealand 649: 67:Otago and Southland Regiment 63:Auckland War Memorial Museum 7: 4853:Royal New Zealand Air Force 4703:on New Zealand Army website 4634:Stringfellow, Olga (1960). 4130:Riseborough, Hazel (1989). 3381:, waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz 2528: 1284: 783:causes of the Flagstaff War 125:New Zealand Settlements Act 10: 7698: 7541:Jewish revolt in Palestine 7186:Fenian Rebellion in Canada 6831:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign 6723:American Revolutionary War 6382:Language immersion schools 4974:New Zealand and Antarctica 4370:. Stuff. 2 November 2016. 3624:O'Malley, Vincent (2019). 2954:O'Malley, Vincent (2019). 2927:O'Malley, Vincent (2019). 2900:O'Malley, Vincent (2019). 2403: 2349: 2289:Calisher and Terry carbine 2271: 2264:made it difficult for the 1197: 1127: 1083: 1048: 998: 929: 863: 828: 712: 670: 644: 30:For the Northern War, see 29: 7375: 7312:Jameson Raid South Africa 6846: 6599: 6460: 6387:Māori Language Commission 6367: 6299: 6264: 6197: 6107: 6049: 5969: 5902: 5891: 5883: 5822: 5735: 5722:Structural discrimination 5673:New Zealand Sign Language 5576: 5567: 5454: 5445: 5387: 5251: 5242: 5215: 5121: 5014: 5010: 5001: 4954: 4911: 4902: 4838: 4790:Timeline of Māori battles 4785: 4061:Stowers, Richard (1996). 3995:Stowers, Richard (1996). 3809:Stowers, Richard (1996). 3735:"Nixon, Marmaduke George" 3494:Chapter 29: (pp. 285–294) 2368:, based on principles of 2081:In November 1864 Premier 1911:Military Store Department 1330: 1325: 1322: 1103:(or Hauhau) followers at 795:Church Missionary Society 785:and Heke had a number of 419:Māori religious movements 305: 249: 236: 135: 85: 54: 43: 27:1845–1872 armed conflicts 7523:Arab revolt in Palestine 7120:Second Anglo-Burmese War 6862:Second Anglo-Maratha War 6753:Australian frontier wars 5368:House of Representatives 4648:Walker, Ranginui (2004) 4579:Prickett, Nigel (2016). 4463:To Face the Daring Māori 3393:, pp. 224–225, 240. 3153:Nicholson, John (2006). 2835:(Victoria State Library) 2820:University of Queensland 2551:Australian Frontier Wars 2491:, novel (1987) based on 2089: 1739:Army Medical Department 1674:Corps of Royal Engineers 242:18,000 (peak deployment) 7517:Second Mohmand campaign 7252:Third Anglo-Burmese War 7216:Second Anglo-Afghan War 7018:First Anglo-Burmese War 6994:Third Anglo-Maratha War 6825:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 6735:Second Anglo-Mysore War 6729:First Anglo-Maratha War 5230:Territorial authorities 4655:Wright, Matthew (2006) 4608:. Hodder and Stoughton. 4561:Maxwell, Peter (2000). 4548:. Hodder and Stoughton. 4541:. Hodder and Stoughton. 4475:Binney, Judith (1995). 4465:. Hodder and Stoughton. 3120:Early New Zealand Books 3114:Carleton, Hugh (1874). 2748:Belich, James (1986x). 2503:, film (2005) based on 2479:, film (1983) based on 2456:(1944) a radio play by 2295:shooting as they went. 2214:West Yorkshire Regiment 2007:Invasion of the Waikato 1971:Invasion of the Waikato 1923:Invasion of the Waikato 1865:Invasion of the Waikato 1840:Invasion of the Waikato 1808:Invasion of the Waikato 1779:Invasion of the Waikato 1750:Invasion of the Waikato 1698:Invasion of the Waikato 1655:Invasion of the Waikato 1570:Invasion of the Waikato 1543:Invasion of the Waikato 1527:Invasion of the Waikato 1453:Invasion of the Waikato 1430:Invasion of the Waikato 1395:Invasion of the Waikato 1372:Invasion of the Waikato 1349:Invasion of the Waikato 932:Invasion of the Waikato 926:Invasion of the Waikato 637:(1863–1866) and on the 463:invasion of the Waikato 435:Guerrilla-style tactics 340:Invasion of the Waikato 245:5,000 (peak deployment) 7457:Third Anglo-Afghan War 7342:First Mohmand campaign 7066:First Anglo-Afghan War 6765:Third Anglo-Mysore War 6397:Te Wiki o te Reo Māori 6392:Māori language revival 5961:Māori protest movement 5912:Māori migration canoes 5491:Information technology 4848:Royal New Zealand Navy 4604:Simpson, Tony (1979). 4575:Bridget Williams Books 3902:"Flax-masked Palisade" 3682:: CS1 maint: others ( 3181:Hekes War in the North 3089:Belich, James (1988). 3012:King, Michael (2003). 2986:The Treaty of Waitangi 2541:History of New Zealand 2370:non-violent resistance 2347: 2331: 2217: 2210:James Edward Alexander 2099: 2098:Rewi Maniapoto in 1879 2060: 2032: 2020:Colonial Defence Force 1294: 1143: 951: 743: 731: 681:, in the north of the 629:The use of a punitive 510: 394:Ngā pakanga o Aotearoa 393: 48:Ngā pakanga o Aotearoa 47: 7114:Second Anglo-Sikh War 6771:Cotiote (Wayanad) War 6657:French and Indian War 6328:Representative teams 4701:Historical Chronology 4519:Green, David (2010). 4468:Belich, James (1996) 3900:Cowan, James (1955). 3587:, pp. 28–30, 52. 3124:12, 28, 30–31, 35 ff. 2730:Dalton, B.J. (1967). 2337: 2325: 2245:their forces intact. 2203: 2097: 2057:Battle of Battle Hill 2046: 2027: 1797:Purveyors Department 1593:96th Regiment of Foot 1292: 1137: 939: 907:Royal Australian Navy 845:Battle of Battle Hill 737: 722: 250:Casualties and losses 7276:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 7084:First Anglo-Sikh War 7060:Egyptian–Ottoman War 4511:Index of Māori Names 4497:The New Zealand Wars 4109:"Treaty of Waitangi" 2778:The New Zealand Wars 2707:Te Puea: A Biography 2546:American Indian Wars 2278:Pattern 1853 Enfield 2126:Strategy and tactics 2066:Gustavus von Tempsky 2029:Gustavus Von Tempsky 1995:Hutt Valley Campaign 1959:Hutt Valley Campaign 1898:Hutt Valley Campaign 1768:Army Hospital Corps 1729:Hutt Valley Campaign 1686:Hutt Valley Campaign 1643:Hutt Valley Campaign 1624:Hutt Valley Campaign 1605:Hutt Valley Campaign 1514:Hutt Valley Campaign 1499:Hutt Valley Campaign 884:Victorian Government 831:Hutt Valley Campaign 770:but now carried the 599:businessmen and the 555:right of pre-emption 322:Hutt Valley campaign 73:. The flags are the 7529:Waziristan campaign 7463:Waziristan campaign 7156:Revolt of Rajab Ali 6633:War of Jenkins' Ear 6099:Tino rangatiratanga 6079:Māori King movement 5668:New Zealand English 5359:Official Opposition 4696:on NZHistory.net.nz 4427:(News: NZ Politics) 4301:. 28 October 2021. 4186:legislation.govt.nz 3937:, pp. 106–107. 3925:, pp. 294–295. 3890:, pp. 131–133. 3878:, pp. 128–130. 3614:, pp. 174, 180 3566:on 16 February 2016 3526:(30 October 2012). 3377:10 May 2012 at the 3331:, pp. 204–205. 3304:, pp. 125–127. 3273:"First ship of war" 3141:Appendix to Vol. II 3064:Moon, Paul (2000). 3042:, pp. 125–133. 2862:, pp. 181–182. 2366:Te Whiti o Rongomai 2212:, Commander of the 1931:Second Taranaki War 1886:Ordnance Department 1873:Second Taranaki War 1848:Second Taranaki War 1816:Second Taranaki War 1787:Second Taranaki War 1758:Second Taranaki War 1706:Second Taranaki War 1663:Second Taranaki War 1574:Second Taranaki War 1476:Second Taranaki War 1438:Second Taranaki War 1226:siege at Ngatapa pā 1051:Second Taranaki War 1045:Second Taranaki War 981:Battle of Rangiriri 601:New Zealand Company 574:tino rangatiratanga 352:Second Taranaki War 7652:Treaty of Waitangi 7403:Bambatha Rebellion 7318:Anglo-Zanzibar War 7306:Chitral Expedition 7240:Anglo-Egyptian War 7012:Anglo-Ashanti wars 6717:Lord Dunmore's War 6675:Anglo-Cherokee War 6584:King William's War 6154:Polynesian culture 6142:Ghosts and spirits 5956:Land confiscations 5939:Treaty of Waitangi 5538:Telecommunications 4959:Treaty of Waitangi 4565:. Celebrity Books. 4544:Lee, Jack (1987). 4537:Lee, Jack (1983). 3949:, pp. 178–188 3766:"New Zealand wars" 3513:, 1990, chapter 8. 2874:The end of the war 2427:In popular culture 2412:Otorohanga College 2348: 2332: 2282:American Civil War 2218: 2204:Attack on a Māori 2100: 2061: 2033: 2003:First Taranaki War 1967:First Taranaki War 1919:First Taranaki War 1836:First Taranaki War 1804:First Taranaki War 1775:First Taranaki War 1746:First Taranaki War 1694:First Taranaki War 1651:First Taranaki War 1566:First Taranaki War 1522:First Taranaki War 1472:First Taranaki War 1368:First Taranaki War 1345:First Taranaki War 1303:Secretary of State 1295: 1144: 1140:Armed Constabulary 1015:Frederick Whitaker 952: 895:shore bombardments 866:First Taranaki War 860:First Taranaki War 803:Battle of Ōhaeawai 744: 732: 613:Thomas Gore Browne 539:Treaty of Waitangi 486:Colony of Victoria 334:First Taranaki War 328:Whanganui campaign 7634: 7633: 7565:Malayan Emergency 7475:Malabar rebellion 7336:Siege of Malakand 7282:Anglo-Manipur War 7138:Anglo-Persian War 6687:Anglo-Spanish War 6639:King George's War 6560:King Philip's War 6536:Anglo-Spanish War 6415: 6414: 6074:Māori electorates 5851: 5850: 5818: 5817: 5606:Gender inequality 5563: 5562: 5441: 5440: 5374:Political funding 5283:Foreign relations 5271:Political parties 5238: 5237: 5211: 5210: 4997: 4996: 4946:Political history 4861: 4860: 4686:. Website run by 4621:Smith, S. Percy, 4483:Buick, T. Lindsay 4459:Barthorp, Michael 4433:. 17 March 2022. 4431:Radio New Zealand 3505:Ranginui Walker, 3164:978-0-14-302022-6 2803:, pp. 24–25. 2488:Season of the Jew 2437:Rewi's Last Stand 2017: 2016: 2011:Tauranga Campaign 1999:Wanganui Campaign 1975:Tauranga Campaign 1963:Wanganui Campaign 1927:Tauranga Campaign 1902:Wanganui Campaign 1869:Tauranga Campaign 1844:Tauranga Campaign 1812:Tauranga Campaign 1783:Tauranga Campaign 1754:Tauranga Campaign 1733:Wanganui Campaign 1702:Tauranga Campaign 1690:Wanganui Campaign 1659:Tauranga Campaign 1647:Wanganui Campaign 1547:Tauranga Campaign 1518:Wanganui Campaign 1434:Tauranga Campaign 1376:Tauranga Campaign 1353:Tauranga Campaign 1258:Waitangi Tribunal 1035:a decisive battle 1029:British again at 1019:Battle of Gate Pā 1001:Tauranga campaign 995:Tauranga campaign 835:Wanganui Campaign 631:land confiscation 379: 378: 346:Tauranga campaign 262: 261: 131: 130: 16:(Redirected from 7689: 7647:New Zealand Wars 7583:Cyprus Emergency 7409:Maritz rebellion 7397:Tibet expedition 7330:Benin Expedition 7150:Indian Rebellion 7144:Second Opium War 7126:Eureka Rebellion 7102:British Honduras 7078:New Zealand Wars 6663:Seven Years' War 6609:Queen Anne's War 6442: 6435: 6428: 6419: 6418: 6402:Māori Television 5944:New Zealand Wars 5878: 5871: 5864: 5855: 5854: 5831: 5574: 5573: 5452: 5451: 5409:Governor-General 5266:Electoral system 5249: 5248: 5176:Palmerston North 5012: 5011: 5008: 5007: 4969:Women's suffrage 4964:New Zealand Wars 4931:Military history 4926:Economic history 4909: 4908: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4865: 4864: 4843:New Zealand Army 4800:New Zealand Wars 4772: 4765: 4758: 4749: 4748: 4587: 4585: 4534: 4530:978-01432-0-4183 4505:Volume 2 1864–72 4501:Volume 1 1845–64 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4428: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4218:. 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478:volunteer groups 467:Riwha Tītokowaru 386:New Zealand Wars 364:Tītokowaru's War 300: 298: 297:New Zealand Wars 288: 281: 274: 265: 264: 205: 204: 193: 192: 181: 180: 169: 168: 158: 157: 153: 151: 150: 87: 86: 71:New Zealand Army 61:Memorial in the 59: 50: 44:New Zealand Wars 41: 40: 21: 18:New Zealand wars 7697: 7696: 7692: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7686: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7571:Kenya Emergency 7377: 7371: 7366:Second Boer War 7360:Boxer Rebellion 7288:Pahang Uprising 7168:Ambela campaign 7090:Río de la Plata 7072:First Opium War 7054:Aden Expedition 6886:Río de la Plata 6848: 6842: 6813:Irish Rebellion 6705:First Carib War 6601: 6595: 6518:Confederate War 6512:Irish Rebellion 6462: 6456: 6446: 6416: 6411: 6407:Planetary names 6363: 6347:1888–89 Natives 6295: 6260: 6193: 6103: 6045: 5965: 5898: 5887: 5882: 5852: 5847: 5834: 5827: 5814: 5790:Public holidays 5785:Performing arts 5731: 5623:Gender equality 5559: 5437: 5383: 5234: 5207: 5117: 5091:Marine reserves 5086:Protected 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sides. 2274: 2128: 2116:Wiremu Tamihana 2112:Ngāti Maniapoto 2092: 2037:Marmaduke Nixon 2022: 1631:Royal Artillery 1327: 1315: 1287: 1271: 1262:East Coast Wars 1214:Chatham Islands 1202: 1196: 1132: 1126: 1088: 1082: 1053: 1047: 1023:Rawiri Puhirake 1003: 997: 934: 928: 868: 862: 837: 829:Main articles: 827: 809:'s fortress at 717: 711: 675: 669: 652: 647: 535: 382: 381: 380: 375: 301: 296: 294: 292: 211: 199: 187: 183:New South Wales 175: 163: 160: 159: 148: 146: 144: 120: 103: 60: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7695: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7511:Barzani revolt 7508: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7381: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7348:Tirah campaign 7345: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 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6445: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6422: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6373: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6309:Haka in sports 6305: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6270: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6203: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6149:Naming customs 6146: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6113: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6089:Te Puni Kōkiri 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6055: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6038: 6036:Tangata whenua 6033: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5992:United Kingdom 5989: 5981: 5975: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5908: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5881: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5858: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5833: 5832: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5601:Ethnic origins 5593: 5588: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5553:Rail transport 5548:Transportation 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5528:Social welfare 5525: 5520: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5426:Prime Minister 5423: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5393: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5344:Māori politics 5341: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5096:National parks 5093: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5039:Climate change 5036: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5018: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: articles 4891: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4868: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4775: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4727: 4718:The Maori Wars 4714: 4705: 4697: 4691: 4679: 4678:External links 4676: 4675: 4674: 4667: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4636:Mary Bravender 4632: 4619: 4614:(ed.) (1996). 4609: 4606:Te Riri Pākehā 4602: 4588: 4576: 4566: 4559: 4549: 4542: 4535: 4529: 4516: 4507: 4490: 4480: 4473: 4470:Making Peoples 4466: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4415: 4385: 4353: 4316: 4286: 4259: 4233: 4222:on 2 June 2019 4203: 4173: 4162:on 25 May 2010 4147: 4140: 4122: 4100: 4078: 4071: 4063:Forest Rangers 4053: 4021: 4012: 4005: 3997:Forest Rangers 3987: 3985:, p. 239. 3975: 3960: 3951: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3892: 3880: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3819: 3811:Forest Rangers 3801: 3775: 3757: 3725: 3689: 3660: 3643: 3636: 3616: 3601: 3589: 3577: 3545: 3524:Binney, Judith 3515: 3498: 3479: 3464: 3455: 3443: 3417: 3395: 3383: 3362: 3345: 3343:, p. 241. 3333: 3318: 3306: 3289: 3277: 3264: 3248: 3239:"Te Rauparaha" 3229: 3207: 3195: 3170: 3163: 3145: 3128: 3106: 3099: 3081: 3074: 3056: 3054:, p. 182. 3044: 3029: 3022: 3001: 2994: 2973: 2966: 2946: 2939: 2919: 2912: 2892: 2864: 2852: 2850:, p. 126. 2837: 2824: 2805: 2793: 2786: 2765: 2758: 2737: 2722: 2715: 2691: 2658: 2647: 2636: 2614: 2603: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2576:Trench warfare 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2496: 2493:Te Kooti's War 2484: 2481:Te Kooti's War 2472: 2460: 2449: 2442:Rewi Maniapoto 2428: 2425: 2417:Jacinda Ardern 2404:Main article: 2401: 2398: 2389: 2386: 2350:Main article: 2319: 2316: 2300:Beaumont–Adams 2273: 2270: 2182:Phormium tenax 2127: 2124: 2091: 2088: 2083:Frederick Weld 2021: 2018: 2015: 2014: 1988: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1891: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1833: 1830: 1823: 1822: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1636: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1563: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1511: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1324: 1314: 1311: 1307:Duncan Cameron 1286: 1283: 1270: 1267: 1200:Te Kooti's War 1198:Main article: 1195: 1194:Te Kooti's War 1192: 1128:Main article: 1125: 1122: 1084:Main article: 1081: 1078: 1074:scorched earth 1049:Main article: 1046: 1043: 999:Main article: 996: 993: 973:Queen Victoria 961:Duncan Cameron 930:Main article: 927: 924: 864:Main article: 861: 858: 826: 823: 776:Te Ruki Kawiti 760:Flagstaff Hill 752:Bay of Islands 713:Main article: 710: 707: 703:Robert FitzRoy 695:Te Rangihaeata 671:Main article: 668: 665: 651: 648: 646: 643: 559:Māori language 534: 531: 529:in the 1920s. 377: 376: 374: 373: 370:Te Kooti's War 367: 361: 355: 349: 343: 337: 331: 325: 319: 313: 306: 303: 302: 291: 290: 283: 276: 268: 260: 259: 256: 252: 251: 247: 246: 243: 239: 238: 234: 233: 225: 224: 223: 210: 209: 197: 185: 173: 143: 142: 141: 138: 137: 133: 132: 129: 128: 122: 116: 115: 109: 105: 104: 101: 99: 95: 94: 91: 83: 82: 52: 51: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7694: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7667:Māori history 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7499:Ikhwan revolt 7497: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7374: 7367: 7364: 7361: 7358: 7355: 7352: 7349: 7346: 7343: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7274: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7247: 7244: 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6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6694: 6693:Pontiac's War 6691: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6645:Carnatic Wars 6643: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6615:Tuscarora War 6613: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6598: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6443: 6438: 6436: 6431: 6429: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6179:Tikanga Māori 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6164:Rongomaraeroa 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6084:Te Pāti Māori 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6069:Mana Motuhake 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6059:Mana Movement 6057: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 5998: 5997:United States 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5874: 5872: 5867: 5865: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5770:Māori culture 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5511:Child poverty 5509: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5496:Manufacturing 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5469:Wine industry 5467: 5465: 5464:Dairy farming 5462: 5461: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5379:Public sector 5377: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5325:Chief Justice 5323: 5321: 5320:Supreme Court 5318: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4936:Māori history 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4889: 4884: 4882: 4877: 4875: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4768: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4672: 4668: 4666: 4665:9780790010649 4662: 4658: 4654: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4601: 4600:1-86934-006-X 4597: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4577: 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Gulf 6856:Newfoundland 6837:Polygar Wars 6807:Kandyan Wars 6759:Nootka Sound 6354:Sportspeople 6337:Rugby league 6274:Conservation 6256:Wood carving 5979:Conservation 5943: 5745:Architecture 5712:Prostitution 5638:Homelessness 5596:Demographics 5518:Reserve Bank 5293:Human rights 5256:Constitution 5217:Subdivisions 5171:New Plymouth 5156:Invercargill 5136:Christchurch 5069:South Island 5064:North Island 5024:Biodiversity 4989:Independence 4963: 4810:World War II 4799: 4735: 4730: 4722: 4717: 4700: 4688:Danny Keenan 4670: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4622: 4615: 4605: 4591: 4572: 4569:O'Malley, V. 4562: 4555: 4552:Maning, F.E. 4545: 4538: 4520: 4510: 4496: 4493:Cowan, James 4486: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4441:22 September 4439:. Retrieved 4430: 4418: 4408:22 September 4406:. Retrieved 4397: 4388: 4376:. Retrieved 4365: 4356: 4346:22 September 4344:. Retrieved 4329: 4319: 4307:. Retrieved 4298: 4289: 4277:. Retrieved 4262: 4252:20 September 4250:. Retrieved 4236: 4224:. Retrieved 4220:the original 4215: 4206: 4197: 4192:13 September 4190:. Retrieved 4185: 4176: 4164:. Retrieved 4160:the original 4150: 4131: 4125: 4113:. Retrieved 4103: 4091:. Retrieved 4081: 4062: 4056: 4044:. Retrieved 4034: 4024: 4015: 3996: 3990: 3983:Belich 1986a 3978: 3969: 3963: 3954: 3947:Belich 1986a 3942: 3935:Belich 1986a 3930: 3923:Belich 1986a 3918: 3906:. Retrieved 3895: 3888:Belich 1986a 3883: 3876:Belich 1986a 3871: 3859: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3810: 3804: 3792:. Retrieved 3778: 3769: 3760: 3748:. Retrieved 3738: 3728: 3702:. Retrieved 3692: 3651: 3646: 3626: 3619: 3592: 3580: 3568:. Retrieved 3561:the original 3548: 3536:. Retrieved 3531: 3518: 3506: 3501: 3467: 3458: 3451:Belich 1986x 3446: 3435:, retrieved 3426: 3420: 3411: 3404:Cowan, James 3398: 3386: 3370: 3365: 3348: 3336: 3329:Belich 1986x 3309: 3302:Belich 1986a 3285:Belich 1986x 3280: 3267: 3251: 3242: 3232: 3223: 3216:Cowan, James 3210: 3202: 3198: 3186:. Retrieved 3180: 3173: 3154: 3148: 3131: 3115: 3109: 3090: 3084: 3065: 3059: 3047: 3040:Belich 1986a 3013: 2995:086861-634-6 2985: 2976: 2956: 2949: 2929: 2922: 2902: 2895: 2885:– via 2879:. Retrieved 2873: 2867: 2855: 2848:Belich 1986a 2827: 2813: 2808: 2801:Belich 1986a 2796: 2777: 2768: 2749: 2731: 2725: 2706: 2682:. Retrieved 2676: 2650: 2639: 2627:. 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Penguin. 4378:12 October 4279:12 October 3908:10 October 3661:0195583760 3188:10 October 2588:References 2120:Ngāti Hauā 1987:1845–1866 1951:1845–1866 1915:1859–1870 1890:1845–1859 1861:1861–1867 1832:1861–1870 1800:1860–1870 1771:1861–1870 1742:1860–1870 1721:1845–1870 1678:1840–1870 1635:1845–1870 1616:1844–1847 1597:1841–1845 1585:1840–1846 1562:1861–1866 1539:1864–1866 1510:1846–1865 1491:1845–1858 1468:1861–1867 1449:1863–1867 1426:1863–1866 1410:1860–1866 1391:1863–1870 1364:1860–1866 1341:1860–1867 1331:Conflicts 1152:Ngāruahine 1101:Pai Mārire 1062:Pai Marire 876:Te Āti Awa 772:Union Jack 764:Kororāreka 728:Kororāreka 639:east coast 582:Te Urewera 576:, such as 533:Background 506:Māori Wars 494:confiscate 490:Tasman Sea 415:Pai Mārire 207:Queensland 75:Union Jack 7625:Falklands 7621:(1963–67) 7615:(1962–66) 7609:(1962–90) 7597:(1962–76) 7585:(1955–59) 7579:(1954–59) 7573:(1952–60) 7567:(1948–60) 7561:(1946–50) 7553:Indonesia 7549:(1945–46) 7547:Indochina 7543:(1944–48) 7531:(1936–39) 7525:(1936–39) 7513:(1931–32) 7507:(1930–31) 7501:(1927–30) 7483:(1922–24) 7481:Kurdistan 7465:(1919–20) 7441:(1916–17) 7421:Nyasaland 7417:(1914–15) 7411:(1914–15) 7399:(1903–04) 7393:(1901–02) 7387:(1900–20) 7350:(1897–98) 7344:(1897–98) 7326:(1896–97) 7296:(1893–94) 7260:(1886–89) 7236:(1881–99) 7230:(1880–81) 7224:(1880–81) 7218:(1879–80) 7206:(1875–76) 7192:Abyssinia 7188:(1866–71) 7182:(1864–65) 7170:(1863–64) 7162:Kagoshima 7158:(1857–58) 7152:(1857–59) 7146:(1856–60) 7140:(1856–57) 7134:(1854–56) 7132:Åland War 7116:(1848–49) 7092:(1845–50) 7086:(1845–46) 7080:(1845–72) 7074:(1839–42) 7068:(1839–42) 7062:(1839–41) 7050:(1837–38) 7044:(1837–38) 7038:(1831–33) 7032:(1831–32) 7026:(1828–32) 7020:(1824–26) 6996:(1817–18) 6972:(1814–16) 6966:(1812–15) 6960:(1811–79) 6954:(1810–11) 6934:Mauritius 6906:(1808–09) 6888:(1806–07) 6864:(1803–05) 6827:(1798–99) 6797:(1795–96) 6791:(1795–96) 6767:(1789–92) 6743:(1781–82) 6737:(1779–84) 6731:(1775–82) 6725:(1775–83) 6713:(1773–74) 6707:(1769–73) 6701:(1765–71) 6695:(1763–66) 6689:(1762–63) 6677:(1758–61) 6671:(1756–65) 6665:(1756–63) 6659:(1754–63) 6653:(1749–55) 6647:(1746–63) 6641:(1744–48) 6635:(1740–42) 6629:(1722–25) 6623:(1715–17) 6617:(1711–15) 6611:(1702–13) 6586:(1688–97) 6580:(1688–91) 6568:(1686–90) 6562:(1675–78) 6538:(1654–60) 6532:(1654–67) 6526:(1649–53) 6520:(1641–53) 6508:(1634–38) 6478:(1609–46) 6324:Mau rākau 6314:Kī-o-rahi 6246:Tattooing 6207:Kapa haka 6189:Whakapapa 6132:Mythology 5987:Australia 5983:Diaspora 5658:Languages 5613:Education 5476:Companies 5421:Ministers 5315:Judiciary 5261:Elections 5203:Whangārei 5108:Volcanism 5081:Mountains 5003:Geography 4271:. Stuff. 3678:cite book 3406:(1922b). 3314:King 2003 3218:(1922a). 3052:King 2003 2776:(1986a). 2509:Whanganui 2376:of 1898. 2328:Zealandia 2318:Aftermath 2304:Colt Navy 2226:Rangiriri 2159:The word 2053:Ngāti Toa 1323:Regiment 1185:mana tapu 1065:syncretic 872:the Crown 756:Hōne Heke 724:Hone Heke 687:Ngāti Toa 650:Conflicts 611:Governor 595:Traders, 502:Land Wars 93:1845–1872 7613:Malaysia 7535:Ethiopia 7433:Peshawar 7198:Manitoba 7180:Duar War 6476:Virginia 6369:Language 6359:Waka ama 6279:Kaitiaki 6251:Textiles 6159:Religion 6122:Funerals 6051:Politics 6031:Religion 5895:Aotearoa 5838:Category 5717:Religion 5685:Naturism 5581:Abortion 5533:Taxation 5354:Monarchy 5349:Military 5303:Intersex 5244:Politics 5186:Tauranga 5151:Hastings 5146:Hamilton 5131:Auckland 5016:Physical 4984:Dominion 4916:Timeline 4815:Malaysia 4734:in 1966 4721:in 1966 4659:Penguin 4652:Penguin. 4554:(1862). 4546:Hokianga 4485:(1976). 4461:(1979). 4435:Archived 4402:Archived 4372:Archived 4340:Archived 4303:Archived 4273:Archived 3788:Archived 3750:24 March 3714:cite web 3670:44652805 3375:Archived 2984:(1987). 2881:24 March 2705:(1977). 2684:23 March 2629:16 April 2529:See also 2362:Parihaka 2344:Tasmania 2173:Ōhaeawai 2169:Puketutu 2141:Waterloo 1326:Years in 1285:Imperial 1279:Imperial 1173:Wanganui 1156:Te Kooti 1093:Taranaki 1058:Tauranga 1031:Te Ranga 969:Auckland 948:Meremere 899:Victoria 890:Victoria 789:. While 699:governor 635:Taranaki 511:Te riri 471:Te Kooti 451:Taranaki 237:Strength 195:Victoria 98:Location 7607:Sarawak 7559:Sarawak 7451:Nigeria 7439:Mohmand 7427:Nigeria 7378:century 7036:Malacca 7030:Jamaica 6988:Algiers 6928:Reunion 6874:Surinam 6849:century 6795:Grenada 6789:Jamaica 6681:Jamaica 6602:century 6542:Jamaica 6470:Ireland 6463:century 6450:English 6332:Cricket 6319:Tapu ae 6266:Science 6241:Pounamu 6137:Deities 6117:Cuisine 6109:Culture 5971:Society 5924:Moriori 5904:History 5829:Outline 5805:Symbols 5760:Cuisine 5737:Culture 5643:Housing 5569:Society 5543:Tourism 5506:Poverty 5447:Economy 5397:Cabinet 5288:Gun law 5225:Regions 5196:capital 5181:Rotorua 5141:Dunedin 5059:Islands 5054:Geology 5034:Climate 4904:History 4710:at the 4571:(2019) 4166:20 July 4115:20 July 4093:20 July 3794:30 June 2444:at the 2272:Weapons 2208:by Sir 1256:A 2013 1251:Ringatū 1112:, with 1105:Ōpōtiki 943:Pioneer 920:Waikato 878:tribe, 793:by the 689:chiefs 645:History 617:Waitara 504:or the 455:Waitara 445:in the 429:placed 155:Britain 121:changes 79:Gate Pā 69:of the 7627:(1982) 7603:(1962) 7601:Brunei 7591:(1956) 7555:(1945) 7537:(1943) 7519:(1935) 7495:(1925) 7489:(1923) 7477:(1921) 7471:(1920) 7459:(1919) 7453:(1918) 7447:(1917) 7445:Quebec 7435:(1915) 7429:(1915) 7423:(1915) 7405:(1906) 7356:(1899) 7338:(1897) 7332:(1897) 7320:(1896) 7314:(1896) 7308:(1895) 7284:(1891) 7278:(1891) 7272:(1890) 7266:(1888) 7264:Hazara 7254:(1885) 7248:(1885) 7242:(1882) 7212:(1879) 7200:(1870) 7194:(1868) 7176:(1864) 7164:(1863) 7128:(1854) 7122:(1852) 7110:(1848) 7108:Ceylon 7098:(1847) 7096:Canton 7056:(1839) 7008:(1823) 7006:Guiana 7002:(1819) 6990:(1816) 6984:(1815) 6978:(1815) 6948:(1810) 6942:(1810) 6936:(1810) 6930:(1810) 6924:(1810) 6918:(1809) 6912:(1809) 6900:(1807) 6894:(1807) 6882:(1806) 6876:(1804) 6870:(1804) 6858:(1800) 6815:(1798) 6803:(1795) 6801:Ceylon 6785:(1795) 6779:(1794) 6761:(1789) 6749:(1786) 6719:(1774) 6683:(1762) 6574:(1687) 6556:(1664) 6550:(1662) 6530:Acadia 6514:(1641) 6502:(1628) 6500:Quebec 6496:(1626) 6490:(1622) 6484:(1612) 6482:Swally 6236:Poetry 6041:Whānau 6004:Hauora 5949:Kūpapa 5843:Portal 5755:Cinema 5695:"Kiwi" 5690:People 5628:Health 5501:Mining 5486:Energy 5481:Dollar 5276:Voting 5166:Nelson 5161:Napier 5123:Cities 5103:Rivers 4979:Colony 4663: 4598: 4527: 4226:2 June 4188:. 2011 4138: 4069: 4046:6 June 4003: 3817: 3704:6 July 3668: 3658: 3634: 3570:1 July 3538:10 May 3161: 3097: 3072: 3020: 2992: 2964: 2937: 2910: 2887:Te Ara 2784: 2756: 2713: 2340:Hobart 2076:kūpapa 2047:Chief 1114:kūpapa 849:kūpapa 807:Kawiti 661:kūpapa 623:kūpapa 597:Sydney 550:taonga 513:Pākehā 482:kūpapa 348:(1864) 330:(1847) 324:(1846) 318:(1845) 312:(1843) 215:Kūpapa 152: 108:Result 7505:Tirah 7415:Tochi 7204:Perak 6970:Nepal 6892:Egypt 6819:Malta 6747:Assam 6590:Ghana 6488:Ormuz 6301:Sport 6284:Rāhui 6224:Music 6019:Marae 5885:Māori 5800:Sport 5795:Radio 5780:Music 5775:Media 5727:Waste 5705:Women 5700:Māori 5663:Māori 5591:Crime 5113:Water 5076:Lakes 5029:Caves 4584:(PDF) 4336:Stuff 3564:(PDF) 3557:(PDF) 3431:(PDF) 3357:(PDF) 2133:India 2090:Māori 2071:Otago 1239:Tūhoe 1033:. 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