2246:. In her books, Cruz includes 5 chapters in the Morphology section that describes lexical classes, nominal and verbal lexicogenesis, the structure of the noun phrase and grammatical structures. In the section on lexical classes, Cruz discusses personal pronominal prefixes, nouns and their subclasses (including personal, anaphoric and demonstrative pronouns as well as relative nouns), verbs and their subclasses (such as stative, transitive and intransitive verbs) and adverbial expressions. The subsequent chapter on nominal lexicogenesis discusses endocentric derivation, nominalization and nominal composition. Under verbal lexicogenesis in Chapter 7, Cruz covers valency, reduplication and the borrowing of loanwords from Portuguese. The following chapter then discusses the distinction between particles and clitics, including examples and properties of each grammatical structure.
793:, a similar variety used further south) was used throughout the colony. At this point, Tupinambá remained intact, but as a "liturgical language". The languages used in everyday life evolved drastically over the century due to contact with the language, with Tupinambá as the “language of rituals, and Amazonian General Language, the language of popular communication and therefore of religious instruction.” Moore (2014) notes that by the mid-18th century, the Amazon and Tupinambá General Languages were already distinct. Until then, the original Tupinambá community was facing a decline, but other speaking communities were still required by Portuguese missionaries to learn the Tupinambá language. Efforts to communicate between communities resulted in the "corruption" of the Tupinambá language, hence the distinction between Tupinambá and the Amazonian general language.
774:
priests, aiming at catechism from that language, elaborated the grammar and their own orthography, although
Latinized, which resulted in the northern general language, or general Amazonian language, (a name still used today), whose development took place parallel to that of São Paulo general language (extinct). Since then, Nheengatu has spread throughout the Amazon as an instrument of colonization, Portuguese domain and linguistic standardization, where many peoples started to have it as their main language at the expense of their own, as well as peoples like Hanera, better known as Baré , became a Nheengatu speaker, which led to the extinction of their own language or the Maraguá people, who even a historical speaker of Nheengatu recently sought to revitalize their own language and today they learn Maraguá along with Nheengatu in local schools.
831:
and anyone who was caught speaking in
Nheengatu was punished and if they were not contacted indigenous, they were baptized by priests and received their surnames on certificates, since the priests themselves were their godparents, this resulted in people of indigenous origin with Portuguese surnames without even being heirs to colonists. The imposition of the Portuguese language this time had an effect and with the advent of Portuguese schools, the population was shepherded to the new language.
126:
547:
76:
35:
264:
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187:
823:, who intended to impose the Portuguese language in the Amazon and make the names of places Portuguese. Hence, why many places have their names changed from nheengatu to names of places and cities in Portugal, thus appearing names that today make up Amazonian municipalities such as Santarém, Aveiro, Barcelos, Belém, Óbidos, Faro, Alenquer and Moz.
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into a single indicative mood. Despite such changes alongside influences from
Portuguese, however, derivational and inflectional affixation was still intact from Tupinambá. A select number of modern affixes arose via grammaticization of what used to be lexical items. For example, Moore (2014) provides the example of the former lexical item
2855:. Cruz (2011) highlights that there is a distinction in the usage of reduplication between communities. The speakers of Içana and the upper region of the Rio Negro use Nheengatu as their main language, and reduplication occurs in the stative verbs, expressing intensity of a property, and the plural word
838:(coming from huge waves of settlers from the Northeast, encouraged by the government, to the Amazon), the presence was felt again due to these events, forcing indigenous peoples to move or be subjected to forced labor. The language was again influenced by the increased presence of Portuguese speakers.
2882:
A! xé ánga, hu emoté i Iára. / Xé abú iu hu rori ána Tupã recé xá ceiépi. / Maá recé hu senú i miaçúa suhi apipe abasáua: / ahé recé upáem miraitá hu senecáre iché aié pepasáua. / Maá recé Tupã hu munha iché áramau páem maá turuçusáua, / i r'ira puranga eté. / Y ahé icatusáua xé hu muçaim ramé, r'ira
826:
With the independence of Brazil in 1822, even though Grão-Pará (Amazon) is a separate
Portuguese colony, its local rulers decided to integrate into the new country, which greatly displeased the inhabitants of indigenous origin who were the majority of the people in general, which later led the Amazon
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doesn't necessarily need to be used. On the other hand, in Santa Isabel do Rio Negro and the more urban area of São
Gabriel da Cachoeira, speakers tend to be bilingual, with Portuguese used as the main language. In this context, these speakers also employ reduplication to indicate the intensity of a
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which made the
Nheengatu language official in the municipality and planned to adopt the language in municipal schools. As the local newspaper says: “The municipal council of Monsenhor Tabosa unanimously approved a bill that recognizes the native language Tupi-Nheengatu as the co-official language of
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organization dedicated to promoting the teaching of historical Tupi and
Nheengatu in high schools in São Paulo and elsewhere in Brazil. Professor Navarro wrote a textbook for teaching Nheengatu that Tupi Aqui makes available, along with other teaching materials, on a website hosted by the University
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The second ban on the language came right after this revolution better known as
Cabanagem or War of the Cabanos, and when the rebels were defeated (1860), the Brazilian government imposed a harsh persecution of the speakers of Nheengatu. Half of the male population of Grão-Pará (Amazon) was murdered
1665:
Over the course of its evolution since its beginnings as
Tupinambá, extensive research has been done on Nheengatu. There have been studies done at each phase of its evolution, but much has been focused on how aspects of Nheengatu, such as its grammar or phonology, have changed upon contact over the
841:
Nheengatu remained mainly among the most distant inhabitants of the urban centers, in the families descended from the cabanos and among unconquered peoples. Furthermore, "tapuios" (ribeirinhos) kept their accent and part of their speech tied to their language. Until 1920 it was common for
Nheengatu
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If Nheengatu was the major obstacle for the cultural and linguistic domination of Portuguese in the region, the colonizers saw that it was necessary to take it away from the people and impose the Portuguese language, which at first was not successful since the general language was very well rooted
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According to Moore (2014), throughout the evolution of Nheengatu, processes such as compounding were greatly reduced. Moore cites a summary by Rodrigues (1986), stating that Nheegatu lost Tupinambá's system of five moods (indicative, imperative, gerund, circumstantial and subjunctive), converging
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The number of speakers of other languages vastly outnumbered the Portuguese settlers in the Amazon, so much so that the Portuguese themselves adapted to the native language. "To speak or converse in the colony of Grão Pará, I had to use Nheengatu, if not, I would be talking to myself since no one
2758:
Another interesting morphological feature of Nheengatu is reduplication, which Cruz (2011) explains in her grammar to employed differently based on the community of Nheengatu speakers. This is a morphological process that was originally present in Tupinambá, and it tends to be used to indicate a
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Anthropological research has been done on the changing cultural landscapes along the Amazon, as well as life of the Tupinambá people and their interactions with the Jesuits. Floyd (2007) describes how populations navigate between their “traditional” and “acculturated” spheres. Other studies have
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Already with the Amazon conquered by the Portuguese, a fact that occurred from 1600, and having established a colony at the beginning of the 17th century, the so-called state of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, whose capital Belém was named Cidade dos Tupinambás or Tupinãbá marií, Franciscan and Jesuit
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in modern Nheengatu, by analyzing how grammaticalization occurred over the course of its evolution from Tupinambá (Cruz 2015). Cruz (2014) also studies reduplication in Nheengatu in detail, as well as morphological fission in bitransitive constructions. A proper textbook for the conducting of
684:
The language is spoken by approximately 20,060 people in three linguistic variants in Brazil: that of the Rio Negro region, called Yẽgatu, that of the Baixo Amazonas, known as traditional Nheengatú, and that of the Baixo Rio Tapajós or Nheengatu tapajoawara. Variants outside of Brazil exist,
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by Luis Figueira (1621). These were detailed grammars that served their religious purposes. Multiple dictionaries have also been written over the years (Mello 1967, Grenand and Epaminondas 1989, Barbosa 1951). More recently, Stradelli (2014) also published a Portuguese-Nheengatu dictionary.
925:
Ethnologue rates Nheengatu as "changing" with a rating of 7 on the Gradual Intergenerational Interruption Scale (GIDS) (Simons and Fennig 2017). According to this scale, this classification suggests that "the population of children may use the language among themselves, but it is not being
990:. Many of these languages differed years before the invasion of Portuguese collonizers to the territory now known as Brazil. Over time, the term "Tupinamba" was used to describe groups that were "linguistically and culturally related", even though the original people almost disappeared.
2895:
Aikwé paá yepé tetama puranga waá yepé ipawa wasú rimbiwa upé. Kwa paá, wakaraitá retama. Muíri akayú, paá, kurasí ara ramé, kwá uakaraitá aywã ta usú tawatá apekatú rupí. Muíri viaje, tausú rundé, aintá aría waimí uyupuí aitá piripiriaka suikiri waá irũ, ti arã tausaã yumasí tauwatá
1730:. In this study, Moore focused on the effects of language contact, and how Nheengatu evolved over the years with the help of a Nheengatu-speaking informant. Moore (2014) urges for the “location and documentation of modern dialects of Nheengatu”, due to their risk of becoming extinct.
2802:, which is the Nheengatu verb for 'knock'. This surfaces as a fully reduplicated segment. However, partial reduplication also occurs in this language. In the following example elicited by Cruz, the speaker reduplicates the first two syllables (a CVCV sequence) of the stem word.
2908:
1910 ramé, mairamé aé uriku 23 akaiú, aé uiupiru ana uuatá-uatá Amazônia rupi, upitá mími musapíri akaiú pukusaua. Aé ukunheséri ana siía mira upurungitá uaá nheengatu, asuí aé umunhã nheengarisaua-itá marandua-itá irũmu Barbosa Rodrigues umupinima ana uaá Poranduba Amazonense
2603:
Apart from the pronominal prefixes shown in Table (3), there are also verbal prefixes. Verbs in Nheengatu fall into three mutually exclusive categories: intransitive, transitive and stative. By attaching verbal prefixes to these verbs, a sentence can be considered well-formed.
2472:
As observed in Table 3, in Nheengatu, personal pronouns can also take the form of prefixes. These prefixes are necessary in the usage of verbs as well as postpositions. In the latter case, free forms of the pronouns are not permitted. Moore illustrates this with the following:
770:, which in contact with the conquered languages gained its own differentiation, hence why the Arawak peoples of the Parintins region came to be called Tupinambaranas, among them, the maraguazes, the çapupés, the curiatós, the Parintins and the saterés themselves.
1656:
As in the municipality of Monsenhor Tabosa, the number of indigenous people and descendants from the Northeast try to learn the language not only because they think it is beautiful, but because it has "always been" part of the native regional culture.
2921:
A partir di kui te, penhe nunka mais pesu pekuntai aitekua yane nheenga. Yande kuri, mira ita, yasu yakuntai. Ixe kuri asu akuntai perupi. Ixe kua mira. Ixe asu akuntai perupi. Penhe kuri tiã pesu pekuntai. Pepuderi kuri penheengari yalegrairã yane
961:
Yengatu developed from the extinct Tupinamba language and belongs to the Tupi–Guarani branch of the Tupi language family. The Tupi–Guarani language family is responsible for a large and diverse group of languages, including, for example,
1685:
There have also been several linguistic studies of Nheengatu more recently, such as Borges (1991)’s thesis on Nheengatu phonology and Cruz (2011)’s detailed paper on the phonology and grammar of Nheengatu. She also studied the rise of
745:
variant that originated in the Odisseia Tupínambá. The exodus of that nation that, fleeing from Portuguese invaders on the Bahia coast, entered the Amazon and settled first in Maranhão, and from there to the bay of Guajará
2950:
Tukana aé yepé virá purangava asoi orikú bando ipinima sava, ogustari oyengari kuemaite asoi osemo ara ramé osikari arama ombaó vasaí iyá. Tukana yepé virá porangava yambaó arama asoi avasemo aé kaáope asoi garapé rimbiva
2254:
There are two types of pronouns in Nheengatu: personal or interrogative. Nheengatu follows the same pattern as Tupinambá, in that the same set of personal pronouns is adopted for the subject and object of a verb.
3666:
796:
Nheengatu continued to evolve as it expanded into the Alto Rio Negro region. There was contact with other languages such as Marawá, Baníwa, Warekana, Tucano and Dâw (Cabalzar; Ricardo 2006 in Cruz 2015).
933:
In December 2002, Nheengatu gained official language status alongside Portuguese in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira in accordance with local law 145/2002. Now Nheengatu is one of the four
930:
Atlas of Endangered Languages of the World, Nheengatu is classified as "severely endangered". The language has recently regained some recognition and prominence after being suppressed for many years.
789:), but with the aim of deculturating the Amazon people, the Portuguese language was promoted, but without success. In the mid-18th century, the Amazon General Language (distinct from the
819:
both among indigenous people and in the speech of blacks and whites themselves. The language had its first ban on the part of the Portuguese government, during the administration of the
3185:
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Nheengatu classes has also been written. Lima and Sirvana (2017) provides a sociolinguistic study of Nheengatu in the Pisasu Sarusawa community of the Baré people, in Manaus, Amazonas.
1632:
It is known that the Nheengatu originated in the Amazonian Tupinambá, a Tupi variant located more precisely in Maranhão than during Portuguese colonization, it was part of the state of
1723:
2750:
is added to the intransitive verb for 'work' and transitive verb for 'make' respective. Only when prefixed with this verbal clitic, can they be considered well-formed sentences.
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1763:, which, far from being extinct, is the most spoken language in that country and one of its official languages. According to some sources, ancient Nheengatu and Guarani were
1719:
1636:. Since then, Nheengatu has also been understood as a culture from Maranhão. What few cite is the presence of the Nheengatu in northeastern Brazil properly speaking. Mainly
2938:
Se mãya uyutima nãnã kupixawa upé. Nãnã purãga yaú arama yawẽtu asuí purãga mĩgaú arama yuiri. Aikué siya nãnã nũgaraita. Purãga usemu mamé iwí yumunaniwa praya irũmu.
1718:) are currently not engaged in any language documentation project for Nheengatu. However, research on Nheengatu by Moore (1994) was supported by Museu Goeldi and the
92:
Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance.
1694:
In 2023, the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil (Brazilian Constitution) promulgated in 1988, was translated into Nheengatu for the first time.
813:"Dictionary of the general language of Brazil, spoken in all the towns, places, and villages of this vast State, written in the city of Pará, year 1771"
741:
Belonging to the Tupi-Guarani linguistic family, Nheengatu emerged in the 18th century, descending from the now-extinct Amazonian Tupinambá, a regional
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874:(2005), although some journalists have reported as many as 30,000. Currently, it is still spoken by around 73.31% of the 29.9 thousand inhabitants of
3532:
233:
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including Nheengatu from Venezuela (Ñeengatu) and Nheengatu from Colombia (Nyengatu). Technology further helps in the language's revitalization.
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the municipality. The legal text has already been sanctioned by Mayor Salomão de Araújo Souza, who is a descendant of indigenous peoples”.
85:
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Changing Times and Local Terms on the Rio Negro, Brazil: Amazonian Ways of Depolarizing Epistemology, Chronology and Cultural Change
1311:, argues that Yengatu, with its current characteristics, would only have emerged in the 19th century, as a natural evolution of the
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As mentioned earlier, the first documents that were produced were by Jesuit missionaries in the 16th and 17th centuries, such as
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1648:. Affirmation that proceeds as new evidence is discovered, both old and current. Thus came the case of the municipality of
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3573:"Luso-brazilian docummentary film called "Nheengatu", it shows indigenous and native speak Nheengatu in daily life"
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Playlist with video classes by Prof Eduardo Navarro and support material in PDF in the description of the playlist
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The free form of the first person singular pronoun cannot be combined with the postposition word for 'with'.
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is similarly derived. Thus, Nheengatu is referred to by a wide variety of names in literature, including
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Alves, Ozias Jr. (2010). ""Ñe'engatu" em guarani significa "falar demais" ou alguém que fala demais".
941:
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4707:
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3520:
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17:
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Parentheses mark marginal phonemes occurring only in few words, or with otherwise unclear status.
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focused on the impact of urbanization on Indigenous populations in the Amazon (de Oliveira 2001).
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5074:
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766:. The language of the Tupinambás then, as it belongs to a feared and conquering people, became a
54:
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used Portuguese, except in the government palace in Belém and among the Portuguese themselves."
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Curso de Língua Geral (Nheengatu ou Tupi Moderno) a língua das origens da civilização Amazônica
1953:
1942:
1935:
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and non-Indigenous, or between Indigenous of different languages. It is also an instrument of
808:(Paulista), which at its height became the dominant language of the vast Brazilian territory.
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Fonologia e Gramática do Nheengatú: A língua geral falada pelos povos Baré, Warekena e Baniwa
3347:(in Portuguese and Nheengatu). Supremo Tribunal Federal, Conselho Nacional de Justiça. 2023.
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2009:
2002:
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665:, Yepá-masã, and Portuguese. It is also spoken in the Baixo Amazonas region (in the state of
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144:
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3082:"Yâdé Kiirîbawa Yepé Wasú! Uma reflexão sobre a luta Tupinambá em defesa de seu território"
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1965:
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2000 Census), around 3000 people in Colombia and 2000 people in Venezuela, especially in
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to be used in traditional commercial centers in Manaus, Santarém, Parintins, and Belém.
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3247:. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. p. 17.
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The General Language was established as the official language from 1689 to 1727 in the
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Nheengatu (Língua Geral Amazônica), its History, and the Effects of Language Contact
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3627:. Brazil: INPA — Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Humanas e Sociais. Archived from
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Nyengato, Nyengatú, Waengatu, Neegatú, Is'engatu, Língua Brasílica, Tupi Amazônico
677:, it is being revitalized by the people of the region, such as the Borari and the
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Mundu Sa Turusu Waá : Ubêuwa Mayé Míra Itá Uikú Arãma Purãga Iké Braziu Upé
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The second set of pronouns are interrogative, and are used in question words.
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Another point to note from the above example is the usage of the plural word
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In these examples from Moore (2014), the verbal first person singular prefix
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2242:
and particles. These eight word classes are also reflected in Cruz (2011)’s
870:. As many as 19,000 Nheengatu speakers worldwide are possible, according to
834:
Also in the 20th century, due to economic and political events, such as the
661:. Since 2002, it has been one of the state's official languages, along with
5323:
4783:
4151:
3593:
1885:
907:
902:
of the area and is also used as a common language of communication between
455:
222:
3684:
Website of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nheengatu, with texts, videos and audios
3370:
The Beginning of Brazilian Anthropology: Jesuits and Tupinamba Cannibalism
3159:
2594:'many'. Over time and grammaticization, this word became to plural suffix
509:
5090:
4988:
3402:
2198:
2177:
2163:
2144:
2130:
2119:
2102:
2053:
4562:
3269:"Novo em Folha - Línguas ameaçadas de extinção no Brasil - São Gabriel…"
5048:
3628:
3613:
3534:
Descrição Fonético-Fonológica do Nheengatu Falado no Médio Rio Amazonas
3452:
Método moderno de tupi antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos
2992:
2185:
2112:
871:
811:
An anonymous manuscript from the 18th century is emblematically titled
3689:
670:
6012:
4209:
2223:
2152:
867:
755:
518:
502:
371:
3649:
5515:
1760:
863:
706:
596:
574:
546:
367:
1641:
1637:
747:
3767:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
2235:
1724:
Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas
899:
570:
3145:(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: EDUERJ: Rio Babel.
759:
674:
5839:
4491:
3541:
2227:
927:
919:
658:
642:
480:
363:
3306:
1318:
Comparisons between Tupi, Portuguese, and Nheengatu variants:
1715:
273:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
2544:
2219:
2215:
879:
1672:
Arte da Grammatica da Lingoa mais usada na costa do Brasil
669:), among the Sateré-Mawé, Maraguá and Mura people. In the
573:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3683:
705:(meaning "good"). The related language name Ñeꞌengatú in
3018:(2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. p. 1.
2945:
Roger Manuel López Yusuino (Venezuelan Nheengatu) (2013)
1666:
years. (Facundes et al. 1994 and Rodrigues 1958, 1986).
827:
to an independence revolution that lasted for 10 years.
3296:
3294:
3186:"Language Born of Colonialism Thrives Again in Amazon"
914:
peoples who have lost their native languages, such as
3027:
3025:
3418:. Berkeley: University of California. Archived from
3122:
2883:
péaca upáem r'iapéaca ramé, maá haé aitá hu sequéié.
800:
The General Language evolved into two branches, the
681:, and also among the riverside dwellers themselves.
3291:
1627:
649:and Warekena people, mainly in the municipality of
3618:(lexic, texts, media and others links), Wikispaces
3401:
3331:
3022:
1697:
3241:Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexandre (2010).
3080:Jesus, Hudson Romário Melo de (31 January 2022).
228:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
6244:
3454:(in Portuguese) (3 ed.). São Paulo: Global.
1589:
1549:
1509:
1469:
1429:
1389:
1349:
1307:Brazilian philologist specialized in Nheengatu,
1269:
1229:
1186:
1146:
1085:
1042:
728:
3531:Lima Schwade, Michéli Carolíni de Deus (2014),
3416:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
2395:
1751:, now extinct, Nheengatu is closely related to
1596:
1556:
1516:
1476:
1436:
1396:
1356:
1276:
1236:
1193:
1153:
1110:
1092:
1049:
3387:. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies.
3240:
2948:
2936:
2919:
2906:
2893:
2880:
2863:
2856:
2850:
2797:
2767:
2745:
2722:
2697:
2668:
2661:
2649:
2642:
2630:
2623:
2595:
2589:
2567:
2551:
2517:
2492:
2440:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2350:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
1676:
1670:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1070:
1063:
1056:
700:
694:
613:
607:
601:
284:to make improvements to the overall structure.
5531:
5106:
4578:
3705:
2796:In this example, the reduplicated segment is
722:, Ñe'engatú, Nhangatu, Inhangatu, Nenhengatu,
153:that contextualizes different points of view.
139:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
5786:
3530:
3056:Parlons Nheengatu: Une langue tupi du Brésil
5802:
2214:There are eight word classes in Nheengatu:
926:transmitted to children". According to the
86:promotes the subject in a subjective manner
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5538:
5524:
5120:
5113:
5099:
4585:
4571:
3712:
3698:
3491:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3154:
3152:
2792:"He is knocking on the door (repeatedly)."
878:, in northwestern Amazonas state, Brazil (
545:
6258:Indigenous languages of Northern Amazonia
4592:
3471:(in Portuguese) (1 ed.). São Paulo.
3429:
3405:; Facundes, Sidney; Pires, Nádia (1994).
3128:
3097:
2832:
1702:Language documentation agencies (such as
750:), the mouth of the Tapajós river to the
727:. It is also commonly referred to as the
693:The language name derives from the words
318:Learn how and when to remove this message
300:Learn how and when to remove this message
169:Learn how and when to remove this message
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
3244:Atlas of the world's languages in danger
3013:
2738:{} {‘I work.’} {} {I make (an object).’}
1747:In addition to the previously mentioned
997:as an example, see a comparison between
725:Yẽgatú, Nyenngatú, Tupi and Lingua Geral
3719:
3499:
3458:
3446:
3367:
3361:
3300:
3149:
3031:
2868:must be used if the subject is plural.
567:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
6245:
3372:. Journal of Anthropological Research.
3183:
3140:
2387:Examples of Personal Pronouns in use:
1675:by Father José de Anchieta (1595) and
1660:
595:
5519:
5094:
4566:
3693:
3559:
3382:
3376:
3079:
3052:
2828:
2818:
2771:
1804:
1785:
711:Nhengatu, Tupi Costeiro, Geral, Yeral
5545:
3442:(2 ed.). Etnolinguística: 6–18.
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3016:Novo dicionário da língua portuguesa
3009:
3007:
3005:
2428:2SG 2sgA-speak other.entity language
330:Tupi language of northwestern Brazil
257:
180:
119:
69:
28:
3509:(in Portuguese), Lot Publications,
3141:FREIRE, José Ribamar Bessa (2011).
1720:Brazilian National Research Council
736:
699:(meaning "language" or "word") and
83:This article contains wording that
24:
3432:"As línguas gerais sul-americanas"
3143:A história das línguas na Amazônia
2981:
2244:Fonologia e Gramática do Nheengatú
1755:, an extinct language, and to the
1742:
956:
218:for transliterated languages, and
198:of its non-English content, using
88:without imparting real information
25:
6284:
3552:
3037:
3002:
2903:Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2011)
2582:
2197:
2192:
2176:
2171:
2162:
2157:
2143:
2138:
2129:
2124:
2076:
2069:
2058:
2034:
2008:
2001:
1979:
1972:
1952:
1941:
1934:
1915:
1900:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1859:
1851:
1844:
44:This article has multiple issues.
3332:Moore, Facundes & Pires 1994
3279:from the original on 4 June 2012
3184:Rohter, Larry (28 August 2005).
2753:
1628:Nheengatu in northeastern Brazil
894:rivers). Furthermore, it is the
473:
262:
185:
124:
74:
33:
5080:Providence Island Sign Language
3395:
3337:
3261:
3234:
3208:
2871:
2530:{} 1SG(prefix)-with {} 1SG-with
1698:Language documentation projects
1313:Northern General Language (NGL)
52:or discuss these issues on the
3546:Federal University of Amazonas
3177:
3134:
3073:
1733:
845:
612:, and Tapajoawaran Nheengatu:
234:multilingual support templates
13:
1:
3646:"Nheengatu e dialeto caipira"
2974:
2678:Examples of verbal prefixes:
2533:{} {‘with me’} {} {‘with me’}
2431:"You speak another language."
2209:
1775:
1749:general language of São Paulo
2969:Region of Cabeça do Cachorro
2345:
2312:
2279:
2051:
2025:
1994:
1963:
1927:
1892:
1832:
1770:
862:and in neighboring parts of
688:
637:It is spoken throughout the
600:, Nheengatu from Rio Negro:
7:
6253:Endangered Tupian languages
3460:Navarro, Eduardo De Almeida
3448:Navarro, Eduardo De Almeida
3099:10.20396/rap.v17i00.8666579
3086:Revista Arqueologia Pública
3014:FERREIRA, A. B. H. (1986).
2957:
2890:Pe. Afonso Casanovas (2006)
2249:
1335:(Nheengatu from Rio Negro)
1021:(Nheengatu from Rio Negro)
850:Nheengatu is spoken in the
10:
6289:
3368:Forsyth, Donald W (1978).
2425:inde re-kuntai amu nheenga
1722:(CNPq), and funded by the
1309:Eduardo de Almeida Navarro
1298:
1291:
1284:
1175:
1168:
1161:
946:Eduardo de Almeida Navarro
791:São Paulo General Language
758:), between the borders of
332:
6227:
6207:
6144:
6125:
6083:
6033:
5981:
5948:Paulista General Language
5929:
5900:
5811:
5768:
5743:
5713:
5678:
5630:
5585:
5553:
5497:
5462:
5406:
5383:
5355:
5332:
5309:
5241:
5218:
5165:
5156:
5128:
5067:
5036:
4966:
4863:
4835:
4797:
4749:
4706:
4663:
4625:
4616:
4600:
4469:
4443:
4430:Paulista General Language
4407:
4332:
4304:
4271:
4248:
4170:
4137:
4029:
3996:
3923:
3885:
3797:
3788:
3748:
3727:
3430:Rodrigues, Aryon (1996).
3222:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
2877:Pedro Luiz Sympson (1876)
2862:property, but the plural
2465:1SG 1sgE-be.happy 1sgA.be
2092:
2052:
2042:
2026:
2016:
1995:
1985:
1964:
1949:
1911:
1866:
1833:
1814:
1809:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1728:Inter-American Foundation
1265:
1225:
1222:
1182:
1142:
1139:
1084:
1078:
1038:
1035:
1010:
922:, Uarequenas and others.
806:Southern General Language
802:Northern General Language
606:, Traditional Nheengatu:
553:
544:
532:
516:
500:
495:
468:Official language in
466:
461:
445:
431:
387:
377:
359:
352:
347:
342:
333:For the Titãs album, see
5505:Venezuelan Sign Language
3648:. Sosaci. Archived from
1678:Arte da Língua Brasilíca
876:São Gabriel da Cachoeira
854:region, in the state of
651:São Gabriel da Cachoeira
485:São Gabriel da Cachoeira
5075:Colombian Sign Language
3740:Brazilian Sign Language
3500:da Cruz, Aline (2011),
2998:(subscription required)
2949:
2937:
2920:
2907:
2894:
2881:
2864:
2857:
2851:
2839:Apiga ita sasi~sasiara.
2824:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2778:
2763:
2746:
2735:{} 1sg-work {} 1sg-make
2718:
2707:
2693:
2682:
2669:
2662:
2650:
2643:
2631:
2624:
2596:
2590:
2568:
2552:
2513:
2502:
2488:
2477:
2454:
2446:
2436:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2391:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2358:
2351:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
1677:
1671:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1341:Tapajoawaran Nheengatu
1277:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1154:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1093:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
942:University of São Paulo
701:
695:
614:
608:
602:
383:19,000 (2004–2008)
6268:Languages of Venezuela
5122:Languages of Venezuela
5054:San Andrés–Providencia
3383:Floyd, Simeon (2007).
3059:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
2931:Yasú Yapurũgitá Yẽgatú
2732:i) a-puraki ii) a-mũỹã
2527:i) se-irũ ii) *isé-irũ
1634:Grão Pará and Maranhão
1590:
1550:
1510:
1470:
1430:
1390:
1350:
1338:Traditional Nheengatu
1270:
1230:
1187:
1147:
1086:
1043:
787:Grão Pará and Maranhão
730:Língua Geral Amazônica
729:
555:This article contains
6263:Languages of Colombia
4594:Languages of Colombia
4435:Portunhol fronteiriço
1765:mutually intelligible
937:of the municipality.
632:Tupi–Guarani language
147:by rewriting it in a
3605:"Pres.casa-lllegues"
3581:"Escrita Nhengatu",
3560:Silva, Beto (2021),
3216:"A língua do Brasil"
2916:Aline da Cruz (2011)
2789:3SG-REDUP~knock door
2728:I make (an object).’
999:Brazilian Portuguese
912:Amazonian indigenous
804:(Amazonian) and the
752:Tupinambarana island
597:[ɲɛʔɛ̃ŋaˈtu]
196:specify the language
194:This article should
3721:Languages of Brazil
3652:on 15 December 2018
3425:on 6 December 2017.
2842:men PL REDUP~BE.sad
1661:Existing literature
1646:Rio Grande do Norte
858:, in the Brazilian
589:Nenhengatu language
282:editing the article
5650:Gavião of Jiparaná
4601:Official languages
4185:Gavião of Jiparaná
3749:Regional languages
3671:The New York Times
3190:The New York Times
2845:"The men are sad."
2560:'what, who, whom'
2548:
2462:isé se-ruri a-iku.
935:official languages
900:caboclo population
836:Amazon Rubber boom
653:, in the state of
6240:
6239:
6234:extinct languages
6203:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6024:
6015:
5884:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5513:
5512:
5458:
5457:
5129:Official language
5088:
5087:
5032:
5031:
4560:
4559:
4403:
4402:
4089:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
3728:Official language
3516:978-94-6093-063-8
3478:978-85-912620-0-7
3354:978-65-5972-113-9
3254:978-92-3-104096-2
3088:(in Portuguese).
3066:978-2-296-13259-7
2996:(18th ed., 2015)
2929:Sample from book
2786:u-tuka~tuka ukena
2759:repeated action.
2676:
2675:
2580:
2579:
2385:
2384:
2207:
2206:
2090:
2089:
1931:
1896:
1841:
1829:
1824:
1625:
1624:
1305:
1304:
1005:, and Nheengatu:
995:personal pronouns
821:Marquis of Pombal
733:(LGA) in Brazil.
673:and the state of
641:region among the
594:
581:
580:
563:rendering support
559:phonetic symbols.
335:Nheengatu (album)
328:
327:
320:
310:
309:
302:
275:layout guidelines
256:
255:
236:may also be used.
179:
178:
171:
133:This article may
118:
117:
110:
67:
16:(Redirected from
6280:
6018:
6011:
5880:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5809:
5808:
5800:
5799:
5784:
5783:
5547:Tupian languages
5540:
5533:
5526:
5517:
5516:
5163:
5162:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5092:
5091:
4928:Tanimuca-Retuarã
4623:
4622:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4564:
4563:
3795:
3794:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3674:
3673:, 28 August 2005
3661:
3659:
3657:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3619:
3608:
3599:
3588:
3576:
3567:
3566:, ISTOÉ Dinheiro
3563:Nativos digitais
3548:
3539:
3527:
3525:
3519:, archived from
3508:
3496:
3490:
3482:
3470:
3455:
3443:
3426:
3424:
3413:
3389:
3388:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3304:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3200:. Archived from
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3101:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3050:
3035:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3000:
2999:
2985:
2953:
2940:
2924:
2911:
2898:
2885:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2801:
2773:
2769:
2749:
2724:
2699:
2672:
2665:
2653:
2646:
2634:
2627:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2593:
2571:
2555:
2545:
2519:
2494:
2442:
2397:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2354:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2258:
2257:
2201:
2196:
2180:
2175:
2166:
2161:
2147:
2142:
2133:
2128:
2097:
2096:
2080:
2073:
2062:
2038:
2012:
2005:
1983:
1976:
1956:
1945:
1938:
1929:
1919:
1904:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1873:
1863:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1827:
1822:
1783:
1782:
1726:(SSILA) and the
1688:number agreement
1680:
1674:
1650:Monsenhor Tabosa
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1321:
1320:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1096:
1089:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1008:
1007:
737:Language history
732:
713:(in Venezuela),
704:
698:
622:, also known as
617:
611:
605:
599:
592:
549:
528:
512:
505:
489:Monsenhor Tabosa
479:
477:
476:
451:
393:
340:
339:
323:
316:
305:
298:
294:
291:
285:
266:
265:
258:
251:
248:
242:
227:
221:
217:
211:
207:
201:
189:
188:
181:
174:
167:
163:
160:
154:
150:balanced fashion
128:
127:
120:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
78:
77:
70:
59:
37:
36:
29:
21:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6223:
6209:Proto-languages
6191:
6140:
6121:
6079:
6029:
5977:
5925:
5896:
5798:
5782:
5764:
5739:
5709:
5683:
5674:
5626:
5581:
5549:
5544:
5514:
5509:
5493:
5464:
5454:
5402:
5379:
5351:
5328:
5305:
5271:Mapoyo-Yabarana
5237:
5214:
5158:
5152:
5124:
5119:
5089:
5084:
5063:
5028:
4962:
4873:Barasana-Eduria
4859:
4831:
4827:Northern Embera
4793:
4745:
4702:
4659:
4618:
4612:
4596:
4591:
4561:
4556:
4465:
4439:
4399:
4328:
4300:
4267:
4244:
4166:
4133:
4025:
3992:
3919:
3881:
3790:
3784:
3744:
3723:
3718:
3688:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3623:
3611:
3603:
3592:
3580:
3571:
3555:
3537:
3526:on 7 March 2014
3523:
3517:
3506:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3468:
3422:
3411:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3381:
3377:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3307:
3299:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3275:. 4 June 2012.
3267:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3204:on 29 May 2015.
3182:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3051:
3038:
3030:
3023:
3012:
3003:
2997:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2960:
2874:
2847:
2837:
2822:
2812:
2794:
2784:
2776:
2756:
2742:
2730:
2716:
2705:
2691:
2585:
2537:
2525:
2511:
2500:
2486:
2470:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2433:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2362:
2252:
2212:
2095:
1800:
1778:
1773:
1745:
1743:Characteristics
1736:
1700:
1663:
1630:
1334:
1030:
1025:
1020:
959:
957:Language family
910:affirmation of
896:native language
884:Rio Negro river
848:
739:
691:
561:Without proper
524:
508:
501:
474:
472:
469:
462:Official status
452:
447:
441:
434:
427:
394:
391:Language family
389:
380:
379:Native speakers
338:
331:
324:
313:
312:
311:
306:
295:
289:
286:
280:Please help by
279:
267:
263:
252:
246:
243:
237:
225:
219:
215:
213:transliteration
209:
205:
199:
190:
186:
175:
164:
158:
155:
145:help improve it
142:
129:
125:
114:
103:
97:
94:
91:
79:
75:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6286:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6238:
6237:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6213:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6132:
6130:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6098:
6090:
6088:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6065:
6060:
6053:
6048:
6040:
6038:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6016:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5988:
5986:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5944:
5936:
5934:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5806:
5797:
5796:
5790:
5788:
5781:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5770:Maweti–Guarani
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5749:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5700:
5695:
5689:
5687:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5567:
5559:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5543:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5520:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5498:Sign languages
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5468:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5361:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5338:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5171:
5169:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5118:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5095:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5068:Sign languages
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4726:Minica Huitoto
4723:
4718:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4507:Haitian Creole
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4451:Brazilian Sign
4447:
4445:
4444:Sign languages
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4408:Interlanguages
4405:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3694:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3663:
3642:
3631:on 9 July 2009
3621:
3609:
3601:
3590:
3578:
3569:
3556:
3554:
3553:External links
3551:
3550:
3549:
3528:
3515:
3497:
3477:
3456:
3444:
3427:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3375:
3360:
3353:
3336:
3305:
3290:
3260:
3253:
3233:
3207:
3176:
3148:
3133:
3129:Rodrigues 1996
3121:
3072:
3065:
3036:
3021:
3001:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2823:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2777:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2717:
2706:
2692:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2584:
2583:Verbal affixes
2581:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2549:
2512:
2501:
2487:
2476:
2475:
2453:
2445:
2435:
2434:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2355:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2251:
2248:
2240:demonstratives
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2169:
2167:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2136:
2134:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1708:Museu do Índio
1699:
1696:
1662:
1659:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1572:makira, gapõna
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1011:
958:
955:
953:of São Paulo.
852:Alto Rio Negro
847:
844:
738:
735:
690:
687:
579:
578:
565:, you may see
551:
550:
542:
541:
536:
530:
529:
522:
514:
513:
506:
498:
497:
496:Language codes
493:
492:
470:
467:
464:
463:
459:
458:
453:
449:Writing system
446:
443:
442:
437:
435:
432:
429:
428:
426:
425:
424:
423:
422:
421:
420:
419:
408:Tupi languages
397:
395:
388:
385:
384:
381:
378:
375:
374:
361:
360:Native to
357:
356:
354:
350:
349:
345:
344:
329:
326:
325:
308:
307:
270:
268:
261:
254:
253:
232:. Knowledge's
193:
191:
184:
177:
176:
132:
130:
123:
116:
115:
82:
80:
73:
68:
42:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6285:
6274:
6273:Tupi language
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6235:
6231:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6143:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6124:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6082:
6076:
6075:Xingu Asurini
6073:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6032:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5874:
5869:
5868:West Bolivian
5865:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5847:East Bolivian
5844:
5841:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:Aweti–Guarani
5785:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5655:Guariba Arára
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5541:
5536:
5534:
5529:
5527:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5477:Colonia Tovar
5475:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5461:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5155:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5111:
5109:
5104:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:Creoles/Other
5035:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4736:Murui Huitoto
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4583:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3710:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3612:"Nheengatu",
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3535:
3529:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3505:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3480:
3474:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3364:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3237:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3017:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2922:felisidaderã.
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2859:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2825:sasi~sasiara.
2821:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2765:
2760:
2754:Reduplication
2751:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2495:(prefix)-with
2490:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2468:"I am happy."
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2450:1sgE-be.happy
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:postpositions
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1768:
1767:in the past.
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1330:Ancient Tupi
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1016:Ancient Tupi
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
954:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
931:
929:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
898:of the rural
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
843:
839:
837:
832:
828:
824:
822:
816:
814:
809:
807:
803:
798:
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:
775:
771:
769:
768:lingua franca
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
734:
731:
726:
723:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
697:
686:
682:
680:
676:
672:
671:Baixo Tapajós
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
628:Amazonic Tupi
625:
621:
616:
610:
604:
598:
590:
586:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
558:
552:
548:
543:
540:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
521:
520:
515:
511:
507:
504:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
471:
465:
460:
457:
454:
450:
444:
440:
436:
430:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
409:
407:
406:
405:
402:
401:
400:
396:
392:
386:
382:
376:
373:
369:
365:
362:
358:
355:
353:Pronunciation
351:
346:
341:
336:
322:
319:
304:
301:
293:
283:
277:
276:
271:This article
269:
260:
259:
250:
240:
235:
231:
224:
214:
204:
197:
192:
183:
182:
173:
170:
162:
152:
151:
146:
140:
138:
131:
122:
121:
112:
109:
101:
89:
87:
81:
72:
71:
66:
64:
57:
56:
51:
50:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
6229:
6218:Proto-Tupian
6216:
6172:Urubu–Kaapor
6164:
6093:
6067:
6057:Ararandewara
6055:
6043:
6019:
5997:Avá-Canoeiro
5970:
5963:
5958:
5946:
5939:
5889:
5882:Pai Tavytera
5804:Tupi–Guarani
5752:
5727:
5702:
5599:
5569:
5562:
5429:
5426:(Maku-Auari)
5220:Arutani-Sape
5003:
4470:Non-official
4456:Ka'apor Sign
4039:Akwẽ-Xerénte
3832:Enawenê-Nawê
3670:
3654:. Retrieved
3650:the original
3633:. Retrieved
3629:the original
3614:
3594:
3583:
3562:
3533:
3521:the original
3502:
3464:
3451:
3439:
3435:
3420:the original
3407:
3403:Moore, Denny
3396:Bibliography
3384:
3378:
3369:
3363:
3344:
3339:
3301:Navarro 2011
3281:. Retrieved
3272:
3263:
3243:
3236:
3224:. Retrieved
3219:
3210:
3202:the original
3189:
3179:
3167:. Retrieved
3163:
3142:
3136:
3124:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3055:
3032:Navarro 2005
3015:
2991:
2983:
2964:Língua Geral
2930:
2872:Text samples
2848:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2827:
2817:
2809:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2766:
2757:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2713:
2710:
2702:
2696:
2688:
2685:
2677:
2602:
2586:
2576:'who, whom'
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2508:
2505:
2497:
2491:
2483:
2480:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2439:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2413:other.entity
2412:
2404:
2394:
2386:
2274:
2266:
2253:
2243:
2213:
1779:
1753:ancient Tupi
1746:
1737:
1712:Museu Goeldi
1701:
1693:
1684:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1631:
1317:
1306:
1155:ne/nde, endé
1029:Tapajoawaran
992:
960:
949:
948:founded the
939:
932:
924:
918:, Arapaços,
849:
840:
833:
829:
825:
817:
812:
810:
799:
795:
780:
776:
772:
740:
724:
721:
718:
715:Tupi Moderno
714:
710:
692:
683:
636:
627:
623:
619:
588:
584:
582:
554:
517:
416:
404:Tupi–Guarani
314:
296:
287:
272:
244:
230:ISO 639 code
226:}}
220:{{
216:}}
210:{{
206:}}
200:{{
195:
165:
156:
148:
137:undue weight
134:
104:
95:
84:
60:
53:
47:
46:Please help
43:
26:
6182:Wayampipukú
5645:Cinta Larga
4989:Inga Kichwa
4708:Bora–Witoto
4482:Vlax Romani
4461:Terena Sign
4425:Macarrônico
4306:Nambikwaran
4064:Djeoromitxí
3625:"Nheengatu"
3283:28 November
3226:28 November
3169:28 November
3092:: e022001.
2764:u-tuka~tuka
2054:Approximant
1734:Ethnography
1327:Portuguese
1223:3rd person
1140:2nd person
1036:1st person
1024:Traditional
1013:Portuguese
846:Current use
624:Modern Tupi
569:instead of
348:Modern Tupi
290:August 2024
247:August 2024
6247:Categories
6103:(Jau-Navo)
6007:Tenetehara
5983:Tenetehara
5861:Paraguayan
5601:Kepkiriwát
5463:Non-Native
5157:Indigenous
5049:Palenquero
4617:Indigenous
4420:Lanc-Patuá
4319:Nambikwara
4250:Chapacuran
4225:Tenetehara
4099:Mẽbêngôkre
4059:Chiquitano
3968:Pará Arára
3953:Hixkaryana
3789:Indigenous
3761:Pomeranian
3735:Portuguese
3587:, Omniglot
3273:archive.md
3164:Ethnologue
3160:"Nhengatu"
2993:Ethnologue
2975:References
2405:2sgA-speak
2224:adjectives
2210:Morphology
1776:Consonants
1466:happiness
1299:i/ta, aῖta
1285:i/ta, aῖta
1271:eles, elas
1133:yãné, yãdé
1126:yãné, yãdé
1119:yãné, yãdé
1107:inclusive
1082:exclusive
1031:Nheengatu
1026:Nheengatu
944:professor
904:Indigenous
872:Ethnologue
620:Nenhengatu
433:Early form
49:improve it
6232:indicate
6166:Takunyapé
6155:Emerillon
6117:Uru-Pa-In
6107:Kagwahiva
6013:Guajajara
5972:Potiguara
5959:Nheengatu
5760:Munduruku
5745:Munduruku
5729:Maritsauá
5577:Karitiâna
5571:Kabixiana
5465:languages
5430:Nheengatu
5357:Jirajaran
5195:Paraujano
5190:Mandawaca
5159:languages
5146:Maracucho
5004:Nheengatu
4903:Macaguaje
4898:Koreguaje
4850:Guayabero
4837:Guajiboan
4665:Barbacoan
4619:languages
4487:Hungarian
4210:Nheengatu
4205:Munduruku
4195:Kagwahiva
4114:Rikbaktsa
4011:Kashinawa
3867:Wapishana
3807:Asháninka
3791:languages
3607:. Gencat.
3598:, Archive
3487:cite book
3198:0362-4331
3116:248760708
3108:2237-8294
2988:Nheengatu
2896:pukusawa.
2703:‘I work.’
2612:Singular
2523:‘with me’
2498:‘with me’
2402:re-kuntai
2275:Pl Prefix
2267:Sg Prefix
2263:Singular
1966:Fricative
1771:Phonology
1226:singular
1216:pe, penhẽ
1209:pe, pẽnhé
1143:singular
1039:singular
950:Tupi Aqui
940:In 1998,
868:Venezuela
756:Parintins
689:Glottonym
679:Tupinambá
639:Rio Negro
585:Nheengatu
539:Nheengatú
519:Glottolog
503:ISO 639-3
417:Nheengatu
372:Venezuela
343:Nheengatu
159:July 2023
98:July 2023
55:talk page
18:Nheengatu
6146:Northern
6136:Kamayurá
6127:Kamayurá
6101:Karipuna
6021:Turiwára
6002:Tapirapé
5941:Old Tupi
5916:Pauserna
5698:Puruborá
5685:Ramarama
5680:Puruborá
5385:Timotean
5375:Jirajara
5334:Guahiban
5311:Chibchan
5296:Ye'kuana
5291:Tamanaku
5256:Japreria
5205:Warekena
5185:Caquetio
5167:Arawakan
4974:Carijona
4913:Pisamira
4878:Carapana
4865:Tucanoan
4855:Macaguán
4751:Chibchan
4688:Mwelyama
4678:Kokonuco
4640:Cabiyari
4627:Arawakan
4522:Romanian
4477:Japanese
4370:Katawixi
4365:Kanamarí
4314:Mamaindê
4273:Tukanoan
4220:Tapirapé
4119:Tapayúna
4094:Maxakalí
4069:Kaingang
4031:Macro-Jê
4021:Yaminawa
3983:Ye'kuana
3900:Jamamadí
3872:Warekena
3842:Mehinaku
3837:Mapidian
3822:Barawana
3799:Arawakan
3667:"Amazon"
3656:29 March
3635:29 March
3595:Nhengatu
3462:(2011).
3450:(2005).
3277:Archived
2958:See also
2694:a-puraki
2514:*isé-irũ
2421:language
2250:Pronouns
2236:pronouns
1930:prenasal
1801:alveolar
1794:Alveolar
1789:Bilabial
1761:Paraguay
1546:hammock
1499:surisawa
1492:çuriçawa
1405:apiawawa
1324:English
1231:ele, ela
1202:pe, pẽye
1003:Old Tupi
988:Tapirape
980:Kamayura
864:Colombia
856:Amazonas
764:Amazonas
707:Paraguay
667:Amazonas
655:Amazonas
615:nheẽgatu
609:nhẽẽgatú
575:Help:IPA
526:nhen1239
439:Old Tupi
368:Colombia
6230:Italics
6177:Wayampi
6085:Kawahíb
6063:Araweté
6045:Amanayé
5921:Sirionó
5911:Guarayu
5902:Guarayu
5833:Chiripá
5827:Guarani
5813:Guarani
5754:Kuruaya
5640:Aruáshi
5607:Makurap
5595:Akuntsu
5484:Italian
5393:Mucuchí
5347:Guahibo
5286:Sikiana
5266:Macushi
5243:Cariban
5228:Arutani
5200:Piapoco
5141:Llanero
5136:Spanish
5044:Llanero
4948:Wajiara
4943:Waimajã
4923:Siriano
4845:Guahibo
4822:Eperara
4799:Chocoan
4769:Chimila
4759:Arhuaco
4731:Muinane
4716:Andoque
4673:Awa Pit
4645:Piapoco
4608:Spanish
4547:Chinese
4537:Turkish
4532:Tagalog
4527:Russian
4415:Cafundó
4360:Kadiwéu
4355:Irantxe
4345:Arutani
4258:Oro Win
4139:Nadahup
4129:Xavante
4124:Timbira
4079:Kĩsêdjê
4049:Arikapú
4044:Apinajé
4016:Shipibo
4006:Amawaka
3978:Sikiana
3963:Macushi
3943:Bakairi
3925:Cariban
3915:Zuruahá
3910:Paumarí
3857:Tariana
3847:Palikúr
3812:Atorada
3773:Italian
3768:Hunsrik
3584:Writing
2615:Plural
2458:1sgA.be
2447:se-ruri
2418:nheenga
2271:Plural
2228:adverbs
2108:Central
1835:Plosive
1816:Glottal
1806:Palatal
1757:Guarani
1471:alegria
1351:pássaro
1266:plural
1195:pe, peẽ
1183:plural
1176:ne, ῖdé
1169:ne, ῖdé
1162:ne, ῖdé
1079:plural
1072:se, ixé
1065:çe, ixé
1058:se, ixé
1051:xe, ixé
993:Taking
972:Arawete
968:Siriono
920:Baniuas
886:basin (
630:, is a
571:Unicode
239:See why
143:Please
6148:(VIII)
6112:Kayabi
6095:Apiaká
6051:Anambé
5992:Akwáwa
5965:Omagua
5954:Cocama
5840:Jopara
5735:Xipaya
5723:Juruna
5715:Yuruna
5622:Wayoró
5617:Tupari
5612:Mekens
5587:Tupari
5564:Arikem
5555:Arikem
5489:Romani
5472:German
5450:Yaruro
5440:Sanumá
5424:Jukude
5398:Timote
5365:Ayoman
5276:Panare
5261:Kapóng
5180:Baniwa
5175:Arawak
5059:Romani
5019:Ticuna
4999:Kichwa
4979:Cocama
4953:Wanano
4938:Tuyuca
4933:Tatuyo
4908:Macuna
4893:Desano
4741:Ocaina
4698:Totoró
4655:Yucuna
4635:Achawa
4552:Slovak
4542:Korean
4517:Polish
4497:French
4492:Arabic
4395:Xukuru
4390:Ticuna
4385:Pirahã
4340:Aikanã
4333:Others
4324:Sabanê
4296:Wanano
4291:Tuyuca
4286:Tukano
4235:Xipaya
4215:Omagua
4190:Juruna
4180:Akwáwa
4172:Tupian
4109:Panará
4084:Krenak
4074:Karajá
4054:Bororo
3998:Panoan
3988:Waiwai
3973:Salumá
3958:Ikpeng
3938:Apalaí
3933:Amonap
3905:Kulina
3887:Arawan
3862:Terêna
3852:Paresi
3817:Baniwa
3778:Talian
3756:German
3542:Manaus
3513:
3475:
3351:
3251:
3196:
3114:
3106:
3063:
2933:(2014)
2774:~knock
2719:a-mũỹã
2714:
2711:
2689:
2686:
2670:aẽtá-ú
2509:
2506:
2489:se-irũ
2484:
2481:
2455:a-iku.
2093:Vowels
1895:voiced
1586:water
1579:makina
1565:makira
1539:tawasú
1525:tawasu
1518:tabusu
1511:cidade
1485:surisa
1478:toryba
1431:mulher
1426:woman
1333:Yẽgatu
1278:i, a'e
1238:i, a'e
1019:Yẽgatu
976:Kaapor
928:UNESCO
908:ethnic
888:Uaupés
860:Amazon
783:Amazon
696:nhẽẽga
663:Baníwa
659:Brazil
643:Baniwa
618:), or
603:yẽgatu
481:Brazil
478:
399:Tupian
364:Brazil
6160:Guajá
6129:(VII)
6035:Xingu
5933:(III)
5876:Kaiwá
5794:Awetï
5704:Urumi
5665:Suruí
5660:Mondé
5632:Mondé
5445:Warao
5435:Ninam
5414:Betoi
5407:Other
5370:Gayon
5342:Cuiba
5301:Yukpa
5281:Pemon
5251:Carib
5210:Wayuu
5024:Yukpa
5009:Nukak
4994:Kakwa
4984:Cofán
4967:Other
4958:Yauna
4918:Siona
4888:Cuiba
4883:Cubeo
4817:Chami
4812:Catio
4807:Baudo
4693:Pasto
4683:Misak
4650:Wayuu
4512:Greek
4502:Dutch
4380:Ninam
4375:Kwaza
4350:Guató
4281:Cubeo
4263:Wariʼ
4200:Kaiwá
4162:Nadëb
4157:Kakwa
4104:Ofayé
3948:Carib
3877:Waurá
3538:(PDF)
3524:(PDF)
3507:(PDF)
3469:(PDF)
3436:Papia
3423:(PDF)
3412:(PDF)
3220:Super
3112:S2CID
2951:ropí.
2909:resé.
2829:REDUP
2807:Apiga
2779:ukena
2772:REDUP
2725:-make
2700:-work
2520:-with
2307:yane-
2300:yãndé
2220:verbs
2216:nouns
2120:Close
2103:Front
2028:Trill
1997:Nasal
1840:plain
1823:plain
1811:Velar
1799:Post-
1716:Dobes
1642:Piauí
1638:Ceará
1532:mairí
1506:city
1459:kunhã
1452:kunhã
1438:kunhã
1419:apigá
1412:apigá
1391:homem
1358:gûyrá
1346:bird
1259:i, aé
1252:i, aé
1245:i, ae
1112:îandé
984:Guaja
916:Barés
892:Içana
748:Belém
593:Tupi:
456:Latin
135:lend
6187:Zo'é
6087:(VI)
6069:Aurá
5985:(IV)
5931:Tupi
5904:(II)
5891:Xeta
5854:Mbyá
5822:Aché
5778:Mawé
5693:Karo
5670:Zoro
5419:Hodï
5319:Barí
5233:Sapé
5014:Páez
4789:Wiwa
4779:Kuna
4774:Kogi
4764:Barí
4721:Bora
4240:Zo'é
4230:Xeta
3895:Deni
3827:Baré
3658:2006
3637:2006
3615:Tupi
3511:ISBN
3493:link
3473:ISBN
3349:ISBN
3285:2021
3249:ISBN
3228:2021
3194:ISSN
3171:2021
3104:ISSN
3061:ISBN
2835:.sad
2799:tuka
2782:door
2597:-itá
2553:mãʔã
2392:inde
2372:aẽtá
2333:pẽỹẽ
2319:ĩndé
2186:Open
2113:Back
1828:lab.
1714:and
1704:SOAS
1644:and
1591:água
1551:rede
1445:kuyã
1386:man
1379:wirá
1372:wirá
1365:wira
1292:aῖtá
986:and
964:Xeta
890:and
880:IBGE
866:and
762:and
760:Pará
743:Tupi
702:katu
675:Pará
647:Baré
626:and
583:The
487:and
412:Tupi
203:lang
6037:(V)
5815:(I)
5324:Uwa
4784:Uwa
4152:Hup
4147:Dâw
3094:doi
2990:at
2865:ita
2858:ita
2852:ita
2815:ita
2810:men
2768:3SG
2723:1sg
2708:ii)
2698:1sg
2651:pe-
2644:re-
2632:ya-
2591:etá
2569:awá
2518:1SG
2503:ii)
2493:1SG
2441:1SG
2437:isé
2410:amu
2396:2SG
2379:ta-
2352:aʔé
2340:pe-
2326:ne-
2293:se-
2286:isé
2153:Mid
1759:of
1558:iny
1398:abá
1188:vós
1094:oré
1087:nós
587:or
557:IPA
534:ELP
510:yrl
223:IPA
6249::
3669:,
3544::
3540:,
3489:}}
3485:{{
3438:.
3434:.
3414:.
3308:^
3293:^
3271:.
3218:.
3192:.
3188:.
3162:.
3151:^
3110:.
3102:.
3090:17
3084:.
3039:^
3024:^
3004:^
2833:BE
2819:PL
2747:a-
2683:i)
2663:u-
2658:3
2639:2
2625:a-
2620:1
2600:.
2478:i)
2365:s-
2359:i-
2347:3
2314:2
2281:1
2238:,
2234:,
2230:,
2226:,
2222:,
2218:,
2078:j̃
1954:ᵑɡ
1943:ⁿd
1936:ᵐb
1920:)
1905:)
1889:)
1878:kʷ
1864:)
1861:tʃ
1710:,
1706:,
1640:,
1612:yy
1605:ii
1598:'y
1315:.
1148:tu
1044:eu
1001:,
982:,
978:,
974:,
970:,
966:,
815:.
717:,
657:,
645:,
634:.
370:,
366:,
208:,
58:.
5682:–
5539:e
5532:t
5525:v
5114:e
5107:t
5100:v
4586:e
4579:t
4572:v
3713:e
3706:t
3699:v
3675:.
3662:.
3660:.
3641:.
3639:.
3620:.
3600:.
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3357:.
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3303:.
3287:.
3257:.
3230:.
3173:.
3131:.
3118:.
3096::
3069:.
3034:.
2831:~
2770:-
2199:ã
2194:a
2178:õ
2173:o
2164:ẽ
2159:e
2145:ũ
2140:u
2131:ĩ
2126:i
2071:j
2060:w
2036:r
2010:n
2003:m
1981:ʃ
1974:s
1917:ɡ
1914:(
1902:b
1899:(
1886:ʔ
1883:(
1871:k
1858:(
1853:t
1846:p
1619:i
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591:(
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315:(
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