984:
81:
517:
170:
142:
135:
163:
1209:
88:
2682:
1263:
1243:
70:
525:
1279:
670:
99:
499:, bounded by ranges of hills to the north and south. It is situated with its west wall rising from the lake itself, providing both protection from siege from that direction, as well as a source of supplies which would be difficult to cut off. The lake is large enough that it could not be blockaded from the land easily, and the city was large enough to make any attempt to reach the harbour from shore-based siege weapons very difficult.
2559:
1217:
gates. In most places they are formed of alternate courses of Roman tiles and large square stones, joined by a cement of great thickness. In some places columns and other architectural fragments from the ruins of more ancient edifices have been inserted. As with those of
Constantinople, the walls seem to have been built in the 4th century. Some of the towers have
1254:. A domed church with a cross-shaped nave and elongated apse, and dating from the perhaps as early as the end of the 6th century, its bema was decorated with very fine mosaics that had been restored in the 9th century. The Church of the Dormition was destroyed by the Turks in 1922; only the lower portions of some of its walls survive today.
1229:
The ruins of mosques, baths, and houses, dispersed among the gardens and apartment buildings that now occupy a great part of the space within the Roman and
Byzantine fortifications, show that the Ottoman-era town center, though now less considerable, was once a place of importance; but it never was
1067:
emperors
Alexios, John and Manuel campaigned extensively to strengthen the Byzantine presence in Asia Minor. Alexios seems to have repaired the aqueduct after the reconquest and major fortifications were constructed across the region, especially by John and Manuel, which helped to protect the city
1216:
The ancient walls, with their towers and gates, are relatively well preserved. Their circumference is 3,100 m (10,171 ft), being at the base from 5 to 7 m (16 to 23 ft) in thickness, and from 10 to 13 m (33 to 43 ft) in height; they contain four large and two small
728:
visited the city in 123 AD after it had been severely damaged by an earthquake and began to rebuild it. The new city was enclosed by a polygonal wall of some 5 kilometres in length. Reconstruction was not completed until the 3rd century, and the new set of walls failed to save Nicaea from being
502:
The ancient city is surrounded on all sides by 5 kilometres (3 mi) of walls about 10 metres (33 ft) high. These are in turn surrounded by a double ditch on the land portions, and also included over 100 towers in various locations. Large gates on the three landbound sides of the walls
708:
in circumference, i.e. approx. 700 m × 700 m (2,297 ft × 2,297 ft) or 0.7 km × 0.7 km (0.43 mi × 0.43 mi) covering an area of some 50 ha (124 acres) or 0.5 km (0.2 sq mi); it had four gates, and all its streets
1039:
community is attested in the city in the 10th century. Due to its proximity to
Constantinople, the city was contested in the rebellions of the 10th and 11th centuries as a base from which to threaten the capital. It was in the wake of such a rebellion, that of
1230:
as large as the
Byzantine city. It seems to have been almost entirely constructed of the remains of the Byzantine-era Nicaea, the walls of the ruined mosques and baths being full of the fragments of ancient Greek, Roman, and Byzantine temples and churches.
1179:
in erecting their mosques and other edifices. The large church of Hagia Sophia in the centre of the town was converted into a mosque and became known as the Orhan Mosque. A madrasa and baths were built nearby. In 1334 Orhan built a mosque and an
1194:
pottery industry in the 17th century. Thereafter, it slowly faded away as it lost population. In 1779, the
Italian archaeologist Domenico Sestini wrote that it was nothing but an abandoned town with no life, no noise and no movement.
1115:, the period was a lively one in the city's history, with "frequent synods, embassies, and imperial weddings and funerals", while the influx of scholars from other parts of the Eastern Roman world made it a centre of learning as well.
578:(Ἀντιγονεία) after himself. Antigonus is also known to have established Bottiaean soldiers in the vicinity, lending credence to the tradition about the city's founding by Bottiaeans. Following Antigonus' defeat and death at the
1233:
In the northwestern parts of the town, two moles extend into the lake and form a harbour; but the lake in this part has much retreated, and left a marshy plain. Outside the walls are the remnants of an ancient aqueduct.
1301:
Under the shallow waters on the margin of Lake Iznik, at a site still located on firm ground on the lakeshore in
Byzantine times, the ruins of a 4th-century basilica were found. It might well be the site of the
983:
1724:
1840:
503:
provided the only entrance to the city. Today, the walls have been pierced in many places for roads, but much of the early work survives; as a result, it is a tourist destination.
1743:
2833:
2614:
Ed: A. V. Zakharova, S. V. Maltseva, E. Iu. Staniukovich-Denisova. Lomonosov Moscow State
University/St. Petersburg, NP-Print, 2019, pp. 244–252. ISSN 2312-2129.
1175:
and for a short period the town became the capital of the expanding
Ottoman emirate. Many of its public buildings were destroyed, and the materials were used by the
2838:
877:, and became the foundation of church doctrine, was adopted at the first Roman Ecumenical Christian council in this city in 325. This council also condemned
2133:"Construction history of the aqueduct of Nicaea (Iznik, NW Turkey) and its on-fault deformation viewed from archaeological and geophysical investigations"
560:. The later version, however, was not widespread, even in Antiquity. Whatever the truth, the first Greek colony on the site was probably destroyed by the
1853:
1758:
1737:
2848:
976:, it began to decline thereafter. Many of its grand civic buildings began to fall into ruin, and had to be restored in the 6th century by Emperor
1250:
The Church of the
Dormition, the principal Greek Orthodox church in Nicaea, was one of the most architecturally important Byzantine churches in
2639:
928:
and recognized the veneration of Christian images of Jesus and the saints as legitimate. The council also forbade the secular appointment of
968:. However, the city was hit by two major earthquakes in 363 and 368, and coupled with competition from the newly established capital of the
721:, when he was governor there in the early 2nd century AD. In his writings Pliny makes frequent mention of Nicaea and its public buildings.
2598:
2537:
Voyage dans la Grèce asiatique, à la péninsule de Cyzique, à Brusse et à Nicée: avec des détails sur l'histoire naturelle de ces contrées
2471:
2449:
2427:
1632:
1118:
After the restoration of the Byzantine Empire in 1261, the city once again declined in importance. The neglect of the Asian frontier by
737:, as well as its attachment to the rulers; many of them commemorate great festivals celebrated there in honor of gods and emperors, as
987:
The Beştaş Obelisk, an obelisk-like funeral monument of Gaius Cassius Philieus located outside Nicaea, 1st century AD, Iznik, Turkey .
228:
2863:
1355:
688:
throughout the Roman period, and continued its old competition with Nicomedia over pre-eminence and the location of the seat of the
2572:
1783:
2873:
2577:
2336:
1794:
791:
2843:
2524:
2505:
2371:
611:
1948:
1146:
on 11 June 1329, the Byzantine government could no longer defend Nicaea. Nicaea finally surrendered to the Ottomans after a
1130:
visited the city in 1290 and took care to restore its defences, but Byzantium proved unable to halt the rise of the nascent
1333:
1072:
in Bithynia, where the emperor John spent a year training his troops in preparation for campaigns in southern Asia Minor.
1000:
991:
The city disappears from sources thereafter and is mentioned again in the early 8th century: in 715, the deposed emperor
2632:
2132:
1190:
in 1453, the town lost a great degree of its importance, but later became a major centre with the creation of a local
2065:
2038:
2011:
1984:
1931:
1904:
1877:
1715:
1688:
1602:
1575:
1548:
1521:
1491:
1464:
1437:
382:
1068:
and its fertile hinterland. There were also several military bases and colonies in the area, for example the one at
940:
By the 4th century, Nicaea was a large and prosperous city, and a major military and administrative centre. Emperor
890:
811:
779:
134:
80:
2352:
2263:
629:. This marks the beginning of its rise to prominence as a seat of the royal court, as well as of its rivalry with
1835:
1814:
738:
2496:
2131:
Benjelloun, Yacine; de Sigoyer, Julia; Dessales, Hélène; Garambois, Stéphane; Şahin, Mustafa (1 October 2018).
1100:
803:
810:. Constantine laid the groundwork for the majority of the population to become Christians, predominantly, the
162:
2625:
2568:
1168:
1147:
1008:
320:
1406:
1186:(soup kitchen) just outside the Yenişehir gate (Yenişehir Kapısı) on the south side of the town. With the
1107:
in 1261. Although Nicaea was soon abandoned as the primary residence of the Nicene emperors, who favoured
2858:
1826:
1104:
1949:"Nicea and its Aftermath: A Historical Survey of the First Ecumenical Council and the Ensuing Conflicts"
2731:
1652:
1135:
1122:
provoked a major uprising in 1262, and in 1265, panic broke out when rumours circulated of an imminent
905:
733:
in 258 AD. The numerous coins of Nicaea which still exist attest the interest taken in the city by the
714:
622:
2337:
Church that was 'site of some of Christianity's most important events' discovered under lake in Turkey
593:
411:
2207:
1127:
1016:
713:, so that from a monument in the centre all the four gates could be seen. This monument stood in the
565:
284:
2465:
495:(whose modern name derives from Nicaea's), and is situated in a fertile basin at the eastern end of
1218:
1119:
1112:
945:
901:
774:
705:
453:
334:
17:
2853:
2736:
1867:
1359:
1303:
1076:
770:
449:
330:
312:
31:
2515:
Raby, Julian (1989). "İznik, 'Une village au milieu des jardins'". In Petsopoulos, Yanni (ed.).
633:. The two cities' dispute over which one was the pre-eminent city (signified by the appellation
2807:
2741:
1187:
742:
52:
2273:
2055:
2028:
1921:
1705:
1678:
1647:
1592:
1538:
1481:
1290:
1282:
118:
2652:
2395:
2001:
1974:
1894:
1831:
1565:
1511:
1454:
1427:
1343:
1139:
1041:
1004:
941:
833:
783:
516:
2716:
2443:
2291:
2147:
1020:
969:
925:
894:
316:
2421:
8:
2802:
1393:
1351:
1270:
Excavations are underway in the Ottoman kilns where the historic Nicean tiles were made.
1143:
1092:
1028:
965:
957:
545:
2151:
1594:
Roman State & Christian Church Volume 1: A Collection of Legal Documents to A.D. 535
2726:
2383:
2163:
1818:
886:
693:
654:
457:
1626:
932:, thus solidifying the independent authority of the church against that of the state.
2721:
2671:
2600:
Urban Life and Local Politics in Roman Bithynia: The Small World of Dion Chrysostomos
2520:
2501:
2491:
2416:
2367:
2167:
2061:
2034:
2007:
1980:
1927:
1900:
1873:
1711:
1684:
1598:
1571:
1544:
1517:
1487:
1460:
1433:
1108:
996:
952:. The city remained important in the 4th century, seeing the proclamation of Emperor
718:
674:
615:
2868:
2592:
1242:
1052:
in Asia Minor until 1097, when it returned to Byzantine control with the aid of the
2155:
1387:
1172:
1096:
1088:
1064:
1049:
909:
710:
469:
461:
356:
112:
2617:
2607:
1063:
The 12th century saw a period of relative stability and prosperity at Nicaea. The
2828:
2781:
2535:
2303:
2159:
1131:
1057:
917:
758:
650:
599:
579:
549:
1208:
87:
1347:
1262:
1080:
1032:
973:
913:
846:
822:
787:
734:
689:
681:
649:
mentioned that Menecrates (Μενεκράτης) wrote about the history of the city. In
640:
481:
477:
473:
436:
424:
405:
396:
308:
205:
2681:
717:, which was destroyed by fire but was restored with increased magnificence by
2822:
2711:
2612:
Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art: Collection of articles. Vol. 9.
2563:
1657:
1621:
1426:
Intagliata, Emmanuele; Barker, Simon J.; Christopher, Courault, eds. (2020).
1327:
1176:
1053:
992:
961:
921:
795:
750:
496:
243:
230:
2701:
2464:
2340:
1976:
Blind Faith: How Christianity Abandoned God: Part One: the Trinity Doctrine
1103:, exiled from Constantinople, also took up residence in the city until the
1084:
1045:
949:
818:
794:
Christianity and supported it by granting privileges, and became the first
465:
69:
524:
2786:
1381:
1339:
1091:
and maintained an autonomous stance. From 1206 on, it became the base of
1044:, that it fell into the hands of Melissenos' Turkish allies in 1081. The
977:
701:
557:
430:
418:
2771:
2562: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1636:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 640.
1035:
in the 8th century and remained a center of administration and trade. A
2696:
2666:
1810:
1375:
1363:
1251:
1012:
685:
684:
in 72 BC. The city remained one of the most important urban centres of
635:
583:
533:
2206:
Tsivikis, Nikolaos (23 March 2007), "Nicaea, Church of Hagia Sophia",
1378:(BC ca.190 - ca.120), Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician.
2130:
1677:
D'Agostini, Monica; Anson, Edward M.; Pownall, Frances, eds. (2020).
1540:
Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia
1278:
1069:
874:
838:
807:
704:
fashion with great regularity, in the form of a square, measuring 16
669:
630:
468:(which comes from the First Council), and as the capital city of the
98:
2500:. London and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1463–1464.
2776:
2546:
1537:
Dumper, Michael (2007). Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. (eds.).
1315:
1024:
882:
754:
746:
680:
Along with the rest of Bithynia, Nicaea came under the rule of the
658:
646:
626:
570:
445:
441:
216:
2442:
1159:
964:
became independent of Nicomedia and was raised to the status of a
492:
201:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2706:
2649:
2420:
1191:
1123:
799:
725:
561:
2231:
1314:
Eight kilometers from the city there is an ancient, human-size,
2751:
2310:, iii. pp. 181, foll.; Walpole,'Turkey'[', ii. p. 146; Eckhel,
1805:
1182:
953:
929:
709:
intersected one another at right angles in accordance with the
697:
639:) of Bithynia continued for centuries, and the 38th oration of
621:
Sometime before 280 BC, the city came under the control of the
553:
488:
2184:, second edition (Cambridge: University Press, 1993), pp. 169f
2003:
The Roots of the Reformation: Tradition, Emergence and Rupture
995:
fled there, and the city successfully resisted attacks by the
480:
by the Byzantines in 1261. Nicaea was also the capital of the
371:
1625:
1453:
Pascual, José; Papakonstantinou, Maria-Foteini, eds. (2013).
1346:, which has left the seat vacant since the death of its last
1165:
920:, who later became the first female emperor, and attended by
878:
870:
826:
730:
591:
409:
44:
782:
became a legal religion of the Roman Empire in the reign of
1425:
1036:
374:
362:
2030:
Relations Between Religions and Cultures in Southeast Asia
1676:
2091:
1923:
Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions
1845:
1843:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1729:
1727:
1707:
Alexander's Veterans and the Early Wars of the Successors
1680:
Alexander's Veterans and the Early Wars of the Successors
700:(XII.565 ff.) described the city as built in the typical
1429:
City Walls in Late Antiquity: An empire-wide perspective
1095:, who in 1208 was crowned emperor there and founded the
661:
got drunk and raped; he later named the city after her.
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2081:
2079:
2077:
1452:
904:
in Nicaea again in 787. This council was called by the
2453:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 278–279.
2398:(in Greek). Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
2396:"Biography of Metropolitan Johannes (Rinne) of Nicea"
2253:
2251:
2187:
1456:
Topography and History of Ancient Epicnemidian Locris
1390:(ca.240 – ca.300), Greek mathematician and astronomer
383:
368:
359:
2103:
2074:
2647:
900:After shifting the council for four centuries, the
365:
2834:Populated places established in the 4th century BC
2475:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 433.
2248:
2027:Adrian, Donny Gahral; Arivia, Gadis, eds. (2009).
440:), was an ancient Greek city in the north-western
1015:in 741/2, and served as the meeting-place of the
2820:
2551:Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor
2286:
2284:
2282:
2209:Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor
1590:
643:was expressly composed to settle the dispute.
487:The ancient city is located within the modern
2633:
2327:Cyril Mango, "Byzantine Architecture", p. 90.
2057:The Evangelical Dictionary of World Religions
1896:Remembering Constantine at the Milvian Bridge
786:(also known as Constantine the Great) by the
2839:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
2431:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). p. 516.
2279:
2026:
1616:
1614:
1505:
1503:
1293:church of Nicaea is undergoing restoration.
980:, among them the aqueduct built by Hadrian.
532:The place is said to have been colonized by
2519:. London: Alexandra Press. pp. 19–22.
1869:The Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
1396:(1242 – ca.1310), Byzantine historian.
854:
536:, and to have originally borne the name of
528:The Lefke Gate, part of Nicaea's city walls
448:that is primarily known as the site of the
2640:
2626:
2608:Four Newly Discovered Churches in Bithynia
2567:
2544:
2182:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453
2140:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
1899:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20.
1865:
1849:
1754:
1733:
1710:. University of Texas Press. p. 237.
1597:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 126.
1509:
1237:
1023:, in 787 (the council probably met in the
798:to adopt Christianity, but he did not get
456:Councils of Nicaea (the first and seventh
1611:
1500:
1358:. The incumbent 2001–2010 was the former
1356:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
1011:, served as the base of the rebellion of
948:there, and the city gave its name to the
2849:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
2205:
2124:
1620:
1277:
1261:
1241:
1224:
1207:
982:
668:
523:
515:
2578:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
2533:
2321:
2269:
1892:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1703:
1479:
653:, Nicaea supposedly took its name from
14:
2821:
2415:
2353:2,000-year-old Hercules relief damaged
1972:
1536:
1486:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 178.
1384:(AD ca.150 – ca.235), Roman historian.
1296:
1273:
1083:in 1204, and the establishment of the
2621:
2593:Hazlitt, Classical Gazetteer, "Nicæa"
2540:(in French). London and Paris: Leroy.
2298:, pp. 10, foll.; Von Prokesch-Osten,
2053:
1999:
1919:
1570:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 26.
1563:
1516:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 27.
1360:Archbishop of Karelia and All Finland
1338:The bishopric of Nicaea remains as a
764:
612:List of traditional Greek place names
435:
423:
395:
2517:Iznik: The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey
2514:
2489:
2257:
2193:
2118:
2097:
2085:
1764:
1334:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nicaea
1031:). Nicaea became the capital of the
1007:. The city was again damaged by the
582:in 301 BC, the city was captured by
574:) to refound the city ca. 315 BC as
2553:. Foundation of the Hellenic World.
2366:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013,
2343:, 16 Sep 2018. Accessed 3 Sep 2023.
1946:
960:(365). During the same period, the
935:
24:
2212:, Foundation of the Hellenic World
2006:. InterVarsity Press. p. 99.
1309:
1246:Church of the Dormition in Nicaea.
956:(364) and the failed rebellion of
885:, which was later adopted by many
25:
2885:
2586:
2490:Foss, Clive (1991). "Nicaea". In
1153:
1048:made Nicaea the capital of their
568:, one of Alexander's successors (
2864:Roman towns and cities in Turkey
2680:
2557:
1591:Coleman-Norton, Paul R. (2018).
1321:
1257:
511:
476:in 1204, until the recapture of
355:
168:
161:
140:
133:
97:
86:
79:
68:
27:Ancient Greek city of Asia Minor
2457:
2435:
2409:
2388:
2377:
2357:
2346:
2330:
2224:
2199:
2174:
2047:
2020:
1993:
1966:
1940:
1913:
1886:
1859:
1799:
1788:
1697:
1670:
1510:Haverfield, Francis J. (2020).
664:
2874:Capitals of the Ottoman Empire
2497:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1640:
1584:
1557:
1530:
1473:
1446:
1419:
1350:in 1976. It is also a titular
1101:Patriarchate of Constantinople
169:
141:
13:
1:
2054:House, H. Wayne, ed. (2019).
1866:Ermatinger, James W. (2018).
1795:Plutarch, Life of Theseus, 26
1412:
1212:İznik Walls at the Lefke Gate
1203:
1134:in the region. After Emperor
1009:740 Constantinople earthquake
544:(Ἑλικόρη), or by soldiers of
294:
2844:Populated places in Bithynia
2466:"Pachymeres, Georgius"
2160:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.010
1407:List of ancient Greek cities
839:
460:in the early history of the
7:
2314:i. pp. 423, foll.; Rasche,
1956:Ashland Theological Journal
1432:. Oxbow Books. p. 83.
1400:
1318:relief engraved on a rock.
1105:recapture of Constantinople
902:Ecumenical Council was held
115:city wall • Lefke Gate
10:
2890:
2732:Alexandria in the Caucasus
2534:Sestini, Domenico (1789).
2483:
1973:Nelson, Daniel N. (2016).
1926:. Routledge. p. 285.
1825:book 15, as epitomized by
1738:2. Foundation, other names
1653:Collins English Dictionary
1480:Chamoux, François (2008).
1331:
1325:
1157:
1136:Andronikos III Palaiologos
827:
768:
614:), in tribute to his wife
592:
506:
410:
110:Ruins of the Roman Theatre
45:
29:
2795:
2689:
2678:
2659:
2545:Stefanidou, Vera (2003).
2339:. By Elaine McCahill for
1920:Orlin, Eric, ed. (2015).
1893:Van Dam, Raymond (2011).
1854:5. Culture - architecture
1827:Photius of Constantinople
1543:. ABC-CLIO. p. 194.
1369:
1128:Andronikos II Palaiologos
1079:of Constantinople to the
1017:Second Ecumenical Council
897:for the century to come.
673:The theatre, restored by
618:, who had recently died.
566:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
326:
304:
290:
285:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
280:
275:
267:
259:
222:
212:
197:
189:
127:
61:
42:
2364:Annuario Pontificio 2013
2033:. CRVP. pp. 115–6.
1872:. ABC-CILO. p. 31.
1704:Roisman, Joseph (2012).
1483:Hellenistic Civilization
1198:
1120:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1113:Magnesia on the Maeander
946:First Ecumenical Council
926:iconoclastic controversy
812:empire's formal religion
775:Second Council of Nicaea
548:'s army who hailed from
335:Second Council of Nicaea
2737:Alexandria on the Indus
2472:Encyclopædia Britannica
2450:Encyclopædia Britannica
2428:Encyclopædia Britannica
2318:iii. l. pp. 1374, foll.
1633:Encyclopædia Britannica
1564:April, Wilfred (2018).
1304:First Council of Nicaea
1266:Iznik kilns excavations
1238:Church of the Dormition
657:, a nymph whom the god
520:The Constantinople Gate
271:145 ha (360 acres)
117:Orhan Mosque (formerly
32:Nicaea (disambiguation)
2808:Alexandropolis Maedica
2742:Alexandria Prophthasia
2581:. London: John Murray.
2384:Catholic-Hierarchy.org
2302:, iii. pp. 321,foll.;
1947:Ray, J. David (2007).
1286:
1267:
1247:
1213:
1188:fall of Constantinople
988:
966:metropolitan bishopric
850:
677:
529:
521:
2762:Laodicea in Phoenicia
2308:Journey in Asia Minor
2100:, pp. 1463–1464.
2000:Evans, G. R. (2012).
1459:. BRILL. p. 97.
1344:Roman Catholic Church
1281:
1265:
1245:
1225:Inner city structures
1211:
1042:Nikephoros Melissenos
986:
942:Constantine the Great
761:, Philadelphia, etc.
672:
527:
519:
244:40.42900°N 29.71950°E
190:Alternative name
2717:Alexandria Arachosia
2547:"Nicaea (Antiquity)"
2292:William Martin Leake
1567:Culture and Identity
1513:Ancient Town-Planing
1021:Byzantine Iconoclasm
841:Sýmbolon tês Nikaías
828:Σύμβολον τῆς Νικαίας
790:in 313. Constantine
397:[niːˈkae̯.a]
149:Shown within Marmara
30:For other uses, see
2803:Antigonia (Paeonia)
2597:T. Bekker-Nielsen,
2571:, ed. (1854–1857).
2444:"Dio Cassius"
2152:2018JArSR..21..389B
1823:History of Heraclea
1394:Georgius Pachymeres
1297:Underwater basilica
1274:Hagia Sophia church
924:. It addressed the
804:just before he died
546:Alexander the Great
484:from 1331 to 1335.
458:Ecumenical councils
240: /
152:Show map of Marmara
39:
2859:Antigonid colonies
2727:Alexandria Eschate
2606:Çetinkaya, Halûk.
2492:Kazhdan, Alexander
2422:"Hipparchus"
2417:Clerke, Agnes Mary
1819:Memnon of Heraclea
1287:
1268:
1248:
1214:
1140:John Kantakouzenos
1019:, which condemned
989:
887:barbarian kingdoms
765:Christian Councils
694:Bithynia et Pontus
678:
530:
522:
425:[nǐːkai̯a]
249:40.42900; 29.71950
180:Show map of Turkey
37:
2816:
2815:
2722:Alexandria Ariana
2672:Ptolemais Hermiou
2526:978-1-85669-054-6
2507:978-0-19-504652-6
2372:978-88-209-9070-1
2233:St. Sophia Museum
2180:Donald M. Nicol,
1169:captured the city
1142:were defeated at
1093:Theodore Laskaris
1087:, Nicaea escaped
997:Umayyad Caliphate
889:, and led to the
869:) which declared
851:Symbolum Nicaenum
836:
719:Pliny the Younger
696:. The geographer
675:Pliny the Younger
586:, who renamed it
564:, and it fell to
434:
422:
400:), also known as
340:
339:
16:(Redirected from
2881:
2757:Laodicea Paralos
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2197:
2196:, p. 19–20.
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1388:Sporus of Nicaea
1364:Johannes (Rinne)
1126:attack. Emperor
1097:Empire of Nicaea
1089:Latin occupation
936:Byzantine period
868:
865:
864:Symbol of Nicaea
862:
859:
856:
844:
832:
830:
829:
711:Hippodamian plan
625:of the kings of
597:
596:
470:Empire of Nicaea
462:Christian Church
439:
437:[ˈnikεa]
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2121:, p. 1464.
2117:
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2096:
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2088:, p. 1463.
2084:
2075:
2068:
2060:. Baker Books.
2052:
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2014:
1998:
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1987:
1979:. BookCountry.
1971:
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1951:
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1850:Stefanidou 2003
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1755:Stefanidou 2003
1753:
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1734:Stefanidou 2003
1732:
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1691:
1683:. Oxbow Books.
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1058:one month siege
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1624:, ed. (1911).
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1150:2 March 1331.
1081:Fourth Crusade
1033:Opsician Theme
974:Constantinople
970:Eastern Empire
937:
934:
922:Pope Hadrian I
914:Constantine VI
910:Eastern Empire
895:Western Empire
788:Edict of Milan
766:
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735:Roman emperors
729:sacked by the
690:Roman governor
682:Roman Republic
666:
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641:Dio Chrysostom
600:transliterated
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2013:9780830839476
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1322:See of Nicaea
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962:See of Nicaea
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944:convened the
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1085:Latin Empire
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2787:Serraepolis
2312:Doctr. Num.
2272:, pp.
2146:: 389–400.
1962:(1): 20–21.
1832:Myriobiblon
1382:Cassius Dio
1354:see of the
1340:titular see
1050:possessions
978:Justinian I
891:destruction
702:Hellenistic
610:; see also
558:Thermopylae
247: /
223:Coordinates
2823:Categories
2697:Ai-Khanoum
2667:Alexandria
2650:Macedonian
2402:2008-10-18
2341:The Mirror
2296:Asia Minor
1815:16.244–280
1811:Dionysiaca
1759:3. History
1663:2022-12-11
1413:References
1376:Hipparchus
1332:See also:
1252:Asia Minor
1204:City walls
1173:Byzantines
1148:long siege
1075:After the
1013:Artabasdos
881:Christian
792:patronized
686:Asia Minor
636:metropolis
584:Lysimachus
576:Antigoneia
534:Bottiaeans
444:region of
298: 316
263:Settlement
235:29°43.17′E
232:40°25.74′N
2374:), p. 939
2258:Raby 1989
2236:, ArchNet
2194:Raby 1989
2168:133680295
2119:Foss 1991
2098:Foss 1991
2086:Foss 1991
1171:from the
1164:In 1331,
1144:Pelekanon
1109:Nymphaion
1070:Rhyndakos
1065:Komnenian
958:Procopius
834:translit.
808:Nicomedia
715:gymnasium
631:Nicomedia
442:Anatolian
317:Byzantine
2777:Seleucia
2653:colonies
2573:"Nicaea"
2419:(1911).
1648:"Nicaea"
1401:See also
1316:Herakles
1177:Ottomans
1056:after a
1025:basilica
883:Arianism
814:in 380.
800:baptised
755:Commodia
747:Dionysia
724:Emperor
659:Dionysus
647:Plutarch
627:Bithynia
571:Diadochi
542:Helicore
491:city of
482:Ottomans
446:Bithynia
305:Cultures
300:– 315 BC
217:Bithynia
208:, Turkey
198:Location
2747:Attalia
2707:Antioch
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2484:Sources
2274:219–220
2148:Bibcode
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1285:in 2012
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908:of the
906:Emperor
893:of the
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743:Isthmia
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726:Hadrian
598:, also
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556:, near
507:History
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321:Ottoman
291:Founded
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706:stadia
698:Strabo
655:Nicaea
616:Nicaea
604:Nikaia
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554:Locris
550:Nicaea
538:Ancore
454:Second
412:Νίκαια
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393:Latin:
343:Nicaea
327:Events
213:Region
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2869:İznik
2164:S2CID
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1160:İznik
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