775:. “The Nationality of the NW. Palace Ivories: That the group of ivories was not Assyrian was concluded on their discovery from their Egyptian appearance. Francois Lenormant, in the Bulletin archéologique de l'Athenaeum français, No. 6, June 1856, asserted that his father, Charles, had been the first to recognize that the pseudo-Egyptian workmanship was in reality Phoenician, whereas Dr. Birch of the British Museum, the ivories' first publisher, had held them for Egyptian work executed in Assyria, or copied there. Posterity, a few dissentients apart, has followed Lenormant, and some wilder misattributions might have been avoided had it been noticed, as stated above, that in Layard's group seven pieces bore a letter of the Phoenician alphabet, and in that of Loftus were two inscriptions apparently also Phoenician. (There seem to be weaker reasons for describing them as Aramaic.) Modern work has only enhanced the plausibility of Lenormant's view. Other ivories of similar type have been found at Samaria, the capital of Ahab, whose connexions with Tyre were notorious. Again, those found at Arslan Tash in North Syria, according to a fragment among them which bore an inscription in what is either Phoenician or Aramaic, were seemingly made and presented by some Phoenician tributaries of Damascus to their overlord. To these points we may add the internal evidence of the religious scenes themselves, which in Part II of this paper are shown to be just such as would be expected in the art of a country so situated as Phoenicia. A concluding point of internal detail, in striking confirmation, is that the loggia windows represented on the panels of the 'Woman at the Window' illustrate what is in the Talmud called 'the Tyrian window', 'through which one can put one's head', i.e. παρακπύτειν, in contrast to the Egyptian type, through which one could not.”
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features with one another or with material excavated in
Phoenicia. Yet it is almost universally believed that these two genres, metal bowls and carved ivories, mark the inception of Phoenician fine art… While it is tempting to ascribe to lack of excavation the problem of discovering the "true" Phoenician origins of worked ivory and metal bowls, the idea is probably fantastical. We have very little direct evidence of metal working or ivory working on the mainland. Published areas of the well-excavated Sarepta (Sarafand, Lebanon) yielded fewer than ten ivory objects, only three of which are figurative, and not even one scrap of a "Phoenician" metal bowl. And, as Hans Niemeyer and others point out, neither bowls nor ivories appear in the main colonies, not at Carthage, Malta, Sicily, or elsewhere. Even Markoe, the foremost expert on "Phoenician" metal bowls, admitted regarding those from Assyria, "we simply do not know where these vessels were produced."
340:
322:. The heads were very fine indeed. Some of the articles were maces, dagger-handles, or portions of chairs and tables (for we have undoubted evidence of the Assyrians using such.) Figures back to back form a shaft, and support a flower-headed capital. There are also boxes, and a vase – all elaborately carved. The Assyrians were adepts in veneering, the layers being highly ornamented with sacred emblems and lion-hunts. Phoenician inscriptions are found on two of three articles. They were found strewed at the bottom of a chamber among wood ashes. They had escaped the flames, but are blackened from lying among smouldering wood. I have got up a horse-load of objects, and am fitting them together as fast as possible, preparatory to boiling them in gelatine. The whole room is not yet explored, as the earth must first be removed from above. I propose going down to-morrow.
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and small portable objects of various kinds. Many of the ivories would have originally been decorated with gold leaf or semi-precious stones, which were stripped from them at some point before their final burial. A large group were found in what was apparently a palace storeroom for unused furniture. Many were found at the bottom of wells, having apparently been dumped there when the city was sacked during the poorly-recorded collapse of the
192:. In 2011, the Museum acquired most of the British-held ivories through a donation and purchase and is to put a selection on view. It is intended that the remainder will be returned to Iraq. A significant number of ivories were already held by Iraqi institutions but many have been lost or damaged through war and looting. Other museums around the world have groups of pieces.
566:– a few contain a number of words, and many more contain single letters. Some of these were found in the mid-nineteenth century by Layard and Loftus (in particular a knob inscribed "property of Milki-ram " ), and more were found in 1961 by Mallowan and Oates. Of the latter, the most significant finds were excavated in "Fort Shalmaneser" in the southeast of the Nimrud site.
159:, which were discovered at the same time but identified as Phoenician a few years earlier. However, both the bowls and the ivories pose a significant challenge as no examples of either – or any other artefacts with equivalent features – have been found in Phoenicia or other major colonies (e.g. Carthage, Malta, Sicily).
259:
A far greater number of ivories were found at Nimrud than at any other
Assyrian site, and it is thought that they had been brought to Nimrud as booty or imported as luxury goods from cities on the Mediterranean coast. Some centuries later it seems that these objects fell out of fashion, and were put
200:
The ivories comprise plaques decorated in relief with intricate carvings of sphinxes, lions, serpents, people, flowers and geometric motifs, as well as carvings of female heads and female figurines. They were carved in various locations across the
Ancient Near East, including Egypt, modern Syria and
162:
Most are fragments of the original forms; there are over 1,000 significant pieces, and many more very small fragments. They are carved with motifs typical of those regions and were used to decorate a variety of high-status objects, including pieces of furniture, chariots and horse-trappings, weapons,
803:
The two greatest challenges of
Phoenician art history are thus highlighted by these critical early discoveries: none of the metal bowls and hardly any ivories were found in Phoenicia, and the portable objects that we assign to Phoenician manufacture do not necessarily share stylistic or iconographic
406:
In addition to the purchase, the
British Institute for the Study of Iraq has also donated another third of its collection to the British Museum in recognition of the storage of the collection by the museum over the previous 24 years. It is anticipated that the remaining third of the collection will
374:
The collection of ivories uncovered by
Mallowan were divided between Iraq and Britain, where they remained at the British School of Archaeology in Iraq (later to become the British Institute for the Study of Iraq) until 1987. They were then put in storage at the British Museum until 2011, but were
390:
In March 2011, the
British Museum purchased one third of the Mallowan ivories (comprising 1,000 complete ivories and 5,000 fragments) from the British Institute for the Study of Iraq for £1.17 million, following a public fundraising campaign that raised £750,000 in six months, and with the
317:
The S.E. Palace at
Nimroud has just yielded a large collection of beautiful ivories, relics of a throne or furniture, &c. They have been fitted together by means of rivets, slides, and grooves – a complete Assyrian puzzle, and somewhat dangerous to sit on! Many exhibit traces of gilding and
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The largest single ivory find was made between 1957 and 1963 when a
British School team led by David Oates discovered a room at the Nimrud palace that was dubbed the "ivory room", which had apparently served as the main storage centre for ivory objects amassed by the Assyrian kings. Subsequent
240:
In addition to plaques, many small ivory carvings of female heads have been found at Nimrud, most only one or two inches in height, but a few over 5 inches tall. Many of these heads wear a flat cap which is very similar to the flat caps depicted on much earlier ivories from the
363:(1890–1976), who was fascinated with archaeology, and who accompanied her husband on the Nimrud excavations. Christie helped photograph and preserve many of the ivories found during the excavations, explaining in her autobiography that she cleaned the ivories using a fine
213:. Some pieces still preserve remnants of gold leafing. Many were already centuries old when put in storage and may have fallen out of fashion by that time. The gold may have been removed from the ivories before they were put in storage, or it may have been taken by the
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engraved on their back, which it is thought may have been used as guides to the assembly of pieces onto the furniture to which the ivories were attached. The presence of
Phoenician letters on the ivories suggests that they were the product of
318:
enamel, and were probably broken up for the inlaid gold and jewels with which they were once adorned. There is a decided Egypto-Assyrian character about the whole collection, perfect Egyptian heads being mixed with Assyrian Bulls and
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which were endemic in the Middle East in ancient times, but by the 8th century BC the Syrian elephant had been hunted close to extinction, and ivory for later objects would have had to be imported from India, or, more likely, Africa.
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249:. Another common carved form found at Nimrud comprises figurines of two naked females joined back to back, which are thought to have been used either as handles for fans or mirrors, or as a decorative element on furniture.
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355:. Mallowan found thousands of ivories, many of which were discovered at the bottom of wells into which they had apparently been thrown when the city was sacked, either in the turmoil that followed the death of
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The ivory plaques are thought to have been used to decorate chariots, furniture and horse trappings, and would originally have been covered in gold leaf or ornamented with semi-precious stones such as
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309:'s excavations in 1854–1855. They were found in a group of buildings labelled the "South-East Palace" or "Burnt Palace"; Loftus described the circumstances of the discovery in a letter to the
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The plaques show a wide variety of themes, some of which exhibit a pure Assyrian style, and some of which show Egyptian influence, with engravings of Egyptian people or gods, and even
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was looted, and many of the ivories kept there were damaged or stolen. Other ivories that were stored in a bank vault in Baghdad were damaged by water when the building was shelled.
678:, Iraqi Kurdistan. The museum houses 3 plaques, which were also excavated by Sir Max Mallowan between 1949 and 1963 CE. All of these plaques are on display in Hall 2 of the Museum.
638:, London, England: 6,000 pieces excavated by Mallowan which were formerly held at the British Institute for the Study of Iraq; as well as a number of pieces from other excavations.
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The Nimrud Ivories are being published in a series of scholarly catalogues. Many of these are available free online from the British Institute for the Study of Iraq (BISI):
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256:. However, the Egyptian themes are often misconstrued, and the hieroglyphs do not form valid names, so they would seem to be debased imitations of Egyptian art.
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661:, Iraqi Kurdistan. This museum houses about 30 pieces, which were excavated by Sir Max Mallowan. All of them are contained within 2 large display cases.
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The Hall of Nimrud Ivories at the Iraq Museum in Baghdad, Iraq. This hall displays a larger number of Nimrud ivories than any other museum.
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be returned to Iraq sometime in the future. A selection of the ivories will be put on display at the British Museum from 14 March 2011.
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are a large group of small carved ivory plaques and figures dating from the 9th to the 7th centuries BC that were excavated from the
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ND 10150 - the most detailed inscription, on a fragment 9 x 5 cm, with three lines of fragmented text. This is also known as
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Assyrian reliefs and ivories in the Metropolitan Museum of Art: palace reliefs of Assurnasirpal II and ivory carvings from Nimrud
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A. R. Millard, Alphabetic Inscriptions on Ivories from Nimrud. Iraq, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Spring, 1962), pp. 41-51 (13 pages).
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Lebanon, with relatively few carved locally. The ivory used to make these objects would originally have been derived from
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in 705 BC or when Nineveh fell and was destroyed in 612 BC. Mallowan's wife was the famous British crime novelist,
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published a series of these in 1962; the code "ND" is the standard excavation code for "Nimrud Documents":
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Lost Treasures of the Bible: understanding the Bible through archaeological artifacts in world museums
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One of the fragmentary ivories found at Nimrud carries the name of Hazael. This was probably king
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A supine bull, one of the Nimrud ivories found by Sir Max Mallowan, The Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq.
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In recent years excavations by the Iraqi Department of Antiquities have unearthed more ivories.
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285:(ruled 859–824 BC) at the Assyrian capital of Nimrud. The palace was rediscovered in 1845 by
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not put on display. Many of the Iraqi-held ivories have been lost or damaged. Following the
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ND 10150, the most detailed Canaanite and Aramaic inscription found in the ivory collection
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155:. They are foundational artefacts in the study of Phoenician art, together with the
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771:” Iraq, vol. 2, no. 2, British Institute for the Study of Iraq, 1935, pp. 179–210,
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Standing man holding branches of lotus flowers. The winged god Assur appears above.
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excavations by the Iraqi Department of Antiquities unearthed still more ivories.
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Ram-headed Sphinxes Flanking a Sacred Tree, Phoenician, Cleveland Museum of Art
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furniture plaque with two griffins in a floral landscape, Phoenician style,
135:) during the 19th and 20th centuries. The ivories mostly originated outside
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Ivories from Nimrud are held at a number of institutions across the world:
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ND 8184 - a curved strip, with six letters, and further smaller fragments
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The first group of ivories was excavated from the site of the palace of
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Further discoveries were made between 1949 and 1963 by a team from the
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The Art of Contact: Comparative Approaches to Greek and Phoenician Art
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936:"British Museum buys Assyrian treasures cleaned by Agatha Christie"
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791:. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. pp. 28, 89.
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Group of ivory carvings dating back to the 9th and 7th centuries BC
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Two pieces in the collection of Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
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ND 10359 - a triangular plaque from a harness, with three letters
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1197:. Pelican History of Art (4th ed.). Yale University Press.
47:. The plaque still has much of its original gold leaf and paint.
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Man and Griffin in Combat, Phoenician, Cleveland Museum of Art
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Female head, probably from a statuette, North Syrian style
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Female head, probably from a statuette, Syrian style
272:"The lady at the window", Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq.
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ND 10303 - an inscribed griffin, with three letters
1249:Nimrud ivories on the British Museum Flickr stream
898:"Christie ivories to go on show at British Museum"
593:ND 10304 - an inscribed griffin, with five letters
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769:The Nimrud Ivories and the Art of the Phoenicians
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188:and were deposited in (though not owned by) the
1279:Middle Eastern sculptures in the British Museum
1171:Fant, Clyde E.; Reddish, Michael Glenn (2008).
1106:"Conserving Birmingham Museum's Nimrud ivories"
574:ND 10151 - a 9 cm label with three letters
508:Standing man holding branches of lotus flowers.
1195:The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient
1076:Alphabetic Inscriptions on Ivories from Nimrud
217:when they sacked and razed Nimrud in 612 BC.
147:, and have frequently been attributed to the
1227:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
684:, Australia: 3 pieces excavated by Mallowan.
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1219:Crawford, Vaughn E.; et al. (1980).
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532:Standing man holding a lotus flower.
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1304:Archaeological discoveries in Iraq
1289:Sculpture of the Ancient Near East
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746:. British Museum. 21 February 2011
564:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
550:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
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1082:, vol. 24, no. 1, 1962, pp. 41–51
1031:"Agatha Christie and archaeology"
1020:(ed. J. Kitto), July 1855, p. 492
642:Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
1018:The Journal of Sacred Literature
562:A number of the ivories contain
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35:An ivory plaque which depicts a
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1093:https://doi.org/10.2307/4199711
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773:https://doi.org/10.2307/4241579
600:They have been compared to the
393:National Heritage Memorial Fund
305:More ivories were found during
934:Kennedy, Maev (7 March 2011).
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1269:Assyrian art and architecture
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1156:FAMSF press release (see end)
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602:Arslan Tash ivory inscription
1112:. University of Pennsylvania
311:Journal of Sacred Literature
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785:Martin, S. Rebecca (2017).
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391:support of grants from the
167:between 616 BC and 599 BC.
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665:Metropolitan Museum of Art
179:Metropolitan Museum of Art
830:British Museum Collection
676:Erbil Civilization Museum
484:Plaque 8th-7th century BC
371:and a pot of face cream.
351:led by the archaeologist
228:Some of the ivories have
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1264:Archaeological artifacts
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615:mentioned in the Bible.
99:, Baghdad, and elsewhere
1136:University of Melbourne
1058:Fant & Reddish 2008
1005:Fant & Reddish 2008
682:University of Melbourne
671:Cleveland Museum of Art
652:National Museum of Iraq
496:Plaque with plant motif
381:National Museum of Iraq
153:Phoenician inscriptions
97:National Museum of Iraq
66:9th to 7th centuries BC
1104:Horry, Ruth A (2015).
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327:Mallowan (1949–1963)
301:Plaque made in Egypt
254:Egyptian hieroglyphs
1284:Nineveh Governorate
1175:. Wm. B. Eerdmans.
714:Mona Lisa of Nimrud
659:Sulaymaniyah Museum
644:28 pieces from the
287:Austin Henry Layard
39:eating a man, from
1274:Ivory works of art
992:, pp. 314–322
980:, pp. 313–314
965:, pp. 311–312
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313:in February 1855:
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293:Loftus (1854–1855)
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230:Phoenician letters
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1182:978-0-8028-2881-1
819:Metropolitan note
798:978-0-8122-9394-4
420:Other discoveries
411:Oates (1957–1963)
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904:. 8 March 2011
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369:orange stick
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108:1954,0508.1
74:Neo-Assyrian
18:
1116:19 December
719:Nimrud lens
619:Collections
264:Discoveries
243:Tel Megiddo
237:craftsmen.
215:Babylonians
196:Description
149:Phoenicians
137:Mesopotamia
127:(in modern
1258:Categories
1234:0870992600
1165:References
902:BBC Online
702:links here
696:Catalogues
235:Phoenician
95:, London,
1193:(1970) .
379:2003 the
357:Sargon II
175:Cloisonné
1141:20 March
944:. London
853:Art Fund
750:15 March
708:See also
604:and the
585:TSSI I 6
397:Art Fund
395:and the
377:Iraq War
123:city of
121:Assyrian
53:Material
1040:8 March
948:8 March
908:8 March
858:8 March
385:Baghdad
63:Created
43:in the
1294:Nimrud
1231:
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1179:
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613:Hazael
247:Israel
224:Plaque
141:Levant
129:Ninawa
125:Nimrud
83:Nimrud
41:Nimrud
1110:Oracc
730:Notes
367:, an
320:Lions
145:Egypt
79:Place
1229:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1143:2011
1118:2020
1080:Iraq
1042:2011
950:2011
910:2011
860:2011
793:ISBN
752:2011
687:The
657:The
143:and
133:Iraq
115:The
37:lion
767:. “
383:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
