201:
400:
Columbia. The WWNI is a community driven, non-profit organization that is affiliated with the
University of Northern British Columbia, Northwest Community College, and Royal Roads University. It is the only place where students can earn accreditation and certification of its courses and programs in Nisga'a Studies.
399:
In 1993, the Wilp Wilx̱o'oskwhl Nisg̱a'a
Institute (WWNI) was established to provide post-secondary education for Nisga'a community and promote language and culture revitalization. It is the Nisga'a university-college located in the Nass Valley in Gitwinksihlkw on the northwest coast of British
395:
website, an online language archive was created to support language documentation, language teaching, and revitalization. The Nisga'a First Voices is publicly accessible. Information on the website is managed by the Wilp Wilx̱o'oskwhl Nisg̱a'a
Institute. Resources include alphabets, online
1085:
The high and mid short front vowels /i/ and /e/ as well as the high and mid short back vowels /u/ and /o/ are largely found to be in complementary distribution in native Nisga'a words but these pairs of sounds contrast one another in words borrowed into the language, making them distinct.
329:. Indeed, many linguists regard Nisga’a and Gitksan as dialects of a single Nass–Gitksan language. The two are generally treated as distinct languages out of deference to the political separation of the two groups.
390:
has been providing support to revitalize First
Peoples' language, arts and cultures. A total of $ 20 million has been distributed to support various projects, including revitalization of Nisga'a language. In 2003,
396:
dictionary, phrasebook, songs, stories, and interactive online games with sounds, pictures and videos. A total of 6092 words and 6470 phrases have been archived on the Nisga'a
Community Portal at First Voices.
1089:
In Nisga'a phonology, the voiced plosives are allophones of the unvoiced plosives /p, t, ts, k, kʷ, q/ and occur before vowels. Modern Nisga'a orthography writes the voiced plosives with their own characters
363:
and Lonnie Hindle, published in 1973 in Volume 7, Issue 1 of
Journal of Northwest Anthropology. In this dictionary, Rigsby created a simple alphabet for Nisga'a that is widely used today.
1590:
403:
A recent project called “Raising Nisga’a
Language, Sovereignty, and Land-Based Education Through Traditional Carving Knowledge” (RNL) was started by Nisga’a professor Amy Parent at
2723:
341:. In the 2018 Report on the Status of B.C. First Nations Languages, there were 311 fluent speakers and 294 active language learners reported in a population of 6,113.
387:
1450:
379:
was released for free. Recently, the app was made available for use on
Android. The Nisga'a app is a bilingual dictionary and phrase collection archived at the
1474:
1228:
1195:
2060:
1679:
211:
2728:
2718:
353:
359:
Other notable documentation of the Nisga'a language include 'A Short
Practical Dictionary of the Gitksan Language' compiled by
2687:
693:
801:
779:
630:
233:
2683:
2053:
1635:
1529:
1277:
1672:
1595:
2138:
1828:
1014:
1004:
223:
1174:
2713:
2618:
404:
2186:
142:
352:
published in 1890, as well as a Nisga’a primer for students published in 1897. These were published by the
2733:
2542:
2522:
2046:
1420:
1038:
1028:
683:
537:
187:
2664:
2428:
1665:
963:
953:
735:
620:
2014:
1810:
1730:
1069:
1059:
789:
725:
527:
517:
2088:
1803:
705:
1899:
987:
977:
571:
345:
348:
conducted much early linguistic work in Nisga’a, preparing translations of parts of the Bible and
2502:
2438:
1999:
551:
322:
2196:
2670:
2649:
2385:
1719:
610:
600:
1991:
1617:
1222:
1189:
767:
757:
349:
318:
109:
2251:
408:
2654:
2466:
2355:
2178:
2143:
2105:
2009:
662:
2708:
2211:
1348:
8:
2659:
2623:
2299:
2168:
2069:
1954:
1794:
1752:
1696:
642:
338:
1600:
2633:
2568:
2410:
2347:
2332:
2201:
2123:
2118:
1757:
1705:
1688:
652:
441:
1209:
Hindle, L., Bruce, R. (1973). "A Short
Practical Dictionary of the Gitksan Language".
179:
2613:
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2418:
2400:
2395:
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2370:
2322:
2256:
1917:
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1817:
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1535:
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1242:
481:
461:
446:
76:
229:
2608:
2598:
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2448:
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2337:
2284:
2246:
2191:
2153:
2113:
2083:
2004:
1978:
1943:
1887:
1867:
1844:
1783:
1774:
1739:
1108:
456:
436:
326:
314:
115:
60:
1172:
2603:
2593:
2588:
2547:
2456:
2423:
2380:
2327:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2266:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2206:
2158:
2148:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1932:
1893:
1746:
1559:
451:
412:
337:
Like almost all other First Nations languages of British Columbia, Nisga’a is an
101:
91:
2216:
1612:
192:
2537:
2487:
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2360:
2221:
2163:
2029:
1937:
1926:
1906:
1858:
1851:
1837:
868:
856:
846:
834:
824:
817:
134:
1127:
2702:
2527:
2133:
2128:
1712:
899:
715:
561:
493:
1650:
1539:
1396:
1287:
2628:
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2289:
581:
392:
380:
360:
2433:
1149:
163:
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1625:
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1519:
1267:
1103:
912:
894:
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1584:
1328:
1132:
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919:
904:
321:, although some Nisga'a people resent the precedence the term gives to
256:
64:
2038:
2279:
1657:
1301:
1049:
998:
673:
506:
172:
156:
200:
746:
593:
474:
241:
38:
1451:"New project using virtual reality to revitalize Nisga'a language"
383:
data base, resources include audio recordings, images and videos.
1623:
1489:
501:
237:
1428:
1372:
372:
208:
49:
1173:
Dunlop B., Gessner, S., Herbert T. & Parker A. (2018).
376:
1607:
part I, spelling and reading ; anspelsqum Tsim algiuk
1243:"Journal of Northwest Anthropology — List of Past Volumes"
356:(SPCK). These items included some portions of Scripture.
240:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1421:"About « Welcome to WWNI – Nisga'a House of Wisdom"
317:. It is a part of the language family generally called
1175:"Report on the Status of B.C. First Nations Languages"
1620:
Anglican liturgical text in Nisga’a published in 1977
411:. It will run over several years and aims to combine
16:
Tsimshianic language of northwestern British Columbia
1517:
388:
First Peoples' Heritage Language and Culture Council
207:
Nisga'a is classified as Severely Endangered by the
2724:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
1449:Reporter, Ben Bogstie,Local Journalism Initiative.
423:The phonology in Nisga'a is presented as follows:
415:technology with traditional knowledge in Nisga'a.
2700:
1613:OLAC resources in and about the Nisga'a language
2054:
1673:
1564:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office
1473:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1373:"First Peoples' Cultural Council | About us"
1227:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1194:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
313:) is an indigenous language of northwestern
2061:
2047:
1680:
1666:
1624:McCullagh, J. B. (James Benjamin) (1921).
1208:
199:
366:
354:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
1652:Nisga'a Lisims Government Language Tools
212:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
2068:
1329:"FirstVoices: Nisga'a Community Portal"
1265:
234:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2701:
1687:
37:
2042:
1661:
1513:
1511:
1509:
433:
325:. Nisga’a is very closely related to
1591:Nisga’a Language on First Voices.com
1557:
1487:
1448:
1323:
1321:
332:
1182:The First Peoples' Cultural Council
371:In January 2012, a Nisga’a app for
13:
1561:Tsimshian Texts, Nas River Dialect
1550:
1506:
1259:
1121:
14:
2745:
2729:First Nations languages in Canada
1578:
1318:
1247:Journal of Northwest Anthropology
1211:Journal of Northwest Anthropology
1068:
1058:
1037:
1027:
1013:
1003:
986:
976:
962:
952:
867:
855:
845:
833:
823:
800:
788:
778:
766:
756:
734:
724:
714:
704:
692:
682:
661:
651:
641:
629:
619:
609:
599:
580:
570:
560:
550:
536:
526:
516:
2719:Endangered Tsimshianic languages
1521:A grammar of the Nisgha language
1269:A grammar of the Nisgha language
1481:
1442:
1413:
1389:
1365:
1341:
1294:
1235:
1202:
1166:
1142:
409:Laxgalts’ap Village Government
405:University of British Columbia
1:
1518:Tarpent, Marie-Lucie (1987).
1266:Tarpent, Marie-Lucie (1987).
1114:
426:
2543:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
418:
7:
2665:Plains Indian Sign Language
1097:
10:
2750:
2516:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
1349:"Nisga'a on the App Store"
2680:
2642:
2556:
2515:
2475:
2447:
2409:
2346:
2298:
2265:
2177:
2104:
2097:
2076:
2023:
1990:
1953:
1916:
1877:
1827:
1793:
1773:
1729:
1695:
1630:. B.C.: Aiyansh Mission.
903:
898:
893:
891:
884:
745:
672:
579:
500:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
272:
262:
252:
220:
198:
186:
170:
154:
149:
131:
98:
82:
71:
55:
45:
33:
26:
21:
2523:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
346:James Benjamin McCullagh
1596:Nisga’a-language videos
1138:(subscription required)
2688:Canadian dictionaries
2671:Maritime Sign Language
2650:American Sign Language
2139:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
367:Revitalization efforts
222:This article contains
88:470 (2016 census)
2714:Tsimshianic languages
2684:Canadian style guides
1585:The Nisg̱a’a Language
1455:Prince George Citizen
407:working with and the
350:Book of Common Prayer
2655:Quebec Sign Language
2098:Indigenous languages
1558:Boas, Franz (1902).
344:Anglican missionary
2734:Languages of Canada
2624:Pennsylvania German
2070:Languages of Canada
1627:Miscellaneous hymns
1605:published in 1897;
1490:"Research Projects"
1401:www.firstvoices.com
657:⟨kwʼ⟩
635:⟨tlʼ⟩
625:⟨tsʼ⟩
339:endangered language
28:Nisg̱a’a, nisqáʔamq
2660:Inuk Sign Language
2619:Newfoundland Irish
2584:Tagalog (Filipino)
2557:Minority languages
2429:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
2187:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
2077:Official languages
2015:Southern Tsimshian
1689:Penutian languages
1618:The Nishga Liturgy
1609:, Internet Archive
1302:"FirstVoices Apps"
1092:b, d, j, g, gw, g̠
1074:⟨aa⟩
1043:⟨oo⟩
1019:⟨ee⟩
992:⟨uu⟩
968:⟨ii⟩
873:⟨w̓⟩
861:⟨y̓⟩
851:⟨l̓⟩
839:⟨n̓⟩
829:⟨m̓⟩
730:⟨x̱⟩
720:⟨xw⟩
698:⟨hl⟩
667:⟨ḵʼ⟩
647:⟨kʼ⟩
615:⟨tʼ⟩
605:⟨pʼ⟩
566:⟨kw⟩
542:⟨ts⟩
2696:
2695:
2614:Doukhobor Russian
2511:
2510:
2036:
2035:
2030:extinct languages
1811:Northern Kalapuya
1136:(18th ed., 2015)
1083:
1082:
1064:⟨a⟩
1033:⟨o⟩
1009:⟨e⟩
982:⟨u⟩
958:⟨i⟩
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
915:
882:
881:
820:
806:⟨w⟩
794:⟨y⟩
784:⟨l⟩
772:⟨n⟩
762:⟨m⟩
753:
740:⟨h⟩
710:⟨x⟩
688:⟨s⟩
596:
586:⟨ʼ⟩
576:⟨ḵ⟩
556:⟨k⟩
532:⟨t⟩
522:⟨p⟩
513:
496:
489:
484:
477:
470:
333:History and usage
280:
279:
248:
247:
230:rendering support
226:phonetic symbols.
141:Nisg̱a’a Script (
39:[nisɢaʔa]
2741:
2609:Hutterite German
2102:
2101:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2040:
2039:
1804:Central Kalapuya
1682:
1675:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1544:
1543:
1515:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1427:. Archived from
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1218:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1185:
1179:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1125:
1109:Gitxsan language
1075:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1044:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1020:
1017:
1010:
1007:
993:
990:
983:
980:
969:
966:
959:
956:
940:
935:
930:
925:
918:
911:
889:
888:
874:
871:
862:
859:
852:
849:
840:
837:
830:
827:
816:
807:
804:
795:
792:
785:
782:
773:
770:
763:
760:
751:
741:
738:
731:
728:
721:
718:
711:
708:
699:
696:
689:
686:
668:
665:
658:
655:
648:
645:
636:
633:
626:
623:
616:
613:
606:
603:
592:
587:
584:
577:
574:
567:
564:
557:
554:
543:
540:
533:
530:
523:
520:
511:
492:
487:
480:
473:
468:
431:
430:
386:Since 1990, the
315:British Columbia
276:Nisg̱a'a La̱xyip
250:
249:
214:
203:
182:
166:
159:
137:
104:
61:British Columbia
41:
19:
18:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2676:
2638:
2604:Canadian Gaelic
2552:
2507:
2503:Coast Tsimshian
2471:
2443:
2405:
2342:
2294:
2261:
2173:
2093:
2072:
2067:
2037:
2032:
2019:
2000:Coast Tsimshian
1986:
1949:
1912:
1900:Southern Patwin
1873:
1823:
1789:
1769:
1725:
1691:
1686:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1581:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1553:
1551:Further reading
1548:
1547:
1532:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1486:
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1466:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1447:
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1434:
1432:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1280:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1220:
1219:
1207:
1203:
1187:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1100:
1073:
1063:
1042:
1032:
1018:
1008:
991:
981:
967:
957:
887:
872:
860:
850:
838:
828:
805:
793:
783:
771:
761:
739:
729:
719:
709:
697:
687:
666:
656:
646:
634:
624:
614:
604:
585:
575:
565:
555:
541:
531:
521:
505:
429:
421:
413:virtual reality
369:
335:
323:Coast Tsimshian
228:Without proper
216:
215:
206:
178:
162:
155:
138:
133:
127:
105:
102:Language family
100:
89:
85:
84:Native speakers
65:Nisg̱a’a Nation
17:
12:
11:
5:
2747:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2694:
2693:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2643:Sign languages
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:Chinook Jargon
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2439:Nuu-chah-nulth
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
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2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1841:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1733:
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1602:Niš'ga Primer
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1431:on 2016-10-21
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1397:"FirstVoices"
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34:Pronunciation
32:
29:
25:
20:
2682:
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2629:Plautdietsch
2290:Inuvialuktun
2025:
1977:
1942:
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1829:Coast Oregon
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1651:
1641:. Retrieved
1626:
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1566:. Retrieved
1560:
1520:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:
1483:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:
1444:
1433:. Retrieved
1429:the original
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1415:
1404:. Retrieved
1400:
1391:
1380:. Retrieved
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1356:. Retrieved
1352:
1343:
1332:. Retrieved
1309:. Retrieved
1305:
1296:
1268:
1261:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1237:
1223:cite journal
1214:
1210:
1204:
1190:cite journal
1181:
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1144:
1131:
1123:
1091:
1088:
1084:
422:
402:
398:
393:First Voices
385:
381:First Voices
370:
361:Bruce Rigsby
358:
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336:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
266:
221:
171:
120:
27:
2467:Assiniboine
2356:Bella Coola
2275:Inuinnaqtun
1992:Tsimshianic
1377:www.fpcc.ca
1306:FirstVoices
818:glottalized
319:Tsimshianic
267:Nisg̱a'amg̱
236:instead of
110:Tsimshianic
2703:Categories
2366:Halkomelem
2179:Athabaskan
2169:Potawatomi
2106:Algonquian
1643:2012-08-28
1499:2020-12-14
1488:AP_admin.
1460:2020-12-14
1435:2017-11-12
1425:wwni.bc.ca
1406:2017-11-12
1382:2017-11-12
1358:2017-11-12
1334:2020-12-13
1311:2012-10-04
1252:2020-12-13
1159:2018-03-30
1154:Ethnologue
1133:Ethnologue
1115:References
427:Consonants
59:Northwest
2634:Ukrainian
2569:Cantonese
2434:Kwakʼwala
2333:Tuscarora
2300:Iroquoian
2280:Inuktitut
2252:Tsuutʼina
2202:Chipewyan
2197:Chilcotin
2124:Blackfoot
2119:Algonquin
2028:indicate
1955:Yok-Utian
1795:Kalapuyan
1758:Nez Perce
1753:Sahaptian
1706:Kathlamet
1697:Chinookan
1568:26 August
1353:App Store
1150:"Nisga'a"
674:Fricative
507:Affricate
419:Phonology
173:Glottolog
157:ISO 639-3
72:Ethnicity
2564:Mandarin
2419:Ditidaht
2411:Wakashan
2401:Thompson
2396:Squamish
2386:shíshálh
2376:Okanagan
2371:Lillooet
2348:Salishan
2323:Onondaga
2257:Tutchone
2212:Gwichʼin
1818:Yoncalla
1763:Sahaptin
1540:28598572
1469:cite web
1288:28598572
1098:See also
747:Sonorant
594:ejective
475:sibilant
442:Alveolar
287:Nisg̱a’a
263:Language
257:Nisg̱a'a
242:Help:IPA
180:nisg1240
94:speakers
2709:Nisga'a
2599:Italian
2579:Spanish
2574:Punjabi
2498:Tlingit
2493:Kutenai
2483:Beothuk
2391:Shuswap
2381:Saanich
2338:Wyandot
2285:Inupiaq
2247:Tahltan
2192:Carrier
2154:Naskapi
2144:Miꞌkmaq
2114:Abenaki
2084:English
2026:Italics
2010:Nisga’a
2005:Gitksan
1944:Nisenan
1918:Maiduan
1888:Nomlaki
1879:Wintuan
1868:Siuslaw
1784:Takelma
1775:Takelma
1740:Klamath
1731:Plateau
1128:Nisga’a
1104:Nisga’a
900:Central
502:Plosive
494:rounded
482:lateral
462:Glottal
447:Palatal
327:Gitxsan
311:Nisqa’a
283:Nisga’a
273:Country
238:Unicode
193:Nisga'a
121:Nisga’a
116:Gitksan
77:Nisga'a
22:Nisga’a
2594:German
2589:Arabic
2548:Michif
2533:Bungee
2457:Stoney
2449:Siouan
2424:Haisla
2328:Seneca
2318:Oneida
2313:Mohawk
2308:Cayuga
2242:Tagish
2237:Slavey
2232:Sekani
2227:Nicola
2207:Dogrib
2164:Ottawa
2159:Ojibwe
2149:Munsee
2089:French
1979:Ohlone
1963:Yokuts
1933:Konkow
1894:Patwin
1845:Coosan
1838:Alsean
1747:Molala
1634:
1587:(YDLI)
1538:
1528:
1286:
1276:
885:Vowels
457:Uvular
437:Labial
373:iPhone
307:Nishga
299:Nishka
295:Nisgha
285:(also
253:People
209:UNESCO
90:1,500
75:5,495
56:Region
50:Canada
2488:Haida
2476:other
2462:Sioux
2361:Comox
2267:Inuit
2222:Kaska
1973:Miwok
1968:Utian
1938:Maidu
1927:Chico
1907:Wintu
1859:Miluk
1852:Hanis
1178:(PDF)
936:short
926:short
913:short
895:Front
752:plain
512:plain
488:plain
469:plain
452:Velar
303:Niska
114:Nass–
2134:Innu
2129:Cree
1632:ISBN
1570:2012
1536:OCLC
1526:ISBN
1475:link
1284:OCLC
1274:ISBN
1229:link
1196:link
948:High
941:long
931:long
920:long
905:Back
377:iPad
375:and
291:Nass
143:NAPA
2217:Hän
1130:at
1050:Low
999:Mid
653:kʼʷ
631:tɬʼ
621:tsʼ
224:IPA
188:ELP
164:ncg
2705::
2686:-
1534:.
1524:.
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1492:.
1471:}}
1467:{{
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1320:^
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1188:{{
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869:ˀw
857:ˀj
847:ˀl
835:ˀn
825:ˀm
716:xʷ
663:qʼ
643:kʼ
611:tʼ
601:pʼ
562:kʷ
538:ts
309:,
305:,
301:,
297:,
293:,
289:,
92:L2
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726:χ
706:x
694:ɬ
684:s
582:ʔ
572:q
552:k
528:t
518:p
504:/
244:.
145:)
67:)
63:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.