389:
argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb. It is typically observed in a subset of the clause types of a given language (that is, the languages which have nominative–absolutive clauses also have clauses which show other alignment patterns such as
1584:
Galucio, Ana Vilacy; de Souza
Nogueira, Antônia Fernanda (20 July 2018). "From object nominalization to object focus: The innovative A-alignment in the Tuparian languages (Tupian family)".
482:(recent past), and nominative–absolutive (evaluative, progressive, continuous, completive, and negated clauses). An example of the latter alignment type is given below.
344:
818:
The historical origin of the nominative–absolutive clauses in Canela has been shown to be a reanalysis of former biclausal constructions (a
775:’ (nouns do not take case inflection in Canela), which occupy the same position in a phrase (in the example above, both precede the
842:, future, desiderative, and nonspecific aspect clauses instantiate the nominative–absolutive alignment. An example is given below.
337:
1181:
argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb (P). Person pronouns, which follow the verb (either cliticizing to it or not) are
265:
260:
255:
243:
238:
233:
100:
1493:
161:
20:
425:(progressive, continuous, and completive clauses, as well as future and negated clauses with non-pronominal arguments), and
330:
1394:
391:
114:
24:
795:
argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb (P) in that both may be indexed on the verb by person prefixes of the
1630:
1427:
1389:
823:
479:
395:
126:
28:
1165:
branch, main clauses commonly instantiate the nominative–absolutive pattern. Person prefixes on the verb are
282:
1625:
819:
475:
156:
141:
32:
1150:
250:
228:
185:
119:
474:, different main clause constructions present different combinations of alignment patterns, including
1080:
815:’). There are no elements which pattern as ergative or accusative in this type of clauses in Canela.
661:
639:
534:
366:
292:
109:
1556:
467:
422:
414:
1472:"Reconstructing the Source of Nominative-Absolutive Alignment in Two Amazonian Language Families"
272:
190:
89:
1471:
1186:
1170:
784:
740:
709:
582:
370:
84:
79:
48:
1178:
792:
386:
318:
200:
195:
180:
826:
embedded clause, headed by the lexical verb) as monoclausal, with the loss of the ergative.
31:
argument. For the alignment type with a marked nominative and unmarked accusative case, see
1038:
902:
171:
166:
146:
8:
1194:
748:
446:
378:
358:
41:
426:
1601:
1537:
1529:
1345:
1296:
1248:
1217:
1162:
1149:
in the example above) or by absolutive nouns phrases (not shown above), which are in a
1061:
1026:
990:
925:
890:
854:
676:
626:
549:
499:
430:
69:
62:
1202:
442:
438:
429:(progressive, continuous, and negated clauses), as well as in the main clauses of the
401:
The languages for which nominative–absolutive clauses have been described include the
1541:
1489:
1190:
1174:
788:
744:
410:
402:
374:
136:
74:
57:
1605:
1593:
1521:
1479:
1442:
1399:
835:
450:
434:
131:
1351:
1254:
1198:
1182:
1166:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1095:
996:
959:
860:
839:
812:
804:
796:
772:
764:
756:
752:
682:
632:
555:
505:
471:
418:
406:
382:
287:
205:
1369:
1308:
1273:
1223:
1046:
910:
716:
688:
589:
561:
1533:
1484:
1619:
1512:
Castro Alves, Flávia de (October 2010). "Evolution of
Alignment in Timbira".
1428:"Nominative-absolutive: Counter-universal split ergativity in Jê and Cariban"
1302:
1201:(A), but not the patient of a transitive verb (P). The example below is from
776:
654:
527:
277:
1327:
1229:
1005:
869:
1597:
1446:
944:
512:
1129:
noun or pronoun (if it occurs explicitly) always follows the predicate (
1079:
638:
421:(evaluative, progressive, continuous, completive, and negated clauses),
313:
219:
210:
943:
511:
1525:
1067:
1032:
931:
896:
304:
1474:. In Barðdal, Jóhanna; Gildea, Spike; Luján, Eugenio R. (eds.).
1104:
1073:
968:
937:
409:(future, desiderative, and nonspecific aspect clauses) and
19:
This article is about the alignment type attested in some
1583:
23:
in which the intransitive subject patterns both as a
1145:
arguments are indexed by means of verbal prefixes (
1469:
1425:
1617:
1470:Gildea, Spike; Castro Alves, Flávia de (2020).
1426:Gildea, Spike; Castro Alves, Flávia de (2010).
822:matrix clause, headed by the auxiliary, and an
660:
533:
1514:International Journal of American Linguistics
1117:In Panare nominative–absolutive clauses, the
338:
1554:
1511:
1137:agreement in the auxiliary if there is one (
1465:
1463:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1125:are distinguished as follows. The unmarked
739:In nominative–absolutive clauses, the sole
345:
331:
1579:
1577:
1507:
1505:
1483:
708:
581:
1460:
1412:
1228:
1141:in the example above). In contrast, the
1350:
1253:
1094:
995:
958:
859:
681:
631:
554:
504:
377:shares some coding properties with the
1618:
1574:
1502:
1368:
1307:
1272:
1222:
1045:
909:
715:
588:
1301:
1295:
1247:
1216:
1153:with the absolutive person prefixes.
755:(A) in that both may be expressed by
653:
526:
385:and other coding properties with the
1344:
1326:
1060:
1025:
1004:
989:
924:
889:
868:
853:
675:
625:
548:
498:
21:South American indigenous languages
13:
1113:‘S/he will throw away it/him/her.’
1102:-throw.away-FUT 3.ANIM.COP 3.ANIM.
687:
560:
14:
1642:
1586:Journal of Historical Linguistics
16:Type of morphosyntactic alignment
1555:Castro Alves, Flávia de (2011).
1012:
876:
695:
568:
1435:Typological Studies in Language
1066:
1031:
930:
895:
363:nominative–absolutive alignment
1557:"Complement clauses in Canela"
1548:
1395:Nominative–accusative language
1103:
1072:
1037:
967:
936:
901:
783:). At the same time, the sole
602:1.NOM IRR 1.ABS-descend-NF NEG
461:
1:
1405:
1390:Ergative–absolutive language
1169:, i.e., they index the sole
1133:in the example above), with
413:(imperfective clauses), the
7:
1383:
1185:: they may encode the sole
1156:
729:1.NOM IRR 3.ABS-take-NF NEG
456:
162:Ditransitive/Monotransitive
33:marked nominative alignment
10:
1647:
1478:. Brill. pp. 47–107.
1151:complementary distribution
966:-go-FUT 3.ANIM.COP 3.ANIM.
829:
18:
1485:10.1163/9789004392007_003
1379:‘I’ll see you every day.’
367:morphosyntactic alignment
1631:Transitivity and valency
1161:In the languages of the
954:/j-u-tə-sehpa (kəh) kən/
791:(S) is aligned with the
747:(S) is aligned with the
1090:/j-ama-sehpa (kəh) kən/
1598:10.1075/jhl.16025.gal
1476:Reconstructing Syntax
735:'I will not grab it.'
608:'I will not descend.'
599:/wa ha i-wɾɘ-k nãːɾɛ/
392:nominative-accusative
152:Nominative–absolutive
115:Nominative–accusative
1447:10.1075/tsl.89.07gil
1364:/e-top-kʷ-a-p nã õt/
1087:Yamasejpa (këj) kën.
951:Yutësejpa (këj) kën.
726:/wa ha i-pɨ-ɾ nãːɾɛ/
1626:Linguistic typology
824:ergative–absolutive
480:ergative–absolutive
396:ergative-absolutive
359:linguistic typology
266:Object–verb–subject
261:Object–subject–verb
256:Subject–object–verb
244:Verb–object–subject
239:Verb–subject–object
234:Subject–verb–object
127:Ergative–absolutive
42:Linguistic typology
759:pronouns, such as
596:Wa ha iwrỳc naare.
369:in which the sole
1495:978-90-04-39199-4
1268:/e-amõc-a-t (ẽt)/
1191:intransitive verb
1175:intransitive verb
789:intransitive verb
745:intransitive verb
723:Wa ha ipyr naare.
375:intransitive verb
355:
354:
297:Place–manner–time
293:Time–manner–place
186:Dependent-marking
137:Symmetrical voice
120:Marked nominative
1638:
1610:
1609:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1487:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1432:
1423:
1400:Split ergativity
1372:
1354:
1348:
1330:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1276:
1257:
1251:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1107:
1101:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1049:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1014:
1008:
1002:
993:
971:
965:
947:
940:
934:
928:
913:
905:
899:
893:
878:
872:
866:
857:
799:series (such as
719:
712:
697:
691:
685:
679:
664:
657:
642:
635:
629:
592:
585:
570:
564:
558:
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537:
530:
515:
508:
502:
347:
340:
333:
38:
37:
1646:
1645:
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1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1582:
1575:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1468:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1430:
1424:
1413:
1408:
1386:
1381:
1361:Etopkwap nã on.
1359:
1335:
1317:
1285:
1263:
1237:
1199:transitive verb
1159:
1115:
1099:
1085:
1051:
1016:
1000:
979:
977:‘S/he will go.’
963:
949:
915:
880:
864:
832:
753:transitive verb
737:
721:
699:
666:
644:
610:
594:
572:
539:
517:
464:
459:
383:transitive verb
351:
288:Free word order
206:Syntactic pivot
101:Morphosyntactic
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1644:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1612:
1611:
1573:
1547:
1534:10.1086/658054
1526:10.1086/658054
1520:(4): 439–475.
1501:
1494:
1459:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1336:
1318:
1287:
1286:
1238:
1208:
1207:
1197:argument of a
1158:
1155:
1097:
1052:
1017:
998:
981:
980:
961:
916:
881:
862:
845:
844:
831:
828:
751:argument of a
700:
667:
645:
617:
616:
615:
614:
573:
540:
518:
490:
489:
488:
487:
463:
460:
458:
455:
381:argument of a
353:
352:
350:
349:
342:
335:
327:
324:
323:
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321:
316:
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301:
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258:
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247:
246:
241:
236:
223:
222:
216:
215:
214:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
191:Double-marking
188:
183:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
169:
159:
157:Direct-inverse
154:
149:
144:
142:Active–stative
139:
134:
132:Split ergative
129:
124:
123:
122:
104:
103:
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
90:Oligosynthetic
87:
82:
77:
67:
66:
65:
52:
51:
45:
44:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1643:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1592:(1): 95–127.
1591:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1497:
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1436:
1429:
1422:
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1418:
1416:
1411:
1401:
1398:
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1391:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1293:
1292:/e-top-kʷ-a-p
1290:
1284:
1283:‘You danced.’
1281:
1278:
1277:-NFUT (2.NOM)
1275:
1269:
1266:
1265:Eamõjan (en).
1262:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1154:
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1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
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1100:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1077:
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1069:
1063:
1058:
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1042:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1001:
992:
987:
984:
978:
975:
972:
970:
964:
955:
952:
948:
946:
941:
939:
933:
927:
922:
919:
914:
912:
906:
904:
898:
892:
887:
884:
879:
873:
871:
865:
856:
851:
850:/j-u-tə-sehpa
848:
843:
841:
837:
827:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
736:
733:
732:A TAM p-V AUX
730:
727:
724:
720:
718:
713:
711:
706:
703:
698:
692:
690:
684:
678:
673:
670:
665:
663:
658:
656:
651:
648:
643:
641:
636:
634:
628:
623:
620:
612:
611:
609:
606:
605:S TAM s-V AUX
603:
600:
597:
593:
591:
586:
584:
579:
576:
571:
565:
563:
557:
551:
546:
543:
538:
536:
531:
529:
524:
521:
516:
514:
509:
507:
501:
496:
493:
485:
484:
483:
481:
477:
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469:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:is a type of
364:
360:
348:
343:
341:
336:
334:
329:
328:
326:
325:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
309:
306:
303:
302:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
283:OS word order
281:
279:
278:V2 word order
276:
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273:V1 word order
271:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
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217:
212:
209:
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204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
181:Zero-marking
179:
173:
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168:
165:
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163:
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158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
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133:
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128:
125:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:
105:
102:
99:
98:
91:
88:
86:
85:Polysynthetic
83:
81:
80:Agglutinative
78:
76:
73:
72:
71:
68:
64:
61:
60:
59:
56:
55:
54:
53:
50:
49:Morphological
47:
46:
43:
40:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1589:
1585:
1567:
1563:
1550:
1517:
1513:
1475:
1450:. Retrieved
1438:
1434:
1378:
1375:
1373:-p FUT 1.NOM
1366:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1177:(S) and the
1160:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1078:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1043:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1010:
1003:-throw.away-
988:
986:/j-ama-sehpa
985:
982:
976:
973:
956:
953:
950:
942:
923:
920:
917:
907:
888:
885:
882:
874:
852:
849:
846:
833:
817:
808:
800:
780:
768:
760:
738:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
714:
707:
704:
701:
693:
674:
671:
668:
659:
652:
649:
646:
637:
624:
621:
618:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
587:
580:
577:
574:
566:
547:
544:
541:
532:
525:
522:
519:
510:
497:
494:
491:
486:intransitive
465:
400:
362:
356:
251:OV languages
229:VO languages
201:Null-subject
196:Head-marking
151:
1441:: 159–200.
1213:/e-amõc-a-t
1193:(S) or the
1110:p-V a.AUX A
974:s-V s.AUX S
478:(default),
468:Northern Jê
462:Northern Jê
433:languages (
415:Northern Jê
314:Color terms
172:Indirective
167:Secundative
1620:Categories
1406:References
1183:nominative
1167:absolutive
1143:absolutive
1135:nominative
1127:nominative
1123:absolutive
1119:nominative
797:absolutive
757:nominative
613:transitive
447:Sakurabiat
417:languages
405:languages
220:Word order
211:Theta role
147:Tripartite
29:absolutive
27:and as an
25:nominative
1570:: 135-54.
1564:Amerindia
1542:224806935
1367:2-see-PL-
983:Yamasejpa
847:Yutësejpa
838:language
559:-descend-
470:language
411:Katxuyana
110:Alignment
70:Synthetic
63:Isolating
1606:69987541
1452:8 August
1384:See also
1376:p-V {} A
1289:Etopkwap
1271:2-dance-
1187:argument
1171:argument
1163:Tuparian
1157:Tuparian
785:argument
777:irrealis
741:argument
457:Examples
431:Tuparian
371:argument
319:Numerals
75:Fusional
58:Analytic
1280:s-V (S)
1221:-dance-
1210:Eamõjan
1179:patient
836:Cariban
834:In the
830:Cariban
820:split-S
793:patient
779:marker
545:i-wɾɘ-k
476:split-S
466:In the
451:Akuntsú
435:Makurap
427:Apinajé
423:Kĩsêdjê
403:Cariban
394:and/or
387:patient
305:Lexicon
1604:
1540:
1532:
1492:
1333:
1203:Wayoró
1189:of an
1173:of an
840:Panare
787:of an
743:of an
705:nãːɾɛ/
702:naare.
686:-take-
672:i-pɨ-ɾ
578:nãːɾɛ/
575:naare.
472:Canela
449:, and
443:Tuparí
439:Wayoró
419:Canela
407:Panare
373:of an
1602:S2CID
1560:(PDF)
1538:S2CID
1530:JSTOR
1431:(PDF)
1300:-see-
1243:(ẽt)/
1240:(en).
1195:agent
1022:(kəh)
1019:(këj)
886:(kəh)
883:(këj)
811:‘you.
807:’ or
771:‘you.
767:’ or
749:agent
542:iwrỳc
379:agent
1490:ISBN
1454:2020
1230:NFUT
1121:and
1105:DIST
1074:DIST
1068:ANIM
1057:kən/
1054:kën.
1033:ANIM
969:DIST
938:DIST
932:ANIM
921:kən/
918:kën.
897:ANIM
867:-go-
669:ipyr
1594:doi
1522:doi
1480:doi
1443:doi
1352:NOM
1341:õt/
1338:on.
1328:FUT
1315:p-V
1261:(S)
1255:NOM
1235:s-V
1139:këj
1131:kën
1047:AUX
1039:COP
1006:FUT
911:AUX
903:COP
870:FUT
813:ABS
805:ABS
803:‘I.
773:NOM
765:NOM
763:‘I.
717:AUX
710:NEG
683:ABS
662:TAM
655:IRR
633:NOM
622:/wa
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528:IRR
506:NOM
495:/wa
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398:).
357:In
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1370:TH
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1320:nã
1312:-p
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1224:TH
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1044:a.
1011:p-
957:3-
908:s.
875:s-
809:a-
801:i-
781:ha
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761:wa
694:p-
689:NF
650:ha
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619:Wa
567:s-
562:NF
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492:Wa
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627:1
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550:1
513:S
503:.
500:1
346:e
339:t
332:v
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