1162:
447:(Pitcairnese or Pi'kern) spoken by settlers from the Pitcairn Islands. The relative ease of travel from English-speaking countries such as Australia and New Zealand to Norfolk Island, particularly when compared with that of travel to the Pitcairn Islands, has meant that Norfuk has been exposed to much greater contact with English relative to Pitkern. The difficulties in accessing the Pitcairn population have meant that a serious comparison of the two languages for mutual intelligibility has proven difficult.
1774:
160:
239:
383:
306:. As travel to and from Norfolk Island becomes more common, Norfuk is falling into disuse. Efforts are being made to restore the language to more common usage, such as the education of children, the publication of English–Norfuk dictionaries, the use of the language in signage, and the renaming of some tourist attractions – most notably the
332:
In the 1970s, the
Norfolk community and specialists from mainland Australia noted that the Norfuk language was falling into decline, prompting discussions about how to implement Norfolk into the school system. At this point in time, Norfuk did not have a standardized writing system, as it was mostly
730:
Norfuk vocabulary has been heavily influenced by the history of
Norfolk Island. Many words were created for specific animals or plants on the island and the way in which these things are named is unique to the Island of Norfolk. For example, many fish that are indigenous to the island were named
474:
The language is closely related to
Pitkern but has no other close relatives other than its parent tongues of English and Tahitian. It is generally considered that English has had more of an influence upon the language than Tahitian, with words of Tahitian extraction being confined largely to
692:
The language itself does not have words to express some concepts, particularly those having to do with science and technology. Some
Islanders believe that the only solution is to create a committee charged with creating
1530:
482:
Many expressions which are not commonly used in contemporary
English carry on in Pitkern. These expressions include words from British maritime culture in the age of sailing ships. The influence of
333:
an oral language. The
Society of the Descendants of Pitcairn Islanders, founded in 1977, was a driving force behind the campaign to include Norfuk language as a teachable subject in schools.
1616:
Daval-Markussen, Aymeric (2015). "Book Review: 2013. The Atlas of Pidgin Creole
Language Structures, edited by Michaelis Susanne Maria, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath and Magnus Huber".
359:. It is an encyclopedia incorporating a large majority of the information about the Norfuk language and was one of the first instances in which the orthography of Norfuk was documented.
493:
In the mid-19th century, the people of
Pitcairn resettled on Norfolk Island; later, some moved back. Most speakers of Pitkern today are the descendants of those who stayed. Pitkern and
1189:
1551:
650:
The language is largely a spoken rather than written language, and there is a lack of standardisation. However, a number of attempts have been made at developing an
362:
Norfuk became a language of
Norfolk Island in 2004 by virtue of the Norfolk Island Language (Norf'k) Act 2004 passed by the island's legislative assembly.
1289:
1805:
2528:
334:
1453:
2463:
249:
1338:
2913:
2908:
1219:
731:
either by the people who caught them or by whoever received them after dividing the catch. One such instance is the naming of the fish
1699:
1175:
684:
was published in 1988. This orthography has won the endorsement of the
Norfolk Island government, and its use is becoming prevalent.
1531:
Expert Report on the Distinctiveness of Norfolk Islander Ethnicity, Culture and the Norf'k Language (Norfolk Island — South Pacific)
1762:
1197:
697:
in Norfuk rather than simply adopting English words for new technological advances. For example, Norfuk recently adopted the word
1560:
1600:
2456:
1798:
2788:
2521:
665:
1726:
Nash, Joshua; Mühlhäusler, Peter (2014). "Linking language and the environment: the case of Norf'k and Norfolk Island".
2923:
2918:
1429:
430:
1777:
412:
404:
369:
and colleagues received a grant from the Australian Research Council, in order to promote and facilitate revival.
2232:
1872:
1791:
487:
2537:
2514:
2472:
1299:
1253:
677:
468:
408:
217:
2933:
2903:
2382:
2264:
2176:
1853:
654:
for the language. Early attempts either attempted to enforce English spelling onto the Norfuk words, or used
456:
2618:
2073:
645:
139:
720:
2567:
2218:
2065:
1618:
1125:
501:
1275:
2572:
2095:
1839:
1390:
2225:
264:
1161:
2898:
2645:
2417:
2403:
2301:
2287:
1846:
393:
211:
2928:
2794:
2695:
2577:
2190:
2029:
1950:
724:
397:
2750:
2494:
2487:
1971:
1915:
1814:
1586:
1323:
Donald Laycock (1989) 'The Status of Pitcairn-Norfolk: Creole, Dialect or Cant? In Ammon (ed.)
707:. Processes similar to this exist in relation to other languages around the world, such as the
479:
subjects, negative characterisations, and adjectives indicating that something is undesirable.
737:
which received its name by a man named Sandford Warren after receiving the fish as his share.
2760:
2724:
1887:
1860:
1346:
483:
1360:
2877:
2774:
2656:
2239:
2169:
2088:
1707:
8:
2689:
2410:
2357:
2124:
2109:
1929:
1294:
321:
283:(in the Pacific Ocean) by the local residents. It is a blend of 18th-century English and
459:, despite the island's location in the Pacific Ocean, because of the heavy influence of
296:
2714:
2633:
2058:
2051:
1943:
1832:
1511:
1447:
1262:
716:
464:
340:
The first Norfolk dictionary was compiled in 1986 by Beryl Nobbs-Palmer. It was titled
1980:
1758:
202:
2719:
2709:
2628:
2623:
2424:
2131:
2102:
2044:
2037:
2014:
1936:
1894:
1728:
1596:
1515:
1435:
1425:
1236:
1213:
284:
225:
708:
2857:
2814:
2431:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2278:
2197:
2135:
2081:
1901:
1822:
1737:
1627:
1503:
1467:
1402:
1130:
712:
444:
292:
288:
85:
70:
27:
1741:
2824:
2780:
2766:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2675:
2669:
2664:
2650:
2587:
2582:
2562:
2506:
2396:
2389:
2375:
2322:
2308:
2155:
1994:
1987:
1964:
1957:
1766:
1590:
303:
103:
94:
20:
2843:
2204:
2160:
2021:
1908:
1231:
1229:
673:
497:
are mutually intelligible, but differ significantly in vocabulary and grammar.
494:
356:
337:
was one of the first to teach Norfolk classes in public schools, in the 1980s.
317:
280:
165:
128:
66:
1631:
1507:
719:
languages. Some languages already have official bodies, such as New Zealand's
2892:
2819:
2551:
2350:
2117:
1922:
1494:
1439:
1149:
661:
352:
1226:
344:
and contained examples of words in the Norfuk language and how to use them.
2703:
2640:
1406:
135:
1773:
185:
2183:
1783:
669:
651:
2592:
2315:
1154:
366:
307:
2681:
1238:
Norfolk Island Language (Norf'k) Act 2004 [Act No. 25 of 2004]
2849:
2271:
975:
944:
906:
694:
655:
460:
195:
178:
382:
238:
2872:
2829:
55:
668:
and Australian-trained linguist, developed a codified grammar and
2863:
2837:
108:
1468:"Preserving and reviving language and culture of Norfolk Island"
2449:
2257:
2151:
246:
1721:
1719:
1717:
2294:
476:
2692:(Franch Guiana and Suriname; English and Portuguese based)
1714:
1592:
The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities
471:" among the first generation of children born on Pitcairn.
1492:
Avram, Andrei (2003). "Pitkern and Norfolk revisited".
1584:
1325:
Status and Function of Language and Language Varieties
1111:
1100:
1093:
1079:
1072:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1030:
1023:
1009:
1002:
988:
981:
961:
954:
930:
923:
916:
892:
885:
878:
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853:
846:
828:
821:
814:
807:
793:
786:
779:
772:
732:
698:
311:
42:
19:
For the dialect of the English county of Norfolk, see
1422:
Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages: An Introduction
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
2536:
1545:
1543:
1419:
1553:Norfolk Island-Pitcairn English (Pitkern Norfolk)
2890:
1375:
1725:
1615:
1540:
802:
1687:An Encyclopædia of the Norfolk Island Language
1674:An Encyclopædia of the Norfolk Island Language
1661:An Encyclopædia of the Norfolk Island Language
869:
837:
767:
672:for the language in the 1980s, assisted by Dr
658:to represent sounds distinct to the language.
316:" – to their Norfuk equivalents. In 2007, the
2522:
1799:
1549:
1361:"UN adds Norfolk language to endangered list"
1067:
1088:
1039:
1391:"The Pitkern-Norf'k language and education"
1388:
997:
443:Norfuk is descended predominantly from the
411:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2529:
2515:
1813:
1806:
1792:
1452:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1176:"2016 Census QuickStats: Lord Howe Island"
1018:
970:
939:
901:
372:
245:Norfuk is classified as Vulnerable by the
237:
1319:
1317:
431:Learn how and when to remove this message
1644:
1336:
1290:"Save our dialect, say Bounty islanders"
974:
943:
911:
905:
841:
342:A Dictionary of Norfolk words and usages
250:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1528:
949:
873:
2891:
1314:
1218:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
54:
2510:
1787:
1491:
1337:Feizkhah, Elizabeth (6 August 2001),
1420:Velupillai, Viveka (15 April 2015).
740:
409:adding citations to reliable sources
376:
302:Norfuk has always been a linguistic
16:Official language of Norfolk Island
13:
1759:Learn Norfuk - Norfolk Island News
1550:Ingram, John; Mühlhäusler, Peter,
1143:
14:
2945:
2914:English-based pidgins and creoles
2909:Endangered languages of Australia
1752:
455:Norfuk has been classified as an
450:
1772:
1160:
381:
295:. Along with English, it is the
158:
2233:South Australian Pidgin English
1692:
1679:
1666:
1653:
1638:
1609:
1578:
1522:
1485:
1460:
1413:
1298:. 19 April 2005. Archived from
488:King James Version of the Bible
2538:English-based creole languages
2473:Australian Irish Sign Language
1647:The language of Norfolk Island
1353:
1330:
1282:
1245:
1182:
1168:
678:Australian National University
639:
500:The Norfolk language uses the
1:
2678:(French Guiana and Suriname)
2177:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
1742:10.1016/j.langsci.2013.08.004
1136:
1116:for 'it' in its object form.
687:
467:-speaker, and his role as a "
2684:(French Guiana and Suriname)
1780:travel guide from Wikivoyage
1536:(Report). pp. 104, 109.
1257:. 21 April 2005. p. B3.
646:Norfolk/Pitcairnese alphabet
507:
320:added Norfuk to its list of
291:-speaking settlers from the
140:Norfolk/Pitcairnese alphabet
7:
2219:Port Jackson Pidgin English
1619:Journal of Language Contact
1389:Mühlhäusler, Peter (2007).
1126:Languages of Norfolk Island
1119:
703:, a Norfuk-ised version of
287:, originally introduced by
10:
2950:
1645:Harrison, Shirley (1972).
1112:
733:
727:, for creating new words.
699:
643:
327:
312:
279:is the language spoken on
43:
25:
18:
2924:Society of Norfolk Island
2919:Culture of Norfolk Island
2807:
2733:
2611:
2604:
2544:
2482:
2441:
2367:
2250:Major immigrant languages
2249:
2226:Queensland Kanaka English
2150:
2068:? (5-6 families/isolates)
2006:
1882:
1870:
1821:
1778:Norfuk-Pitkern phrasebook
1704:www.norfolkonlinenews.com
1632:10.1163/19552629-00802008
1595:. Springer. p. 535.
1508:10.1017/S0266078403003092
1099:
1092:
1078:
1071:
1057:
1029:
1022:
1008:
1001:
987:
980:
953:
922:
915:
884:
859:
721:Māori Language Commission
520:
517:
236:
224:
210:
193:
176:
171:
153:Official language in
151:
146:
125:
91:
76:
62:
50:
41:
36:
2464:Indigenous Sign Language
504:(SVO) basic word order.
457:Atlantic Creole language
2368:Major foreign languages
2032:? (3 families/isolates)
1585:Hogan-Brun, Gabrielle;
1472:Research Data Australia
1339:"Keeping Norfolk Alive"
1101:
1094:
1080:
1073:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1031:
1024:
1010:
1003:
989:
982:
962:
955:
931:
924:
917:
893:
886:
879:
861:
854:
847:
829:
822:
815:
808:
794:
787:
780:
773:
711:in New Zealand and the
373:Relationship to Pitkern
268:
206: Pitcairn-Norfolk
2789:San Andrés–Providencia
2495:Indigenous Australians
2488:Aboriginal Australians
1815:Languages of Australia
1407:10.1075/eww.28.3.02muh
680:academic. Their book,
271:) (increasingly spelt
82:2,000 (2002–2017)
2878:Torres Strait Islands
2457:Australian Aboriginal
1854:Australian Aboriginal
1700:"Norfolk Online News"
486:missionaries and the
484:Seventh-day Adventist
469:linguistic socializer
2934:Vulnerable languages
2904:Languages of Oceania
2815:Australian Aborginal
2808:Asia and the Pacific
2657:Afro-Seminole Creole
2240:Torres Strait Creole
1710:on 17 December 2013.
1589:(11 December 2018).
1587:O'Rourke, Bernadette
1529:Mühlhäusler, Peter.
405:improve this section
322:endangered languages
297:co-official language
2619:Antigua and Barbuda
2595:(Equatorial Guinea)
1685:Buffett, David E.,
1566:on 25 February 2009
1327:, Walter de Gruyter
1302:on 10 December 2005
1295:The Daily Telegraph
747:
682:Speak Norfuk Today,
664:, a Norfolk Island
514:
502:subject–verb–object
299:of Norfolk Island.
2852:(Papua New Guinea)
1840:Western Australian
1765:2019-10-16 at the
1395:English World-Wide
1349:on 13 October 2005
745:
725:Académie française
521:Two target sounds
518:One target sounds
512:
490:are also notable.
465:Saint Kitts Creole
349:Speak Norfuk Today
2886:
2885:
2846:(Solomon Islands)
2803:
2802:
2504:
2503:
2146:
2145:
2066:Macro-Gunwinyguan
2007:Language families
1729:Language Sciences
1602:978-1-137-54066-9
1270:Missing or empty
1254:The Dominion Post
1158:(25th ed., 2022)
1108:
1107:
741:Personal pronouns
656:diacritical marks
637:
636:
441:
440:
433:
258:
257:
102:English–Tahitian
2941:
2858:Ngatikese Creole
2795:Turks and Caicos
2653:(United States)
2609:
2608:
2557:Aku (The Gambia)
2531:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2507:
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2025:
2017:
1997:
1990:
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1967:
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1953:
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1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
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1879:
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1856:
1849:
1847:South Australian
1842:
1835:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1746:
1745:
1723:
1712:
1711:
1706:. Archived from
1696:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1672:Buffett, Alice,
1670:
1664:
1659:Buffett, Alice,
1657:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1582:
1576:
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1565:
1559:, archived from
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1417:
1411:
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1368:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1345:, archived from
1334:
1328:
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1312:
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1273:
1268:
1266:
1258:
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1243:
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1224:
1223:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1196:. Archived from
1186:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1147:
1131:Pitkern language
1115:
1104:
1097:
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1055:
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1041:
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843:
839:
832:
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811:
804:
797:
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783:
776:
769:
748:
746:Norfuk pronouns
744:
736:
702:
515:
511:
436:
429:
425:
422:
416:
385:
377:
315:
293:Pitcairn Islands
265:Pitcairn-Norfolk
252:
241:
232:
220:
205:
189:Pitcairn-Norfolk
188:
181:
164:
162:
161:
131:
97:
86:Lord Howe Island
71:Lord Howe Island
58:
56:[nɔːfuk]
46:
34:
33:
28:Pitkern language
2949:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2899:Norfuk language
2889:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2825:Hawaiian Pidgin
2799:
2767:Limonese Creole
2756:Jamaican Patois
2751:Jamaican Maroon
2729:
2659:(United States)
2600:
2554:(Sierra Leone)
2540:
2535:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2462:
2455:
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2256:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:mixed languages
2159:
2142:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2013:
2002:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1874:
1866:
1859:
1852:
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1838:
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1817:
1812:
1767:Wayback Machine
1755:
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1259:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1200:on 25 July 2008
1194:www.info.gov.nf
1190:"Archived copy"
1188:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1122:
743:
690:
666:parliamentarian
648:
642:
510:
495:Norfuk dialects
453:
437:
426:
420:
417:
402:
386:
375:
351:was written by
330:
313:A Trip Ina Stik
254:
253:
244:
230:
216:
201:
184:
177:
159:
157:
154:
147:Official status
132:
127:
121:
98:
95:Language family
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78:Native speakers
30:
24:
21:Norfolk dialect
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2070:
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2018:
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1995:Djambarrpuyngu
1991:
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1972:Pitjantjatjara
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1753:External links
1751:
1748:
1747:
1713:
1691:
1689:, 1999, p. xii
1678:
1676:, 1999, p. xvi
1665:
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1637:
1626:(2): 430–434.
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1401:(3): 215–247.
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644:Main article:
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2112:(4 families?)
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2030:Darwin Region
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1992:
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1985:
1984:
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1978:
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1916:Murrinh Patha
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1649:. p. 18.
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1495:English Today
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1424:. Amsterdam.
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662:Alice Buffett
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395:
390:This section
388:
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360:
358:
354:
353:Alice Buffett
350:
345:
343:
338:
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335:Faye Bataille
325:
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72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
51:Pronunciation
49:
45:
40:
35:
32:
29:
22:
2867:
2860:(Micronesia)
2777:(Nicaragua)
2769:(Costa Rica)
2704:Sranan Tongo
2211:
2096:Pama–Nyungan
2024:(5 families)
1888:Anindilyakwa
1733:
1727:
1708:the original
1703:
1694:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1591:
1580:
1568:, retrieved
1561:the original
1552:
1524:
1502:(1): 44–49.
1499:
1493:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1462:
1421:
1415:
1398:
1394:
1365:. Retrieved
1355:
1347:the original
1343:TIME Pacific
1342:
1332:
1324:
1304:. Retrieved
1300:the original
1293:
1284:
1272:|title=
1252:
1247:
1237:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:the original
1193:
1184:
1170:
1153:
1145:
1109:
729:
723:or France's
704:
691:
681:
660:
649:
499:
492:
481:
473:
454:
442:
427:
418:
403:Please help
391:
364:
361:
348:
346:
341:
339:
331:
301:
276:
272:
260:
259:
212:Linguasphere
194:
114:
31:
2783:(Nicaragua)
2634:Saint Kitts
2568:West Africa
2184:Cocos Malay
2170:Angloromani
1981:Yolŋu Matha
670:orthography
652:orthography
640:Orthography
2893:Categories
2834:Melanesia
2791:(Colombia)
2706:(Suriname)
2698:(Suriname)
2690:Saramaccan
2672:(Suriname)
2629:Montserrat
2593:Pichinglis
2411:Indonesian
2358:Vietnamese
2089:Nyulnyulan
1930:Walmajarri
1873:Indigenous
1833:Australian
1477:31 October
1363:. ABC News
1204:12 January
1155:Ethnologue
1137:References
762:Predicate
759:Possessive
688:Vocabulary
367:Eve Semple
308:rainforest
26:See also:
2873:Singapore
2850:Tok Pisin
2840:(Vanuatu)
2605:Caribbean
2272:Cantonese
2132:Yangmanic
2125:Worrorran
2110:Tasmanian
1944:Warumungu
1875:languages
1825:varieties
1736:: 26–33.
1516:144835575
1448:cite book
1440:900333013
1263:cite news
963:miienhers
717:Icelandic
700:kompyuuta
695:new words
508:Phonology
461:Ned Young
421:July 2019
392:does not
365:In 2018,
347:The book
218:52-ABB-dd
196:Glottolog
179:ISO 639-3
2864:Pitcairn
2830:Malaysia
2781:Rama Cay
2763:(Panama)
2715:Trinidad
2641:Barbados
2624:Anguilla
2573:Cameroon
2425:Japanese
2279:Mandarin
2059:Jarrakan
2052:Iwaidjan
2045:Giimbiyu
1937:Warlpiri
1895:Arrernte
1763:Archived
1570:20 April
1214:cite web
1120:See also
956:miienher
932:miienhis
918:miienhem
734:Sandford
705:computer
529:group 2
526:group 1
285:Tahitian
203:pitc1234
2868:Norfolk
2838:Bislama
2741:Bahamas
2734:Western
2696:Matawai
2646:Grenada
2612:Eastern
2588:Nigeria
2583:Liberia
2432:Spanish
2418:Italian
2383:Chinese
2344:Tagalog
2337:Spanish
2330:Punjabi
2316:Maltese
2302:Italian
2265:Chinese
2156:creoles
2152:Pidgins
2136:Wagiman
2134:(incl.
2103:Tangkic
2038:Garrwan
2015:Bunuban
1965:Pintupi
1958:Luritja
1902:Burarra
1823:English
1306:6 April
1150:Norfolk
1081:yorlyis
1032:demtuus
753:Subject
713:Faroese
513:Vowels
445:Pitkern
413:removed
398:sources
355:and Dr
328:History
289:Pitkern
273:Norfolk
115:Norfolk
111:–Norfuk
109:Pitkern
37:Norfolk
2746:Belize
2710:Tobago
2676:Ndyuka
2670:Kwinti
2665:Guyana
2651:Gullah
2563:Merico
2545:Africa
2450:Auslan
2397:German
2390:French
2376:Arabic
2323:Nepali
2309:Korean
2258:Arabic
2212:Norfuk
2082:Mirndi
1988:Dhuwal
1871:Major
1663:, 1999
1599:
1575:, 2006
1514:
1438:
1428:
1074:yorlyi
1025:demtuu
1011:yutuus
990:himiis
756:Object
310:walk "
277:Norf'k
269:Norfuk
261:Norfuk
247:UNESCO
231:pih-NF
163:
104:creole
63:Region
2844:Pijin
2682:Aluku
2578:Ghana
2404:Greek
2295:Hindi
2288:Greek
2198:Kriol
1564:(PDF)
1557:(PDF)
1534:(PDF)
1512:S2CID
1367:5 May
1060:auwas
1053:aklan
1004:yutuu
983:himii
925:auwas
676:, an
477:taboo
275:) or
136:Latin
84:6 on
2552:Krio
2351:Urdu
2118:Tiwi
2022:Daly
1923:Tiwi
1597:ISBN
1572:2020
1479:2021
1454:link
1436:OCLC
1426:ISBN
1369:2013
1308:2007
1276:help
1220:link
1206:2022
1102:dems
976:INCL
945:EXCL
912:MASC
907:EXCL
894:hers
842:MASC
830:yoen
795:main
788:mais
715:and
463:, a
396:any
394:cite
304:cant
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