794:
722:
818:
742:
1459:
193:
996:
1015:(including adjacent areas of New Jersey), sometimes even classified as extending to Greater Baltimore, Washington D.C., and New York's Hudson Valley. This large region, despite being home to numerous different dialects and accents, constitutes a huge area unified in certain linguistic respects, including particular notable vocabulary and
1499:
North-Central
American or Upper Midwestern English, based around Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and North Dakota, may show some elements of the Northern cities vowel shift and the ANAE classifies it as a transitional dialect between the Inland North, Canada, and the West. Many Upper Midwesterners
795:
723:
372:
do not fit under the
Northern U.S. accent spectrum, or only marginally. Each has one or more phonological characteristics that disqualifies them or, for the latter two, exhibit too much internal variation to classify definitively. Meanwhile,
1191:, etc.): specifically, this is realized as . Northern New England and many younger speakers do not retain this vowel, however. Non-rhoticity or "r"-dropping is variable in Eastern New England and New York City, though gradually declining.
819:
743:
1473:, beginning only in the twentieth century, now affects much of the North away from the Atlantic coast, occurring specifically at its geographic center: the Great Lakes region. It is therefore a defining feature of the
1575:, 978-0-521-26479-2. On p. 422: "It is now generally agreed that Canadian English originated as a variant of northern American English (the speech of New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania)".
1507:, not Northern. Northwestern accents are not yet identified by linguists as settling into a singular stable variety; its speakers share major commonalities with both Californian and Canadian accents.
1383:, was once associated with members of upper-class Northeastern (largely, New England and New York City) families in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1988, the documentary
1500:
have a full cot-caught merger, however, which disqualifies this dialect from the ANAE's traditional definition for a "Northern" dialect region in the United States.
1027:
These phonemic variants in certain words are particularly correlated with the
American Northeast (with the more common variants nationwide given in parentheses):
481:-dropping is possible in Rhode Island and some areas that are geographically though not linguistically Northern: New York City and eastern coastal New England).
2985:
1596:. On p. 97: "Because CanE and AmE are so alike, some scholars have argued that in linguistic terms Canadian English is no more or less than a variety of (
1387:
featured interviews with two
Brahmin speakers who then estimated that were about 1000 of them left. Notable example speakers included many members of the
2925:
3131:
3126:
1477:
dialect (most notably spoken in
Chicago, Detroit, and western New York State). The vowel shift's generating conditions are also present in some
1891:
1440:, though some New England speakers pronounced it more fronted. This accent corresponds in its time-frame and in much of its sound with a
3020:
1993:
1839:
1807:
1771:
1821:
3070:
2855:
1962:
787:
3090:
2163:
2048:
2571:
223:
2676:
715:
377:
is presumed to have originated, but branched off, from
Northern U.S. English within the past two or three centuries.
1593:
1572:
2475:
1453:
1503:
Northwestern
American English similarly does not qualify under the ANAE definition, instead falling broadly under
197:
21st century research unites the brown region of this map as a
Northern U.S. superdialect region. Notice that the
2723:
2519:
269:
213:
3040:
2480:
1986:
1490:
586:
369:
3080:
2773:
2735:
3075:
2728:
2548:
2365:
2186:
619:
The following pronunciation variants used more strongly in this region than anywhere else in the country:
512:); however, the merger is common in northern New England and spreading among younger Northerners generally.
1160:
1145:
1141:
1127:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1049:
1041:
692:
673:
669:
659:
641:
631:
627:
558:
554:
519:
447:
439:
389:
2451:
2441:
2039:
2006:
2002:
1478:
1470:
811:
596:
574:
508:(with the second of this class of words being pronounced usually farther back in the mouth and with more
361:
346:
3035:
2750:
2608:
2019:
1372:
463:
264:
198:
1971:
1896:
3121:
3015:
2541:
2499:
2402:
2370:
1979:
1927:
1635:
1494:
809:
785:
733:
713:
385:
374:
365:
314:
294:
252:
1204:
2740:
2694:
2593:
2566:
2531:
2426:
2297:
1504:
735:
546:
401:
2952:
2785:
2603:
2578:
1914:
1415:
757:
79:
69:
59:
2867:
2845:
2649:
2346:
2315:
2193:
353:
94:
42:
20:
2763:
3065:
2850:
2745:
2458:
2392:
2146:
2136:
2131:
1910:
Knight, Dudley. "Standard Speech". In: Hampton, Marian E. & Barbara Acker (eds.) (1997).
1785:
1008:
999:
Northeastern
American English occurs in the red areas, particularly along the Atlantic coast.
357:
278:
3058:
1003:
A Northeastern
Corridor of the United States follows the Atlantic coast, comprising all the
435:
The ANAE defines a Northern linguistic super-region of American English dialects as having:
267:
within the United States. The North as a superdialect region is best documented by the 2006
2487:
2380:
2320:
2198:
2171:
2088:
1481:; otherwise, however, this vowel shift is not occurring in the Northeastern United States.
1332:
1012:
582:
562:
542:
474:
423:
In the very early 20th century, a generic Northern U.S. accent was the basis for the term "
381:
146:
8:
3085:
2915:
2907:
2805:
2768:
2654:
2639:
2514:
2504:
2431:
2270:
1462:
Inland North American English appears in all these states, especially in areas along the
1441:
1366:
1004:
531:
523:
515:
1870:
1691:
1524:
2975:
2942:
2877:
2860:
2715:
2536:
2083:
2073:
1874:
1834:
1802:
1766:
1399:
1353:
885:
604:
538:
342:
260:
74:
64:
537:
This type of raising also appears to be spreading beyond the North, appearing also in
183:
2980:
2965:
2937:
2897:
2689:
2626:
2375:
2151:
2115:
1958:
1954:
1677:
1589:
1568:
1411:
485:
409:
306:
2671:
219:
3100:
3053:
3005:
2932:
2840:
2830:
2825:
2815:
2661:
2634:
2492:
2412:
2357:
2255:
2237:
2224:
2061:
2056:
1567:, Algeo, John, ed., pp. 422–440. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
1565:
The Cambridge history of the English language. Volume VI: English in North America.
1563:"Canadian English". Brinton, Laurel J., and Fee, Marjery, ed. (2005). Ch. 12. in
1222:
1157:
914:
600:
550:
424:
405:
302:
286:
282:
99:
89:
84:
1336:(small outdoor staircase to a building's front door, particularly in the NYC area)
420:(though the latter feature appears to be changing among the younger generations).
2970:
2872:
2810:
2780:
2588:
2463:
2284:
2260:
2232:
2203:
2176:
2141:
2028:
1948:
1419:
1392:
1348:
1294:
256:
51:
427:", though regional accents have now since developed in some areas of the North.
3045:
2960:
2920:
2820:
2644:
2397:
2302:
2292:
2208:
2010:
1822:
A lexical dialect survey of American English using site-restricted web searches
1388:
1376:
1306:
141:
1853:
1458:
1418:. Variably, speakers dipped into other then-prestigious features, such as the
1019:
incidence (that is, basic units of sound that can distinguish certain words).
780:; however, the merger of the two has quickly spread throughout the North. The
192:
3115:
3095:
3010:
2666:
2583:
2524:
2436:
2387:
2265:
2247:
1426:
1403:
756:
The North has historically been one of the last U.S. regions to maintain the
608:
578:
334:
2598:
2446:
2325:
1474:
897:
527:
338:
1824:". ADS Annual Meeting, Boston. Ashton University and University of Leuven.
1693:
THE NORTHERN CITIES SHIFT AND LOCAL IDENTITY IN A SUBURBAN CLEVELAND GROUP
1463:
995:
509:
397:
274:
202:
136:
832:
The North is reported as uniquely or most strongly using certain words:
599:
is a series of sound changes in the North that covers a large area from
2509:
2001:
1433:
1325:
1258:
290:
1717:
2066:
1340:
1171:
The Northeast tends to retain a contrastive /ɔ/ vowel (in words like
982:
840:
777:
645:
505:
393:
326:
322:
176:
164:
1881:, Fifth Edition. 2017. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
1792:, Fifth Edition. 2017. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
1396:
2093:
1314:
1278:
1238:
1016:
857:
318:
310:
231:
337:. The ANAE describes that the North, at its core, consists of the
3030:
3025:
2835:
2181:
2108:
2103:
1246:
330:
227:
2098:
2078:
1522:
Purnell, Thomas; Eric Raimy; and Joseph Salmons (eds.) (2013).
1380:
1210:
676:
more widely common around Boston, New York City, and the South)
1395:, whose accent is not an ordinary Boston accent so much as a "
19:
For the generalized variety of English in North America, see
1932:
A National Map of The Regional Dialects of American English
1720:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
1199:
Terms common or even usual to the whole Northeast include:
380:
Most broadly, the ANAE classifies Northern U.S. accents as
352:
The ANAE argues that, though geographically located in the
298:
1444:
promoted in theatrical elocution courses in the same era.
230:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
920:
1879:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1790:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1525:
Wisconsin talk: Linguistic diversity in the Badger State
16:
Class of historically related American English dialects
1926:
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997). "
1360:
553:"—the lifting of the body of the tongue in both
926:
917:
1950:
Varieties of English: The Americas and the Caribbean
1588:, pp. 96–102. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
923:
1620:
1613:Labov, William; Sharon Ash, Charles Boberg (2006).
1550:Labov, William; Sharon Ash, Charles Boberg (2006).
1537:Labov, William; Sharon Ash, Charles Boberg (2006).
1447:
883:(rare synonym, scattered throughout the North, for
1406:and even, variably, a non-rhotic pronunciation of
877:(situated slanted across a street or intersection)
800:was once a common Northern U.S. sound in the word
317:, plus among certain demographics or areas within
408:by mostly preserving the distinction between the
3113:
1586:Concise Oxford companion to the English language
990:
728:as a somewhat common alternative to the typical
1584:"Canadian English". McArthur, T., ed. (2005).
1987:
2345:
950:(out of order, or into a state of disrepair)
751:
273:(ANAE) in the greater metropolitan areas of
1676:, Bernd Kortmann & Edgar W. Schneider,
567:height, slight, advice, clout, ouch, lout,
3021:Comparison of American and British English
1994:
1980:
1022:
191:
3132:Culture of the Northeastern United States
1946:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1661:
1649:
1062:(in addition to the variant rhyming with
2714:
1689:
1528:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 109.
1484:
1457:
994:
804:, but this has largely given way to the
614:
571:hide, slide, advise, cloud, gouge, loud,
3127:Culture of the Midwestern United States
1840:Dictionary of American Regional English
1820:Grive, Jack; Asnaghi Costanza (2013). "
1808:Dictionary of American Regional English
1772:Dictionary of American Regional English
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
224:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3114:
1904:
1250:(a twisted, often stick-like doughnut)
861:(a freshwater lobster-like crustacean)
1975:
251:) is a class of historically related
3091:Non-native pronunciations of English
1703:
1617:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 133.
1557:
1554:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 148.
1541:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 134.
375:Central and Western Canadian English
1884:
1716:Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003.
1615:The Atlas of North American English
1552:The Atlas of North American English
1539:The Atlas of North American English
1361:Elite Northeastern American English
13:
1940:
1674:A Handbook of Varieties of English
758:distinction between /ɔr/ and /oʊr/
396:(unlike the South, which commonly
14:
3143:
1912:The Vocal Vision: Views on Voice.
1034:with the "i" pronounced with the
824:, as in the rest of the country.
547:Western American English dialects
1454:Inland Northern American English
1448:Inland Northern American English
913:
347:Southwestern New England dialect
1920:
1863:
1846:
1827:
1814:
1795:
1778:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1683:
1667:
1655:
1442:cultivated transatlantic accent
1194:
934:; to fool around or waste time)
581:(and the traditional accent of
270:Atlas of North American English
3041:English-based creole languages
1643:
1629:
1607:
1578:
1544:
1531:
1516:
1491:North-Central American English
1402:accent". This accent included
1375:accent, sometimes known as a "
1:
3081:List of English-based pidgins
1934:. University of Pennsylvania.
1928:Dialects of the United States
1510:
991:Northeastern American English
827:
466:far in the back of the mouth.
3076:Linguistic purism in English
569:etc., but not in words like
430:
7:
2177:London & Thames Estuary
1479:Western New England English
1471:Northern cities vowel shift
597:Northern Cities Vowel Shift
565:(therefore, in words, like
10:
3148:
3036:English as a lingua franca
1718:The Harvard Dialect Survey
1690:McCarthy, Natalie (2004).
1488:
1451:
1414:, and a resistance to the
1364:
1156:, in addition to the more
970:(the usual plural form of
488:, meaning that words like
255:, spoken by predominantly
18:
3016:Broad and general accents
2998:
2951:
2926:regional and occupational
2906:
2893:
2886:
2798:
2759:
2707:
2685:
2625:
2557:
2422:
2411:
2356:
2338:
2311:
2283:
2246:
2223:
2162:
2124:
2047:
2038:
2027:
2018:
1947:Schneider, Edgar (2008).
1495:Pacific Northwest English
867:(the end of a bread loaf)
752:Declining characteristics
573:etc.)—is common in
295:Northeastern Pennsylvania
253:American English dialects
241:Northern American English
210:
190:
174:
162:
157:
129:
105:Northern American English
48:
38:
33:
29:Northern American English
28:
1505:Western American English
446:etc.) and traditionally
370:Upper Midwestern accents
335:New York's Hudson Valley
1915:Hal Leonard Corporation
1897:Encyclopædia Britannica
1860:. Word Reference. 2017.
1416:Mary-marry-merry merger
1324:(any sweet, carbonated
1005:dialects of New England
776:, for example, are not
691:as the single-syllable
658:as the single-syllable
486:cot–caught merger
339:Inland Northern dialect
2194:Received Pronunciation
1466:
1410:, a resistance to the
1391:, including President
1371:A cultivated or elite
1000:
843:, tied under the chin)
760:, in which words like
603:west through the U.S.
601:western New York State
506:pronounced identically
354:Northern United States
212:This article contains
95:North American English
43:Northern United States
21:North American English
2388:Multicultural Toronto
1626:Labov et al., p. 190.
1485:Transitional dialects
1461:
1023:Phonemic distribution
1009:Greater New York City
998:
615:Phonemic distribution
585:), as well as in the
484:A common lack of the
412:sounds in words like
400:this sound) and from
386:Southern U.S. accents
384:, distinguished from
279:Western Massachusetts
245:Northern U.S. English
34:Northern U.S. English
2549:Western Pennsylvania
1636:"Talking the Tawk",
1344:(a sunny rainshower)
1318:(any athletic shoes)
1044:(in addition to the
1013:Greater Philadelphia
563:voiceless consonants
543:Philadelphia English
524:voiceless consonants
315:Eastern South Dakota
147:Early Modern English
3086:Mid-Atlantic accent
2677:Trinidad and Tobago
1367:Mid-Atlantic accent
575:eastern New England
530:, and elsewhere in
526:, including in the
462:, etc.) pronounced
362:Eastern New England
2609:Pennsylvania Dutch
1467:
1354:semi-trailer truck
1001:
605:Great Lakes region
539:California English
343:Great Lakes region
261:Great Lakes region
3109:
3108:
2994:
2993:
2794:
2793:
2703:
2702:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2542:Pacific Northwest
2403:Standard Canadian
2334:
2333:
2279:
2278:
2219:
2218:
1964:978-3-110-20840-5
1955:Walter de Gruyter
1892:"John F. Kennedy"
1678:Walter de Gruyter
1436:pronunciation of
1412:cot-caught merger
1373:Northeastern U.S.
583:Martha's Vineyard
577:, for example in
366:Northwestern U.S.
307:Northern Illinois
259:, in much of the
238:
237:
220:rendering support
216:phonetic symbols.
205:are not included.
3139:
3122:American English
3006:English language
2891:
2890:
2712:
2711:
2695:Falkland Islands
2594:General American
2567:African-American
2420:
2419:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2342:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2024:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1935:
1924:
1918:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1888:
1882:
1867:
1861:
1850:
1844:
1831:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1799:
1793:
1782:
1776:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1687:
1681:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1602:American English
1582:
1576:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1520:
1439:
1429:
1422:
1409:
1385:American Tongues
1223:chest of drawers
1162:
1158:General American
1147:
1143:
1129:
1115:
1112:(in addition to
1111:
1107:
1094:(in addition to
1083:
1080:(in addition to
1079:
1075:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
933:
932:
929:
928:
925:
922:
919:
823:
822:
821:
815:
807:
799:
798:
797:
791:
783:
747:
746:
745:
739:
731:
727:
726:
725:
719:
711:
694:
675:
672:(in addition to
671:
661:
643:
633:
629:
607:and some of the
560:
556:
551:Canadian raising
528:Great Lakes area
521:
449:
444:goat, toe, show,
441:
425:General American
406:Canadian accents
391:
341:(in the eastern
303:Northern Indiana
287:Central New York
265:Northeast region
263:and some of the
195:
186:
167:
100:American English
54:
26:
25:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
2990:
2947:
2902:
2882:
2790:
2786:Solomon Islands
2755:
2699:
2681:
2613:
2604:New York Latino
2579:American Indian
2559:
2553:
2414:
2407:
2348:
2330:
2316:Channel Islands
2307:
2275:
2242:
2215:
2158:
2120:
2030:
2014:
2000:
1965:
1943:
1941:Further reading
1938:
1925:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1868:
1864:
1851:
1847:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1815:
1800:
1796:
1783:
1779:
1764:
1760:
1754:Schneider (2008
1752:
1748:
1742:Schneider (2008
1740:
1736:
1730:Schneider (2008
1728:
1724:
1715:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:, 2004, p. 359.
1672:
1668:
1662:Schneider (2008
1660:
1656:
1650:Schneider (2008
1648:
1644:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1608:
1583:
1579:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1497:
1489:Main articles:
1487:
1456:
1450:
1437:
1427:
1425:( versus ), no
1420:
1407:
1393:John F. Kennedy
1369:
1363:
1349:tractor trailer
1295:toilet papering
1197:
1163:, rhyming with
1045:
1036:
1035:
1025:
993:
916:
912:
886:doing doughnuts
830:
817:
816:
805:
793:
792:
781:
754:
741:
740:
729:
721:
720:
709:
695:, rhyming with
662:(phonetically )
617:
433:
398:monophthongizes
309:, Northeastern
289:, Northwestern
257:white Americans
218:Without proper
206:
182:
163:
153:
132:
125:
55:
52:Language family
50:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3048:
3046:Englishisation
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2953:Southeast Asia
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:South Atlantic
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2720:
2718:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2650:Cayman Islands
2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2563:
2561:
2560:ethno-cultural
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2468:
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2466:
2456:
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2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
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2378:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2351:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2152:Stoke-on-Trent
2149:
2144:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2011:Modern English
1999:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1919:
1903:
1883:
1862:
1858:Word Reference
1845:
1826:
1813:
1794:
1777:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1702:
1682:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1638:The New Yorker
1628:
1619:
1606:
1577:
1556:
1543:
1530:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1486:
1483:
1452:Main article:
1449:
1446:
1389:Kennedy family
1377:Boston Brahmin
1365:Main article:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1319:
1311:
1307:traffic circle
1299:
1283:
1276:(synonyms for
1263:
1251:
1243:
1231:
1215:
1196:
1193:
1169:
1168:
1148:(rhyming with
1135:
1117:
1099:
1085:
1067:
1053:
1024:
1021:
992:
989:
988:
987:
975:
965:
951:
945:
935:
902:
890:
878:
868:
862:
854:
844:
829:
826:
753:
750:
749:
748:
699:
686:
677:
663:
653:
648:with the name
635:
616:
613:
593:
592:
591:
590:
513:
482:
467:
464:conservatively
432:
429:
356:, current-day
236:
235:
222:, you may see
208:
207:
196:
188:
187:
180:
172:
171:
168:
160:
159:
158:Language codes
155:
154:
152:
151:
150:
149:
142:Middle English
135:
133:
130:
127:
126:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
58:
56:
49:
46:
45:
40:
36:
35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3144:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:International
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Torres Strait
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2481:North-Central
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:New York City
2457:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:Ottawa Valley
2391:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2187:Multicultural
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Black Country
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:West Midlands
2135:
2133:
2132:East Midlands
2130:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1623:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:0-19-280637-8
1591:
1587:
1581:
1574:
1573:0-521-26479-0
1570:
1566:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1404:non-rhoticity
1401:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:(synonym for
1303:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:(synonym for
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:(synonym for
1255:
1254:goose pimples
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:(synonym for
1235:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1220:(synonym for
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:(synonym for
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:rhyming with
1089:
1086:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:rhyming with
1057:
1054:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
997:
985:
984:
980:(synonym for
979:
976:
973:
969:
966:
963:
959:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:(synonym for
939:
936:
931:
910:
906:
903:
900:
899:
895:(synonym for
894:
891:
888:
887:
882:
881:doing cookies
879:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
859:
855:
852:
849:(synonym for
848:
845:
842:
838:
835:
834:
833:
825:
820:
813:
803:
796:
789:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
744:
737:
724:
717:
707:
703:
700:
698:
690:
687:
685:
682:rhyming with
681:
678:
667:
664:
657:
654:
651:
647:
639:
636:
630:(rather than
625:
622:
621:
620:
612:
610:
609:Upper Midwest
606:
602:
598:
588:
587:Upper Midwest
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:
533:
529:
525:
517:
514:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
480:
476:
473:-fulness" or
472:
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
445:
438:
437:
436:
428:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
388:by retaining
387:
383:
378:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:New York City
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
215:
209:
204:
200:
194:
189:
185:
181:
179:
178:
173:
169:
166:
161:
156:
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
139:
138:
134:
128:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:Anglo–Frisian
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:West Germanic
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
61:
60:Indo-European
57:
53:
47:
44:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2851:South Africa
2846:Sierra Leone
2599:Miami Latino
2488:Philadelphia
2476:Inland North
2470:
2381:Newfoundland
2199:West Country
2013:by continent
1949:
1931:
1922:
1911:
1906:
1895:
1886:
1878:
1865:
1857:
1848:
1838:
1835:On the fritz
1829:
1816:
1806:
1797:
1789:
1780:
1770:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1699:. p. 7.
1692:
1685:
1673:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1622:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1585:
1580:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1523:
1518:
1502:
1498:
1475:Inland North
1468:
1384:
1370:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1270:hair elastic
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1153:
1149:
1137:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1031:
1026:
1002:
981:
977:
971:
967:
961:
957:
953:
948:on the fritz
947:
941:
937:
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:
880:
875:kitty-corner
874:
870:
864:
856:
850:
846:
836:
831:
801:
773:
769:
765:
761:
755:
705:
701:
696:
688:
683:
680:handkerchief
679:
665:
655:
649:
637:
623:
618:
594:
570:
566:
510:rounded lips
501:
497:
493:
489:
478:
470:
459:
455:
451:
443:
434:
422:
417:
413:
402:Western U.S.
379:
351:
268:
249:Northern AmE
248:
244:
240:
239:
211:
201:and much of
175:
104:
2976:Philippines
2769:New Zealand
2655:Bay Islands
2635:The Bahamas
2558:Social and
2515:New Orleans
2432:New England
2326:Isle of Man
2271:Port Talbot
2172:East Anglia
2089:Northumbria
1469:The recent
1464:Great Lakes
1379:accent" in
1259:goose bumps
1032:cauliflower
964:of a fruit)
909:futz around
839:(a woman's
674:/pəˈdʒɑməz/
670:/pəˈdʒæməz/
632:/ˈeɪprɪkɑt/
532:New England
410:/ɑ/ and /ɔ/
368:, and some
297:, Northern
275:Connecticut
226:instead of
203:New England
137:Old English
131:Early forms
3116:Categories
2916:Bangladesh
2908:South Asia
2861:Cape Flats
2811:The Gambia
2736:Aboriginal
2572:vernacular
2537:California
2510:High Tider
2505:Appalachia
2366:Aboriginal
2298:South-West
2142:Birmingham
2099:Sunderland
2084:Manchester
2074:Lancashire
1917:. pp. 160.
1786:Bare-naked
1511:References
1326:soft drink
1274:hair thing
1195:Vocabulary
1124:tournament
1082:/ˈmɪrəkəl/
1078:/ˈmirəkəl/
1074:/ˈmɛrəkəl/
847:bare-naked
828:Vocabulary
778:homophones
708:using the
628:/ˈæprɪkɑt/
549:overall. "
504:, are not
291:New Jersey
75:Ingvaeonic
2981:Singapore
2943:Sri Lanka
2898:Hong Kong
2724:variation
2716:Australia
2627:Caribbean
2493:Baltimore
2376:Lunenburg
2321:Gibraltar
2238:Highlands
2116:Yorkshire
2079:Liverpool
1421:TRAP–BATH
1341:sunshower
983:groundhog
978:woodchuck
841:headscarf
646:homophone
475:rhoticity
431:Phonology
394:diphthong
327:Minnesota
323:Wisconsin
199:Northwest
177:Glottolog
165:ISO 639-3
3101:Standard
3071:Learning
3059:Nerrière
3050:Globish
2966:Malaysia
2938:Pakistan
2878:Zimbabwe
2806:Cameroon
2640:Barbados
2371:Atlantic
2339:Americas
2256:Abercraf
2225:Scotland
2204:Cornwall
2125:Midlands
2109:Teesside
2104:Tyneside
2094:Pitmatic
2057:Cheshire
2003:Dialects
1767:Babushka
1598:Northern
1432:, and a
1315:sneakers
1286:papering
1279:hair tie
1239:basement
1114:/ˈsɜrəp/
1110:/ˈsɪrəp/
1106:/ˈsirəp/
1017:phonemic
968:you guys
893:frosting
871:diagonal
858:crayfish
837:babushka
477:(though
319:Michigan
311:Nebraska
232:Help:IPA
184:nort3316
65:Germanic
3031:Engrish
3026:E-Prime
2999:Related
2986:Vietnam
2971:Myanmar
2841:Nigeria
2836:Namibia
2826:Liberia
2708:Oceania
2690:Bermuda
2662:Jamaica
2589:Chicano
2427:Midland
2413:United
2349:America
2285:Ireland
2261:Cardiff
2233:Glasgow
2182:Cockney
2062:Cumbria
2040:England
2031:Britain
2007:accents
1900:. 2009.
1873:" and "
1843:. 2017.
1811:. 2017.
1775:. 2017.
1430:tensing
1400:Harvard
1266:elastic
1247:cruller
1228:dresser
1189:thought
1070:miracle
1056:centaur
938:garbage
666:pajamas
624:apricot
561:before
522:before
516:Raising
450:(as in
442:(as in
416:versus
331:Vermont
283:Western
247:(also,
228:Unicode
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3054:Gogate
2961:Brunei
2873:Uganda
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2831:Malawi
2799:Africa
2774:accent
2729:accent
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2303:Ulster
2293:Dublin
2209:Dorset
2067:Barrow
2029:Great
2020:Europe
1961:
1592:
1571:
1434:backed
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1302:rotary
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1234:cellar
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1130:(like
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1040:vowel
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1011:, and
808:vowel
806:FLEECE
784:vowel
766:hoarse
732:vowel
712:vowel
693:/poʊm/
660:/kræn/
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418:caught
382:rhotic
345:) and
333:, and
313:, and
85:Anglic
39:Region
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3011:Basic
2933:Nepal
2921:India
2821:Kenya
2816:Ghana
2781:Palau
2741:South
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1697:(PDF)
1664::389)
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1126:with
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956:(the
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898:icing
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851:naked
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810:[
802:creek
790:]
786:[
762:horse
738:]
734:[
730:GOOSE
718:]
714:[
642:/bɛn/
496:, or
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392:as a
2887:Asia
2764:Fiji
2751:West
2667:Saba
2532:West
2452:West
2442:East
2005:and
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1803:Futz
1756::80)
1744::81)
1732::80)
1652::81)
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1322:soda
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684:beef
638:been
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555:/aɪ/
520:/aɪ/
500:and
492:and
490:pond
458:, sh
440:/oʊ/
404:and
390:/aɪ/
299:Ohio
285:and
2009:of
1930:."
1877:".
1856:".
1854:Pit
1837:".
1805:".
1788:".
1769:".
1352:(a
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1108:or
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1046:KIT
1042:/i/
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650:Ben
644:(a
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626:as
518:of
498:bot
454:, t
448:/u/
414:cot
349:.
243:or
214:IPA
3118::
1957:.
1953:.
1894:.
1705:^
1604:".
1600:)
1268:,
1262:),
1187:,
1183:,
1179:,
1175:,
1007:,
611:.
541:,
534:.
460:oe
456:oo
364:,
360:,
329:,
325:,
321:,
305:,
301:,
293:,
281:,
277:,
1995:e
1988:t
1981:v
1967:.
1869:"
1852:"
1833:"
1801:"
1784:"
1765:"
1356:)
1328:)
1310:)
1298:)
1282:)
1242:)
1230:)
1214:)
1167:)
1134:)
1116:)
1098:)
1084:)
1066:)
1052:)
986:)
974:)
944:)
930:/
927:s
924:t
921:ʌ
918:f
915:/
911:(
901:)
889:)
853:)
812:i
788:ɪ
736:u
716:ʊ
652:)
634:)
589:.
479:r
471:r
469:"
234:.
170:–
23:.
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