Dutch Republic - Knowledge

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for an ambitious and wealthy merchant family was to arrange a marriage with a long-established regent family. In the 1670s one such union, that of the Trip family (the Amsterdam branch of the Swedish arms makers) with the son of Burgomaster Valckenier, extended the influence and patronage available to the latter and strengthened his dominance of the council. The oligarchy in Amsterdam thus gained strength from its breadth and openness. In the smaller towns family interest could unite members on policy decisions but contraction through intermarriage could lead to the degeneration of the quality of the members.

4304: 3786: 4234: 755: 1404: 1194: 1105: 4389:. The Patriot movement focused more on local political power, where they had no say in their towns' governance. Although they were able to curtail the power of the stadholder, and hold democratic elections in select towns, they were divided in their political vision, which was more local than national. Supporters were drawn from religious dissenters and Catholics in particular places, while pro-stadholder Orangists had more widespread geographical support of sections of the lower classes, the Dutch Reformed clergy, and the Jewish community. 1357: 3637: 4864:). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the 3514: 1050: 1333: 730: 3499:, had a population primarily of immigrants and others not considered Dutch, if one includes second and third generation immigrants. There were also migrants from the Dutch countryside. People in most parts of Europe were poor and many were unemployed. But in Amsterdam there was always work. Religious toleration was important, because a continuous influx of immigrants was necessary for the economy. Travellers visiting Amsterdam reported their surprise at the lack of control over the influx. 1308: 1263: 1241: 1123: 4079: 1069: 1502: 1458: 3245: 1086: 1157: 1536: 1485: 1214: 3966:

account directly without going through Dutch intermediaries. Second, there was no growth in manufacturing, due perhaps to a weaker sense of industrial entrepreneurship and to the high wage scale. Third the wealthy turned their investments to foreign loans. This helped jump-start other nations and provided the Dutch with a steady income from collecting interest, but leaving them with few domestic sectors with a potential for rapid growth.

3622:'s religious policy was beginning to drive these Protestants out of France; no encouragement was given to the dispossessed Dutch from the countryside or other towns of Holland. The regents encouraged immigrants to build churches and provided sites or buildings for churches and temples for all except the most radical sects and the Catholics by the 1670s (although even the Catholics could practice quietly in a chapel within the Beguinhof). 1140: 77: 4090: 1516: 1175: 1425: 6400: 1293: 4066: 1372: 4053: 3618:

the wealthy Sephardic Jews from Portugal were welcomed and accorded all privileges except those of citizenship, but the poor Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe were far more carefully vetted and those who became dependent on the city were encouraged to move on. Similarly, provision for the housing of Huguenot immigrants was made in 1681 when

4775:, shows. The United States did not intend to emulate the United Provinces; Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." However, the 1776 4551:

of the Dutch Republic as a percentage of total population was 31.7 percent, while that of the Spanish Netherlands was 20.8 percent, of Portugal 16.6 percent, and of Italy 14 percent. In 1675 the urban population density of Holland alone was 61 percent, compared to the rest of

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The slow economic decline after 1730 was relative: other countries grew faster, eroding the Dutch lead and surpassing it. Wilson identifies three causes. Holland lost its world dominance in trade as competitors emerged and copied its practices, built their own ships and ports, and traded on their own

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Amsterdam was governed by a body of regents, a large, but closed, oligarchy with control over all aspects of the city's life, and a dominant voice in the foreign affairs of Holland. Only men with sufficient wealth and a long enough residence within the city could join the ruling class. The first step

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had reached the optimum population (about 200,000) for the level of trade, commerce and agriculture then available to support it. The city contributed the largest quota in taxes to the States of Holland which in turn contributed over half the quota to the States General. Amsterdam was also one of the

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Amsterdam's wealth was generated by its commerce, which was in turn sustained by the judicious encouragement of entrepreneurs whatever their origin. This open door policy has been interpreted as proof of a tolerant ruling class. But tolerance was practiced for the convenience of the city. Therefore,

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Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland. There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of

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During the republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was

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and cemented the principle of parliamentary rule and Protestant ascendency in England. James fled to France, and William ascended to the English throne as co-monarch with his wife Mary, James' eldest daughter. This manoeuvre secured England as a critical ally of the United Provinces in its ongoing

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of the Republic, using some military pressure. King Charles thought a naval war would weaken the Dutch traders and strengthen the English economy and empire, so the Second Anglo-Dutch War was launched in 1665. At first many Dutch ships were captured and the English scored great victories. However,

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Rapid industrialization led to the rapid growth of the nonagricultural labor force and the increase in real wages during the same time. In the half-century between 1570 and 1620 this labor supply increased 3 percent per annum, a truly phenomenal growth. Despite this, nominal wages were repeatedly

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Religious life became more relaxed as well. Catholics grew from 18% to 23% of the population during the 18th century and enjoyed greater tolerance, even as they continued to be outside the political system. They became divided by the feud between moralistic Jansenists (who denied free will) and

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After the Dutch fleet declined, merchant interests became dependent on the goodwill of Britain. The main focus of Dutch leaders was reducing the country's considerable budget deficits. Dutch trade and shipping remained at a fairly steady level through the 18th century, but no longer had a near

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In Amsterdam the network was so large that members of the same family could be related to opposing factions and pursue widely separated interests. The young men who had risen to positions of authority in the 1670s and 1680s consolidated their hold on office well into the 1690s and even the new

3495:). Many immigrants came to the cities of Holland in the 17th and 18th century from the Protestant parts of Germany and elsewhere. The number of first-generation immigrants from outside the Netherlands in Amsterdam was nearly 50% in the 17th and 18th centuries. Amsterdam, which was a hub of the 3654:

During the wars a tension had arisen between the Orange-Nassau leaders and the patrician merchants. The former—the Orangists—were soldiers and centralizers who seldom spoke of compromise with the enemy and looked for military solutions. They included many rural gentry as well as ordinary folk

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Life for the average Dutchman became slower and more relaxed in the 18th century. The upper and middle classes continued to enjoy prosperity and high living standards. The drive to succeed seemed less urgent. Unskilled laborers remained locked in poverty and hardship. The large underclass of

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Dutch universities declined in importance, no longer attracting large numbers of foreign students. The Netherlands remained an important hub of intellectual exchange, creating reviews of foreign publications that made scholars aware of new works in French, German, and English. Dutch painting

4993:—burdened the republic with huge debts, although little of the fighting after 1673 took place on its own territory. The necessity to maintain a vast army against France meant that less money could be spent on the navy, weakening the republic's economy. After William III's death in 1702 the 3763:, in June 1667, ended the war with a Dutch victory. The Dutch recovered their trade, while the English economy was seriously hurt and its treasury nearly bankrupt. The greatly expanded Dutch navy was for years after the world's strongest. The Dutch Republic was at the zenith of its power. 3682:, a brilliant politician and diplomat, emerged as the dominant figure. Princes of Orange became the stadtholder and an almost hereditary ruler in 1672 and 1748. The Dutch Republic of the United Provinces was a true republic from 1650 to 1672 and 1702–1748. These periods are called the 4789: 3815:

and Cologne, which had all signed alliances against the Republic. France, Cologne and Münster invaded the Republic. Johan de Witt and his brother Cornelis, who had accomplished a diplomatic balancing act for a long time, were now the obvious scapegoats. They were lynched, and a new

3871:. William was the commander of the Dutch and English armies and fleets until his death in 1702. During William's reign as King of England, his primary focus was leveraging British manpower and finances to aid the Dutch against the French. The combination continued during the 3948:

During the period, the Republic lost its Great-Power status and its primacy in world trade, processes that went hand-in-hand, the latter causing the former. Though the economy declined considerably, causing deindustrialization and deurbanization in the maritime provinces, a

3475:. The Portuguese Jewish community had many wealthy merchants, who both live openly as Jews and participate in the thriving economy on a par with wealthy Dutch merchants. The Netherlands became home to many other notable refugees, including Protestants from Antwerp and 4700:), but this area was so poor that it was exempt from paying federal taxes, and as a consequence, it was denied representation in the States General, which is why the official name of the state was the "Seven United Netherlands" and not the "Eight United Netherlands". 4460:. The government responded by pillaging those towns where opposition continued. Five leaders were sentenced to death, forcing them to flee. Lynchings also occurred. For a while, no one dared appear in public without an orange cockade to show their support for 3973:

Although the Netherlands remained wealthy, investments for the nation's money became more difficult to find. Some investment went into purchases of land for estates, but most went to foreign bonds and Amsterdam remained one of Europe's banking capitals.

3532:, and that actually formed the material basis for that cultural era. Amsterdam became the hub of world trade, the center into which staples and luxuries flowed for sorting, processing, and distribution, and then reexported around Europe and the world. 1694:. The income from this trade allowed the Dutch Republic to compete militarily against much larger countries. It amassed a huge fleet of 2,000 ships, initially larger than the fleets of England and France combined. Major conflicts were fought in the 4203:. William V, leading the pro-British faction within the government, blocked attempts by pro-independence, and later pro-French, elements to drag the government to war. However, things came to a head with the Dutch attempt to join the Russian-led 4381:). The goal was to oust government officials and force new elections. "Seen as a whole this revolution was a string of violent and confused events, accidents, speeches, rumours, bitter enmities and armed confrontations", wrote French historian 5951:

Bengal ... was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade

5005:(1713). However, the Dutch had over a period of forty years successfully defended their positions in the Southern Netherlands and their troops were central in the alliances which had halted French territorial expansion in Europe until 5085:... European Christendom remained divided, and second, because the Spanish monarchy explicitly recognized the sovereignty of the Dutch Republic, despite the fact that the Reformed Church was the official state religion of that polity. 3535:

During 1585 through 1622 there was the rapid accumulation of trade capital, often brought in by refugee merchants from Antwerp and other ports. The money was typically invested in high-risk ventures like pioneering expeditions to the

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revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the

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is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

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An English historian summed him up uncharitably as "a Prince of the profoundest lethargy and most abysmal stupidity." And yet he would guide his family through the difficult French-Batavian period and his son would be crowned king.

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across Europe, giving an arsenal of weapons to critics who wanted to attack religion. It was an encyclopaedia of ideas that argued that most "truths" were merely opinions, and that gullibility and stubbornness were prevalent.

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This severe military response overwhelmed the Patriots and put the stadholder firmly back in control. A small unpaid Prussian army was billeted in the Netherlands and supported themselves by looting and extortion. The

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Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in

4880:) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor—along with economic reasons—in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe. 3982:

Dutch culture also declined both in the arts and sciences. Literature for example largely imitated English and French styles with little in the way of innovation or originality. The most influential intellectual was

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decided he had to take a huge gamble and invade England. To this end he secured the support from the Dutch States-General and from Protestant British nobles feuding with William's father-in-law the Catholic

3953:-class kept accumulating a large capital fund that formed the basis for the leading position the Republic achieved in the international capital market. A military crisis at the end of the period caused the 3830:. The advance of French troops from the south was halted by a costly inundation of its own heartland, by breaching river dikes. With the aid of friendly German princes, the Dutch succeeded in fighting back 5970: 3875:

after his death as the combined Dutch, British, and Imperial armies conquered Flanders and Brabant, and invaded French territory before the alliance collapsed in 1713 due to British political infighting.

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Amsterdam's regents provided good services to residents. They spent heavily on the water-ways and other essential infrastructure, as well as municipal almshouses for the elderly, hospitals and churches.

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De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden als grote mogendheid. Buitenlandse politiek en oorlogvoering in de eerste helft van de achttiende eeuw en in het bijzonder tijdens de Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog

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with France, the relations with England reached crisis level once again. Convinced that he needed English support against France and that he had to prevent a second Anglo-French alliance, Stadtholder

4168:, was 3 years old when his father died, and a long regency characterised by corruption and misrule began. His mother delegated most of the powers of the regency to Bentinck and her favorite, 6219: 4575:

in the Netherlands. The Dutch East-India Company exchange went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so

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in 1723. The upper classes willingly embraced the ideas of the Enlightenment, tempered by the tolerance that meant less hostility to organized religion compared to France.

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Fierce competition for trade and colonies, especially from France and England, furthered the economic downturn of the country. The three Anglo-Dutch Wars and the rise of

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Most of the war consisted of a series of largely successful British operations against Dutch colonial economic interests, although British and Dutch naval forces also

3366:. During the initial phase of the war, the revolt was largely unsuccessful. Spain regained control over most of the rebelling provinces. This period is known as the " 6404: 4338:, the Patriots sought a more democratic form of government. The opening shot of this revolution is often considered to be the 1781 publication of a manifesto called 4480: 4801: 3970:

monopoly and also could not match growing English and French competition. The Netherlands lost its position as the trading centre of Northern Europe to London.

7941: 90: 7906: 1781:. Dutch trade, science, armed forces, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world during much of the 17th century, a period which became known as the 3838:, after which the peace was signed with both of them, although some territory in the east was lost forever. Peace was signed with England as well, in 1674 ( 3389:, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. Dutch colonialism began at this point, as the Netherlands was able to swipe a number of 128: 7946: 4499: 3508: 7886: 4152:. The struggle involved religious, anti-Catholic, and democratic elements, as well as mob violence and political agitation. The war concluded with the 1800:(1648), the republic gained approximately 20% more territory, located outside the member provinces, which was ruled directly by the States General as 7916: 7207: 4448:

and in foreign policy, the stadholder was "little more than a pawn of the British and Prussians", so that Patriot pressure was ignored by William.

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increased, outstripping price increases. In consequence, real wages for unskilled laborers were 62 percent higher in 1615–1619 than in 1575–1579.

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Although the Dutch Republic did not enter into a formal alliance with the United States and their allies, U.S. ambassador (and future President)

3273: 3945:, though in other provinces that office was filled by members of the House of Nassau-Dietz (later called Orange-Nassau) during various periods. 3429:. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by Spain until the 7336: 5718: 7291: 7095: 4592: 7516: 7005: 4425: 3890: 7926: 7911: 7896: 6432: 5913: 4270:

managed to establish diplomatic relations with the Dutch Republic, making it the second European country to diplomatically recognize the

7239: 4369:. In 1785, there was an open Patriot rebellion, which took the form of an armed insurrection by local militias in certain Dutch towns, 30:

This article is about the Dutch state as it existed from 1579 to 1795. For the idea of a contemporary republic in the Netherlands, see

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of any nation. When Southern Europe was experiencing poor harvests, the Dutch very profitably exported surplus grain from Poland. The

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Each province was governed by the Provincial States, their main executive official (though not the official head of state) being a

4432:. The Patriot militias could not contend with these forces, melting away. Dutch banks at this time still held much of the world's 4281:. The war ended disastrously for the Dutch and exposed the weakness of the political and economic foundations of the country. The 3528:

The era of explosive economic growth is roughly coterminous with the period of social and cultural bloom that has been called the

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became stadtholder. After a 22-year stadtholderless era, the Orangists regained power, and his first problem was to survive the

4721:. In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the 4263:, broke out over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war. 4156:, and the French voluntarily retreated from the Dutch frontier. However, William IV died unexpectedly in 1751 at the age of 40. 7881: 7301: 4613:

and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:

4424:. She was forced to return to Nijmegen. She appealed to her brother for help, and he sent some 26,000 troops to invade, led by 4348:, who would become an influential leader of the Patriot movement. Their aim was to reduce corruption and the power held by the 3442: 1974: 1678:

Although the state was small and had only around 1.5 million inhabitants, it controlled a worldwide network of seafaring

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in 1748, and Austria becoming allies with France against Prussia, marked the end of the republic as a major military power.

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After the war with Great Britain ended disastrously in 1784, there was growing unrest and a rebellion by the anti-Orangist

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The Republic and England were major rivals in world trade and naval power. Halfway through the 17th century the Republic's

3698: 3054: 17: 4783:, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, although there is no evidence of direct influence. 2971: 7620: 6947: 6033: 3988: 3823:

An Anglo-French attempt to land on the Dutch shore was barely repelled in three desperate naval battles under command of

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most reliable in settling tax demands and therefore was able to use the threat to withhold such payments to good effect.

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continued urging citizens to resist the government. They distributed pamphlets, formed "Patriot Clubs" and held public

4185: 3552:. The profits of these ventures were ploughed back in the financing of new trade, which led to its exponential growth. 3141: 2951: 2411: 3447: 7630: 7625: 7521: 7511: 7496: 7402: 7351: 7346: 7212: 6277: 6190: 6171: 6113: 5850: 5817: 5749: 5413: 5373: 5346: 5319: 5292: 5200: 5127: 4764: 4345: 3231: 2696: 2481: 1475: 543: 279: 5967: 3724:

was the rival of Britain's Royal Navy as the most powerful navy in the world. The Republic fought a series of three

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favoured a powerful stadtholder, while the Republicans favoured a strong States General. The Republicans forced two

7790: 7506: 7326: 7311: 7286: 7157: 6998: 6932: 6527: 4487: 4472:) and elsewhere. Before long the French became involved in Dutch politics and the tide turned toward the Patriots. 4204: 4153: 3422: 3099: 2770: 31: 3011: 7773: 7743: 7656: 7597: 7526: 7457: 7447: 7417: 7407: 6957: 6560: 6425: 4409: 4876:, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled 4839: 3678:

were leaderless. The regents seized the opportunity: there would be no new stadtholder in Holland for 22 years.

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In the first years of the republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of

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for 'steward'); this office was nominally open to anyone, but most provinces appointed a member of the

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An important factor in the growth of the Netherlands as an economic power was the influx of groups seeking

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of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice,

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of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called

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and the first independent Dutch state. The republic was established after seven Dutch provinces in the

7951: 7931: 7671: 7567: 7531: 7046: 6937: 6691: 6652: 5006: 4760:, but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and Zeeland. 4331: 4316: 3606: 3069: 3036: 2936: 2931: 2601: 2218: 1829: 1735: 267: 6235: 604: 7758: 7723: 7718: 5192:

Merchants, bankers, middlemen: the Amsterdam money market during the first half of the 19th century

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reignited these tensions. Following military defeat by France, the stadtholder was expelled in the

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The republic was more tolerant of different religions and ideas than contemporary states, allowing

1715: 1699: 1687: 1683: 1361: 373: 4483:. The underground rose up, overthrew the municipal and provincial governments, and proclaimed the 4172:. All power was concentrated in the hands of an unaccountable few, including the Frisian nobleman 3987:(1647–1706), a Protestant refugee from France who settled in Rotterdam where he wrote the massive 2341: 7876: 7778: 7059: 6942: 6600: 4744:, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally governed 4303: 4129: 3548:(VOC). There were similar ventures in different fields however, like the trade on Russia and the 3471:

fleeing the Inquisitions in Iberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. and later, poorer

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on 2 May 1747. During this period the office of stadtholder was left vacant in the provinces of

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declined offers of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a

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of provinces, each with a high degree of independence from the federal assembly, known as the

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Gijs Rommelse, "Prizes and Profits: Dutch Maritime Trade during the Second Anglo-Dutch War",

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The First Modern Economy. Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815

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declined, no longer being innovative, with painters pursuing the styles of the old masters.

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The free trade spirit of the time was augmented by the development of a modern, effective

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Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration

4986: 4900: 4741: 4651: 4445: 4433: 4421: 4404:, a city remote from the heart of Dutch political life. In June 1787, his energetic wife 4335: 4298: 4189: 4121: 4025: 4005: 3954: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3794: 3743: 3732: 3480: 3430: 3406: 3350: 3342: 3134: 3079: 3001: 2911: 2800: 2313: 2095: 2085: 2080: 1969: 1887: 1864: 1837: 1797: 1648: 1597: 1585: 1438: 1312: 1275: 1218: 735: 656: 565: 469: 6339:

Van der Burg, M. (2010). "Transforming the Dutch Republic into the Kingdom of Holland".

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and the Republicans did reign supreme for a time at the middle of the 17th century (the

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especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century

4752:) Staats-Opper-Gelre. The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the 617: 7823: 7197: 7120: 6972: 6876: 6660: 6612: 6607: 6510: 6500: 6457: 6449: 6356: 5712: 5481: 4943: 4928: 4912: 4730: 4671: 4655: 4520: 4479:

was popular, and numerous underground clubs were promoting it when in January 1795 the

4136:. The French invasion exposed the weaknesses of Dutch defenses, leading to memories of 4133: 4125: 4093: 3942: 3850: 3843: 3760: 3611: 3518: 3488: 3402: 3346: 3315: 3215: 3189: 3031: 3021: 2991: 2946: 2891: 2877: 2740: 2681: 2456: 2371: 2090: 1883: 1824:

simultaneously holding most or all of the stadtholderships, making him effectively the

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in April 1782. In October 1782, a treaty of amity and commerce was concluded as well.

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De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning

6360: 6325: 6292: 6273: 6205: 6186: 6167: 6109: 5940: 5903: 5873: 5846: 5813: 5745: 5455: 5409: 5369: 5342: 5315: 5288: 5196: 5133: 5123: 5074: 4849: 4780: 4768: 4749: 4693: 4641: 4627: 4617: 4583:

The Dutch Republic was a master of banking, often compared to 14th century Florence.

4544: 4511: 4484: 4476: 4386: 4061: 3996: 3827: 3418: 3390: 3386: 3330: 3319: 3311: 3226: 3199: 2976: 2916: 2896: 2780: 2551: 2461: 2213: 2110: 1898: 1868: 1856: 1751: 1668: 1656: 1640: 1612: 1589: 1408: 1161: 1073: 849: 748: 591: 457: 4985:

Wars to contain the expansionist policies of France in various coalitions after the

2496: 1954: 1356: 7713: 7182: 7133: 7068: 7041: 6841: 6756: 6701: 6671: 6622: 6582: 6565: 6555: 6490: 6462: 6348: 5982: 5893: 5780: 5177:

Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam

4967: 4857: 4812: 4745: 4722: 4602: 4528: 4464:. Many Patriots, perhaps around 40,000 in all, fled to Brabant, France (especially 4113: 3772: 3725: 3707: 3660: 3644: 3529: 3382: 3378: 3209: 3169: 2886: 2720: 2626: 2526: 2511: 2421: 2351: 2258: 2253: 2228: 2135: 2115: 2100: 1959: 1821: 1801: 1782: 1766: 1761:

to its residents. Artists flourished under this regime, including painters such as

1731: 1703: 1608: 1109: 953: 643: 578: 342: 6164:

The Familial State: Ruling Families and Merchant Capitalism in Early Modern Europe

3636: 2541: 2451: 7366: 7249: 7128: 7100: 6881: 6856: 6644: 6627: 6472: 6321:

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

6261: 6250: 6239: 6228: 5974: 5869:

Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets

5598: 5485: 5190: 5103: 4705: 4490:. Stadtholder William V fled to England and the States General dissolved itself. 4441: 4382: 4286: 3895: 3648: 3492: 3249: 2941: 2926: 2566: 2446: 2406: 2381: 2361: 2308: 2293: 2145: 2140: 2009: 2004: 1994: 1949: 1924: 1817: 1179: 1054: 935: 171: 5096: 4767:

were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as

4748:. These were Staats-Brabant, Staats-Vlaanderen, Staats-Overmaas, and (after the 3513: 2346: 2173: 7115: 7110: 6831: 6821: 6811: 6791: 6781: 6696: 6639: 6532: 6495: 5589:(1911, reprinted 2001) Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific, p. 88 5284:

Serving the Urban Community: The Rise of Public Facilities in the Low Countries

5256:

Traders, Artists, Burghers: A Cultural History of Amsterdam in the 17th century

4884: 4560: 4141: 4120:, despite efforts to remain neutral. French attacks on Dutch fortresses in the 3915: 3907: 3496: 3452: 3394: 3179: 2872: 2671: 2661: 2616: 2576: 2571: 2516: 2506: 2501: 2486: 2416: 2401: 2386: 2376: 2288: 2188: 2178: 2168: 1848: 1813: 1604: 1573: 1565: 1022: 992: 835: 385: 190: 186: 167: 57: 6352: 5703:

Cook, Chris; Broadhead, Philip (2006). "Population, Urbanisation and Health".

5338:

The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact

3425:

as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a

2471: 1332: 7870: 7852: 7839: 7676: 7081: 6927: 6726: 4955: 4904: 4795:

Map of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands with colonies, c1707-1729

4772: 4635: 4631: 4598: 4540: 4437: 3679: 3640: 3426: 3307: 3287: 3016: 2850: 2820: 2730: 2636: 2631: 2606: 2586: 2426: 2298: 2273: 2248: 2233: 2223: 2208: 2163: 1929: 1905: 1825: 1789: 1664: 1660: 1581: 913: 868: 789: 697: 433: 226: 6243: 5785: 5766: 5137: 3381:, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the 3377:

In 1579, a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the

1307: 1262: 1240: 1122: 7733: 7577: 6886: 6716: 6587: 6505: 6315: 5767:"Urbanization, Culture and the Dutch Origins of the European Enlightenment" 5530: 5280: 5017: 4896: 4835: 4556: 4308: 3984: 3414: 3398: 3367: 2686: 2666: 2651: 2611: 2596: 2556: 2491: 2476: 2366: 2268: 1934: 1770: 1691: 1600: 1068: 1049: 1000: 906: 517: 505: 445: 421: 397: 216: 6000: 1698:

against Spain (from the foundation of the Dutch Republic until 1648), the

1501: 1457: 7296: 7063: 7014: 6871: 6749: 6734: 6706: 6542: 6221:

The Dutch Republic, Centre of the European Book Trade in the 17th Century

5117: 4888: 4831: 4714: 4417: 4349: 4241: 4177: 3919: 3817: 3766: 3755: 3668: 3541: 3537: 3410: 3291: 3164: 2701: 2641: 2591: 2536: 2331: 2263: 1989: 1984: 1841: 1807: 1679: 1593: 1506: 1085: 1015: 814: 773: 361: 236: 204: 196: 4359:

Support for the Patriots came mostly from the middle class. They formed

4078: 4004:

orthodox believers. One group of Jansenists formed a splinter sect, the

3667:

stood for localism, municipal rights, commerce, and peace. In 1650, the

3244: 7681: 6983: 6634: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5502: 4907:

tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.

4665: 4621: 4548: 4547:

was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world. In 1650 the

4469: 4378: 4320: 4267: 3575: 3299: 3204: 3194: 2656: 2621: 2546: 2531: 2466: 2391: 2336: 2238: 2183: 2062: 2047: 1847:

Economic decline led to a period of political instability known as the

1644: 1636: 1540: 409: 82: 5484:

that was followed at the time in the Dutch Republic; according to the

5119:

A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day

4938:

Long-term rivalry between the two main factions in Dutch society, the

3835: 3812: 1156: 7768: 7661: 7557: 6681: 4877: 4861: 4675: 4610: 4576: 4568: 4413: 4377:

attempted to organise an overthrow of various municipal governments (

3846:, although France's Spanish and German allies felt betrayed by this. 3619: 3484: 3472: 2676: 2356: 2052: 1944: 1762: 1628: 1535: 1484: 1213: 970: 150: 6410: 6374:

The 40 Years' War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King

5547: 4292: 7572: 7137: 7086: 7077: 6891: 6686: 5488:, still used in England at the time, the date of death was 8 March. 4892: 4401: 4397: 4312: 4149: 4137: 3803: 3776: 3476: 3467:

of the Dutch Republic. In particular, it became the destination of

2521: 2278: 2042: 1979: 1139: 1127: 828: 630: 155: 6254: 5902:. Vol. 1: Abba – Hist. Oxford University Press. p. 174. 4531:

in the late-16th and 17th centuries, the Dutch Republic dominated

4100:

with three of their five children. From left to right: the future

3801:

The year 1672 is known in the Netherlands as the "Disaster Year" (

1515: 7105: 7055: 6761: 6572: 5002: 4808: 4697: 4645: 4465: 4420:, she was stopped by Patriot militiamen and taken to a farm near 4360: 3938: 3934: 3831: 3664: 3371: 3295: 1672: 1520: 1424: 821: 777: 211: 200: 144: 6029: 4552:

the Dutch Republic, where 27 percent lived in urban areas.

4436:. Government-sponsored banks owned up to 40% of Great Britain's 1174: 7073: 7051: 6399: 4873: 4733:, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. 4116:(1737–1746), the Dutch Republic was reluctantly drawn into the 4089: 4016:

unemployed required government and private charity to survive.

3549: 2198: 1867:

of 1795, ending the Dutch Republic, which was succeeded by the

1034: 803: 796: 6059: 5307: 4215:, the impoverished nation grew restless under William's rule. 6106:

Leiden: de geschiedenis van een Hollandse stad. II. 1574–1795

3303: 1292: 6270:

The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806

4868:

became the "public" or "privileged" church in the republic.

4609:, the federal government. The States General were seated in 3957:

and the restoration of the Stadtholderate in all provinces.

3879: 3750:

tried to serve his dynastic interests by attempting to make

6122: 5535: 5311:

The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1400–1800

5001:, the Dutch Republic gained little from the peace talks in 4180:

in 1766, the last to hold that office. In 1767, he married

4065: 3929:

as stadtholder and captain general in all provinces of the

3789:

Stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange, also reigned as

3625: 1371: 5507: 5030:

List of countries that have gained independence from Spain

4444:. The stadholder had supported British policies after the 4052: 6232: 5705:

The Routledge Companion to Early Modern Europe, 1453–1763

5497:

C. H. Wilson, "The Economic Decline of the Netherlands",

4717:, who commanded the army, would have more power than the 3894:

The Inspectors of the Collegium Medicum in Amsterdam, by

3325:

Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the

1851:(1780–1787). This unrest was temporarily suppressed by a 4997:

was inaugurated. Despite having contributed much in the

4962:) until his overthrow and murder in 1672. Subsequently, 4159: 3345:

under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King

1828:. This created tension between political factions: the 1607:, forming a mutual alliance against Spain in 1579 (the 5985:, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, 5672:

The routledge companion to European history since 1763

5525:

Thomas M. Lennon and Michael Hickson, "Pierre Bayle",

5281:

Elise Van Nederveen Meerkerk; Griet Vermeesch (2010).

5020:

had a negative effect on Dutch shipping and commerce.

4737:

the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.

4176:. Still a teenager, William V assumed the position of 4019: 3767:

Franco-Dutch War and Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1702)

3310:, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the 2878: 6087: 6085: 4559:

in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest

4222: 1820:. The position gradually became hereditary, with the 6030:"Was Declaration of Independence inspired by Dutch?" 4989:, mostly including England and Scotland—after 1707, 3693: 3659:. The latter group were the Republicans, led by the 3436: 1804:. Each province was led by an official known as the 1836:, 1650–1672 and 1702–1747, with the latter causing 6082: 5834: 5801: 5733: 5122:(4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. p. 159. 3995:, 1696). It had a major impact on the thinking of 3898:, 1724. This period is known as the "Periwig Era". 5401: 5267:Edwards, Elizabeth, "Amsterdam and William III", 4954:), sapped the strength and unity of the country. 4293:Patriot rebellion and its suppression (1785–1795) 7868: 5892: 5405:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy 5164:History of the Dutch-Speaking Peoples, 1555–1648 4887:. This has become known as the struggle between 4140:and widespread calls for the restoration of the 1611:) and declaring their independence in 1581 (the 133:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands in 1789 27:Predecessor state of the Netherlands (1581–1795) 4500:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815) 3544:. These ventures were soon consolidated in the 3509:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815) 5587:The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution 5361: 5106:, Jan Lahmeyer. Retrieved on 10 February 2014. 5068: 3960: 3842:). In 1678, peace was made with France at the 3807:). England declared war on the Republic, (the 1769:, and many others. So did scientists, such as 7942:States and territories disestablished in 1795 6999: 6426: 6027: 5998: 5865: 5702: 5674:(Abingdon: Routledge, 2005), p. 66; J. Dunn, 5245:(Cambridge University Press, 1997). pp 29–36. 5179:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1997. 4593:Politics and government of the Dutch Republic 4315:on 9 May 1787. The pro-revolutionary Utrecht 4132:, which suffered a significant defeat at the 4104:, Frederick, and Frederica Louise Wilhelmina. 3267: 7907:1795 disestablishments in the Dutch Republic 6367: 6338: 6128: 5188: 4428:and a small contingent of British troops to 4426:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 4326:on the left. (Painted by Jonas Zeuner, 1787) 4207:, leading to the outbreak of the disastrous 3451:Anonymous portrait of the Dutch philosopher 6021: 5939:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. 5408:. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–75. 5341:. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. 5287:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 158. 5073:. Cambridge University Press. p. 277. 4605:. The latter were governed directly by the 4033:Stadtholderates of William IV and William V 3739:, which left the Navigation Act in effect. 1805: 49: 7947:States and territories established in 1581 7240:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands 7006: 6992: 6433: 6419: 6287:Kuznicki, J. T. (2008). "Dutch Republic". 6103: 5717:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5115: 4840:History of the Netherlands § Refugees 4630:(corresponding to the modern provinces of 4289:, "sounded the knell of Dutch greatness." 3702:The Battle of Scheveningen, 10 August 1653 3674:suddenly died; his son was a baby and the 3290:—corresponding roughly to the present-day 3274: 3260: 127: 7887:1581 establishments in the Dutch Republic 6291:. Thousand Oaks: Sage. pp. 130–131. 5784: 5764: 5430:International Journal of Maritime History 5308:Paolo Bernardini; Norman Fiering (2004). 4696:(corresponding to the modern province of 4684:(corresponding to the modern province of 4674:(corresponding to the modern province of 4664:(corresponding to the modern province of 4654:(corresponding to the modern province of 4644:(corresponding to the modern province of 4620:(corresponding to the modern province of 3880:Second Stadtholderless Period (1702–1747) 1615:). The seven provinces it comprised were 1570:Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden 51:Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden 7013: 6405:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands 6305: 6286: 5886: 4922: 4843: 4515: 4440:and there were close connections to the 4344:("To the People of the Netherlands") by 4302: 4232: 4088: 4077: 3925:on 19 March 1702 and the appointment of 3889: 3784: 3697: 3635: 3626:First Stadtholderless Period (1650–1675) 3605: 3569: 3512: 3446: 1878: 1562:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands 7917:Early modern history of the Netherlands 7235:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence 6108:. Stichitng Geschiedschrijving Leiden. 5957: 5832: 5799: 5731: 5527:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5271:(Dec 1993), Vol. 43, Issue 12 pp. 25–31 4504:Financial history of the Dutch Republic 4259:. The war, tangentially related to the 4251:(1780–1784) was a conflict between the 4170:Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg 2831:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 14: 7869: 6314: 6267: 6091: 5560: 5541: 5513: 5334: 5243:A financial history of the Netherlands 4396:left The Hague and moved his court to 3977: 3579:in the late 17th century: painting by 3443:History of the Jews in the Netherlands 6987: 6440: 6414: 6161: 6040:from the original on 13 December 2007 5772:BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review 5707:. Abingdon and New York. p. 186. 5144:from the original on 26 November 2023 4563:in the world, founded in 1602 by the 4195:The position of the Dutch during the 4160:Regency and indolent rule (1752–1779) 3355:Philip de Montmorency, Count of Hoorn 2982:1946 Italian institutional referendum 2922:Spanish American wars of independence 1682:. Through its trading companies, the 934: 6199: 6183:The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600–1800 6180: 6166:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 5916:from the original on 16 January 2023 5859: 5690:World History Pattern of Interaction 5659:A Concise History of the Netherlands 5646:A Concise History of the Netherlands 5633:A Concise History of the Netherlands 5620:A Concise History of The Netherlands 5501:(1939) 9#2 pp. 111–127, esp. p. 113 5443:The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars 1652–1674 5362:Martin Dunford; et al. (2003). 4777:American Declaration of Independence 4385:, who saw it as a forerunner of the 4096:, stadholder from 1751 to 1806, and 6948:History of the Mediterranean region 6310:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 6009:from the original on 4 October 2013 5899:The Islamic World: Past and Present 5841:. London, New York: Verso. p. 5808:. London, New York: Verso. p. 5740:. London, New York: Verso. p. 5687: 5576:William Collins and Son London 1933 5228:Jan de Vries and A. van der Woude, 5217:The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600–1800 5109: 4539:and operating the largest fleet of 4020:The Orangist revolution (1747–1751) 3989:Dictionnaire Historique et Critique 3918:of the period between the death of 3731:In 1651, England imposed its first 3663:(a sort of prime minister) and the 3401:region. After the assassination of 3385:. This was followed in 1581 by the 3349:. In 1568, the Netherlands, led by 2751:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 1855:in support of the stadtholder. The 1558:United Provinces of the Netherlands 24: 7927:Former polities in the Netherlands 7912:18th century in the Dutch Republic 7897:17th century in the Dutch Republic 6289:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 5999:James Madison (11 December 1787). 5678:(NY: Atlantic Books, 2005), p. 86. 5241:Marjolein 't Hart Zanden, et al., 4692:There was an eighth province, the 4223:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784) 4211:in 1780. After the signing of the 3993:Historical and Critical Dictionary 3502: 121:"Small things flourish by concord" 25: 7963: 6392: 6253:, 2015, retrieved: 8 March 2020 ( 6070:from the original on 23 July 2011 5979:History of World Trade Since 1450 4346:Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol 4085:, stadholder from 1747 to 1751 CE 3694:First and Second Anglo-Dutch wars 3437:Religious toleration and refugees 1584:that existed from 1579 until the 280:Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange 7937:Republicanism in the Netherlands 7902:1795 disestablishments in Europe 6933:Bibliography of European history 6528:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 6398: 5116:Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000). 4800: 4788: 4319:are on the right; the troops of 4154:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) 4128:led to the Republic joining the 4064: 4051: 3243: 2771:Discourses Concerning Government 1534: 1514: 1500: 1483: 1456: 1423: 1402: 1370: 1355: 1331: 1306: 1291: 1261: 1239: 1212: 1192: 1173: 1155: 1138: 1121: 1103: 1084: 1067: 1048: 753: 728: 251:• 1581–1584 (assassinated) 89: 75: 32:Republicanism in the Netherlands 7892:16th century in the Netherlands 6958:History of Western civilization 6561:Christianity in the Middle Ages 6154: 6134: 6097: 6060:"Unie van Utrecht – Wikisource" 6052: 6034:University of Wisconsin–Madison 5992: 5928: 5826: 5793: 5758: 5725: 5696: 5681: 5664: 5651: 5638: 5625: 5612: 5592: 5579: 5566: 5519: 5491: 5474: 5448: 5435: 5422: 5395: 5382: 5355: 5328: 5314:. Berghahn Books. p. 372. 5301: 5274: 5261: 5248: 5097:Demographics of the Netherlands 5071:Religion in an Expanding Europe 4410:Frederick William II of Prussia 3037:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 6802:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 6745:Christianity in the modern era 6516:Christianity in late antiquity 6376:] (in Dutch). Prometheus. 6028:Barbara Wolff (29 June 1998). 5765:Mijnhardt, Wijnand W. (2010). 5563:, pp. 996–997, 1069–1087. 5235: 5222: 5209: 5182: 5169: 5156: 5090: 5069:J. Katzenstein, Peter (2006). 5062: 5011:War of the Austrian Succession 4182:Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia 3914:) is the designation in Dutch 3912:Tweede Stadhouderloze Tijdperk 3820:, William III, was appointed. 3655:attached to the banner of the 3581:Gerrit Adriaenszoon Berckheyde 3318:, most of which was under the 2972:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 2952:German Revolution of 1918–1919 1572:) and commonly referred to in 13: 1: 7882:1581 establishments in Europe 7260:Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 6953:History of the European Union 6244:Institute of European History 6233:EGO – European History Online 6104:van Maanen, R. C. J. (2003). 5166:. Phoenix Press, 2001, p. 55. 5050: 4999:War of the Spanish Succession 4995:Second Stadtholderless Period 4982:united against this country. 4057:Second Stadtholderless Period 4047: 3904:Second Stadtholderless Period 3886:Second Stadtholderless Period 3873:War of the Spanish Succession 3849:In 1688, at the start of the 3688:Second Stadtholderless Period 1740:War of the Spanish Succession 941: 919: 896: 854: 840: 304:William III, Prince of Orange 5670:C. Cook & J. Stevenson, 5603:The Perspective of the World 5368:. Rough Guides. p. 58. 5365:The Rough Guide to Amsterdam 5055: 4960:First Stadtholderless Period 4512:Dutch guilder § History 4279:met once off the Dutch coast 4238:Battle of Dogger Bank (1781) 4197:American War of Independence 4174:Douwe Sirtema van Grovestins 4146:William IV, Prince of Orange 4124:and occupation of the Dutch 4102:William I of the Netherlands 4083:William IV, Prince of Orange 3927:William IV, Prince of Orange 3840:Second Treaty of Westminster 3793:from 1689 to 1702 after the 3752:Prince William III of Orange 3737:Treaty of Westminster (1654) 3684:First Stadtholderless Period 3672:William II, Prince of Orange 3632:First Stadtholderless Period 3559: 3341:, which further unified the 3335:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 3314:, with the exception of the 3286:Until the 16th century, the 3222:Republic without republicans 2967:11 September 1922 Revolution 2962:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 320:William IV, Prince of Orange 309:King William III of England) 292:William II, Prince of Orange 116:Concordia res parvæ crescunt 7: 6912:Russian invasion of Ukraine 6523:Crisis of the Third Century 6368:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020). 6272:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5607:Civilization and Capitalism 5023: 4819: 4807:The united provinces, with 4586: 4354:William V, Prince of Orange 4324:William V, Prince of Orange 4186:Augustus William of Prussia 3961:Economic decline after 1730 3523:Job Adriaenszoon Berckheyde 3469:Portuguese and Spanish Jews 2957:Turkish War of Independence 2879: 1714:, and a fourth against the 1463:Princip. of the Netherlands 332:William V, Prince of Orange 10: 7968: 7026:Kingdom of the Netherlands 6968:Military history of Europe 6963:Maritime history of Europe 6341:European Review of History 5872:. CRC Press. p. 151. 5837:The Long Twentieth Century 5804:The Long Twentieth Century 5736:The Long Twentieth Century 5480:This is the date from the 5402:John Richard Hill (2002). 5390:A Modern History of Europe 4931:assault the French at the 4918: 4829: 4823: 4765:United States Constitution 4590: 4497: 4493: 4341:Aan het Volk van Nederland 4296: 4261:American Revolutionary War 4226: 4205:League of Armed Neutrality 4118:War of Austrian Succession 4023: 3883: 3770: 3726:naval wars against England 3705: 3629: 3563: 3506: 3440: 3302:—consisted of a number of 3012:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 2761:The Commonwealth of Oceana 1874: 1861:War of the First Coalition 1748:War of the First Coalition 1744:War of Austrian Succession 1507:Kingdom of the Netherlands 1476:Kingdom of the Netherlands 29: 7803: 7652: 7643: 7606: 7553: 7544: 7388: 7379: 7352:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta 7282: 7273: 7096:Development urban centers 7032: 7022: 6938:Genetic history of Europe 6920: 6725: 6541: 6481: 6448: 6353:10.1080/13507481003660811 6185:. London: Penguin Books. 5989:. Retrieved 3 August 2017 5688:Littell, McDougal. "21". 5441:D. R. Hainsworth, et al. 5335:Israel, Jonathan (2003). 4974:), when France, England, 4060: 4050: 4042: 4037: 4032: 3185:The Emperor's New Clothes 2937:5 October 1910 revolution 2932:French Revolution of 1848 1955:Liberty as non-domination 1736:War of the Grand Alliance 1531: 1529: 1513: 1499: 1482: 1474: 1469: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1422: 1401: 1391: 1388: 1354: 1351: 1330: 1327: 1305: 1290: 1260: 1238: 1102: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1014: 1010: 999: 991: 987: 983: 969: 952: 912: 889: 883: 876: 834: 820: 813: 802: 800: 787: 769: 707: 693: 689: 679: 675: 670: 666: 653: 640: 627: 614: 601: 588: 575: 571: 561: 549: 539: 535: 523: 511: 499: 487: 475: 463: 451: 439: 427: 415: 403: 391: 379: 367: 355: 351: 341: 337: 325: 313: 297: 285: 273: 268:Maurice, Prince of Orange 261: 249: 245: 235: 222: 210: 181: 163: 138: 126: 105: 71: 66: 41: 6306:Reynolds, C. G. (1998). 6260:27 February 2022 at the 6249:19 February 2016 at the 6204:. Universal Publishers. 5987:World History in Context 5973:18 November 2022 at the 5937:Bengal: the unique state 5432:(2007) 19#2 pp. 139–159. 5102:26 December 2011 at the 5045:Dutch West India Company 5040:Dutch East India Company 4927:Dutch troops led by the 4758:Dutch West India Company 4754:Dutch East India Company 4565:Dutch East India Company 4521:Amsterdam Stock Exchange 4373:being the rallying cry. 4253:Kingdom of Great Britain 3610:A view of Amsterdam, by 3546:Dutch East India Company 3519:Amsterdam Stock Exchange 3359:Lamoral, Count of Egmont 3027:1987 Fijian coups d'état 2987:1952 Egyptian revolution 1965:Political representation 1750:(1792–1795) against the 1716:Kingdom of Great Britain 1690:(GWC), it established a 1688:Dutch West India Company 1684:Dutch East India Company 1362:United States of Belgium 657:Batavian Revolution 374:Johan van Oldenbarnevelt 45:Seven United Netherlands 6943:History of Christianity 6238:8 February 2013 at the 5786:10.18352/bmgn-lchr.7118 5499:Economic History Review 5460:Encyclopædia Britannica 4779:is similar to the 1581 4713:. In times of war, the 4454:exercitiegenootschappen 4366:exercitiegenootschappen 4199:(1775–1783) was one of 4138:"Disaster Year" of 1672 3811:), followed by France, 3479:, which remained under 3374:between 1572 and 1579. 3007:1969 Libyan coup d'état 2791:Discourse on Inequality 1940:Consent of the governed 1834:Stadtholderless Periods 1779:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1708:Commonwealth of England 1706:(the first against the 1023:Duchy of Lower Lorraine 7699:Decorations and medals 7148:Burgundian Netherlands 6767:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6268:Israel, J. I. (1995). 5866:Junie T. Tong (2016). 4935: 4853: 4727:House of Orange-Nassau 4662:Lordship of Overijssel 4524: 4430:suppress the rebellion 4375:Herman Willem Daendels 4327: 4283:Treaty of Paris (1784) 4249:Fourth Anglo–Dutch War 4244: 4229:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 4213:Treaty of Paris (1783) 4209:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 4105: 4086: 3911: 3899: 3798: 3791:William III of England 3716:Second Anglo-Dutch War 3703: 3651: 3614: 3583: 3525: 3460: 3421:, 1585), and sent the 3411:Elizabeth I of England 3405:on 10 July 1584, both 3397:, particularly in the 1891: 1806: 1569: 1246:Burgundian Netherlands 1016:Kingdom of Lotharingia 230:parliamentary republic 119:"Unity makes strength" 50: 7922:Former confederations 7694:Customs and etiquette 6847:Industrial Revolution 6227:12 April 2021 at the 5544:, pp. 1033–1036. 5189:Joost Jonker (1996). 5035:Dutch colonial empire 4972:Third Anglo-Dutch war 4970:(with the derivative 4964:William III of Orange 4926: 4866:Dutch Reformed Church 4847: 4826:Dutch Reformed Church 4682:Lordship of Groningen 4519: 4508:Dutch colonial empire 4412:) tried to travel to 4306: 4236: 4110:Anthonie van der Heim 4098:Wilhelmina of Prussia 4092: 4081: 3893: 3809:Third Anglo-Dutch War 3788: 3781:Third Anglo-Dutch War 3712:First Anglo-Dutch War 3701: 3639: 3609: 3573: 3516: 3481:Spanish Catholic rule 3450: 3329:and subsequently the 3175:Criticism of monarchy 2997:North Yemen civil war 2811:The Federalist Papers 2106:Federal parliamentary 1882: 1746:(1744–1748), and the 1692:Dutch colonial empire 1431:French First Republic 494:Anthonie van der Heim 482:Simon van Slingelandt 307:(from 1688, was also 164:Common languages 111:Eendracht maakt macht 7853:52.07972°N 4.31333°E 7729:Orders of knighthood 7362:World Heritage Sites 7265:Coronavirus pandemic 7255:European debt crisis 7228:Dutch Liberation Day 7153:Habsburg Netherlands 6902:European debt crisis 6897:European integration 6837:Age of Enlightenment 6677:Republic of Florence 6407:at Wikimedia Commons 6218:Hoftijzer, Paul G., 6200:Ertl, A. W. (2008). 6181:Boxe, C. R. (1990). 5934:Nanda, J. N (2005). 5833:Arrighi, G. (2002). 5800:Arrighi, G. (2002). 5732:Arrighi, G. (2002). 5676:Democracy: A history 5516:, pp. 999–1018. 5195:. NEHA. p. 32. 4933:battle of Malplaquet 4535:, conquering a vast 4334:. Influenced by the 4272:Continental Congress 3566:History of Amsterdam 3465:religious toleration 3160:Classical radicalism 2902:Republic of Florence 2841:Democracy in America 2000:Separation of powers 1975:Public participation 1838:national instability 1700:Dutch–Portuguese War 1338:Austrian Netherlands 1268:Habsburg Netherlands 551:• State Council 530:Pieter van Bleiswijk 18:Northern Netherlands 7849: / 7337:Mountains and hills 7188:Batavian Revolution 7168:Spanish Netherlands 7163:Seventeen Provinces 6867:Revolutions of 1848 6797:Early modern France 6578:Anglo-Saxon England 6483:Classical antiquity 6324:. New York: Knopf. 6129:Van Nimwegen (2020) 5462:. 20 September 2018 5258:(Van Gorcum, 1976). 4987:Glorious Revolution 4901:Contra-Remonstrants 4763:The framers of the 4742:Peace of Westphalia 4652:Lordship of Utrecht 4597:The republic was a 4481:French army invaded 4446:American Revolution 4422:Goejanverwellesluis 4336:American Revolution 4299:Batavian Revolution 4190:Frederick the Great 4122:Spanish Netherlands 4026:Orangist revolution 4006:Old Catholic Church 3978:Culture and society 3955:Orangist revolution 3869:Louis XIV of France 3864:Glorious Revolution 3860:James II of England 3795:Glorious Revolution 3744:English Restoration 3431:Peace of Westphalia 3407:Henry III of France 3351:William I of Orange 3343:Seventeen Provinces 3250:Politics portal 3055:Antigua and Barbuda 3002:Zanzibar Revolution 2912:American Revolution 2801:The Social Contract 1970:Popular sovereignty 1888:Adriaen Thomasz Key 1865:Batavian Revolution 1798:Peace of Westphalia 1788:The republic was a 1598:Spanish Netherlands 1592:of the present-day 1586:Batavian Revolution 1439:First French Empire 1313:Spanish Netherlands 1276:Seventeen Provinces 736:Spanish Netherlands 566:Early modern period 470:Isaac van Hoornbeek 7588:Telecommunications 7198:Kingdom of Holland 6973:Crusading movement 6877:Russian Revolution 6712:Hundred Years' War 6608:Maritime republics 6511:Early Christianity 6501:Hellenistic period 6458:Paleolithic Europe 6162:Adams, J. (2005). 6005:. Morrisiana, NY. 5618:Kennedy, James C. 5585:Edler, Friedrich, 5482:Gregorian calendar 5232:(1997) pp. 668–672 5215:Charles R. Boxer, 4944:Dutch States Party 4936: 4854: 4850:Oude Kerk at Delft 4731:William the Silent 4672:Lordship of Frisia 4525: 4328: 4245: 4184:, the daughter of 4134:Battle of Fontenoy 4130:Quadruple Alliance 4126:Zeelandic Flanders 4106: 4094:Willem V of Orange 4087: 3900: 3862:. This led to the 3844:Treaty of Nijmegen 3799: 3761:Raid on the Medway 3704: 3652: 3615: 3612:Jacob van Ruisdael 3584: 3526: 3489:English Dissenters 3461: 3347:Philip II of Spain 3339:Pragmatic Sanction 3316:County of Flanders 3216:Primus inter pares 3032:Nepalese Civil War 3022:Iranian Revolution 2992:14 July Revolution 2947:Russian Revolution 2942:Chinese Revolution 2892:Republic of Venice 2741:Discourses on Livy 1892: 1775:Christiaan Huygens 1759:freedom of thought 1712:Kingdom of England 1710:, two against the 1702:(1598–1663), four 1588:in 1795. It was a 1521:Kingdom of Belgium 1416:Kingdom of Holland 961:Carolingian Empire 7858:52.07972; 4.31333 7832: 7831: 7799: 7798: 7639: 7638: 7540: 7539: 7517:Political parties 7453:Foreign relations 7375: 7374: 7245:Same-sex marriage 7193:Batavian Republic 7173:Eighty Years' War 7143:Holy Roman Empire 6981: 6980: 6907:COVID-19 pandemic 6852:French Revolution 6827:Habsburg monarchy 6807:Cossack Hetmanate 6787:Portuguese Empire 6777:Absolute monarchy 6772:Thirty Years' War 6667:Holy Roman Empire 6592:Bulgarian Empire 6551:Early Middle Ages 6468:Bronze Age Europe 6442:History of Europe 6403:Media related to 6383:978-90-446-3871-4 6308:Navies in History 6140:O. van Nimwegen, 6064:nl.wikisource.org 6002:Fœderalist No. 20 5946:978-81-8069-149-2 5909:978-0-19-516520-3 5879:978-1-317-13522-7 5009:. The end of the 4781:Act of Abjuration 4769:Federalist No. 20 4750:Treaty of Utrecht 4729:, beginning with 4723:princes of Orange 4694:County of Drenthe 4642:County of Zeeland 4628:County of Holland 4618:Duchy of Guelders 4545:County of Holland 4485:Batavian Republic 4477:French Revolution 4387:French Revolution 4307:Firefight on the 4076: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4062:Batavian Republic 3997:The Enlightenment 3828:Michiel de Ruyter 3586:By the mid-1660s 3540:to engage in the 3457:Portuguese-Jewish 3423:Earl of Leicester 3419:Treaty of Nonsuch 3403:William of Orange 3387:Act of Abjuration 3364:Eighty Years' War 3331:House of Habsburg 3327:House of Burgundy 3320:Kingdom of France 3312:Holy Roman Empire 3308:prince-bishoprics 3284: 3283: 3227:Republican empire 3200:List of republics 3049:National variants 2977:Spanish Civil War 2917:French Revolution 2897:Republic of Genoa 2781:The Spirit of Law 2714:Theoretical works 2058:Neo-republicanism 1884:William of Orange 1869:Batavian Republic 1857:French Revolution 1853:Prussian invasion 1752:Kingdom of France 1742:(1702–1713), the 1738:(1688–1697), the 1696:Eighty Years' War 1613:Act of Abjuration 1590:predecessor state 1560:, officially the 1554: 1553: 1550: 1525: 1511: 1495: 1480: 1467: 1443: 1435: 1420: 1413: 1409:Batavian Republic 1382: 1367: 1343: 1318: 1303: 1280: 1272: 1250: 1229: 1209: 1189: 1170: 1152: 1135: 1118: 1100: 1081: 1064: 1027: 1020: 1008: 997: 975: 965: 958: 948: 926: 903: 861: 850:Germania Inferior 847: 783: 782: 765: 764: 761: 760: 749:Batavian Republic 741: 740: 592:Act of Abjuration 525:• 1772–1787 513:• 1749–1772 501:• 1746–1749 489:• 1736–1746 477:• 1727–1736 465:• 1720–1727 458:Anthonie Heinsius 453:• 1689–1720 441:• 1672–1689 429:• 1653–1672 417:• 1651–1653 405:• 1636–1651 393:• 1631–1636 381:• 1621–1629 369:• 1586–1619 357:• 1581–1585 327:• 1751–1795 315:• 1747–1751 299:• 1672–1702 287:• 1647–1650 275:• 1625–1647 263:• 1584–1625 16:(Redirected from 7959: 7952:Christian states 7932:Former republics 7864: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7812: 7650: 7649: 7621:Public transport 7551: 7550: 7386: 7385: 7280: 7279: 7106:Frankish Kingdom 7069:Migration Period 7008: 7001: 6994: 6985: 6984: 6842:Great Divergence 6757:Age of Discovery 6702:Late Middle Ages 6672:High Middle Ages 6583:Byzantine Empire 6566:Christianization 6556:Migration Period 6491:Classical Greece 6463:Neolithic Europe 6435: 6428: 6421: 6412: 6411: 6402: 6387: 6364: 6335: 6311: 6302: 6283: 6215: 6196: 6177: 6148: 6147: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5996: 5990: 5983:John J. McCusker 5961: 5955: 5954: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5894:John L. Esposito 5890: 5884: 5883: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5840: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5807: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5739: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5716: 5708: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5692:. pp. 594b. 5685: 5679: 5668: 5662: 5655: 5649: 5642: 5636: 5629: 5623: 5616: 5610: 5599:Braudel, Fernand 5596: 5590: 5583: 5577: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5495: 5489: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5452: 5446: 5439: 5433: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5399: 5393: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5278: 5272: 5265: 5259: 5252: 5246: 5239: 5233: 5226: 5220: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5186: 5180: 5175:Bodian, Miriam, 5173: 5167: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5113: 5107: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5066: 4968:Franco-Dutch War 4929:Prince of Orange 4913:private churches 4858:Union of Utrecht 4813:Generality Lands 4804: 4792: 4746:Generality Lands 4603:Generality Lands 4549:urban population 4529:Dutch Golden Age 4114:Grand Pensionary 4068: 4055: 4048: 4030: 4029: 3773:Franco-Dutch War 3708:Anglo-Dutch wars 3661:Grand Pensionary 3645:Grand Pensionary 3530:Dutch Golden Age 3491:, including the 3395:Spanish colonies 3383:Army of Flanders 3379:Union of Utrecht 3353:, together with 3306:, counties, and 3276: 3269: 3262: 3248: 3247: 3232:Republican Party 3210:Peasant republic 3170:Communitarianism 2887:Classical Athens 2882: 2856: 2846: 2836: 2826: 2816: 2806: 2796: 2786: 2776: 2766: 2756: 2746: 2736: 2726: 1960:Mixed government 1894: 1893: 1822:Prince of Orange 1811: 1802:Generality Lands 1783:Dutch Golden Age 1767:Johannes Vermeer 1732:Franco-Dutch War 1704:Anglo-Dutch Wars 1609:Union of Utrecht 1548: 1538: 1523: 1518: 1509: 1504: 1493: 1487: 1478: 1465: 1460: 1441: 1433: 1429:associated with 1427: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1380: 1374: 1365: 1359: 1341: 1335: 1316: 1310: 1301: 1295: 1278: 1270: 1265: 1248: 1243: 1230: 1227: 1216: 1208: 1205: 1196: 1188: 1185: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1159: 1150: 1142: 1133: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1107: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1079: 1071: 1060: 1052: 1025: 1018: 1006: 995: 973: 963: 956: 954:Frankish Kingdom 946: 943: 939: 924: 921: 917: 909: 901: 898: 894: 871: 859: 856: 852: 845: 842: 838: 831: 824: 806: 785: 784: 757: 756: 745: 744: 732: 731: 725: 724: 709: 708: 644:Peace of Utrecht 618:Peace of Münster 605:Vranck Deduction 579:Union of Utrecht 556:Council of State 343:Grand Pensionary 194: 131: 93: 79: 61: 53: 46: 43:Republic of the 39: 38: 21: 7967: 7966: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7867: 7866: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7828: 7815: 7808: 7795: 7749:Public holidays 7635: 7602: 7536: 7371: 7367:Zuiderzee Works 7269: 7250:Great Recession 7129:Frisian Freedom 7101:Frisian Kingdom 7042:Germanic tribes 7028: 7018: 7012: 6982: 6977: 6916: 6882:Interwar period 6857:Napoleonic Wars 6721: 6692:Mongol invasion 6645:Crown of Aragon 6537: 6477: 6473:Iron Age Europe 6444: 6439: 6395: 6390: 6384: 6332: 6299: 6280: 6262:Wayback Machine 6251:Wayback Machine 6240:Wayback Machine 6229:Wayback Machine 6212: 6193: 6174: 6157: 6152: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6135: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6102: 6098: 6090: 6083: 6073: 6071: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6010: 5997: 5993: 5975:Wayback Machine 5962: 5958: 5947: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5910: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5798: 5794: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5730: 5726: 5710: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5686: 5682: 5669: 5665: 5656: 5652: 5643: 5639: 5630: 5626: 5617: 5613: 5597: 5593: 5584: 5580: 5572:Fulford, Roger 5571: 5567: 5559: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5524: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5496: 5492: 5486:Julian calendar 5479: 5475: 5465: 5463: 5456:"Johan De Witt" 5454: 5453: 5449: 5440: 5436: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5400: 5396: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5279: 5275: 5266: 5262: 5253: 5249: 5240: 5236: 5227: 5223: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5170: 5161: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5130: 5114: 5110: 5104:Wayback Machine 5095: 5091: 5081: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5026: 4921: 4903:. In 1618, the 4842: 4828: 4822: 4815: 4805: 4796: 4793: 4719:raadpensionaris 4706:raadpensionaris 4595: 4589: 4571:has the oldest 4537:colonial empire 4523:courtyard, 1653 4514: 4498:Main articles: 4496: 4442:House of Stuart 4408:(the sister of 4383:Fernand Braudel 4301: 4295: 4287:Fernand Braudel 4285:, according to 4231: 4225: 4162: 4046: 4028: 4022: 3980: 3963: 3896:Cornelis Troost 3888: 3882: 3851:Nine Years' War 3783: 3771:Main articles: 3769: 3718: 3706:Main articles: 3696: 3657:House of Orange 3649:Caspar Netscher 3647:of Holland, by 3634: 3628: 3568: 3562: 3511: 3505: 3503:Economic growth 3493:Pilgrim Fathers 3445: 3439: 3280: 3242: 3237: 3236: 3155: 3147: 3146: 3050: 3042: 3041: 2927:Trienio Liberal 2868: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2844: 2834: 2824: 2814: 2804: 2794: 2784: 2774: 2764: 2754: 2744: 2734: 2724: 2715: 2707: 2706: 2442:Flynn (Stephen) 2327: 2319: 2318: 2159: 2151: 2150: 2076: 2068: 2067: 2023: 2015: 2014: 2010:Social equality 2005:Social contract 1995:Self-governance 1950:Democratization 1925:Anti-corruption 1920:Anti-monarchism 1915: 1899:Politics series 1877: 1859:and subsequent 1840:and the end of 1818:House of Orange 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1519: 1505: 1492: 1488: 1461: 1436: 1428: 1414: 1407: 1379: 1375: 1364: 1360: 1340: 1336: 1315: 1311: 1300: 1296: 1273: 1266: 1244: 1231: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1206: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1021: 1005: 1002: 944: 938: 936:Frisian Kingdom 922: 916: 907: 899: 893: 869: 857: 848: 843: 829: 827: 822: 816: 804: 788:History of the 776: 754: 729: 682: 662:19 January 1795 659: 646: 633: 623:30 January 1648 620: 607: 594: 584:23 January 1579 581: 552: 526: 514: 502: 490: 478: 466: 454: 442: 430: 418: 406: 394: 382: 370: 358: 328: 316: 308: 306: 300: 288: 276: 264: 252: 185: 172:Dutch Low Saxon 149: 134: 122: 120: 114: 101: 100: 99: 94: 86: 85: 80: 62: 55: 47: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7965: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7877:Dutch Republic 7830: 7829: 7827: 7826: 7821: 7814: 7813: 7805: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7689:Cultural icons 7686: 7685: 7684: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7631:Road transport 7628: 7626:Rail transport 7623: 7618: 7612: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7522:Prime Minister 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7497:Municipalities 7494: 7489: 7488: 7487: 7482: 7472: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7403:Climate change 7400: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7307:Extreme points 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7215: 7213:United Kingdom 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7178:Dutch Republic 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7131: 7118: 7116:Lower Lorraine 7113: 7111:Middle Francia 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7084: 7071: 7066: 7049: 7044: 7038: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7017: articles 7011: 7010: 7003: 6996: 6988: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6832:Russian Empire 6829: 6824: 6822:British Empire 6819: 6817:Dutch Republic 6814: 6812:Swedish Empire 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6792:Spanish Empire 6789: 6784: 6782:Ottoman Empire 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6742: 6737: 6731: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6697:Serbian Empire 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6558: 6553: 6547: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6533:Late antiquity 6530: 6525: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6496:Roman Republic 6493: 6487: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6454: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6438: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6394: 6393:External links 6391: 6389: 6388: 6382: 6365: 6347:(2): 151–170. 6336: 6331:978-0394510750 6330: 6312: 6303: 6298:978-1412965804 6297: 6284: 6278: 6265: 6216: 6211:978-1599429830 6210: 6197: 6191: 6178: 6172: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6133: 6131:, p. 354. 6121: 6114: 6096: 6081: 6051: 6020: 5991: 5968:Empire, Mughal 5956: 5945: 5927: 5908: 5896:, ed. (2004). 5885: 5878: 5858: 5851: 5825: 5818: 5792: 5757: 5750: 5724: 5695: 5680: 5663: 5650: 5637: 5624: 5611: 5591: 5578: 5565: 5546: 5534: 5518: 5506: 5490: 5473: 5447: 5434: 5421: 5414: 5394: 5381: 5374: 5354: 5347: 5327: 5320: 5300: 5293: 5273: 5269:History Today, 5260: 5247: 5234: 5221: 5208: 5201: 5181: 5168: 5155: 5128: 5108: 5089: 5080:978-1139450942 5079: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5022: 4950:(Royalists or 4942:(Republicans, 4940:Staatsgezinden 4920: 4917: 4885:predestination 4848:Sermon at the 4824:Main article: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4806: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4787: 4690: 4689: 4679: 4669: 4659: 4649: 4639: 4625: 4607:States General 4591:Main article: 4588: 4585: 4561:stock exchange 4495: 4492: 4458:demonstrations 4394:the stadholder 4297:Main article: 4294: 4291: 4257:Dutch Republic 4227:Main article: 4224: 4221: 4161: 4158: 4142:stadtholderate 4074: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4059: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4024:Main article: 4021: 4018: 3979: 3976: 3962: 3959: 3931:Dutch Republic 3916:historiography 3884:Main article: 3881: 3878: 3768: 3765: 3754:, his nephew, 3733:Navigation Act 3728:in 1652–1674. 3695: 3692: 3630:Main article: 3627: 3624: 3564:Main article: 3561: 3558: 3507:Main article: 3504: 3501: 3497:Atlantic world 3453:Baruch Spinoza 3438: 3435: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3271: 3264: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3180:Egalitarianism 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3156: 3154:Related topics 3153: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3125:United Kingdom 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2907:Dutch Republic 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2875: 2873:Roman Republic 2869: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2847: 2837: 2827: 2817: 2807: 2797: 2787: 2777: 2767: 2757: 2747: 2737: 2727: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2314:Wollstonecraft 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1876: 1873: 1849:Patriottentijd 1794:States General 1686:(VOC) and the 1578:Dutch Republic 1574:historiography 1552: 1551: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1512: 1497: 1496: 1481: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1421: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1368: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1304: 1298:Dutch Republic 1288: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1210: 1190: 1153: 1136: 1101: 1082: 1065: 1044: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1012: 1011: 1009: 998: 993:Middle Francia 989: 988: 985: 984: 982: 980: 977: 976: 967: 966: 951: 949: 932: 931: 929: 927: 911: 904: 887: 886: 884: 882: 880: 875: 873: 866: 863: 862: 836:Gallia Belgica 833: 819: 812: 809: 808: 801: 799: 793: 792: 781: 780: 771: 767: 766: 763: 762: 759: 758: 751: 742: 739: 738: 733: 721: 720: 715: 705: 704: 695: 691: 690: 687: 686: 683: 680: 677: 676: 673: 672: 668: 667: 664: 663: 660: 654: 651: 650: 647: 641: 638: 637: 634: 628: 625: 624: 621: 615: 612: 611: 608: 602: 599: 598: 595: 589: 586: 585: 582: 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 563: 562:Historical era 559: 558: 553: 550: 547: 546: 544:States General 541: 537: 536: 533: 532: 527: 524: 521: 520: 515: 512: 509: 508: 503: 500: 497: 496: 491: 488: 485: 484: 479: 476: 473: 472: 467: 464: 461: 460: 455: 452: 449: 448: 443: 440: 437: 436: 431: 428: 425: 424: 419: 416: 413: 412: 407: 404: 401: 400: 395: 392: 389: 388: 386:Anthonie Duyck 383: 380: 377: 376: 371: 368: 365: 364: 359: 356: 353: 352: 349: 348: 345: 339: 338: 335: 334: 329: 326: 323: 322: 317: 314: 311: 310: 301: 298: 295: 294: 289: 286: 283: 282: 277: 274: 271: 270: 265: 262: 259: 258: 253: 250: 247: 246: 243: 242: 239: 233: 232: 224: 220: 219: 214: 208: 207: 191:state religion 187:Dutch Reformed 183: 179: 178: 165: 161: 160: 140: 136: 135: 132: 124: 123: 118: 103: 102: 95: 88: 87: 81: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 64: 63: 48: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7964: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7865: 7862: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7605: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7507:Republicanism 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7312:Flood control 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7272: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7223:Nazi invasion 7221: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7203:Incorporation 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7016: 7009: 7004: 7002: 6997: 6995: 6990: 6989: 6986: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6928:Art of Europe 6926: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6727:Modern period 6724: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6431: 6429: 6424: 6422: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6385: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6279:0-19-873072-1 6275: 6271: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6192:0-14-013618-5 6188: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6173:0-8014-3308-8 6169: 6165: 6160: 6159: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6125: 6117: 6115:90-806754-2-3 6111: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6092:Israel (1995) 6088: 6086: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6008: 6004: 6003: 5995: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5953: 5948: 5942: 5938: 5931: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5881: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5862: 5854: 5852:1-85984-015-9 5848: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5829: 5821: 5819:1-85984-015-9 5815: 5811: 5806: 5805: 5796: 5787: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5751:1-85984-015-9 5747: 5743: 5738: 5737: 5728: 5720: 5714: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5660: 5654: 5647: 5641: 5634: 5628: 5621: 5615: 5609:1984. p. 273. 5608: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5588: 5582: 5575: 5569: 5562: 5561:Israel (1995) 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5543: 5542:Israel (1995) 5538: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5515: 5514:Israel (1995) 5510: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5444: 5438: 5431: 5425: 5417: 5415:9780198605270 5411: 5407: 5406: 5398: 5392:(1971) p. 290 5391: 5388:Eugen Weber, 5385: 5377: 5375:9781858288987 5371: 5367: 5366: 5358: 5350: 5348:9780521544061 5344: 5340: 5339: 5331: 5323: 5321:9781571814302 5317: 5313: 5312: 5304: 5296: 5294:9789052603506 5290: 5286: 5285: 5277: 5270: 5264: 5257: 5254:Deric Regin, 5251: 5244: 5238: 5231: 5225: 5218: 5212: 5204: 5202:9789057420016 5198: 5194: 5193: 5185: 5178: 5172: 5165: 5162:Pieter Geyl, 5159: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5129:90-6109-440-2 5125: 5121: 5120: 5112: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5093: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5061: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4991:Great Britain 4988: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4956:Johan de Witt 4953: 4949: 4948:Prinsgezinden 4945: 4941: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4916: 4914: 4908: 4906: 4905:Synod of Dort 4902: 4898: 4895:, or between 4894: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4798: 4791: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4773:James Madison 4770: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4711:landsadvocaat 4708: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4636:South Holland 4633: 4632:North Holland 4629: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4599:confederation 4594: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4438:national debt 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4220: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4112:'s tenure as 4111: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4080: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3700: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3680:Johan de Witt 3677: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3641:Johan de Witt 3638: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3557: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3531: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 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2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2853: 2852: 2851:On Revolution 2848: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2822: 2821:Rights of Man 2818: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2732: 2731:De re publica 2728: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2537:Jones (Lynne) 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2332:Adams (Gerry) 2330: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 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1674: 1671:(present-day 1670: 1666: 1665:South Holland 1662: 1661:North Holland 1659:(present-day 1658: 1654: 1651:(present-day 1650: 1646: 1643:(present-day 1642: 1638: 1635:(present-day 1634: 1630: 1627:(present-day 1626: 1622: 1619:(present-day 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582:confederation 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1546: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1522: 1517: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1491: 1486: 1477: 1473: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1446: 1440: 1432: 1426: 1417: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1358: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1339: 1334: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1314: 1309: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1269: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1235: 1234: 1224: 1215: 1211: 1202: 1195: 1191: 1183: 1176: 1165: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1124: 1113: 1106: 1096: 1087: 1083: 1077: 1070: 1066: 1058: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1024: 1017: 1013: 1004: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 978: 972: 968: 962: 955: 950: 937: 933: 930: 928: 915: 914:Salian Franks 910: 905: 892: 888: 885: 881: 879: 874: 872: 870:Salian Franks 867: 865: 864: 851: 837: 832: 825: 818: 811: 810: 807: 798: 795: 794: 791: 790:Low Countries 786: 779: 775: 772: 770:Today part of 768: 752: 750: 747: 746: 743: 737: 734: 727: 726: 723: 722: 719: 716: 714: 711: 710: 706: 703: 699: 696: 692: 688: 684: 678: 674: 669: 665: 661: 658: 652: 649:11 April 1713 648: 645: 639: 635: 632: 626: 622: 619: 613: 610:12 April 1588 609: 606: 600: 596: 593: 587: 583: 580: 574: 570: 567: 564: 560: 557: 554: 548: 545: 542: 538: 534: 531: 528: 522: 519: 516: 510: 507: 504: 498: 495: 492: 486: 483: 480: 474: 471: 468: 462: 459: 456: 450: 447: 444: 438: 435: 434:Johan de Witt 432: 426: 423: 420: 414: 411: 408: 402: 399: 396: 390: 387: 384: 378: 375: 372: 366: 363: 360: 354: 350: 346: 344: 340: 336: 333: 330: 324: 321: 318: 312: 305: 302: 296: 293: 290: 284: 281: 278: 272: 269: 266: 260: 257: 254: 248: 244: 240: 238: 234: 231: 228: 225: 221: 218: 215: 213: 209: 206: 202: 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Retrieved 6063: 6054: 6042:. Retrieved 6023: 6011:. Retrieved 6001: 5994: 5986: 5981:, edited by 5978: 5959: 5950: 5936: 5930: 5918:. Retrieved 5898: 5888: 5868: 5861: 5836: 5828: 5803: 5795: 5779:(2–3): 143. 5776: 5770: 5760: 5735: 5727: 5704: 5698: 5689: 5683: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5658: 5653: 5645: 5640: 5635:, pp. 258-59 5632: 5627: 5619: 5614: 5606: 5605:vol. III of 5602: 5594: 5586: 5581: 5573: 5568: 5537: 5526: 5521: 5509: 5498: 5493: 5476: 5464:. Retrieved 5459: 5450: 5442: 5437: 5429: 5424: 5404: 5397: 5389: 5384: 5364: 5357: 5337: 5330: 5310: 5303: 5283: 5276: 5268: 5263: 5255: 5250: 5242: 5237: 5229: 5224: 5216: 5211: 5191: 5184: 5176: 5171: 5163: 5158: 5148:26 September 5146:. Retrieved 5118: 5111: 5092: 5084: 5070: 5064: 5018:mercantilism 5015: 4984: 4947: 4939: 4937: 4909: 4897:Remonstrants 4882: 4870: 4855: 4836:Remonstrants 4762: 4739: 4735: 4718: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4691: 4596: 4582: 4557:stock market 4554: 4526: 4488:in Amsterdam 4474: 4453: 4450: 4391: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4339: 4329: 4309:Vaartse Rijn 4276: 4265: 4256: 4246: 4217: 4194: 4163: 4107: 4043: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3992: 3985:Pierre Bayle 3981: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3950: 3947: 3930: 3903: 3901: 3848: 3822: 3802: 3800: 3741: 3730: 3719: 3653: 3616: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3574: 3554: 3534: 3527: 3462: 3455:. He was of 3417:of England ( 3415:protectorate 3399:Asia-Pacific 3376: 3368:Spanish Fury 3324: 3285: 3214: 2906: 2849: 2839: 2829: 2819: 2809: 2799: 2789: 2779: 2769: 2759: 2749: 2739: 2729: 2719: 2532:Jones (Elin) 2437:Flynn (Paul) 2397:Clarke (Tom) 2392:Clark (Katy) 2337:Adams (John) 2158:Philosophers 1935:Civic virtue 1897:Part of the 1846: 1787: 1771:Hugo Grotius 1756: 1680:trade routes 1677: 1605:Spanish rule 1577: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1297: 1092:Bishopric of 890: 718:Succeeded by 717: 712: 702:rijksdaalder 681:• 1795 597:26 July 1581 518:Pieter Steyn 506:Jacob Gilles 446:Gaspar Fagel 422:Adriaan Pauw 398:Adriaan Pauw 176:West Frisian 154: 143: 115: 109: 107:Motto: 106: 97:Coat of arms 36: 7856: / 7791:Terminology 7739:Pornography 7480:Enforcement 7470:Immigration 7443:Health care 7423:Drug policy 7302:Earthquakes 7297:Delta Works 7158:Renaissance 7064:Cananefates 7015:Netherlands 6872:World War I 6862:Nationalism 6750:Reformation 6735:Renaissance 6707:Black Death 6640:Kievan Rus' 6543:Middle Ages 6143:(1740–1748) 6044:14 December 5574:Royal Dukes 4889:Arminianism 4832:Arminianism 4715:stadtholder 4541:merchantmen 4533:world trade 4527:During the 4418:Schoonhoven 4350:stadtholder 4242:Thomas Luny 4188:, niece of 4178:stadtholder 3923:William III 3920:stadtholder 3855:William III 3818:stadtholder 3756:stadtholder 3669:stadtholder 3542:spice trade 3538:East Indies 3473:German Jews 3427:confederacy 3337:issued the 3333:. In 1549, 3292:Netherlands 3165:Common good 3105:New Zealand 3100:Netherlands 2845:(1835–1840) 2815:(1787–1788) 2725:(c. 375 BC) 2647:Robespierre 2422:Etherington 2357:Benn (Tony) 2326:Politicians 2304:Tocqueville 2264:Montesquieu 2244:Machiavelli 1990:Rule of law 1985:Res publica 1842:great power 1808:stadtholder 1594:Netherlands 1479:(1815–1830) 1466:(1813–1815) 1442:(1804–1815) 1434:(1795–1804) 1419:(1806–1810) 1412:(1795–1806) 1342:(1714–1795) 1317:(1556–1714) 1302:(1581–1795) 1271:(1482–1795) 1249:(1384–1482) 1228:(1059–1443) 1169:(1071–1432) 1134:(1046–1543) 1117:(1183–1430) 891:unpopulated 774:Netherlands 713:Preceded by 540:Legislature 362:Paulus Buys 237:Stadtholder 205:Lutheranism 197:Catholicism 7871:Categories 7844:04°18′48″E 7841:52°04′47″N 7714:Literature 7704:Irreligion 7512:Parliament 7438:Euthanasia 7413:Corruption 7183:Golden Age 6635:Viking Age 6450:Prehistory 6316:Schama, S. 6146:(in Dutch) 5964:Om Prakash 5466:20 October 5051:References 4946:) and the 4830:See also: 4740:After the 4666:Overijssel 4622:Gelderland 4416:. Outside 4406:Wilhelmina 4379:vroedschap 4321:stadholder 4268:John Adams 4201:neutrality 4044:Chronology 3748:Charles II 3742:After the 3576:Dam Square 3441:See also: 3391:Portuguese 3300:Luxembourg 3205:Monarchism 3195:Liberalism 3190:Jacobinism 2880:Gaṇasaṅgha 2735:(54–51 BC) 2219:Harrington 2096:Democratic 2086:Capitalist 2081:Autonomous 2063:Venizelism 2048:Khomeinism 1645:Gelderland 1637:Overijssel 1633:Overijssel 1381:(1789–'91) 1279:after 1543 1207:(980–1794) 1187:(981–1421) 1151:(862–1384) 1099:(695–1456) 1080:(880–1432) 1019:(855– 959) 945: 6th 923: 5th 900: 5th 858: 5th 844: 5th 671:Population 410:Jacob Cats 227:Confederal 223:Government 212:Demonym(s) 7709:Languages 7608:Transport 7558:AEX index 7502:Provinces 7485:Law Firms 7433:Elections 7428:Education 7357:Volcanoes 7317:Gas field 7275:Geography 7047:Roman Era 6682:Feudalism 6653:Catalonia 6361:217530502 6242:, Mainz: 5713:cite book 5657:Kennedy, 5644:Kennedy, 5631:Kennedy, 5056:Footnotes 4952:Orangists 4878:tradesman 4862:Calvinism 4686:Groningen 4676:Friesland 4611:The Hague 4577:Amsterdam 4569:Rotterdam 4414:The Hague 4166:William V 4164:His son, 4038:1747–1795 3867:war with 3746:in 1660, 3676:Orangists 3620:Louis XIV 3599:century. 3588:Amsterdam 3560:Amsterdam 3485:Huguenots 3483:; French 3433:in 1648. 3060:Australia 2692:Venizelos 2682:Spadolini 2672:Slaughter 2617:McDonnell 2582:Mackenzie 2527:Jefferson 2482:Griffiths 2462:de Gaulle 2457:Garibaldi 2417:Drakeford 2309:Warburton 2229:Jefferson 2224:Honderich 2204:Condorcet 2091:Christian 2053:Nasserism 2028:Classical 1945:Democracy 1830:Orangists 1796:. In the 1763:Rembrandt 1728:1780–1784 1724:1672–1674 1720:1665–1667 1629:Friesland 1621:Groningen 1617:Groningen 1180:County of 1162:County of 1145:County of 1074:County of 996:(843–855) 974:(511–687) 971:Austrasia 964:(800–843) 957:(481–843) 685:1,880,500 256:William I 182:Religion 151:The Hague 67:1579–1795 7819:Category 7754:Religion 7667:Cannabis 7583:Taxation 7573:Euronext 7527:Military 7393:Abortion 7381:Politics 7138:Guelders 7121:Flanders 7087:Dorestad 7078:Frisians 6921:See also 6892:Cold War 6687:Crusades 6657:Valencia 6318:(1987). 6258:Archived 6247:Archived 6236:Archived 6225:Archived 6068:Archived 6038:Archived 6013:9 August 6007:Archived 5971:Archived 5914:Archived 5661:, p. 261 5648:, p. 260 5622:, p. 258 5503:in JSTOR 5142:Archived 5138:52849131 5100:Archived 5024:See also 4893:Gomarism 4820:Religion 4811:and the 4756:and the 4587:Politics 4567:, while 4470:St. Omer 4462:Orangism 4402:Guelders 4398:Nijmegen 4392:In 1785 4361:militias 4332:Patriots 4317:Patriots 4313:Jutphaas 4255:and the 4150:regenten 3804:Rampjaar 3777:Rampjaar 3477:Flanders 3130:Scotland 3070:Barbados 2721:Republic 2637:Prescott 2607:Naysmith 2597:McKechin 2557:La Malfa 2552:Khomeini 2512:Iorwerth 2477:Griffith 2452:Gambetta 2447:Galloway 2432:Ferguson 2412:Davidson 2407:Cromwell 2402:Connolly 2382:Campbell 2299:Sunstein 2284:Rousseau 2279:Polybius 2214:Franklin 2194:Chappell 2189:Cattaneo 2126:People's 2111:Imperial 2043:Kemalism 1980:Republic 1914:Concepts 1844:status. 1641:Guelders 1603:against 1601:revolted 1580:, was a 1541:Gr D. of 1490:Gr D. L. 1437:part of 1377:R. 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