1364:
861:
788:
There are various methods of plural noun formation in the Nuer language. Generally speaking, plural nouns are formed from singular nouns with the addition of plural markings, and tone changes. Countable nouns, collective nouns, and mass nouns take markings to show a singular state. This means that
792:
The most readily identifiable plural formation processes are: suffixation, vowel insertion, phonation, vowel quality change, final consonant alteration, vowel deletion, glide insertion, tone change, vowel lengthening, vowel shortening, suppletion, and zero or null formation, among other processes
864:
863:
868:
867:
862:
869:
866:
796:
The most basic plural suffix is the suffix -ni̱. This suffix is used after words that end in sounds other than and . Words that end in and take the suffix -i̱. However, apart from this suffix there are other methods to form plural nouns.
1275:
the finalized Nuer alphabet consists of the following characters, which are equivalent to the phonemes of the Nuer language: d, k, l, m, n, p, t, w, g, j, r, y, ŋ, ny, th, dh, nh, ɣ, c, a, e, i, o, u,
885:. Some of the Nuer people live in Western Ethiopia. They are called Jikany Nuer. The Nuer of the Upper Nile State are also called Jikany, and those in Jonglei State Lou, Gawaar, Thiang and Laak.
865:
888:
There are also seven counties inhabited by the other groups of Nuer in the western part of the Upper Nile
Province currently known as Unity State Bentiu. These counties include:
947:“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood”.
567:
Voicing is not distinctive at the end of a stem, regardless of whether it's at the end of a word or utterance. Consonant clusters due to suffixes tend to be simplified.
1781:
1776:
1483:
785:, a situation that Baerman called "paradigmatic chaos". Further research has identified more constraints and regularities governing Nuer nominal inflection.
2674:
2402:
1257:
agreed that their languages were so different that they could never share written languages, but they did come up with several common principles.
1814:
1402:
904:
Mayiandit County: Inhabited by Haak Bakol-kuoth community in the far south-western part of the state, they are also known as
Gatbakol-kuoth.
914:
Among the 120,000 people at the United
Nations Protection of Civilians Site Bentiu, Nuer is the preferred language for radio and news.
2667:
769:, nominative, genitive and locative. At first glance the inflection is wholly non-systematic and resists description in terms of
1750:
745:
Faust & Grossman did not find strong evidence for lexical or grammatical tone, with a few exceptions such as the 1sg suffix
2395:
770:
952:
781:
are used in sixteen different patterns across the stock of nouns, together with different selections from around sixty stem
1738:
938:
Naath dial diethɛ kɛ a lɔr kä päärkɛ kɛ ciaŋ malä a mäni cuŋkiɛn. Tekɛ kɛ ca̱r kɛnɛ nhök ti de lät kɛ raan kɛ dämaan a gɔa
789:
every noun in the Nuer language can potentially appear in a singular or plural form. Loan words also follow this process.
1807:
533:
243:
3708:
2919:
2706:
2660:
1765:
1640:
108:
1579:"Bentiu UN Protection of Civilians (PoC) site - Unity State, South Sudan - Information Needs Baseline: September 2015"
3698:
2388:
540:
1249:
The writing system was adopted in 1928 with minor changes being added over the history of the language. Both the
233:
3703:
1800:
1578:
3562:
3291:
2556:
1450:
686:
1664:
778:
774:
750:
746:
739:
727:
719:
597:
575:
304:
2481:
2466:
2446:
1876:
558:
319:
A phonological analysis has yet to be done. The following consonants may therefore not all be distinct.
3521:
3240:
2461:
1710:
549:
433:
419:
1967:
311:
dialect but is dropped in other dialects despite being indicated in the Nuer orthography used by all.
3357:
3203:
2683:
1924:
1301:
1269:
782:
440:
269:
123:
118:
103:
1363:
2411:
2369:
2170:
2160:
2135:
426:
303:. There are several dialects of Nuer, although all share one written standard. For example, final
3507:
3478:
3031:
2225:
479:
465:
447:
3145:
2815:
2693:
2235:
1755:
486:
97:
3448:
2820:
2775:
2476:
1823:
1262:
472:
382:
368:
2253:
3412:
3150:
3072:
2793:
493:
389:
3341:
8:
3248:
3135:
2762:
2636:
2606:
375:
3547:
3530:
3286:
3268:
2886:
2741:
2506:
2491:
2308:
2002:
1954:
1238:
762:
396:
340:
56:
3627:
1929:
223:
3575:
3190:
3164:
2531:
2215:
2205:
2110:
2095:
2067:
2022:
1939:
1857:
1646:
1636:
1306:
1229:. The vowels ä, u, and final i are always breathy. A doubled vowel, like in the word
910:
Payinjiar county:Inhabited by Nyuong community in the far southern part of the state.
589:. The latter are written with an underscore in the practical orthography, except for
458:
355:
345:
265:
113:
2971:
2288:
239:
3647:
3580:
3427:
3336:
3263:
3107:
3064:
3002:
2935:
2881:
2863:
2798:
2788:
2722:
2616:
2576:
2496:
2451:
2425:
2348:
2100:
2090:
2077:
2017:
2007:
1899:
1889:
1518:
1325:
895:
Mayom County: Inhabited by Bul Chol Geah community in the western part of the state
766:
335:
330:
3422:
881:
There are different dialects spoken by Nuer groups living in various locations in
730:
is always breathy voiced. There does not appear to be a distinction between short
3652:
3585:
3552:
3539:
3494:
3324:
3296:
3258:
3228:
3140:
3077:
3054:
3017:
3012:
2950:
2891:
2873:
2858:
2850:
2810:
2804:
2756:
2735:
2631:
2626:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2536:
2441:
2353:
2283:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2042:
2032:
1977:
1914:
1904:
1852:
918:
646:
362:
350:
89:
1503:
3679:
3611:
3595:
3590:
3570:
3502:
3458:
3453:
3432:
3407:
3372:
3330:
3306:
3301:
3129:
3112:
3092:
3007:
2997:
2976:
2966:
2751:
2746:
2641:
2596:
2586:
2566:
2541:
2516:
2501:
2486:
2456:
2318:
2298:
2293:
2278:
2273:
2263:
2258:
2248:
2243:
2210:
2180:
2175:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2037:
2027:
2012:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1934:
1919:
1847:
1769:
1377:
1286:
665:
503:
300:
293:
289:
285:
180:
60:
1329:
3692:
3473:
3463:
3392:
3382:
3316:
3253:
3218:
3082:
3049:
3044:
3039:
2981:
2896:
2840:
2783:
2621:
2611:
2591:
2581:
2511:
2471:
2328:
2323:
2313:
2268:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2165:
2155:
2120:
2085:
2047:
1962:
1909:
1837:
1226:
922:
874:
616:
586:
412:
2652:
1650:
3417:
3223:
2546:
2526:
2380:
2220:
1972:
1944:
1760:
1688:
1605:
1296:
1250:
1234:
892:
Guit County: Inhabited by Jikany kuec cieng community in the eastern Bentiu
187:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1522:
1351:
907:
Leer County: Inhabited by Dok community in the southern part of the state.
207:
2521:
1630:
1291:
1254:
882:
611:
527:
308:
277:
273:
70:
42:
1792:
1780:, Master of Arts thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1999 (
1565:
Number marking in Nuer nouns, John Koang Nyang, Addis Ababa
University,
1553:
Number marking in Nuer nouns, John Koang Nyang, Addis Ababa
University,
1541:
Number marking in Nuer nouns, John Koang Nyang, Addis Ababa
University,
1356:
917:
Nuer-speaking
Sudanese refugees have formed a significant community in
628:
621:
511:
969:
965:
702:
216:
200:
1430:
281:
251:
46:
1894:
1787:
898:
Rubkona County: Inhabited by Leek community in the northern Bentiu
1884:
1842:
406:
247:
1225:
A line under a vowel, like a̱, means that it is pronounced with
3468:
901:
Koch County: Inhabited by Jagei community in the central Bentiu
1744:
1635:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. xv–xvii.
964:
The alphabet of Nuer uses 39 distinct letters, shown below in
974:
16:
Nilotic language spoken in western
Ethiopia and South Sudan
250:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1320:
Reid, Tatiana (2023). "Nuer". Illustrations of the IPA.
1491:(MA thesis). State University of New York at Buffalo.
1632:
Nuer
Dilemmas: Coping With Money, War, and the State
600:, where there is no modal-voiced vowel to contrast.
1444:
1442:
1322:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
3690:
1439:
793:when the entire language is taken into account.
2682:
2668:
2396:
1808:
1448:
722:is rare. (Curly brackets indicate the set of
2410:
1432:Nuer (Western Nilotic): a preliminary survey
1241:, but tone-based contrasts are not common.
2675:
2661:
2403:
2389:
1815:
1801:
1628:
1586:Internews Humanitarian Information Service
1822:
1428:
2918:
2705:
1747:an interactive online dictionary of Nuer
1449:Baerman, Matthew; Monich, Irina (2021).
859:
1567:https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.48.09nya
1555:https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.48.09nya
1543:https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.48.09nya
1501:
244:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3691:
1333:, with supplementary sound recordings.
808:lists the following dialects of Nuer.
585:Vowels may be long or short, modal or
3188:
3187:
2917:
2704:
2656:
2384:
1796:
1711:"The development of Nuer Linguistics"
1481:
953:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
756:
1424:
1422:
1319:
855:
288:). The language is very similar to
13:
1766:World Atlas of Language Structures
1629:Hutchinson, Sharon Elaine (1996).
1345:
1312:
1265:would always be represented as th.
873:A speaker of Nuer recorded in the
14:
3720:
1751:OpenRoad page on Nuer (Thok Nath)
1732:
1708:
1665:"The Sounds of the Nuer Language"
1606:"Nuer language and pronunciation"
1451:"Paradigmatic saturation in Nuer"
1419:
1400:
959:
928:
765:, singular and plural, and three
557:
548:
539:
532:
510:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
446:
439:
432:
425:
418:
395:
388:
381:
374:
367:
1362:
812:Eastern Jikany (Jekaing, Jikain)
1702:
1681:
1657:
1622:
1598:
1571:
1559:
299:The language is written with a
1547:
1535:
1495:
1475:
1429:Faust, Noam; Grossman, Eitan.
1394:
1370:
1233:(person), means that vowel is
574:in the practical orthography.
570:Dental consonants are written
1:
1338:
2694:Nilo-Saharan language family
1756:PanAfrican L10n page on Nuer
1504:"Paradigmatic chaos in Nuer"
1378:"WALS Online -Language Nuer"
1163:
1104:
1040:
981:
753:, which have a rising tone.
314:
272:group. It is spoken by the
7:
1741:- copious grammatical notes
1280:
800:
761:Nuer nouns inflect for two
264:("people's language") is a
10:
3725:
1272:would be represented as c.
1270:alveolo-palatal consonants
1244:
1100:
977:
262:Nuer language (Thok Naath)
3709:Western Nilotic languages
3673:
3640:
3620:
3604:
3561:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3493:
3441:
3400:
3391:
3365:
3356:
3315:
3279:
3239:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3183:
3163:
3121:
3100:
3091:
3063:
3030:
2990:
2959:
2943:
2934:
2930:
2913:
2872:
2849:
2833:
2774:
2730:
2721:
2717:
2700:
2690:
2684:Eastern Sudanic languages
2434:
2418:
2362:
2341:
2234:
2076:
1953:
1875:
1866:
1830:
1502:Baerman, Matthew (2012).
1482:Frank, Wright J. (1999).
1330:10.1017/S0025100323000191
1302:Western Nilotic languages
526:
502:
405:
361:
327:
230:
214:
198:
193:
177:
147:
86:
76:
66:
52:
38:
31:
26:
21:
3699:Languages of South Sudan
3170:Large group listed below
2412:Languages of South Sudan
2370:Ethiopian sign languages
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
307:, is pronounced in the
82:1.7 million (2017)
1263:interdental consonants
878:
749:and the plural suffix
232:This article contains
3704:Languages of Ethiopia
2692:Part of the proposed
1824:Languages of Ethiopia
1761:Omniglot page on Nuer
1523:10.1353/lan.2012.0065
872:
742:is pronounced or .
2435:Indigenous languages
1777:Nuer noun morphology
1715:www.dlib.indiana.edu
1669:www.dlib.indiana.edu
1485:Nuer noun morphology
972:(minuscule) styles.
773:: just two suffixes
301:Latin-based alphabet
3292:Lango (South Sudan)
605:
324:
1831:Official languages
1774:Wright Jay Frank,
951:(Article 1 of the
879:
757:Nominal inflection
603:
322:
57:Greater Upper Nile
3686:
3685:
3680:extinct languages
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3636:
3635:
3516:
3515:
3489:
3488:
3352:
3351:
3191:Nilotic languages
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3159:
3158:
3026:
3025:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2829:
2828:
2650:
2649:
2419:Official language
2378:
2377:
2342:Foreign languages
2337:
2336:
1360:(26th ed., 2023)
1307:Nilotic languages
1237:. Nuer does have
1223:
1222:
870:
842:Jagei (geai koay)
717:
716:
565:
564:
461:
415:
258:
257:
240:rendering support
236:phonetic symbols.
3716:
3536:
3535:
3527:
3526:
3398:
3397:
3363:
3362:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3185:
3184:
3098:
3097:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2931:
2915:
2914:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2702:
2701:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2382:
2381:
1925:Sebat Bet Gurage
1873:
1872:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1610:www.omniglot.com
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1508:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1401:Trust, Gurtong.
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1349:
1332:
975:
968:(majuscule) and
871:
856:Nuer communities
780:
776:
752:
748:
741:
729:
721:
606:
602:
599:
577:
561:
552:
543:
536:
514:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
411:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
325:
321:
306:
266:Nilotic language
226:
210:
203:
183:
109:Southern Eastern
92:
19:
18:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3657:
3632:
3616:
3600:
3557:
3512:
3485:
3437:
3387:
3348:
3311:
3275:
3235:
3194:
3189:
3171:
3155:
3117:
3087:
3059:
3022:
2986:
2955:
2926:
2901:
2868:
2845:
2825:
2770:
2713:
2696:
2686:
2681:
2651:
2646:
2430:
2414:
2409:
2379:
2374:
2358:
2333:
2230:
2161:Kachama-Ganjule
2136:Gamo-Gofa-Dawro
2072:
1949:
1868:
1862:
1826:
1821:
1788:Nuer Dictionary
1768:information on
1735:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1709:Miner, Edward.
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1643:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1590:
1588:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1427:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1407:www.gurtong.net
1399:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1315:
1313:Further reading
1283:
1247:
962:
931:
919:Omaha, Nebraska
860:
858:
803:
759:
726:vowels.) Final
712:
692:
680:
675:
671:
659:
652:
640:
634:
317:
280:and in western
270:Western Nilotic
238:Without proper
222:
206:
199:
184:
179:
143:
104:Eastern Sudanic
93:
90:Language family
88:
79:
78:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3722:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3684:
3683:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3641:Omotik–Datooga
3638:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3563:Nandi–Markweta
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3533:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3508:Southern Burun
3505:
3503:Northern Burun
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3479:Lango (Uganda)
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3215:
3213:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2938:
2928:
2927:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2731:
2725:
2715:
2714:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2363:Sign languages
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2226:Zayse-Zergulla
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1772:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1734:
1733:External links
1731:
1728:
1727:
1701:
1689:"Nuer (Naadh)"
1680:
1656:
1642:978-0520202849
1641:
1621:
1597:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1517:(3): 467–494.
1494:
1474:
1464:(3): e257–e275
1438:
1418:
1403:"Nuer (Naath)"
1393:
1369:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:Dinka language
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1268:all voiceless
1266:
1246:
1243:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
980:
979:
961:
960:Writing system
958:
930:
929:Sample phrases
927:
912:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
857:
854:
853:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
818:Western Jikany
816:
813:
802:
799:
758:
755:
715:
714:
709:
707:
705:
699:
698:
696:
694:
689:
683:
682:
677:
673:
668:
662:
661:
656:
654:
649:
643:
642:
638:
636:
631:
625:
624:
619:
614:
609:
587:breathy voiced
563:
562:
555:
553:
546:
544:
537:
530:
524:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
508:
506:
500:
499:
497:
490:
483:
476:
469:
462:
454:
453:
451:
444:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
403:
402:
400:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
359:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
316:
313:
256:
255:
242:, you may see
228:
227:
220:
212:
211:
204:
196:
195:
194:Language codes
191:
190:
185:
181:Writing system
178:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:Western Jikany
169:
166:
163:
162:Eastern Jikany
160:
157:
154:
149:
145:
144:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
96:
94:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
61:Gambela Region
54:
50:
49:
40:
39:Native to
36:
35:
33:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3721:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3182:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3032:Eastern Jebel
3029:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2916:
2912:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:Kacipo-Balesi
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1690:
1684:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1587:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1423:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:breathy voice
1099:
976:
973:
971:
967:
957:
956:
954:
948:
946:
941:
939:
936:
926:
924:
923:United States
920:
915:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
890:
889:
886:
884:
876:
875:United States
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
810:
809:
807:
798:
794:
790:
786:
784:
772:
768:
764:
754:
743:
737:
733:
725:
710:
708:
706:
704:
701:
700:
697:
695:
690:
688:
685:
684:
678:
674:
669:
667:
664:
663:
657:
655:
650:
648:
645:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
627:
626:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
607:
601:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
573:
568:
560:
556:
554:
551:
547:
545:
542:
538:
535:
531:
529:
525:
522:
520:
518:
516:
513:
509:
507:
505:
501:
498:
495:
491:
488:
484:
481:
477:
474:
470:
467:
463:
460:
456:
455:
452:
449:
445:
442:
438:
435:
431:
428:
424:
421:
417:
414:
410:
408:
404:
401:
398:
394:
391:
387:
384:
380:
377:
373:
370:
366:
364:
360:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
326:
320:
312:
310:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
235:
229:
225:
221:
219:
218:
213:
209:
205:
202:
197:
192:
189:
186:
182:
176:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
150:
146:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
99:
95:
91:
85:
81:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
37:
34:
32:Pronunciation
30:
25:
20:
3675:
3605:Okiek–Mosiro
3449:Southern Luo
3377:
3329:
3241:Teso–Turkana
3128:
2921:
2803:
2761:
2734:
2708:
2601:
2477:Belanda Viri
2303:
2236:Nilo-Saharan
1877:Ethiosemitic
1775:
1745:Nuer Lexicon
1739:Nuer Project
1718:. Retrieved
1714:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1683:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:
1659:
1631:
1624:
1613:. Retrieved
1609:
1600:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1526:. Retrieved
1514:
1510:
1497:
1484:
1477:
1466:. Retrieved
1461:
1457:
1431:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:
1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1381:
1372:
1355:
1347:
1321:
1297:Dinka people
1248:
1230:
1224:
963:
950:
949:
944:
942:
937:
934:
932:
916:
913:
887:
880:
805:
804:
795:
791:
787:
783:alternations
760:
744:
735:
731:
723:
718:
594:
590:
584:
579:
571:
569:
566:
318:
298:
261:
259:
231:
215:
128:
98:Nilo-Saharan
3413:Belanda Bor
3073:Keiga Jirru
2794:El Hugeirat
2776:Hill Nubian
2522:Juba Arabic
2151:Hamer-Banna
1782:online copy
1292:Nuer people
1101:Minuscules
978:Majuscules
883:South Sudan
578:is written
528:Approximant
323:Consonants
284:(region of
278:South Sudan
246:instead of
43:South Sudan
3693:Categories
3366:Dinka–Nuer
3317:Ongamo–Maa
3249:Karamojong
3136:Daju Mongo
2763:Old Nubian
2637:West Banda
1720:29 October
1694:29 October
1674:2020-07-14
1615:2016-10-29
1591:2018-12-30
1528:2024-09-15
1468:2024-09-15
1412:2016-10-29
1387:2016-10-29
1357:Ethnologue
1339:References
806:Ethnologue
738:. Breathy
276:people of
124:Dinka–Nuer
27:Thok Naath
3678:indicate
3548:Kupsabiny
3287:Dongotono
3269:Nyangatom
2991:Southwest
2960:Southeast
2924:languages
2920:Southern
2887:Miisiirii
2742:Dongolawi
2711:languages
2707:Northern
2507:Dongotono
2492:Daasanach
2309:Nyangatom
2254:Daatsʼiin
2206:Shekkacho
2003:Daasanach
1869:languages
1382:wals.info
970:lowercase
966:uppercase
771:paradigms
647:Close-mid
413:Voiceless
315:Phonology
217:Glottolog
201:ISO 639-3
67:Ethnicity
3576:Kipsigis
3531:Kalenjin
3522:Southern
3442:Southern
3401:Northern
2532:Jur Modo
2216:Wolaitta
2096:Bambassi
2068:Xamtanga
2023:Kambaata
1955:Cushitic
1940:Tigrinya
1867:Regional
1858:Tigrinya
1651:31901593
1511:Language
1458:Language
1324:: 1–36.
1281:See also
1253:and the
943:English:
833:Bul Chol
801:Dialects
751:/nǐ/~/ǐ/
693:æ̤ æ̤ː)
687:Near-low
666:Open-mid
572:th dh nh
341:Alveolar
282:Ethiopia
252:Help:IPA
224:nuer1246
148:Dialects
47:Ethiopia
3676:Italics
3648:Datooga
3581:Markwet
3428:Shilluk
3358:Western
3337:Samburu
3264:Turkana
3229:Mandari
3204:Eastern
3165:Nilotic
3122:Western
3108:Logorik
3101:Eastern
3003:Didinga
2882:Mararit
2864:Nyimang
2799:Ghulfan
2789:Dilling
2617:Shilluk
2577:Mangaya
2497:Didinga
2452:Avokaya
2426:English
2349:English
2176:Koorete
2101:Basketo
2091:Anfillo
2018:Hadiyya
2008:Dirasha
1890:Argobba
1885:Amharic
1843:Amharic
1245:History
935::
763:numbers
681:ɔ̤ ɔ̤ː
676:ə̤ ə̤ː
672:ɛ̤ ɛ̤ː
660:o̤ o̤ː
653:e̤ e̤ː
635:i̤ i̤ː
617:Central
604:Vowels
407:Plosive
356:Glottal
346:Palatal
286:Gambela
268:of the
248:Unicode
119:Western
114:Nilotic
3653:Omotik
3628:Pökoot
3621:Pökoot
3586:Naandi
3553:Sabaot
3469:Dholuo
3459:Adhola
3454:Acholi
3325:Maasai
3297:Lokoya
3280:Lotuko
3259:Toposa
3141:Nyolge
3078:Temein
3065:Temein
3055:Sillok
3018:Tennet
3013:Laarim
2951:Majang
2936:Surmic
2892:Sungor
2859:Afitti
2811:Kadaru
2805:Haraza
2757:Nobiin
2736:Birgid
2723:Nubian
2632:Toposa
2627:Togoyo
2607:Olu’bo
2572:Lotuko
2562:Lokoya
2552:Laarim
2537:Kaligi
2442:Acholi
2354:Arabic
2284:Majang
2078:Omotic
2063:Tsamai
2058:Somali
2053:Sidamo
2043:Qimant
2033:Libido
1978:Arbore
1930:Siltʼe
1915:Mesqan
1905:Harari
1900:Gurage
1853:Somali
1649:
1639:
1261:final
945:
836:Gawaar
830:Thiang
827:Nyuong
815:Abigar
779:/-ni̤/
775:/-kʌ̤/
691:(æ æː
459:Voiced
336:Dental
331:Labial
309:Jikany
168:Thiang
153:Abigar
53:Region
3612:Ogiek
3596:Tugen
3591:Terik
3571:Keiyo
3540:Elgon
3495:Burun
3474:Kumam
3433:Thuri
3408:Anuak
3373:Dinka
3342:Camus
3331:Ngasa
3307:Otuho
3302:Lopit
3146:Nyala
3130:Beigo
3113:Shatt
3008:Murle
2998:Baale
2977:Mursi
2972:Meʼen
2967:Kwegu
2944:North
2874:Taman
2851:Nyima
2816:Karko
2752:Midob
2747:Kenzi
2642:Zande
2597:Ndogo
2587:Murle
2567:Lopit
2557:Lango
2542:Kresh
2517:Indri
2502:Dinka
2487:Bongo
2457:Baale
2319:Shabo
2314:Opuuo
2299:Mursi
2294:Murle
2289:Meʼen
2279:Kwegu
2274:Kwama
2259:Gumuz
2249:Berta
2244:Anuak
2221:Yemsa
2211:Sheko
2181:Maale
2146:Gayil
2141:Ganza
2131:Dorze
2116:Chara
2106:Bench
2038:Oromo
2028:Konso
2013:Gedeo
1998:Burji
1993:Bussa
1988:Baiso
1983:Awngi
1968:Alaba
1935:Soddo
1920:Muher
1895:Geʽez
1848:Oromo
1582:(PDF)
1507:(PDF)
1489:(PDF)
1454:(PDF)
1251:Dinka
767:cases
679:ɔ ɔː
670:ɛ ɛː
658:o oː
651:e eː
641:ṳ ṳː
633:i iː
612:Front
363:Nasal
351:Velar
294:Atuot
290:Dinka
188:Latin
3464:Alur
3423:Päri
3383:Reel
3378:Nuer
3254:Teso
3224:Kuku
3219:Bari
3212:Bari
3151:Sila
3093:Daju
3083:Tese
3050:Molo
3045:Kelo
3040:Gaam
2982:Suri
2897:Tama
2841:Nara
2834:Nara
2821:Wali
2784:Dair
2622:Suri
2612:Opuo
2602:Nuer
2592:Naka
2582:Moru
2547:Kuku
2512:Homa
2482:Beli
2472:Bari
2467:Baka
2329:Uduk
2324:Suri
2304:Nuer
2269:Komo
2201:Seze
2196:Oyda
2191:Nayi
2186:Melo
2171:Karo
2166:Kafa
2156:Hozo
2126:Dizi
2121:Dime
2111:Boro
2086:Aari
2048:Saho
1963:Afar
1910:Inor
1838:Afar
1770:Nuer
1722:2016
1696:2016
1647:OCLC
1637:ISBN
1352:Nuer
1255:Nuer
1239:tone
1235:long
1231:raan
933:Nuer
851:Haak
845:Leek
839:Laak
821:Cien
777:and
747:/ə̌/
734:and
713:a̤ː
629:High
622:Back
598:/ə̤/
593:and
504:Flap
292:and
274:Nuer
260:The
156:Cien
129:Nuer
71:Nuer
22:Nuer
3418:Jur
3393:Luo
2527:Jur
2462:Bai
2447:Aja
1973:Ale
1945:Zay
1519:doi
1354:at
1326:doi
1210:th
1198:ɔ̱
1189:o̱
1183:ny
1180:nh
1157:i̱
1142:ɛ̈
1139:ɛ̱
1130:e̱
1124:dh
1109:a̱
1087:Th
1075:Ɔ̱
1066:O̱
1060:Ny
1057:Nh
1034:I̱
1019:Ɛ̈
1016:Ɛ̱
1007:E̱
1001:Dh
986:A̱
848:Dok
824:Lou
740:{o}
728:{i}
720:{æ}
711:aː
703:Low
576:/h/
305:/k/
234:IPA
208:nus
165:Lou
159:Dor
3695::
1784:).
1713:.
1667:.
1645:.
1608:.
1584:.
1515:88
1513:.
1509:.
1462:97
1460:.
1456:.
1441:^
1421:^
1405:.
1380:.
1219:y
1216:w
1213:u
1207:t
1204:r
1201:p
1195:ɔ
1192:ö
1186:o
1177:ŋ
1174:n
1171:m
1168:l
1165:k
1160:j
1154:i
1151:h
1148:ɣ
1145:g
1136:ɛ
1133:ë
1127:e
1121:d
1118:c
1115:b
1112:ä
1106:a
1096:Y
1093:W
1090:U
1084:T
1081:R
1078:P
1072:Ɔ
1069:Ö
1063:O
1054:Ŋ
1051:N
1048:M
1045:L
1042:K
1037:J
1031:I
1028:H
1025:Ɣ
1022:G
1013:Ɛ
1010:Ë
1004:E
998:D
995:C
992:B
989:Ä
983:A
940:.
925:.
921:,
582:.
541:l̪
512:ɾ̪
473:d̪
427:t̪
376:n̪
296:.
100:?
59:,
45:,
2922:n
2709:k
2676:e
2669:t
2662:v
2404:e
2397:t
2390:v
1816:e
1809:t
1802:v
1724:.
1698:.
1677:.
1653:.
1618:.
1594:.
1531:.
1521::
1471:.
1435:.
1415:.
1390:.
1328::
1276:ö
955:)
877:.
736:ə
732:a
724:æ
595:ä
591:u
580:ɣ
559:h
550:j
534:w
494:ɡ
487:ɟ
480:d
466:b
448:k
441:c
434:t
420:p
397:ŋ
390:ɲ
383:n
369:m
254:.
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