1465:'s plans and attitudes towards Eastern Europe. His main argument is that "German troops developed a revulsion towards the 'East' and came to think of it as a timeless region beset by chaos, disease and barbarism", instead of what it really was, a region suffering from the ravages of warfare. He claims that the encounter with the East formed an idea of "spaces and races", which needed to be "cleared and cleansed". Although he has garnered a great deal of evidence for his thesis including government documents, letters and diaries in German and Lithuanian, there are still problems with his work. For example, he does not say much about the reception of German policies by native populations. Also, he "makes almost no attempt to relate wartime occupation policies and practice in
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799:) divided the territory without regard to the existing social and ethnic organization and patterns. Movement between the districts was forbidden, which destroyed the livelihood of many merchants and prevented people from visiting friends and relatives in neighboring districts. The Germans also tried to "civilize" the people in the
817:, von Hindenburg's second-in-command, set up a system of managing the large area now under its jurisdiction. Although von Hindenburg was technically in command, Ludendorff had actual control of the administration. There were ten staff members, each with a specialty (finance, agriculture, etc.). The area was divided into the
837:
so that it was a self-sustaining region, growing all its own food and even exporting surpluses to Berlin. The largest resource was one that
Ludendorff was unable to exploit effectively: the local population had no interest in helping obtain a German victory, as it had no say in the government and was
803:-controlled land, attempting to integrate German ideals and institutions with the existing cultures. They constructed railroads but only Germans were allowed to ride them and schools were established and staffed with German instructors.
580:
888:
at times had to be relied upon to spread messages to the masses since that was an effective way of spreading a message to people who speak a different language. A young officer-administrator named
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around late 1918 and early 1919. In the vacuum left by their retreat, conflicts arose as various former occupied nations declared independence, clashing with the various factions of the
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444:
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Gatrell, Peter; Liulevicius, Vejas
Gabriel (2001). "Review of War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity, and German Occupation in World War I".
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a colonial territory for the settlement of his troops after the war and to provide a haven for German refugees from Russia. Ludendorff quickly organized
818:
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3673:
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2310:
2372:
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3143:
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880:. The language problems were not helped by the thinly-stretched administrations, which would sometimes number 100 men in areas as large as
4131:
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2496:
1950:
1332:
With the end of the war and collapse of the empire, the
Germans started to withdraw, sometimes in a piecemeal and disorganized way, from
2173:
4111:
2503:
2155:
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3756:
3594:
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3173:
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2889:
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2549:
2196:
493:
4106:
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3370:
3043:
2069:
1925:
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1719:
67:
4126:
3895:
3315:
2107:
685:
3666:
2625:
2130:
925:
3880:
1274:
The total area was 108,808 km (42,011 sq mi), containing a population of 2,909,935 (by the end of 1916).
3865:
3155:
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3250:
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1826:
1795:
1435:
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who told his congregation to stay off highways after nightfall, hand in firearms and not to have anything to do with
59:
53:
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1965:
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3796:
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2102:
2022:
1960:
1379:
507:
451:
2663:
4101:
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3771:
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2117:
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1990:
1417:
465:
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3761:
3725:
3659:
3551:
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2987:
2839:
2377:
2305:
2236:
2005:
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1970:
1314:
721:
437:
257:
1684:
3715:
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3282:
3179:
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2183:
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1517:
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3233:
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2382:
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2059:
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1374:
705:
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479:
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3890:
3167:
2932:
2917:
2819:
2688:
2256:
2168:
2125:
1495:
691:
was dismissed from office by the Kaiser in August 1916, Hindenburg took over at the
General Staff, and
4096:
3875:
3643:
3227:
3215:
2977:
2962:
2683:
2574:
2268:
2246:
1995:
1985:
1918:
1413:
1339:
1284:
975:
933:
826:
692:
644:
165:
2829:
4141:
3850:
3337:
3327:
3256:
3209:
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3137:
2952:
2947:
2869:
2278:
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1955:
1364:
1360:
3921:
3913:
3855:
3615:
3310:
3073:
2907:
2902:
2834:
2693:
2678:
2673:
2653:
2534:
2411:
1406:
921:
732:
620:
244:
73:
2874:
3688:
3412:
3347:
3203:
2937:
2864:
2814:
2799:
2781:
2754:
2668:
2635:
2300:
2261:
2241:
2052:
1945:
1840:
War Land on the
Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity, and German Occupation in World War I
1472:
1450:
War Land on the
Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity, and German Occupation in World War I
340:
728:
government from then on controlled only the conquered areas east and north of central Poland.
636:
410:
3678:
3332:
3221:
2997:
2967:
2897:
2844:
2766:
2734:
2708:
2658:
2589:
2491:
2444:
2228:
2097:
1980:
1709:
1354:
4028:
3943:
2630:
2604:
2554:
1911:
1302:
688:
681:
354:
2579:
1556:
712:
could be put under a civil administration. Accordingly, the German Empire established the
8:
4010:
3149:
3013:
2972:
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2432:
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2327:
1853:
929:
869:
669:
640:
153:
123:
3963:
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3244:
3108:
3090:
3055:
3019:
2859:
2824:
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2761:
2648:
2599:
2438:
2397:
2077:
1873:
1757:
1642:
1598:
967:
917:
873:
822:
624:
396:
134:
4003:
3997:
3958:
3860:
3693:
3276:
3131:
3114:
2922:
2744:
2724:
2559:
2544:
2474:
2462:
2163:
2140:
2087:
1890:
1865:
1822:
1807:
1791:
1715:
1343:
632:
628:
382:
368:
16:
Administrator of the
Imperial German occupational forces on the Eastern Front of WWI
3061:
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2739:
2729:
2468:
2392:
2387:
2315:
2135:
2035:
1857:
1749:
1634:
1590:
814:
611:
as well as the name given to the occupied territories on the German section of the
566:
195:
127:
3870:
3710:
3049:
2609:
2584:
2283:
2191:
2030:
1151:
877:
857:
853:
717:
592:
584:
298:
119:
34:
769:
itself controlled present-day
Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, Poland, and Courland.
3703:
3683:
3354:
3067:
2912:
2703:
2594:
2450:
2354:
2337:
864:, "which the Germans would somehow comprehend". In the rural areas and amongst
760:
616:
288:
176:
1856:: Virginia Military Institute and the George C. Marshall Foundation: 212–213.
4075:
4057:
4044:
3814:
3102:
3096:
2539:
2456:
2367:
1869:
1837:
1818:
1814:
1581:
Koehl, Robert Lewis (October 1953). "A Prelude to Hitler's
Greater Germany".
1448:
The
Lithuanian historian Vėjas Gabrielius Liulevičius postulates in his book
736:
677:
608:
96:
106:
3264:
2698:
1787:
1660:
1462:
521:
207:
846:
There were many problems with communication with local persons within the
3475:
3380:
3078:
2513:
1934:
813:
s administration as a result of military successes on the Eastern Front,
665:
648:
221:
1877:
1761:
1646:
1602:
1486:
1420: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
899:
881:
829:, each overseen by a district commander. Ludendorff's plan was to make
3270:
3037:
860:, and in large villages, the Jewish population would speak German or
740:
550:
1861:
1753:
1711:
Civil War in Central Europe, 1918-1921: The Reconstruction of Poland
1638:
1594:
1395:
793:
governed in a very strict and often cruel way. The movement policy (
959:
756:
936:
as king of Lithuania, but those plans collapsed in November 1918.
894:
related that he listened (through a translator) to a sermon by a
865:
861:
748:
673:
558:
1625:
Vagts, Alfred (Spring 1943). "A memoir of Military Occupation".
1783:
1308:
895:
885:
852:. Among the upper-class locals, the soldiers could get by with
752:
744:
709:
554:
546:
1903:
3698:
589:
Oberbefehlshaber der gesamten Deutschen Streitkräfte im Osten
84:
28:
Oberbefehlshaber der gesamten Deutschen Streitkräfte im Osten
998:(urban districts). In 1917 the following districts existed:
868:
populations soldiers had to rely on interpreters who spoke
777:
1533:
615:, with the exception of Poland. It encompassed the former
676:
general who had come out of retirement to achieve the
668:
in November 1914, initially came under the command of
570:
This is a 2 kopek coin (2 КОПѢЙКИ) from Ober Ost, 1916
1809:
A People's Tragedy: the Russian Revolution, 1891–1924
1780:
White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish–Soviet War, 1919–20
1685:"Ober Ost (Kurland, Litauen, Bialystok-Grodno) 1917"
1385:
684:
in August 1914 and became a national hero. When the
1806:
1739:
576:Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East
23:Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East
980:. Each was, like Germany proper, subdivided into
4073:
2880:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
1277:
916:The uncertain situation caused by the Russian
838:subject to increasing requisitions and taxes.
4122:States and territories disestablished in 1919
1919:
1661:"Kreise im Generalgouvernement Warschau 1917"
708:had advanced so far to the east that central
1493:
1484:
1466:
1453:
1333:
1318:
1300:
1294:
1288:
993:
987:
981:
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951:
945:
903:
889:
847:
841:
794:
788:
764:
696:
659:
597:
300:
290:
26:
4137:German involvement in the Russian Civil War
3363:
1689:www.brest-litowsk.libau-kurland-baltikum.de
939:
806:In 1915, when large territories came under
4117:States and territories established in 1914
1926:
1912:
603:, was both a high-ranking position in the
83:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1550:
1548:
1436:Learn how and when to remove this message
1346:, and with each other. For details, see:
3162:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
1835:
1357:(the largest of the resulting conflicts)
924:in March 1918 made some indigenes elect
776:
565:
3539:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
1714:. Oxford University Press. p. 65.
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1554:
4074:
1777:
1728:
1707:
1545:
3492:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
2835:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
1907:
1889:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
1884:
1804:
1624:
1580:
1539:
911:
95:Military occupation authority of the
3896:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
1609:
1569:
1418:adding citations to reliable sources
1389:
1351:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–19
759:, all of which had been part of the
647:. It was abandoned after the end of
3825:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
2626:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
926:Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg
639:. It was governed in succession by
13:
4132:Lithuania in the Russian Civil War
2565:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
1771:
14:
4153:
1452:, that a line can be traced from
1386:Parallels with Nazi German policy
4112:1919 disestablishments in Europe
2928:Second Battle of the Piave River
2550:Russian invasion of East Prussia
1836:Schwonek, M. R. (January 2001).
1394:
526:
512:
498:
494:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
484:
470:
456:
442:
428:
403:
389:
375:
361:
347:
333:
66:
52:
3992:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
3192:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
1933:
1846:The Journal of Military History
1405:needs additional citations for
1380:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
3815:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
3674:Deportations from East Prussia
3471:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
1842:by Vejas, Gabriel Liulevicius"
1701:
1677:
1653:
1583:The American Historical Review
1557:"The Baltic Region during WWI"
1510:
1461:s policies and assumptions to
956:(administrative territories):
1:
4107:1914 establishments in Europe
3726:Ukrainian Canadian internment
1527:
1473:colonial territories overseas
438:Military Government of Lublin
4082:German Empire in World War I
3881:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
3180:Estonian War of Independence
2855:Southern Palestine offensive
1887:The Eastern Front, 1914–1917
1518:Government General of Warsaw
1516:Under the authority of the
1370:Estonian War of Independence
1327:
908:had told him to do earlier.
722:Government General of Lublin
714:Government General of Warsaw
654:
613:Eastern Front of World War I
508:Belarusian People's Republic
424:Government General of Warsaw
7:
4127:German military occupations
3835:USA against Austria-Hungary
3234:Turkish War of Independence
3186:Latvian War of Independence
2918:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
2509:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
1555:Gettman, Erin (June 2002).
1478:
1375:Latvian War of Independence
1278:Main military units in 1919
772:
466:Ukrainian People's Republic
10:
4158:
3918:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
3466:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
2933:Second Battle of the Marne
2820:Second battle of the Aisne
2689:Second Battle of Champagne
2530:German invasion of Belgium
1496:Reichskommissariat Ostland
1124:
1000:
686:Chief of the General Staff
4024:
3983:
3904:
3843:
3805:
3749:
3738:
3699:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
3642:
3614:
3562:
3484:
3458:
3410:
3303:
3296:
3228:Irish War of Independence
3124:
3006:
2978:Armistice of Villa Giusti
2963:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
2888:
2790:
2717:
2618:
2575:First Battle of the Marne
2522:
2484:
2419:
2410:
2353:
2227:
2216:
2182:
2154:
2116:
2068:
2021:
2014:
1941:
1127:
1008:
1003:
842:Communication with locals
827:Bialystok-Grodno District
731:After the signing of the
693:Prince Leopold of Bavaria
645:Prince Leopold of Bavaria
542:
312:
281:
277:
267:
254:
241:
231:
227:
217:
213:
201:
189:
185:
175:
171:
166:Prince Leopold of Bavaria
159:
147:
143:
133:
115:
102:
91:
82:
48:
43:
21:
3851:Constantinople Agreement
3144:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
3007:Co-belligerent conflicts
2983:Second Romanian campaign
2953:Third Transjordan attack
2664:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
2570:Battle of Grand Couronné
1778:Davies, Norman (2003) .
1503:
940:Administrative divisions
3914:Modus vivendi of Acroma
3866:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
3174:Greater Poland Uprising
3074:National Protection War
2958:Meuse–Argonne offensive
2908:German spring offensive
2903:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2679:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
2654:Second Battle of Artois
2535:Battle of the Frontiers
1805:Figes, Orlando (1998).
1708:Böhler, Jochen (2019).
950:was divided into three
922:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
739:effectively controlled
733:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
245:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3939:Paris Peace Conference
3927:Ukraine–Central Powers
3721:Massacres of Albanians
3689:Late Ottoman genocides
3496:Bulgarian occupations
3204:Third Anglo-Afghan War
3168:Hungarian–Romanian War
2993:Naval Victory Bulletin
2988:Armistice with Germany
2938:Hundred Days Offensive
2865:Battle of La Malmaison
2815:Second battle of Arras
2782:Battle of Transylvania
2636:Second Battle of Ypres
2504:Sarajevo assassination
2393:South African Republic
1885:Stone, Norman (1975).
1542:, pp. xxiii, 548.
1494:
1485:
1471:to those in Germany's
1467:
1454:
1334:
1319:
1301:
1299:), Commanding Officer
1295:
1289:
994:
992:(rural districts) and
988:
982:
974:
966:
958:
952:
946:
904:
890:
848:
795:
789:
785:
765:
697:
660:
598:
588:
571:
341:Governorate of Livonia
301:
291:
269:• Disestablished
27:
4102:Baltic-German history
4092:Poland in World War I
4058:52.23306°N 21.02000°E
3949:Treaty of St. Germain
3922:Russia–Central Powers
3876:Sykes–Picot Agreement
3704:Pontic Greek genocide
3679:Destruction of Kalisz
3655:Eastern Mediterranean
3216:Polish–Lithuanian War
2998:Armistice of Belgrade
2968:Armistice of Salonica
2898:Operation Faustschlag
2845:Third Battle of Oituz
2767:Baranovichi offensive
2735:Lake Naroch offensive
2709:Battle of Robat Karim
2684:Vistula–Bug offensive
2659:Battles of the Isonzo
2590:First Battle of Ypres
1024:Bialystok, Stadtkreis
780:
704:By October 1915, the
664:was set up by Kaiser
591:), also known by its
569:
116:Common languages
3944:Treaty of Versailles
3660:Mount Lebanon famine
3575:in the United States
3543:Russian occupations
3257:Turkish–Armenian War
3198:Polish–Ukrainian War
3138:Ukrainian–Soviet War
3085:Central Asian Revolt
2875:Armistice of Focșani
2605:Battle of Sarikamish
2555:Battle of Tannenberg
1951:Military engagements
1414:improve this article
1365:Polish–Ukrainian War
1361:Ukrainian–Soviet War
1315:Army Group Mackensen
1303:Erich von Falkenhayn
1296:Armeeoberkommando 10
1146:Russisch-Krottingen
1032:Bialystok, Landkreis
934:second duke of Urach
781:Postage stamps from
706:Imperial German Army
695:took control of the
689:Erich von Falkenhayn
682:Battle of Tannenberg
480:Kingdom of Lithuania
355:Courland Governorate
4054: /
4011:They shall not pass
3934:Treaty of Bucharest
3891:Treaty of Bucharest
3830:USA against Germany
3807:Declarations of war
3511:German occupations
3424:British casualties
3283:Soviet–Georgian War
3210:Egyptian Revolution
3150:Armeno-Georgian War
3014:Somaliland campaign
2973:Armistice of Mudros
2850:Battle of Caporetto
2840:Battle of Mărășești
2810:Zimmermann telegram
2805:February Revolution
2750:Battle of the Somme
2674:Bug-Narew Offensive
2649:Battle of Gallipoli
2641:Sinking of the RMS
2433:Scramble for Africa
2427:Franco-Prussian War
2083:Sinai and Palestine
1854:Lexington, Virginia
1520:after October 1915.
930:United Baltic Duchy
902:agents, exactly as
735:of March 1918, the
670:Paul von Hindenburg
641:Paul von Hindenburg
411:Suwałki Governorate
233:• Established
154:Paul von Hindenburg
4087:1910s in Lithuania
4063:52.23306; 21.02000
3971:Treaty of Lausanne
3886:Paris Economy Pact
3820:UK against Germany
3750:Entry into the war
3716:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
3435:Ottoman casualties
3245:Franco-Turkish War
3125:Post-War conflicts
3109:Russian Revolution
3091:Invasion of Darfur
3056:Kelantan rebellion
3044:Kurdish rebellions
3020:Mexican Revolution
2860:October Revolution
2825:Kerensky offensive
2800:Capture of Baghdad
2777:Monastir offensive
2762:Brusilov offensive
2600:Battle of Kolubara
2439:Russo-Japanese War
1340:Russian Revolution
1244:Wilna, Stadtkreis
1059:Libau, Stadtkreis
1048:Grodno, Stadtkreis
953:Verwaltungsgebiete
918:October Revolution
912:Russian Revolution
823:Lithuania District
786:
720:Empire set up the
572:
397:Grodno Governorate
4037:
4036:
4020:
4019:
4004:The Golden Virgin
3998:Mutilated victory
3979:
3978:
3959:Treaty of Trianon
3954:Treaty of Neuilly
3861:Damascus Protocol
3734:
3733:
3694:Armenian genocide
3651:Allied blockades
3623:Belgian refugees
3406:
3405:
3316:Strategic bombing
3292:
3291:
3277:Franco-Syrian War
3251:Greco-Turkish War
3239:Anglo-Turkish War
3222:Polish–Soviet War
3156:German Revolution
3132:Russian Civil War
3115:Finnish Civil War
2948:Battle of Megiddo
2923:Battle of Goychay
2870:Battle of Cambrai
2830:Battle of Mărăști
2745:Battle of Jutland
2725:Erzurum offensive
2580:Siege of Przemyśl
2560:Siege of Tsingtao
2545:Battle of Galicia
2475:Second Balkan War
2463:Italo-Turkish War
2420:Pre-War conflicts
2406:
2405:
2296:Portuguese Empire
2212:
2211:
2174:German New Guinea
2156:Asian and Pacific
1896:978-0-68414-492-4
1721:978-0-19-879448-6
1446:
1445:
1438:
1355:Polish–Soviet War
1320:Heeresgruppe Kiew
1272:
1271:
1252:Wilna, Landkreis
1177:Kowno, Stadtkreis
1123:
1122:
1067:Mitau, Landkreis
1056:Grodno, Landkreis
819:Courland District
564:
563:
538:
537:
534:
533:
452:Kingdom of Poland
416:
415:
383:Vilna Governorate
369:Kovno Governorate
203:• 1916–1918
191:• 1914–1916
161:• 1916–1918
149:• 1914–1916
135:Supreme Commander
111:
4149:
4097:1910s in Belarus
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4047:
3964:Treaty of Sèvres
3856:Treaty of London
3747:
3746:
3525:Northeast France
3456:
3455:
3428:Parliamentarians
3361:
3360:
3323:Chemical weapons
3301:
3300:
3062:Senussi campaign
3032:Muscat rebellion
3026:Maritz rebellion
2943:Vardar offensive
2772:Battle of Romani
2740:Battle of Asiago
2730:Battle of Verdun
2694:Kosovo offensive
2469:First Balkan War
2417:
2416:
2316:Russian Republic
2225:
2224:
2019:
2018:
1961:Economic history
1928:
1921:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1881:
1832:
1812:
1801:
1782:(2nd ed.).
1766:
1765:
1737:
1726:
1725:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1627:Military Affairs
1622:
1607:
1606:
1578:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1552:
1543:
1537:
1521:
1514:
1499:
1490:
1470:
1460:
1457:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1398:
1390:
1337:
1322:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1185:Kowno, Landkreis
1125:
1064:Lida, Stadtkreis
1005:Bialystok-Grodno
1001:
997:
991:
985:
979:
976:Bialystok-Grodno
971:
963:
955:
949:
920:in 1917 and the
907:
893:
851:
815:Erich Ludendorff
812:
798:
792:
768:
718:Austro-Hungarian
700:
663:
619:governorates of
601:
595:abbreviation as
583:
530:
529:
516:
515:
502:
501:
488:
487:
474:
473:
460:
459:
446:
445:
432:
431:
420:
419:
407:
406:
393:
392:
379:
378:
365:
364:
351:
350:
337:
336:
330:
329:
314:
313:
304:
294:
263:11 November 1918
258:German surrender
196:Erich Ludendorff
109:
87:
70:
56:
38:
30:
19:
18:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4142:1910s in Latvia
4072:
4071:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4033:
4016:
3975:
3907:
3900:
3871:Treaty of Darin
3839:
3801:
3757:Austria-Hungary
3743:
3730:
3711:Rape of Belgium
3638:
3610:
3558:
3552:Western Armenia
3547:Eastern Galicia
3480:
3454:
3418:
3417:Civilian impact
3416:
3402:
3359:
3288:
3120:
3050:Ovambo Uprising
3002:
2884:
2786:
2713:
2631:Battle of Łomża
2614:
2610:Christmas truce
2585:Race to the Sea
2518:
2480:
2402:
2373:Austria-Hungary
2349:
2284:Empire of Japan
2221:
2219:
2208:
2192:U-boat campaign
2178:
2150:
2112:
2064:
2010:
1991:Popular culture
1937:
1932:
1897:
1862:10.2307/2677470
1838:"Book Reviews:
1829:
1798:
1774:
1772:Further reading
1769:
1754:10.2307/2697514
1738:
1729:
1722:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1639:10.2307/1982990
1623:
1610:
1595:10.2307/1844652
1579:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1481:
1458:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1411:
1399:
1388:
1342:and subsequent
1330:
1280:
942:
928:as head of the
914:
844:
810:
796:Verkehrspolitik
775:
724:. The military
680:victory of the
657:
579:
557:
553:
549:
527:
513:
499:
485:
471:
457:
443:
429:
404:
390:
376:
362:
348:
334:
308:
270:
260:
247:
234:
204:
192:
162:
150:
78:
77:
76:
71:
63:
62:
57:
39:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4155:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3995:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3906:Peace treaties
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3792:United Kingdom
3789:
3784:
3782:Ottoman Empire
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3744:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3686:
3684:Sack of Dinant
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3632:United Kingdom
3629:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3592:
3586:POW locations
3584:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3421:
3419:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3386:United Kingdom
3383:
3381:Ottoman Empire
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3358:
3357:
3355:Trench warfare
3352:
3351:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3307:
3305:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3071:
3068:Volta-Bani War
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2913:Zeebrugge Raid
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2704:Battle of Loos
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2595:Black Sea raid
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2497:Historiography
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2451:Bosnian Crisis
2448:
2445:Tangier Crisis
2442:
2436:
2430:
2423:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2378:Ottoman Empire
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2355:Central Powers
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2338:British Empire
2333:United Kingdom
2330:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2311:Russian Empire
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2229:Entente Powers
2222:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2197:North Atlantic
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2108:Central Arabia
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2070:Middle Eastern
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1971:Historiography
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1882:
1833:
1827:
1802:
1796:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1748:(4): 844–845.
1727:
1720:
1700:
1676:
1665:territorial.de
1652:
1608:
1568:
1544:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1491:
1480:
1477:
1444:
1443:
1402:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1358:
1353:, part of the
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1311:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1007:
941:
938:
913:
910:
843:
840:
774:
771:
761:Russian Empire
656:
653:
562:
561:
544:
540:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
524:
518:
517:
510:
504:
503:
496:
490:
489:
482:
476:
475:
468:
462:
461:
454:
448:
447:
440:
434:
433:
426:
417:
414:
413:
408:
400:
399:
394:
386:
385:
380:
372:
371:
366:
358:
357:
352:
344:
343:
338:
326:
325:
320:
310:
309:
307:
306:
296:
285:
283:
279:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
265:
264:
261:
255:
252:
251:
248:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
219:
218:Historical era
215:
214:
211:
210:
205:
202:
199:
198:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
177:Chief of Staff
173:
172:
169:
168:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
131:
130:
117:
113:
112:
104:
100:
99:
93:
89:
88:
80:
79:
72:
65:
64:
58:
51:
50:
49:
46:
45:
41:
40:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4154:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4070:
4067:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3797:United States
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3409:
3399:
3398:United States
3396:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3348:Convoy system
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:Naval warfare
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
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2669:Great Retreat
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2204:Mediterranean
2202:
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2184:Naval warfare
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2060:Italian Front
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2048:Eastern Front
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2043:Western Front
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2029:
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2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
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2001:Puppet states
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
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1819:Penguin Books
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1797:0-7126-0694-7
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1742:Slavic Review
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1268:Wylkowyschki
1267:
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1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:Saldugischki
1155:
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1152:Johanischkele
1150:
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1137:
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986:(districts);
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804:
802:
797:
791:
784:
779:
770:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
737:German Empire
734:
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727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
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609:German Empire
606:
602:
600:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
568:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:
543:Today part of
541:
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97:German Empire
94:
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81:
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69:
61:
55:
47:
42:
36:
29:
20:
4039:
4009:
4002:
3990:
3597: /
3530:
3529:
3364:Conscription
3328:Cryptography
3265:Iraqi Revolt
2699:Siege of Kut
2642:
2220:participants
2169:German Samoa
2103:South Arabia
1886:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1808:
1788:Random House
1779:
1745:
1741:
1710:
1703:
1692:. Retrieved
1688:
1679:
1668:. Retrieved
1664:
1655:
1633:(1): 16–24.
1630:
1626:
1589:(1): 43–65.
1586:
1582:
1560:. Retrieved
1535:
1512:
1463:Nazi Germany
1449:
1447:
1432:
1423:
1412:Please help
1407:verification
1404:
1331:
1273:
1260:Wladislawow
1128:
1009:
1004:
943:
915:
845:
834:
830:
807:
805:
800:
787:
782:
730:
725:
703:
658:
605:armed forces
596:
575:
573:
522:Baltic State
323:Succeeded by
322:
317:
250:3 March 1918
208:Max Hoffmann
74:Coat of arms
4061: /
3627:Netherlands
3604:Switzerland
3485:Occupations
3476:Spanish flu
3253:(1919–1922)
3247:(1918–1921)
3241:(1918–1923)
3230:(1919–1921)
3224:(1919–1921)
3218:(1919–1920)
3194:(1918–1920)
3188:(1918–1920)
3182:(1918–1920)
3164:(1918–1920)
3146:(1918–1920)
3140:(1917–1921)
3134:(1917–1921)
3081:(1916-1918)
3079:Arab Revolt
3070:(1915–1917)
3064:(1915–1917)
3052:(1914-1917)
3046:(1914–1917)
3040:(1914–1921)
3034:(1913–1920)
3022:(1910–1920)
3016:(1900–1920)
2514:July Crisis
2435:(1880–1914)
2098:Mesopotamia
1976:Home fronts
1935:World War I
1236:Wilkomierz
1172:Schirwinty
1110:Wasilischky
995:Stadtkreise
751:, parts of
649:World War I
318:Preceded by
222:World War I
4076:Categories
4049:21°01′12″E
4046:52°13′59″N
3844:Agreements
3644:War crimes
3520:Luxembourg
3413:Casualties
2291:Montenegro
2126:South West
2006:Technology
1996:Propaganda
1986:Opposition
1694:2019-12-21
1670:2019-12-21
1562:2008-03-02
1540:Figes 1998
1528:References
1487:Lebensraum
1426:April 2024
1241:Podbrodzie
1228:Wiezajcie
1196:Skaudwile
1193:Kupzischki
1169:Koschedary
1138:Rossienie
1035:Goldingen
989:Landkreise
900:Bolshevist
882:Luxembourg
870:Lithuanian
666:Wilhelm II
124:Lithuanian
110:(HQ, 1919)
107:Königsberg
3741:Diplomacy
3448:Olympians
3371:Australia
3338:Logistics
3271:Vlora War
3200:(1918–19)
3176:(1918–19)
3170:(1918–19)
3158:(1918–19)
3105:(1916–17)
3087:(1916–17)
3038:Zaian War
3028:(1914–15)
2755:first day
2643:Lusitania
2471:(1912–13)
2465:(1911–12)
2453:(1908–09)
2447:(1905–06)
2429:(1870–71)
2218:Principal
2078:Gallipoli
1981:Memorials
1966:Geography
1956:Aftermath
1870:0899-3718
1344:Civil War
1328:Aftermath
1290:10. Armee
1285:10th Army
1265:Rakischki
1257:Poniewiez
1217:Mariampol
1164:Schaulen
1117:Wolkowysk
1051:Hasenpot
1016:Alekszyce
741:Lithuania
655:Extension
581:‹See Tfd›
551:Lithuania
44:1914–1919
4029:Category
3616:Refugees
3582:Italians
3571:Germans
3531:Ober Ost
3311:Aviation
2412:Timeline
2383:Bulgaria
2164:Tsingtao
2141:Togoland
2088:Caucasus
2023:European
2015:Theatres
1815:New York
1479:See also
1468:Ober Ost
1455:Ober Ost
1335:Ober Ost
1204:Suwalki
1201:Kurszany
1161:Kiejdany
1135:Augustow
1103:Swislocz
947:Ober Ost
932:and the
849:Ober Ost
835:Ober Ost
831:Ober Ost
825:and the
808:Ober Ost
801:Ober Ost
790:Ober Ost
783:Ober Ost
773:Policies
766:Ober Ost
757:Courland
726:Ober Ost
716:and the
698:Ober Ost
674:Prussian
661:Ober Ost
621:Courland
599:Ober Ost
302:Ostrubel
282:Currency
3767:Germany
3667:Germany
3595:Germany
3515:Belgium
3500:Albania
3459:Disease
3439:Sports
3391:Ireland
3304:Warfare
3297:Aspects
2492:Origins
2485:Prelude
2388:Senussi
2368:Germany
2363:Leaders
2301:Romania
2242:Belgium
2237:Leaders
2136:Kamerun
2118:African
2053:Romania
2031:Balkans
1946:Outline
1878:2677470
1762:2697514
1647:1982990
1603:1844652
1249:Pojurze
1225:Okmjany
1220:Uzjany
1212:Telsze
1209:Maljaty
1129:Litauen
1096:Sokolka
1091:Windau
1083:Tuckum
1075:Talsen
1043:Grobin
1027:Doblen
1019:Bauske
1010:Kurland
968:Litauen
960:Kurland
874:Latvian
866:peasant
862:Yiddish
749:Belarus
637:Suwałki
617:Russian
607:of the
559:Belarus
299:German
292:Ostmark
289:German
256:•
243:•
128:Latvian
103:Capital
3787:Russia
3762:France
3590:Canada
3505:Serbia
3376:Canada
3333:Horses
3285:(1921)
3279:(1920)
3273:(1920)
3267:(1920)
3259:(1920)
3212:(1919)
3206:(1919)
3152:(1918)
3117:(1918)
3111:(1917)
3099:(1916)
3093:(1916)
3058:(1915)
2477:(1913)
2459:(1911)
2441:(1905)
2398:Darfur
2323:Serbia
2306:Russia
2269:Greece
2257:France
2247:Brazil
2093:Persia
2036:Serbia
1893:
1876:
1868:
1825:
1794:
1784:London
1760:
1718:
1645:
1601:
1309:Grodno
1188:Siady
1180:Sejny
1143:Birshi
1080:Planty
1040:Bielsk
983:Kreise
972:, and
896:priest
886:clergy
884:. The
878:Polish
858:German
854:French
821:, the
755:, and
753:Poland
745:Latvia
710:Poland
678:German
625:Grodno
593:German
585:German
555:Poland
547:Latvia
181:
139:
120:Polish
92:Status
35:German
31:
3984:Other
3777:Japan
3772:Italy
3599:camps
3443:Rugby
2279:Japan
2274:Italy
2252:China
2146:North
1874:JSTOR
1852:(1).
1758:JSTOR
1643:JSTOR
1599:JSTOR
1504:Notes
1459:'
1233:Olita
1088:Radun
905:Vagts
891:Vagts
811:'
633:Kovno
629:Vilna
3564:POWs
2890:1918
2792:1917
2718:1916
2619:1915
2523:1914
2328:Siam
2131:East
1891:ISBN
1866:ISSN
1823:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1363:and
1313:the
1283:the
944:The
672:, a
643:and
635:and
574:The
273:1919
237:1914
60:Flag
1858:doi
1750:doi
1635:doi
1591:doi
1475:".
1416:by
1293:or
1072:Ost
876:or
856:or
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1872:.
1864:.
1850:65
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1786::
1756:.
1746:60
1744:.
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