247:
manufacturer specifications. Exposures are not always acute, but may be at low levels prolonged over decades. Workers may be exposed to toxic substances at higher levels than the general public, who are mainly exposed through consumer products and the environment. Establishing a causal relationship between a worker's illness and work conditions is often difficult because work-related illnesses are often indistinguishable from those with other causes, and there may be a long interval between the exposure and the onset of disease.
1966:
1592:
1990:
1978:
1621:
109:, truck and rail transportation, waste management and remediation, and botanical gardens. These sectors contain an increased risk of exposure largely due to the fact that they are working with heavy machinery that can emit potentially harmful fumes when being operated. Additionally, these sectors involve directly handling various substances that can possibly contain harmful chemical compounds.
230:
experiments. For example, measurement and control of particle size distribution is important, and the degree and location of particle retention within the respiratory tract. Inhalation and injection exposure are often more dangerous than dermal exposure, where a major function of skin is to provide
201:
in that the former has smaller number of exposed individuals, but with a wider range of exposure levels. Environmental toxicology tends to focus on situations with low exposure levels for larger numbers of people, where adverse effects may be concentrated in people who are especially susceptible to
310:
Many types of measurements may be made in occupational toxicology. These include external measurements of exposure, the internal dose measured via tissues and bodily fluids, the "biologically effective dose" measuring the compound that has actually interacted with host biomolecules such as DNA and
258:
by other environmental factors, or personal host factors such as preexisting health conditions, host genetics, or patterns of worker behavior. These affect the relationship between the concentration, duration, and frequency of the exposure, and the actual toxicant dose that reaches a target tissue
178:
Toxicological studies have the benefit over epidemiology that they can study new substances before there is exposure in commerce, or when epidemiological data are not available. Toxicology also has the advantage of elucidating not only overt health outcomes, but intermediate biochemical steps such
120:
activities. These studies can range anywhere from 2 weeks to 2 years and primarily focus on determining whether or not the compound is toxic/carcinogenic and how toxic it is if so. To discover if a compound is toxic/carcinogenic, toxicologists expose mice to the compound being studied and examine
246:
There is often exposure to mixtures of chemicals, whose effects may not be simply additive, as different toxins may interact in a way that enhances or reduces their toxicity relative to each toxin alone. Mixtures may include undesired contaminants in a product, or products that deviate from
174:
or workplace health surveillance may inspire toxicological study of suspected or confirmed causative agents. Conversely, the results of toxicological investigation are important in establishing biomarkers for workplace health surveillance to identify overexposure and to test the validity of
38:, which are most prevalent when discussing occupational toxicology. These environmental and individual exposures can impact health, and there is a focus on identifying early adverse affects that are more subtle than those presented in clinical medicine.
365:
began to be used in occupational toxicology and epidemiology in the 1970s, and the 1990s showed increasing focus on molecular mechanisms such as identifying specific enzymes that interact with toxicants, and studying their variation across individuals.
175:
occupational exposure limits. These biomarkers are intended to aid in prevention by identifying early adverse affects, unlike diagnostics for clinical medicine that are designed to reveal advanced pathological states.
267:
depends on the absorption rate through the skin, which is influenced by the chemical properties of the chemical, the thickness of the skin at the exposed location on the body, and whether the skin is intact.
81:
As of 1983, around 60,000 chemical compounds were considered to be of occupational consequence. Certain sectors have an increased potential for exposure to chemical and biological agents, including
1262:
1197:
884:
121:
them over a given amount of time. These toxicologists then look for any patterns in the mice that may suggest toxicity or carcinogenicity and draw a conclusion from this data.
762:
170:, to a greater degree than toxicology and epidemiology in general. For example, outbreaks identified through epidemiological studies such as exposure assessment
1612:
1220:
1406:
1191:
323:
processes that may detoxify or activate toxins. These processes are subject to difference between individuals, which is studied through the field of
307:
are performed in cases where the risk for volunteers is negligible; these are used to verify whether results from animal studies translate to humans.
1607:
1241:
1203:
300:
1625:
1251:
1147:
1512:
1215:
1165:
755:
143:, which are based on ambient concentration levels of toxicants. They also include biological exposure indices, which are based on
2016:
1596:
1385:
748:
1941:
1572:
1431:
844:
339:, the first experimental studies of hazardous substances came in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the work of
226:
is a hazard. In particular, experimental inhalation exposure studies require more complex methodology and equipment than for
540:
49:
studies may inspire toxicological study of causative agents, and toxicological investigations are important in establishing
1659:
1552:
834:
461:
1502:
1880:
1425:
1415:
1170:
1994:
210:
Occupational toxicology has the challenge of performing studies that mimic actual workplace conditions, for which
183:
processes, as well as early cellular changes. These can aid in developing measures to prevent or treat toxicity.
30:
in the workplace. It focuses on substances and conditions that people may be exposed to in workplaces, including
486:
1951:
1855:
1602:
1467:
1122:
859:
771:
292:
285:
136:
117:
42:
1338:
1091:
160:
54:
1380:
1313:
1066:
854:
187:
66:
58:
1982:
1517:
1209:
1117:
1081:
919:
140:
70:
1577:
1482:
1256:
959:
155:. Toxicologists have a large role in determining what biomarkers may be used for biomonitoring during
280:
is used to identify adverse effects and establish acceptable exposure levels, as well as studying the
139:. A major use of this data is for establishing standards and regulation. These may take the form of
1900:
1175:
1086:
1071:
934:
929:
904:
167:
46:
520:
1890:
1875:
1702:
1652:
1567:
1492:
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1365:
989:
979:
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198:
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1323:
655:
589:
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1132:
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236:
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690:
348:
304:
132:
1758:
1328:
1303:
1107:
1024:
874:
864:
824:
779:
219:
191:
112:
Toxicological studies are experimental laboratory studies on the response of organisms and
62:
627:
8:
2021:
1970:
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1707:
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1345:
1333:
1298:
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1034:
804:
786:
281:
260:
227:
211:
156:
31:
335:
While the health hazards of substances used in the workplace have been recognized since
254:
is a strong predictor of health outcomes, occupational diseases are often influenced or
1921:
1905:
1712:
1682:
1497:
1401:
1318:
1137:
726:
564:
532:
421:
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113:
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667:
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536:
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35:
425:
1870:
1804:
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949:
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702:
663:
601:
528:
403:
1885:
1865:
1748:
1562:
1542:
1370:
1049:
1044:
999:
740:
488:
Occupational safety and health standards: Toxic
Industrial Chemicals (TICs) Guide
352:
336:
316:
27:
1824:
1778:
1773:
1743:
1722:
1527:
1487:
1375:
1355:
1350:
969:
849:
706:
656:"Use of biomarkers — new frontiers in occupational toxicology and epidemiology"
324:
277:
102:
408:
391:
2010:
1936:
1834:
1687:
1532:
1293:
994:
939:
714:
417:
259:
and interacts with metabolic processes. For example, the ultimate dose from
144:
82:
1829:
1447:
1421:
1411:
1004:
944:
914:
675:
613:
312:
276:
Occupational toxicology uses methods common to other forms of toxicology.
86:
722:
1931:
1763:
1457:
924:
819:
814:
356:
255:
98:
1926:
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1507:
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1452:
974:
964:
839:
829:
809:
799:
171:
148:
23:
1198:
Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
1814:
1278:
1246:
984:
794:
362:
232:
152:
50:
590:"Biological monitoring in occupational and environmental toxicology"
263:
depends on respiratory rate and breathing volume, and the dose from
65:. Toxicological studies are also an important input for performing
1809:
1522:
1009:
879:
344:
251:
41:
Occupational toxicology interfaces heavily with other subfields of
1946:
94:
319:. Experimentation may focus on the operation and regulation of
1768:
1308:
466:
Casarett & Doull's
Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons
90:
116:
to a substance, and can generate data that are used for other
1788:
1783:
1637:
240:
186:
Occupational toxicology studies may also suggest or evaluate
105:
workplaces such as in automobile repair, gasoline stations,
57:. Occupational toxicology studies may suggest or evaluate
311:
proteins, and measuring downstream effects of mutations,
485:
131:
Occupational toxicology generates data that is used to
1221:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
218:
are most important, although in medical industries,
69:, and establishing standards and regulation such as
1407:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
1192:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
770:
202:a given toxicant due to genetic or other factors.
295:in a number of specific cases such as predicting
235:exposure, where toxins may be broken down by the
2008:
1204:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
1252:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
135:and their physiological effects, and quantify
1653:
1216:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1166:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
756:
396:Journal of the American College of Toxicology
16:Toxiciology of substances found in workplaces
392:"Occupational Toxicology: NIOSH Perspective"
301:quantitative structure–activity relationship
166:Occupational toxicology is complementary to
299:and potential for eye injuries, as well as
1660:
1646:
860:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
763:
749:
518:
407:
1386:Immediately dangerous to life or health
389:
2009:
1942:List of extremely hazardous substances
1573:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
845:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
688:
653:
459:
1641:
744:
587:
559:
557:
455:
197:Occupational toxicology differs from
1977:
1620:
1263:Working Environment Convention, 1977
649:
647:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
453:
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
437:
435:
385:
383:
381:
379:
1989:
1432:Workers' right to access the toilet
13:
1503:International Chemical Safety Card
554:
533:10.1016/b978-0-12-386454-3.00045-2
390:Johnson, Barry L. (January 1983).
14:
2033:
1881:Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
1513:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
1171:International Labour Organization
644:
495:
468:(9 ed.). McGraw Hill Medical
432:
376:
231:a barrier to outside toxins, and
1988:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1619:
1591:
1590:
464:. In Klaassen, Curtis D. (ed.).
689:Carter, J.T. (September 1988).
654:Vainio, Harri (December 1998).
303:models. Sometimes, controlled
2017:Occupational safety and health
1952:Occupational safety and health
1856:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
1667:
1468:Environment, health and safety
1123:Occupational health psychology
772:Occupational safety and health
682:
620:
581:
527:, Elsevier, pp. 643–647,
479:
293:alternatives to animal testing
118:occupational safety and health
43:occupational safety and health
1:
1339:Personal protective equipment
1092:Workplace health surveillance
668:10.1016/S0378-4274(98)00252-5
606:10.1016/S0378-4274(99)00076-4
369:
205:
161:workplace health surveillance
76:
55:workplace health surveillance
1381:Standard operating procedure
1314:Hierarchy of hazard controls
1067:Hierarchy of hazard controls
565:"Toxicology/Carcinogenicity"
141:occupational exposure limits
71:occupational exposure limits
67:occupational risk assessment
7:
1518:NIOSH air filtration rating
1210:Health and Safety Executive
1118:Occupational health nursing
1082:Occupational exposure limit
920:Hospital-acquired infection
885:Exposure to human nail dust
569:National Toxicology Program
351:on organic substances, and
137:dose–response relationships
10:
2038:
1578:Workplace health promotion
1483:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
1257:Worker Protection Standard
960:Noise-induced hearing loss
707:10.1177/096032718800700508
632:British Toxicology Society
525:Encyclopedia of Toxicology
330:
286:dose–response relationship
271:
1960:
1914:
1901:2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak
1848:
1797:
1731:
1675:
1586:
1440:
1394:
1271:
1234:
1184:
1176:World Health Organization
1158:
1146:
1100:
1087:Occupational epidemiology
1072:Prevention through design
1023:
930:Laboratory animal allergy
855:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
830:Byssinosis ("brown lung")
778:
691:"Occupational Toxicology"
628:"Occupational toxicology"
521:"Occupational Toxicology"
519:Wattenberg, E.V. (2014),
462:"Occupational Toxicology"
460:Thorne, Peter S. (2019).
409:10.3109/10915818309140666
288:. There are a number of
168:occupational epidemiology
47:Occupational epidemiology
1891:Consumption of Tide Pods
1876:Niigata Minamata disease
1703:Environmental toxicology
1493:Hostile work environment
1473:Environmental toxicology
1366:Redundancy (engineering)
980:Repetitive strain injury
199:environmental toxicology
126:
1739:Acceptable daily intake
1693:Occupational toxicology
1538:Quality of working life
1324:Administrative controls
588:Mutti, A (1999-09-05).
305:human challenge studies
20:Occupational toxicology
1896:Visakhapatnam gas leak
1840:Whole bowel irrigation
1133:Occupational therapist
1113:Industrial engineering
905:Glassblower's cataract
870:Decompression sickness
315:effects, and aberrant
237:gastrointestinal tract
22:is the application of
1861:2007 pet food recalls
1603:Occupational diseases
1568:Workers' compensation
1128:Occupational medicine
990:Silo-filler's disease
955:Mule spinners' cancer
492:Retrieved 2023-11-13.
349:Karl Bernhard Lehmann
192:industrial hygienists
63:industrial hygienists
1759:Fixed-dose procedure
1329:Engineering controls
1304:Emergency evacuation
1108:Environmental health
875:De Quervain syndrome
865:Concussions in sport
662:. 102–103: 581–589.
250:While the dose of a
224:needlestick injuries
1718:In vitro toxicology
1708:Forensic toxicology
1463:Effects of overtime
1346:Job safety analysis
1334:Hazard substitution
1299:Emergency procedure
1077:Exposure assessment
1062:Occupational stress
1055:Psychosocial hazard
1035:Occupational hazard
900:Flock worker's lung
282:mechanism of action
261:inhalation exposure
228:oral administration
212:inhalation exposure
157:exposure assessment
147:of a toxicant, its
114:biological pathways
1922:Biological warfare
1906:List of poisonings
1713:Medical toxicology
1683:Aquatic toxicology
1498:Indoor air quality
1402:Diving regulations
1319:Hazard elimination
1138:Safety engineering
660:Toxicology Letters
594:Toxicology Letters
341:John Scott Haldane
2004:
2003:
1820:Chelation therapy
1635:
1634:
1548:Safety data sheet
1361:Operations manual
1242:Bangladesh Accord
1230:
1229:
1040:Biological hazard
542:978-0-12-386455-0
321:biotransformation
222:exposure through
181:biotransformation
2029:
1992:
1991:
1980:
1979:
1968:
1967:
1871:Minamata disease
1805:Activated carbon
1754:Biomagnification
1698:Entomotoxicology
1662:
1655:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1623:
1622:
1594:
1593:
1289:Contingency plan
1284:Code of practice
1156:
1155:
950:Metal fume fever
765:
758:
751:
742:
741:
735:
734:
695:Human Toxicology
686:
680:
679:
651:
642:
641:
639:
638:
624:
618:
617:
585:
579:
578:
576:
575:
561:
552:
551:
550:
549:
516:
493:
483:
477:
476:
474:
473:
457:
430:
429:
411:
387:
355:on occupational
297:skin sensitizers
133:identify hazards
36:dermal exposures
28:chemical hazards
2037:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1956:
1910:
1886:Seveso disaster
1866:Bhopal disaster
1844:
1793:
1749:Bioaccumulation
1727:
1671:
1666:
1636:
1631:
1582:
1563:Toxic workplace
1543:Risk management
1436:
1390:
1371:Risk assessment
1267:
1226:
1180:
1151:
1142:
1096:
1050:Physical hazard
1045:Chemical hazard
1026:
1019:
784:
781:
774:
769:
739:
738:
687:
683:
652:
645:
636:
634:
626:
625:
621:
586:
582:
573:
571:
563:
562:
555:
547:
545:
543:
517:
496:
484:
480:
471:
469:
458:
433:
388:
377:
372:
353:Ernest Kennaway
333:
317:gene expression
274:
265:dermal exposure
216:dermal exposure
208:
188:hazard controls
129:
79:
59:hazard controls
17:
12:
11:
5:
2035:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1915:Related topics
1912:
1911:
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1868:
1863:
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1825:Gastric lavage
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1795:
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1786:
1781:
1779:Toxicity class
1776:
1774:Toxic capacity
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1744:Acute toxicity
1741:
1735:
1733:
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1726:
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1723:Toxicogenomics
1720:
1715:
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1705:
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1565:
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1553:Source control
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1528:Process safety
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
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1488:Health physics
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1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:Safety culture
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1356:Permit To Work
1353:
1351:Lockout-tagout
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
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1311:
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1057:
1052:
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1042:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1015:Writer's cramp
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
970:Pneumoconiosis
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
935:Lead poisoning
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
910:Golfer's elbow
907:
902:
897:
895:Fiddler's neck
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
850:Chronic stress
847:
842:
837:
835:Cardiovascular
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
791:
789:
776:
775:
768:
767:
760:
753:
745:
737:
736:
701:(5): 429–432.
681:
643:
619:
600:(2–3): 77–89.
580:
553:
541:
494:
478:
431:
374:
373:
371:
368:
332:
329:
325:toxicogenomics
278:Animal testing
273:
270:
207:
204:
128:
125:
103:service sector
78:
75:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2034:
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2018:
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2012:
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1937:Hazard symbol
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1835:Hemoperfusion
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1412:Potty parity
1005:Tennis elbow
1000:Surfer's ear
945:Mesothelioma
915:Hearing loss
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1995:WikiProject
1932:Food safety
1764:Lethal dose
1458:Drug policy
1395:Legislation
1101:Professions
925:Indium lung
820:Brucellosis
815:Berylliosis
357:skin cancer
313:cytogenetic
151:, or other
149:metabolites
99:agriculture
2022:Toxicology
2011:Categories
1927:Carcinogen
1798:Treatments
1669:Toxicology
1558:Toxic tort
1508:Job strain
1478:Ergonomics
1453:Break room
975:Radium jaw
965:Phossy jaw
840:Chalicosis
810:Barotrauma
800:Asbestosis
637:2021-03-12
574:2023-11-13
548:2021-03-17
472:2021-03-13
370:References
363:Biomarkers
345:mine gases
256:confounded
206:Challenges
153:biomarkers
77:Background
51:biomarkers
32:inhalation
24:toxicology
1849:Incidents
1815:Cathartic
1279:Checklist
1247:ISO 45001
1235:Standards
985:Silicosis
795:Acrodynia
731:208606729
715:0144-5952
418:0730-0913
337:antiquity
233:ingestion
220:injection
107:pipelines
1971:Category
1810:Antidote
1732:Concepts
1608:Journals
1597:Category
1523:Overwork
1441:See also
1194:(Canada)
1185:National
1148:Agencies
1010:Tinnitus
880:Erethism
787:injuries
782:diseases
676:10022317
614:10511249
426:84847131
290:in vitro
252:toxicant
190:used by
61:used by
1983:Commons
1947:Mutagen
1626:Commons
1206:(Spain)
1200:(Italy)
1027:hygiene
825:Burnout
723:3056838
331:History
272:Methods
95:logging
1769:Poison
1676:Fields
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1272:Safety
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1784:Toxin
1448:Break
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241:liver
127:Goals
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