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involves the comparison of varying degrees of exposure and the prevalence of disease, symptoms, or physiological status. The main advantage of cross-sectional studies is that they allow collection of data on conditions which would not be recorded normally because other study designs focus on severe
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because it most closely follows experimental strategy and observes the entire population rather than a sample. In a prospective cohort study, the group examined at the time of the study is compared to a follow-up with the same group in the future. The historical cohort study design begins with
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that focuses on investigations of workers and the workplace. Occupational epidemiologic studies examine health outcomes among workers, and their potential association with conditions in the workplace including noise, chemicals, heat, or radiation, or work organization such as schedules.
240:; development of standards and other risk management activities; and estimates of the co-benefits and co-harms of policies designed to reduce risk factors or conditions that can affect human health. Occupational epidemiology methods are common to methods used in
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Typically occupational epidemiological investigations begin with the observation of an unusual number of cases of disease among a group of workers. When the investigation does not go further than what is referred to as identifying a
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By contributing to reduction in exposure, occupational epidemiology helps reduce health risks among workers. Using occupational epidemiological methods can also have benefits for society at large. For example, recommendations for
267:. There are several examples from the 19th century onwards of hazard recognition proceeding to systematic epidemiology studies. In one example, premature mortality was reported among gold and silver miners in the
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programs, and safety legislation motivated the development of public health policy, occupational epidemiology methods, and surveillance mechanisms. Occupational epidemiological research can inform
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states of disease. This is also the biggest shortcoming of this study type because by using prevalence rather than incidence it cannot be used to make a causal inference.
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Case-control studies compare the past exposure of cases with the disease to the past exposure of cases that did not have the disease. Because
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allowed for a more comprehensive study of the cases. Desire to improve the cost-efficiency of studies led to the use of
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Pell, S. (May 1993). "Epidemiologists in industry. Past achievements, unexplored opportunities, and future needs".
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recommended other physicians consider patients' vocational backgrounds when diagnosing and treating disease, and
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are a more cost-effective approach, using only the sample of workers with the disease to compare to a control.
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Occupational
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defining a cohort at a time in the past and following the cohort over historical time.
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and make other kinds of policy decisions. This can also can be applied in health
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Checkoway, Harvey; Pearce, Neil; Crawford-Brown, Douglas J. (1989).
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being investigated. This type of study is the most accepted in the
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Checkoway, Harvey; Pearce, Neil; Kriebel, David (2004).
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Occupational health risks were initially observed by
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631:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
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281:lung cancer
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257:Hippocrates
76:Elimination
705:Categories
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554:: 97–103.
550:(4). U.S.
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472:References
405:A typical
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52:Biological
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450:See also
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