3016:"Die Gebiete östlich von Oder und Neiße sind ebenso wie das übrige Reichsgebiet in den Grenzen vom 31. Dezember 1937 von den Siegermächten bei Kriegsende nicht annektiert worden. Im Vorspruch der "Erklärung" vom 5. Juni 1945, welche die Regierungen des Vereinigten Königreichs, der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika und der Union der Sozialistischen Sowjetrepubliken sowie die provisorische Regierung der Französischen Republik "in Anbetracht der Niederlage Deutschlands und der Übernahme der obersten Regierungsgewalt hinsichtlich Deutschlands" abgegeben haben, heißt es: "Die Übernahme ... der besagten Regierungsgewalt und Befugnisse bewirkt nicht die Annektierung Deutschlands" (Amtsblatt des Kontrollrats in Deutschland, Ergänzungsblatt Nr. 1, S. 7). Auf der Potsdamer Konferenz (Juli/August 1945) kamen Großbritannien, die Sowjetunion und die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika überein, die deutschen Gebiete östlich von Oder und Neiße einer Sonderregelung zu unterwerfen, die von der im übrigen Reichsgebiet eingerichteten Besatzungsherrschaft deutlich abwich. Nach den Abschnitten VI und IX des als "Mitteilung über die Dreimächtekonferenz von Berlin" bezeichneten Protokolls vom 2. August 1945 (oft Potsdamer Abkommen genannt) wurden die deutschen Ostgebiete "vorbehaltlich der endgültigen Bestimmung der territorialen Fragen bei der Friedensregelung" teilweise unter sowjetische und teilweise unter polnische "Verwaltung" gestellt ... (AmtsblattBVerfGE 40, 141 (157), BVerfGE 40, 141 (158) des Kontrollrats in Deutschland, Ergänzungsblatt Nr. 1 S. 17 f.). Die sich aus dem Vorbehalt der Friedensregelung ergebende Vorläufigkeit dieser Gebietszuweisung wurde nach dem Abschluß der Potsdamer Konferenz von der Sowjetunion und Polen zunächst respektiert. Der sowjetisch-polnische Vertrag vom 16. August 1945, der den Verlauf der sowjetisch-polnischen Grenzlinie in Ostpreußen beschreibt, wiederholt in seinem Art. 3 ausdrücklich den Friedensvertragsvorbehalt unter Bezugnahme auf die Potsdamer Konferenz (United Nations Treaty Series 10 II, Nr. 61, S. 196). 66 Die drei Westmächte haben einer endgültigen Zuweisung der deutschen Ostgebiete an die Sowjetunion und Polen nicht zugestimmt. Nach der Ziffer VI des Protokolls über die Beschlüsse der Potsdamer Konferenz haben Großbritannien und die Vereinigten Staaten lediglich in Aussicht gestellt, den "grundsätzlich" akzeptierten "Vorschlag der Sowjetregierung hinsichtlich der endgültigen Übergabe der Stadt Königsberg und des anliegenden Gebiets an die Sowjetunion" vorbehaltlich einer noch vorzunehmenden Festlegung des "genauen Grenzverlaufs" bei der "bevorstehenden Friedensregelung" zu "unterstützen".
2669:("right to one's homeland", i.e. that the expellees be allowed to return to their former homes). Adenauer greatly feared the power of the expellee lobby, and told his cabinet in 1950 that he was afraid of "unbearable economic and political unrest" if the government did not champion all of the demands of the expellee lobby. In addition, Adenauer's rejection of the Oder–Neisse line was intended to be a deal-breaker if negotiations ever began to reunite Germany on terms that Adenauer considered unfavorable such as the neutralization of Germany as Adenauer knew well that the Soviets would never consider revising the Oder–Neisse line. Finally Adenauer's biographer, the German historian Hans Peter Schwarz has argued that Adenauer may have genuinely believed that Germany had the right to retake the land lost east of the Oder and Neisse rivers, despite all of the image problems this created for him in the United States and western Europe. By contrast, the Finnish historian Pertti Ahonen—citing numerous private statements made by Adenauer that Germany's eastern provinces were lost forever and expressing contempt for the expellee leaders as delusional in believing that they were actually going to return one day to their former homes—has argued that Adenauer had no interest in really challenging the Oder–Neisse line. Ahonen wrote that Adenauer "saw his life's work in anchoring the Federal Republic irrevocably to the anti-Communist West and no burning interest in East European problems—or even German reunification." Adenauer's stance on the Oder–Neisse line was to create major image problems for him in the Western countries in the 1950s, where many regarded his revanchist views on where Germany's eastern borders ought to be with considerable distaste, and only the fact that East Germany was between the Federal Republic and Poland prevented this from becoming a major issue in relations with the West.
2989:
Poland should receive. The
President of the National Council of Poland and members of the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity have been received at the Conference and have fully presented their views. The three heads of government reaffirm their opinion that the final delimitation of the western frontier of Poland should await the peace settlement. The three heads of government agree that, pending the final determination of Poland's western frontier, the former German territories cast of a line running from the Baltic Sea immediately west of Swinamunde, and thence along the Oder River to the confluence of the western Neisse River and along the Western Neisse to the Czechoslovak frontier, including that portion of East Prussia not placed under the administration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in accordance with the understanding reached at this conference and including the area of the former free city of Danzig, shall be under the administration of the Polish State and for such purposes should not be considered as part of the Soviet zone of occupation in Germany."
2631:". The recognition of the Oder-Neisse Line as permanent was thus only reserved to a final peace settlement with reunited Germany. In West Germany, where the majority of the displaced refugees found refuge, recognition of the Oder-Neisse Line as permanent was long regarded as unacceptable. Right from the beginning of his Chancellorship in 1949, Adenauer refused to accept the Oder–Neisse line as Germany's eastern frontier, and made it quite clear that if Germany ever reunified, the Federal Republic would lay claim to all of the land that had belonged to Germany as at 1 January 1937. Adenauer's rejection of the border adjustments resulting from the Potsdam agreement was viewed critically by some in Poland. Soon after the agreement was signed, both the US and Soviet Union accepted the border as the de facto border of Poland. United States Secretary James Byrnes accepted the Western Neisse as the provisional Polish border. While in his
2718:
obsession with the Oder–Neisse line and his reputation as a Polish nationalist who spoke of a "Polish road to socialism" independent of Moscow, it was believed possible by the
Americans at the time that Gomułka might follow Tito's example in 1948 if only Adenauer could be persuaded to accept the Oder–Neisse line. One scholar wrote in 1962 that most Poles deeply disliked Communism, but were willing to accept Gomułka's regime as the lesser evil because they believed Gomułka's warnings that if without the Red Army, the Germans would invade again. Such was the extent of Polish fears about German revanchism that as late as February 1990 the Polish Prime Minister
2767:
Oder–Neisse line if Poland promised to pay compensation to the
Germans expelled after 1945 and if Poland promised not to seek reparations for the sufferings of Polish slave labourers in Germany and reparations for the damage done by German forces to Poland during World War II. After Kohl's note caused a massive international backlash that threatened to derail the process for German reunification, Kohl hastily changed track, and said that a reunified Germany would accept the Oder–Neisse line after all, and that he would not seek to link recognizing the Oder–Neisse line to talks about compensation. In November 1990, after
1997:
2755:
30:
2816:
2527:'s Presidency, the United States had largely accepted the Oder–Neisse line as final and did not support German demands regarding the border, while officially declaring a need for a final settlement in a peace treaty. In the mid-1960s the U.S. government accepted the Oder–Neisse line as binding and agreed that there would be no changes to it in the future. German revisionism regarding the border began to cost West Germany sympathies among its western allies. In 1959, France officially issued a statement supporting the Oder–Neisse line, which created controversy in West Germany.
2595:
2161:
2657:
2152:
The port of
Stettin was demanded for Eastern European exports. If Stettin was Polish, then "in view of the fact that the supply of water is found between the Oder and the Lausitzer Neisse, if the Oder's tributaries were controlled by someone else the river could be blocked." Soviet forces had initially expelled Polish administrators who tried to seize control of Stettin in May and June, and the city was governed by a German communist-appointed mayor, under the surveillance of the Soviet occupiers, until 5 July 1945.
2649:, which the entire interwar German leadership had claimed to be totally unacceptable from 1919 to 1939, and which perhaps indicated that Versailles was nowhere near as harsh as claimed, especially when compared with the far greater territorial losses imposed by the Oder–Neisse line. Not all in Adenauer's government supported this; politicians like minister Seebohm criticized limiting German territorial demands to the borders of 1937, alluding to pre-Versailles borders, as did the organisation of German expelled
8219:
2673:
2169:
1896:, Polish aspirations had no impact on the final outcome; rather the idea of a westward shift of the Polish border was adopted synthetically by Stalin, who was the final arbiter in the matter. Stalin's political goals as well as his desire to foment enmity between Poles and Germans influenced his idea of a swap of western for eastern territory, thus ensuring control over both countries. As with before the war, some fringe groups advocated restoring the old border between Poland and Germany.
2506:
purposes had taken place before the
Potsdam meeting. The heads of government agreed that, pending the final determination of Poland's western frontier, Silesia and other eastern German areas should be under the administration of the Polish state and for such purposes should not be considered as a part of the Soviet zone of occupation in Germany. However, as the Protocol of the Potsdam Conference makes clear, the heads of government did not agree to support at the peace settlement the
1979:, had been pleased when Stalin had told him Poland would be granted Stettin/Szczecin and the German territories east of the Western Neisse. Yalta was the first time that the Soviets openly declared support for a German-Polish frontier on the Western as opposed to the Eastern Neisse. Churchill objected to the Western Neisse frontier, saying that "it would be a pity to stuff the Polish goose so full of German food that it got indigestion." He added that many
2686:
such an uproar with the expellee leaders arguing that he should resign, that
Adenauer was forced to disallow his foreign minister, and Brentano only kept his job by claiming that he was misquoted by the British press. In private, Brentano was willing to accept the Oder–Neisse line as the price of reunification, and was not misquoted in London as he claimed afterwards. Away from the public limelight in a conversation with the Canadian ambassador
2141:
2393:
2055:
2279:
1393:
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22:
2102:
Oder, should remain German or be placed in Poland (with an expulsion of the German population). Stettin was the traditional seaport of Berlin. It had a dominant German population and a small Polish minority that numbered 2,000 in the interwar period. The western Allies sought to place the border on the eastern Neisse at
Breslau, but Stalin refused to budge. Suggestions of a border on the
2235:, Poles who returned from the West, and Polish people who lived in the overcrowded central districts of Poland." The U.S. and the U.K. were also negative towards the idea of giving Poland an occupation zone in Germany. However, on 29 July, President Truman handed Molotov a proposal for a temporary solution whereby the U.S. accepted Polish administration of land as far as the Oder and
2544:
2713:
government, and believed the alliance with the Soviet Union was the only thing stopping the threat of a new German invasion. Gomułka told the 8th Plenum on 19 October 1956 that: "Poland needs friendship with the Soviet Union more than the Soviet Union needs friendship with Poland...Without the Soviet Union we cannot maintain our borders with the West". During his meetings with
2998:"In den Verhandlungen mit der polnischen Regierung mußte die Frage der Anerkennung der Oder-Neiße-Linie ausgeklammert warden, denn nach der Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts von 1975 bestanden das Deutsche Reich in seinen Grenzen von 1937 und die Viermächteverantwortung für ganz Deutschland solange fort, bis ein förmlicher Friedensvertrag geschlossen worden sei."
2743:) recognizing Poland's Western border at the Oder–Neisse line as current reality, and not to be changed by force. This had the effect of making family visits by the displaced eastern Germans to their lost homelands now more or less possible. Such visits were still very difficult, however, and permanent resettlement in the homeland, now Poland, remained impossible.
1717:, possibly inspired by the proposals of Russian nationalists. He described the German expansion towards the formerly Slavic lands and considered it a "matter of historical justice" to have East Prussia, the entirety of Pomerania, East Brandenburg and both Lower and Upper Silesia become "integral parts" of the future Polish state. At the
2016:). The Polish government had in fact demanded this since the start of World War II in 1939, because of East Prussia's strategic position that allegedly undermined the defense of Poland. Other territorial changes proposed by the Polish government were the transfer of the Silesian region of Oppeln and the Pomeranian regions of Danzig,
1694:, a city-state in which Poland had certain special rights. The city of Danzig was 90% German and 10% Polish, yet the surrounding countryside around Danzig was overwhelmingly Polish, and the ethnically Polish rural areas included in the Free City of Danzig objected, arguing that they wanted to be part of Poland.
1863:(Lębork) area. The border changes were to provide Poland with a safe border and to prevent the Germans from using Eastern Pomerania and East Prussia as strategic assets against Poland. Only with the changing situation during the war were these territorial proposals modified. In October 1941 the exile newspaper
2790:, signed in June 1991, in which the two countries, among other things, recognized basic political and cultural rights for both the German and the Polish minorities living on either side of the border. After 1990, approximately 150,000 Germans still resided in the areas transferred to Poland, mainly in the
1659:
participated in the plebiscite despite not living in Upper
Silesia were called "migrants", and made up 192,408 (16 %) of the total electorate of 1,186,234. As these "migrants" voted overwhelmingly for Germany, the local Polish population considered the plebiscite to be fraudulent, resulting in three
2704:
as Poland's new leader. Gomułka was a
Communist, but also a Polish nationalist, and it was believed possible in Washington that a split could be encouraged between Moscow and Warsaw if only Bonn would recognize the Oder–Neisse line. Because the Federal Republic's refusal to recognize the Oder–Neisse
2696:
to continue. This caused considerable disappointment with
Adenauer's Western allies, who had been applying strong pressure behind the scenes and would continue to apply such pressure for the rest of the 1950s for Bonn to recognize the Oder–Neisse line. This pressure become especially acute after the
2695:
to see if the Federal Republic could have a more flexible policy towards Eastern Europe. The furious protests set off by Brentano's press conference convinced Adenauer that he did not have the domestic support for such a policy, and that the current policy of opposing the Oder–Neisse line would have
1917:
wrote in his diary that "A difficulty is that the Americans are terrified of the subject which Harry called 'political dynamite' for their elections. But, as I told him, if we cannot get a solution, Polish-Soviet relations six months from now, with Soviet armies in Poland, will be infinitely worse
2712:
Gomułka feared the Germans more than he disliked the Russians, and thus he argued in both public and in private that it was necessary to keep Soviet troops in Poland to guard against any future German revanchism. Gomułka felt sincerely threatened by the revanchist statements put out by the Adenauer
2505:
At Potsdam specific areas which were part of Germany were provisionally assigned to the Soviet Union and to Poland, subject to the final decisions of the Peace Conference. With regard to Silesia and other eastern German areas, the assignment of this territory to Poland by Russia for administrative
2487:
The new order was in Stalin's interests, because it enabled the Soviet Communists to present themselves as the primary maintainer of Poland's new western border. It also provided the Soviet Union with territorial gains from part of East Prussia and the eastern part of the Second Republic of Poland.
2447:
These territorial changes were followed by large-scale population transfers, involving 14 million people all together from the whole of Eastern Europe, including many people already shifted during the war. Nearly all remaining Germans from the territory annexed by Poland were expelled, while Polish
2309:
when it was part of the Communist indoctrination of the Polish settlers in those territories. The final agreements in effect compensated Poland with 112,000 km (43,000 sq mi) of former German territory in exchange for 187,000 km (72,000 sq mi) of land lying east of the
2151:
At Potsdam, Stalin argued for the Oder–Neisse line on the grounds that the Polish Government demanded this frontier and that there were no longer any Germans left east of this line. Several Polish Communist leaders appeared at the conference to advance arguments for an Oder–Western Neisse frontier.
2690:
in June 1956, Brentano called the leaders of the expellee groups "unteachable nationalists" who had learned nothing from World War II, and who did not have the right to control the Federal Republic's policy towards Eastern Europe by vetoing policy changes they disliked. Brentano's press conference
2685:
admitted during a press conference in London that the Federal Republic's stance on the Oder–Neisse line was "somewhat problematic", and suggested that the Federal Republic should recognize the Oder–Neisse line in exchange for the Soviet Union allowing German reunification. Brentano's remark caused
2664:
To Hans Peter Schwarz, Adenauer's refusal to accept the Oder–Neisse line was in large part motivated by domestic politics, especially his desire to win the votes of the domestic lobby of those Germans who had been expelled from areas east of the Oder–Neisse line. 16% of the electorate in 1950 were
2510:
of this particular area. The Soviets and the Poles suffered greatly at the hands of Hitler's invading armies. As a result of the agreement at Yalta, Poland ceded to the Soviet Union territory east of the Curzon Line. Because of this, Poland asked for revision of her northern and western frontiers.
1912:
raised the subject of Poland's western frontier and its extension to the River Oder. While the Americans were not interested in discussing any border changes at that time, Roosevelt agreed that in general the Polish border should be extended West to the Oder, while Polish eastern borders should be
2305:. The creation of a picture of the new territories as an "integral part of historical Poland" in the post-war era had the aim of forging Polish settlers and repatriates arriving there into a coherent community loyal to the new Communist regime. The term was in use immediately following the end of
2988:
Article VIII. B of the Potsdam Agreement: "In conformity with the agreement on Poland reached at the Crimea Conference the three heads of government have sought the opinion of the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity in regard to the accession of territory in the north 'end west which
2101:
The precise location of the western border was left open. The western Allies accepted in general that the Oder would be the future western border of Poland. Still in doubt was whether the border should follow the eastern or western Neisse, and whether Stettin, now Szczecin, which lay west of the
2635:
he played around with an idea of modification of borders (in Poland's favor), giving fuel to speculation by German nationalists and revisionists, the State department confessed that the speech was simply intended to "smoke out Molotov's attitude on the eve of elections in Germany". The Adenauer
2519:
Byrnes, who accepted Western Neisse as provisional Polish border, in fact did not state that such a change would take place (as was read by Germans who hoped for support to regain the lost territories). The purpose of the speech and associated US diplomatic activities was as propaganda aimed at
2187:
earlier that month – later advised the Soviets that the U.S. was prepared to concede the area east of the Oder and the Eastern Neisse to Polish administration, and for it not to consider it part of the Soviet occupation zone, in return for a moderation of Soviet demands for reparations from the
2239:
until a final peace conference determined the boundary. In return for this large concession, the U.S. demanded that "each of the occupation powers take its share of reparations from its own Zone and provide for admission of Italy into the United Nations." The Soviets stated that they were not
2717:
during the Polish October crisis, Gomułka stressed that though he wanted Poland to take a more independent line within the Soviet bloc, he would never break with Moscow because of his fears of future German aggression based on their statements rejecting the Oder–Neisse line. Because Gomułka's
1974:
said a Soviet concession on that point would be admired as "a gesture of magnanimity" and declared that, with respect to Poland's post-war government, the British would "never be content with a solution which did not leave Poland a free and independent state." With respect to Poland's western
1658:
clashed and persecuted the local Polish population, and the Poles organised massive strikes and protests. The plebiscite allowed both permanent inhabitants of the area but also people born in the region to vote, regardless of their current location or time spent living in Silesia. Voters who
2766:
caused a storm, when he suggested that a reunified Germany would not accept the Oder–Neisse line, and implied that the Federal Republic might wish to restore the frontier of 1937, by force if necessary. Kohl further added that in a statement of 1 March 1990 that he would only recognize the
2476:. It has been asserted that resentment towards the expelled German population on the part of the Poles was based on the fact that the majority of that population was loyal to the Nazis during the invasion and occupation, and the active role some of them played in the persecution and
2640:
of 1945 which announced that the Oder–Neisse line was Germany's "provisional" eastern border was invalid, and that as such the Federal Republic considered all of the land east of the Oder–Neisse line to be "illegally" occupied by Poland and the Soviet Union. The American historian
1877:'s mouth. While these territorial claims were regarded as "megalomaniac" by the Soviet ambassador in London, in October 1941 Stalin announced the "return of East Prussia to Slavdom" after the war. On 16 December 1941 Stalin remarked in a meeting with the British Foreign Minister
2314:– Polish areas occupied by the Soviet Union. Poles and Polish Jews from the Soviet Union were the subject of a process called "repatriation" (settlement within the territory of post-war Poland). Not all of them were repatriated: some were imprisoned or deported to work camps in
1816:. The proposal to establish the border along the Oder and Neisse was not seriously considered for a long time. After World War II the Polish Communists, lacking their own expertise regarding the Western border, adopted the National Democratic concept of western thought.
2196:(Breslau), the former provincial capital and the largest city in the region. The Soviets insisted that the Poles would not accept this. The Polish representatives (and Stalin) were in fact willing to concede a line following the Oder-Bober-Queiss (
2875:
of Polish tourists, who came to East Germany to buy cheaper products that the socialist economy could not provide in abundance on either side of the border; and the Poles also became politically dangerous for the GDR government by the time of the
1834:("sub-humans"). Alteration to the western border was seen as a punishment for the Germans for their atrocities and a compensation for Poland. The participation in the genocide by German minorities and their paramilitary organizations, such as the
1610:
observed that "there remained in that land an old Slav national grouping with types and means of settlement, customs and habits unchanged through to this day in the character and outlook of the inhabitants”. The situation was similar in the
3007:"Politiker und politische Gruppen verwiesen auf die Abmachungen der Potsdamer Konferenz von 1945, denen zufolge die endgültige Regelung der Oder-Neiße-Frage einem endgültigen Friedensvertrag für ganz Deutschland vorbehalten werden sollte."
1983:
would be shocked if such large numbers of Germans were driven out of these areas, to which Stalin responded that "many Germans" had "already fled before the Red Army." Poland's western frontier was ultimately left to be decided at the
260:
1823:
invaded and occupied Poland, some Polish politicians started to see a need to alter the border with Germany. A secure border was seen as essential, especially in the light of Nazi atrocities. During the war, Nazi Germany committed
1593:
line already took place between 12th and 14th century, there were many areas where German population hardly settled at all, making the process of Germanisation extend well into the 19th and 20th centuries. For example, on the
2467:
German state's initiation of World War II and the subsequent genocide against Poles and the attempt to destroy Polish statehood, as well as for the territorial losses of eastern Poland to the Soviet Union, mainly western
2676:
SPD's election poster (1949): "Silesians – We German Socialdemocrats will fight with all means of peaceful politics and in constant appeal on the sanity of the world for every single square kilometer east of Oder and
2515:
The speech was met with shock in Poland and Deputy Prime Minister Mikołajczyk immediately issued a response declaring that retention of Polish territories based on the Oder–Neisse line was matter of life and death.
2387:
The Russian-dominated Polish Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking place.
2270:, placed the German territories east of the Oder–Neisse line formally under Polish administrative control. It was also decided that all Germans remaining in the new and old Polish territory should be expelled.
2082:
The eventual border was not the most far-reaching territorial change that was proposed. There were suggestions to include areas further west so that Poland could include the small minority population of ethnic
1922:
compared the westward shift of Poland to soldiers taking two steps "left close" and declared in his memoirs: "If Poland trod on some German toes that could not be helped, but there must be a strong Poland."
2665:
people who fled or were expelled after the war, forming a powerful political force . As a result, the CDU, the CSU, the FDP and the SPD all issued statements opposing the Oder–Neisse line and supporting
2325:
One reason for this version of the new border was that it was the shortest possible border between Poland and Germany. It is only 472 km (293 miles) long, from one of the northernmost points of the
1410:
2396:
US Department of State Demographics map from 10 January 1945 Germany – Poland Proposed Territorial Changes, based in part on German prewar population census. Was used for border discussions at the
2623:
definition of the "de jure" borders of Germany was based on the determinations of the Potsdam Agreement, which placed the German territories (as of 31 December 1937) east of the Oder–Neisse line "
2979:"Although the Polish and German governments signed a treaty in 1970..., the United States withheld the formal recognition of the Oder-Neisse until the revolutionary changes of 1989 and 1990, ..."
2448:
persons who had been displaced into Germany, usually as slave laborers, returned to settle in the area. In addition to this, the Polish population originating from the eastern half of the former
1885:, Prime Minister of the Polish government in exile, sent two memoranda to the US government, sketching a postwar Polish western border along the Oder and Neisse (inconsistent about the Eastern
2511:
The United States will support revision of these frontiers in Poland's favor. However, the extent of the area to be ceded to Poland must be determined when the final settlement is agreed upon.
2636:
government went to the Constitutional Court to receive a ruling that declared that legally speaking the frontiers of the Federal Republic were those of Germany as at 1 January 1937, that the
2251:, to accept in consideration of the large American concessions. The Polish delegation decided to accept a boundary of the administration zone at "somewhere between the western Neisse and the
1840:("self defense"), and support for Nazism among German society also connected the issue of border changes with the idea of population transfers intended to avoid such events in the future.
1598:, the local Slavic culture and language persisted into the 19th century; this was also the case for many areas between the Oder–Neisse and interwar Polish border. About half of what was
2408:
reversed, but the border was moved westward, deep into territory which had been in 1937 part of Germany with an almost exclusively German population. The new line placed almost all of
2227:
raised objections, the British eventually agreed to the American concession. In response to American and British statements that the Poles were claiming far too much German territory,
3122:
Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej nr 9-10/2005, "Polski Dziki Zachód" – ze Stanisławem Jankowiakiem, Czesławem Osękowskim i Włodzimierzem Suleją rozmawia Barbara Polak, pages 4–28
1930:
on 14 January 1944, recommended "that East Prussia and Danzig, and possibly other areas, will ultimately be given to Poland" as well as agreeing on a Polish "frontier on the Oder".
1678:
in the Polish state, arguing that the city was "rightfully part of Poland" because it was Polish until 1793, and that Poland would not be economically viable without it. During the
922:
2722:
stated in a speech that Red Army might have to stay in Poland until Germany had promised to firmly recognize the Oder–Neisse line as the final frontier between Germany and Poland.
2802:. There are 1.5 million Poles or ethnic Poles living in Germany, including both recent immigrants and the descendants of Poles that settled in Germany many generations ago.
8412:
2709:
in Adenauer's cabinet, Gomułka was obsessed with the fear that one day the Germans would invade Poland again, which would mean a return to the horrors of the German occupation.
2035:, and he argued that the Poles should receive Stettin instead. The prewar Polish government-in-exile had little to say in these decisions, but insisted on retaining the city of
4908:
1892:
In post-war Poland the government described the Oder–Neisse line as the result of tough negotiations between Polish Communists and Stalin. However, according to the modern
8453:
6790:
6535:
6136:
2578:
In 1952 Stalin made recognition of the Oder–Neisse line as a permanent boundary one of the conditions for the Soviet Union to agree to a reunification of Germany (see
539:
8141:
6152:
1379:
1286:
1646:, but with certain adjustments that were intended to reasonably reflect the ethnic compositions of small areas near the traditional provincial borders. The fate of
3141:"The Early Medieval Slav-German border (Limes Sorabicus) in the light of research into Y-chromosome polymorphism in contemporary and historical German populations"
2259:, returned to Stalin and argued against any compromise with the Americans. Stalin told his Polish protégés that he would defend their position at the conference."
6479:
6075:
6047:
5191:
1663:. Eventually, the region was divided roughly equally, with some majority Polish regions remaining in Germany, and some German provinces being ceded to Poland.
8120:
6799:
6486:
5613:
2772:
1516:). Much of the German population in these territories – estimated at around 12 million in autumn 1944 – had fled in the wake of the Soviet Red Army's advance.
1084:
420:
7102:
6465:
5767:
5392:
822:
733:
6108:
6054:
5240:
843:
618:
92:
74:
2758:
Map showing the different borders and territories of Poland and Germany during the 20th century, with the current areas of Germany and Poland in dark gray
125:
6572:
6061:
5677:
2961:"Przesunięcie granicy zachodniej na korzyść Polski było uważane także za jedną z form ukarania Niemców za popełnione zbrodnie i zadośćuczynienia Polsce."
2786:, signed 14 November 1990, finalizing the Oder–Neisse line as the Polish-German border came into force on 16 January 1992, together with a second one, a
571:
274:
3546:
US Dept. of State, Foreign Relations of the US, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, Third Plenary Meeting 6 February 1945, Bohlen Minutes, p. 669.
3537:
US Dept. of State, Foreign Relations of the US, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, Third Plenary Meeting 6 February 1945, Matthews Minutes, p. 77
2379:
had made it clear that he had been defeated. Churchill later claimed that he would never have agreed to the Oder–Western Neisse line, and in his famous
5087:
8458:
6458:
5898:
5774:
1037:
951:
937:
193:
5751:
5131:
2547:
1951 East German stamp commemorative of the Treaty of Zgorzelec establishing the Oder–Neisse line as a "border of peace", featuring the presidents
2484:. These circumstances allegedly have impeded sensitivity among Poles with respect to the expulsion committed during the aftermath of World War II.
2302:
1574:
gained power, the German territory to the east of the line was militarised by Germany with a view to a future war, and the Polish population faced
900:
4923:
6188:
5500:
1566:, some proposed restoring this line, in the belief that it would provide protection against Germany. One of the first proposals was made in the
2871:
Millions visited the neighbouring country (either Poland or East Germany) during the years 1971–1980. The East German economy was threatened by
6007:
5309:
532:
405:
8013:
4895:
3451:
8484:
6806:
6769:
6746:
6260:
5182:
5152:
3613:
1372:
1069:
1055:
6521:
4847:
Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland on the confirmation of the frontier between them, 14 November 1990
4373:
Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland on the confirmation of the frontier between them, 14 November 1990
3579:
8479:
8364:
6899:
6755:
6739:
6711:
5952:
5159:
4869:
2776:
1509:
352:
339:
8272:
7656:
6723:
6635:
6579:
6542:
5817:
2563:(SED), founded 1946, originally rejected the Oder–Neisse line. Under Soviet occupation and heavy pressure by Moscow, the official phrase
2453:
1049:
4795:
6628:
5353:
3686:
1913:
shifted westwards; he also admitted that due to elections at home he could not express his position publicly. British Foreign Minister
4882:
4325:
2216:(Lauban), but even this small concession ultimately proved unnecessary, since on the next day Byrnes told the Soviet Foreign Minister
1773:. While the postulate of the Polish delegation gained acceptance of the rest of the conference, it was met with vehement protest from
8134:
6762:
5145:
5103:
3999:Ślaski kwartalnik historyczny Sobótka, Volume 60, Wrocławskie Towarzystwo Miłośników Historii, page 249 Zakład im. Ossolińskich, 2005
2970:"Nowa Granica miała osłabić korzystny dotąd układ strategiczny wykorzystywany przeciwko Polsce (Prusy Wschodnie, Pomorze Zachodnie)."
2771:, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland signed a treaty confirming the border between them, as requested by the
2746:
In 1989, another treaty was signed between Poland and East Germany, the sea border was defined, and a dispute from 1985 was settled.
2653:. In 1962 a virulent anti-Polish organization called AKON was founded in West Germany which published maps with the borders of 1914.
1654:, which produced 59.8% votes in favour of Germany. The plebiscite took place among severe ethnic tensions, as German authorities and
1130:
525:
2530:
The Oder–Neisse line was, however, never formally recognized by the United States until the revolutionary changes of 1989 and 1990.
1602:
remained plurality Kashubian or Polish until 18th and 19th century, with surviving majority Slavic pockets extending as far west as
8296:
7983:
5795:
5569:
5332:
5198:
5009:
1713:, as these regions remained majority Polish. In 1918, Bolesław Jakimiak advocated for a Polish border along the rivers of Oder and
1365:
1346:
131:
6878:
6675:
6327:
5705:
5205:
5117:
5053:
2343:
1970:
said that it would "make it easier for me at home" if Stalin were generous to Poland with respect to Poland's eastern frontiers.
690:
8494:
7081:
6593:
5436:
4974:
4057:
1718:
1667:
1078:
763:
7677:
7582:
7109:
6855:
6730:
5809:
5783:
5640:
5346:
5263:
4805:
4737:
4714:
4547:
4477:
4450:
4423:
4396:
4040:
2437:
2347:
1473:
1237:
450:
2176:(Szczawno-Zdrój) to force them to immediately leave Poland on 14 July 1945, issued at 6 a.m. to be executed until 10 am
7910:
7317:
7203:
6368:
5828:
5824:
5802:
5406:
4616:
2575:
in 1950 recognizing the Oder–Neisse line, officially designated by the Communists as the "Border of Peace and Friendship".
2376:
1881:, though inconsistent in detail, that Poland should receive all German territory up to the river Oder. In May 1942 General
927:
511:
172:
4846:
4685:
4372:
1697:
The Oder-Neisse line as a concept of future Polish border appeared among Polish nationalist circles in late 19th century;
7825:
7289:
6621:
6607:
5813:
4852:
1701:
is considered to be one of the first advocates for the return of "Piast Poland", although his writings mainly focused on
632:
167:
4771:
4573:
3900:
Pertti Ahonen, After the expulsion: West Germany and Eastern Europe, 1945–1990, 2003. Oxford University Press, pp. 26–27
3364:"Myśl zachodnia Ruchu Narodowego w czasie II wojny światowej" dr Tomasz Kenar. Dodatek Specjalny IPN Nowe Państwo 1/2010
2729:
said that "abnegation is betrayal", but it was Brandt who eventually changed West Germany's attitude with his policy of
8034:
7903:
7781:
7359:
7074:
7025:
6783:
6338:
5583:
5422:
5270:
5124:
3078:
2899:
2645:
pointed out that in claiming the frontiers of 1937, West Germany was in fact claiming the frontiers established by the
2144:
1682:
of Poland in 1772, the inhabitants of Danzig fought fiercely for it to remain a part of Poland, but as a result of the
1298:
1096:
726:
586:
3179:
Peter Leśniewski (2001) The 1919 insurrection in upper Silesia, Civil Wars, 4:1, 22–48, DOI: 10.1080/13698240108402462
8397:
8150:
7032:
7004:
6821:
6403:
6115:
6082:
4824:
4781:
4760:
4695:
4604:
4583:
4067:
3984:
3796:
3656:
3510:
1893:
604:
104:
68:
5298:
4030:
1808:. The proponents of these ideas, in prewar Poland often described as a "group of fantasists", were organized in the
1796:) became popular among some Polish nationalists. The "Polish motherland territories" were defined by scholars, like
8357:
8306:
8187:
7345:
7282:
6417:
6246:
5369:
2560:
2491:
1341:
1167:
739:
48:
5923:
4645:
Granville, Johanna (2003). "Reactions to the events of 1956: new findings from the Budapest and Warsaw archives".
1248:
fell into disuse, though it was sometimes invoked to denote Polish claims to some East German territories such as
8265:
7711:
7552:
7541:
7377:
7136:
7095:
6988:
6926:
6306:
5576:
5445:
5413:
4647:
1543:
1351:
555:
506:
501:
414:
6093:
5661:
1488:, Pomerania, and the southern part of East Prussia, were ceded to Poland. The remainder, consisting of northern
8427:
8417:
8097:
8069:
7947:
7740:
6977:
6428:
6354:
6143:
5514:
5233:
5138:
5023:
2779:(on which reunification was based), which could have been used to claim the former German eastern territories.
1316:
830:
778:
666:
640:
636:
611:
387:
4594:
3676:
US Dept of State, Foreign Relations of the US, The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam) 1945, vol. II pp. 1522–1524.
1889:
and the Western Lausitzer Neisse). However, the proposal was dropped by the government-in-exile in late 1942.
1859:
region into post-war Poland, along with a straightening of the Pomeranian border and minor acquisition in the
1843:
Initially the Polish government in exile envisioned territorial changes after the war which would incorporate
1264:, raised typically only until early 1970s as counterclaims to retaliate for West German calls for revision of
8489:
8157:
8090:
8041:
7972:
7797:
7303:
7254:
7018:
7011:
6614:
6375:
6159:
5212:
2754:
1651:
1476:
east of the line and within the 1937 German boundaries – comprising nearly one quarter (23.8 percent) of the
962:
837:
792:
783:
4059:
Tabu der Einheit – Die Ost-West-Gemeinschaft der evangelischen Christen und die deutsche Teilung (1945–1969)
3875:
No exit: America and the German problem, 1943–1954, page 94, James McAllister, Cornell University Press 2002
8231:
8127:
7502:
7463:
6382:
6210:
6195:
6122:
6101:
5919:
5597:
5383:
5376:
5360:
5071:
5030:
5002:
4614:
Granville, Johanna (2002). "From the archives of Warsaw and Budapest: a comparison of the events of 1956".
2787:
2520:
Germany by Western Powers, who could blame the Polish-German border and German expulsions on Moscow alone.
2282:
1927:
1090:
977:
426:
321:
4167:
Britain, Germany and the Cold War: The Search for a European Détente 1949–1967 By R. Gerald Hughes page 77
8350:
8316:
8194:
7518:
7470:
7088:
7060:
6913:
6528:
6507:
6021:
5684:
5590:
5080:
3974:
3500:
2783:
893:
700:
139:
98:
3724:
US Dept of State, Foreign Relations of the US, The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam) 1945, vol. II, p. 480.
1215:
8402:
8392:
8387:
8326:
8300:
8258:
7992:
7488:
7407:
7352:
7240:
7196:
6846:
6472:
6396:
6291:
6168:
6040:
6033:
5993:
5966:
5698:
5631:
5226:
5037:
4967:
3733:
US Dept of State, Foreign Relations of the US, The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam) 1945, vol. II p. 519.
3715:
US Dept of State, Foreign Relations of the US, The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam) 1945, vol. II p. 1150
2687:
2568:
2256:
2228:
1976:
1223:
942:
345:
300:
3268:
2567:(border of peace) was promulgated in March–April 1947 at the Moscow Foreign Ministers Conference. The
2231:
argued that "the western lands were needed as a reservoir to absorb the Polish population east of the
2051:(Polish: Wrocław) be given to Poland. Many Poles from Lwów would later be moved to populate the city.
1453:
in the north. A small portion of Polish territory does fall west of the line, including the cities of
8422:
8407:
8331:
8311:
8292:
7894:
7811:
7596:
7456:
7428:
7261:
7166:
6956:
6389:
5456:
5110:
3193:
2935:
1583:
1430:
236:
5654:
4361:
Transgression as a Rule: German-Polish Cross-border Cooperation, Border Discourse and EU-enlargement
3239:
Książka polska w Gdańsku w okresie zaboru pruskiego 1793-1919, page 61 Maria Babnis, Ossolineum 1989
2701:
1615:, where Polish and Silesian languages remained dominant by the end of 18th century in areas such as
8321:
7633:
7610:
6862:
6663:
6656:
6313:
5973:
5945:
5938:
5325:
4507:
4155:
Guilt, Suffering, and Memory: Germany Remembers Its Dead of World War II By Gilad Margalit page 204
3448:
2040:
1996:
1804:
in the 10th century. Some Polish historians called for the "return" of territories up to the river
998:
946:
849:
743:
705:
594:
205:
5670:
5647:
4690:(in German). Deutsches Historisches Institut Warschau/Niemiecki Instytut Historyczny w Warszawie.
2188:
Western occupation zones. An Eastern Neisse boundary would have left Germany with roughly half of
2118:
Not satisfied with the Oder-Neisse line, the Polish communists initially wanted to own the entire
8055:
7999:
7869:
7729:
7414:
7067:
6963:
6869:
6437:
6298:
6268:
6232:
6217:
6089:
5981:
5959:
5905:
5891:
5873:
5537:
5318:
5046:
4995:
3576:
2917:
2894:
2740:
2736:
2184:
1882:
1809:
1690:
by 1919, which made the Entente leaders at the Paris Peace Conference compromise by creating the
1528:
1310:
1292:
1064:
774:
625:
399:
381:
375:
80:
2929:
2459:
Most Poles supported the new border, mostly out of fear of renewed German aggression and German
1698:
1523:
and Poland from 1950 to 1990. The two Communist governments agreed to the border in 1950, while
7747:
7640:
7442:
7393:
7296:
7189:
7159:
6942:
6830:
6556:
6347:
5931:
5912:
5882:
5429:
5399:
4842:
An East German pamphlet for propagandists entitled "Why is the Oder-Neiße Line a Peace Border?"
2911:
2449:
2248:
2223:
Byrnes' concession undermined the British position, and although the British Foreign Secretary
684:
4467:
4440:
4413:
4386:
3826:
3770:
3400:"Polacy – wysiedleni, wypędzeni i wyrugowani przez III Rzeszę", Maria Wardzyńska, Warsaw 2004.
1869:
postulated a postwar Polish western border that would include East Prussia, Silesia up to the
29:
8238:
7961:
7804:
7700:
7670:
7626:
7366:
7331:
7324:
7247:
7145:
6586:
6563:
6410:
6014:
5551:
5291:
5277:
4960:
3800:
3093:
2877:
2682:
2351:
2290:
2266:
of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, in anticipation of the final
2240:
pleased "because it denied Polish administration of the area between the two Neisse rivers."
1967:
1797:
1241:
861:
750:
327:
5849:
3694:
2815:
2706:
2497:
outlined the official position of the U.S. government regarding the Oder–Neisse line in his
1942:
and agreed on the basics on Poland's future borders. In the east, the British agreed to the
1926:
The British government formed a clear position on the issue and at the first meeting of the
677:
8062:
7917:
7568:
7525:
7495:
7421:
7231:
7210:
6129:
5284:
4863:
3037:
2775:. Earlier, Germany had amended its constitution and abolished Article 23 of West Germany's
2768:
2646:
2524:
2298:
1679:
1635:
1539:
1211:
757:
661:
86:
2629:
the final delimitation of the western frontier of Poland should await the peace settlement
2297:
dynasty of Polish kings, Polish fiefs or included in the parts lost to Prussia during the
1480:'s land area – were ceded to Poland and the Soviet Union under the changes decided at the
768:
8:
8448:
8180:
7954:
7832:
7788:
7310:
6444:
6203:
5730:
5560:
5544:
5493:
4917:
ARENA Working Papers WP 97/19 Jorunn Sem Fure Department of History, University of Bergen
4556:
Anderson, Sheldon. "The Oder-Neisse Border and Polish-East German relations, 1945-1949."
3577:
Winston Churchill and the Soviet Union during the Second World War – The Churchill Centre
3555:
Llewellyn Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War, (London, 1962) p. 299
3449:
US State Department, Foreign Relations of the US: The Conference at Cairo and Tehran 1943
2637:
2572:
2375:
Winston Churchill was not present at the end of the Conference, since the results of the
1691:
1535:
1043:
798:
656:
600:
445:
291:
64:
2594:
2001:
1729:
proposed a Polish border that would encompass the entirety of Upper Silesia and most of
1203:
1154:
8373:
8173:
8006:
7931:
7885:
7855:
7763:
7603:
7268:
7152:
7046:
6997:
6935:
6691:
6642:
6451:
6068:
5723:
5521:
4876:
4672:
4664:
4633:
4526:
3789:
Social Capital and Democratisation: Roots of Trust in Post-Communist Poland and Ukraine
3594:
3162:
2941:
2719:
2397:
2355:
2217:
2160:
2135:
1985:
1774:
1660:
1513:
1505:
1481:
1207:
1010:
957:
932:
879:
695:
460:
393:
366:
217:
177:
2552:
2244:
161:
8281:
8164:
8048:
7938:
7878:
7839:
7772:
7754:
7720:
7663:
7617:
7561:
7386:
7124:
7116:
7053:
6906:
6500:
6025:
5486:
5465:
5175:
4898:
4872:
4820:
4801:
4777:
4756:
4733:
4710:
4691:
4676:
4637:
4600:
4579:
4543:
4473:
4446:
4419:
4392:
4083:
4063:
4036:
3980:
3792:
3652:
3506:
3496:
3166:
3140:
3074:
2791:
2714:
2263:
2109:
1971:
1919:
1905:
1639:
1599:
1249:
1031:
992:
802:
710:
648:
251:
242:
199:
3825:
The History of Poland by Mieczysław B. Biskupski, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000.
3811:
2656:
1792:
8083:
8076:
8020:
7684:
7449:
7435:
7338:
7275:
7226:
7039:
6892:
6839:
6649:
6600:
6514:
5737:
5714:
5247:
4914:
4902:
4889:
4656:
4625:
4516:
3280:
3269:"The Oder-Neisse line as Poland's western border: As postulated and made a reality"
3152:
3049:
3038:"The Oder-Neisse Line as Poland's western border: As postulated and made a reality"
2923:
2848:
2642:
2632:
2498:
2114:"I had only one desire – that Poland's borders were moved as far west as possible."
1870:
1458:
1219:
1004:
869:
855:
818:
465:
211:
119:
5256:
4853:
Treaty confirming the border between Germany and Poland (Warsaw, 14 November 1990)
4841:
4017:
1149:
8106:
7818:
7733:
7691:
7589:
7532:
7400:
7182:
7173:
6702:
6277:
6253:
5507:
4885:
4856:
4749:
3689:
Die Stettin-Frage: Die KPD, die Sowjetunion und die deutsch-polnische Grenze 1945
3583:
3455:
2872:
2583:
2494:
2180:
2028:
1865:
1730:
1714:
1706:
1477:
1446:
1422:
1414:
1178:
1121:
1075:
Polish-East German Maritime Boundary in Pomeranian Bay Delimitation Treaty (1989)
982:
615:
590:
455:
411:
Polish–East German Maritime Boundary in Pomeranian Bay Delimitation Treaty (1989)
8218:
4660:
3849:
2672:
2236:
1562:'s western border from the 10th until the 13th century. From around the time of
8113:
7649:
7575:
5620:
5479:
4629:
4388:
Imagined, Negotiated, Remembered: Constructing European Borders and Borderlands
2799:
2697:
2327:
2000:
Dominant ethnicities in and around Poland, 1931, according to Polish historian
1980:
1886:
1758:
1643:
1567:
887:
644:
184:
4773:
Traditionen – Visionen: 44. Deutscher Historikertag in Halle an der Saale 2002
4521:
4498:
1950:
to be included in post-war Poland. In the west, Poland should receive part of
1607:
1190:
regions unsuccessfully claimed from Germany by interwar Poland, in particular
8473:
7924:
5842:
5691:
5530:
4938:
4925:
3772:"The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy Over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland"
3638:
Polonia szczecińska 1890–1939 Anna Poniatowska Bogusław Drewniak, Poznań 1961
2844:
2795:
2692:
2548:
2293:, a term based on the claim that they were in the past the possession of the
2197:
2173:
2168:
2044:
1963:
1909:
1830:
1726:
1702:
1683:
1671:
1647:
1634:, Poland's western border with Germany had been fixed under the terms of the
1624:
1612:
1590:
1575:
1253:
1191:
826:
810:
720:
4540:
The Oder–Neisse line: the United States, Poland, and Germany in the Cold War
4144:
Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History
4120:
Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, Volume 5 Zakład Studiów nad Niemcami ISP PAN, 1996
1493:
8223:
8027:
6320:
6225:
5856:
5219:
4983:
3691:. Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung, 2002, vol. 51, no1, pp. 25–63"
2860:
2726:
2620:
2441:
2425:
2380:
2306:
2285:'s map of Polish-German borders in the 12th century (published in 1917, US)
2267:
2224:
2009:
1951:
1914:
1878:
1844:
1836:
1820:
1801:
1722:
1710:
1631:
1579:
1559:
1524:
1520:
1501:
1489:
1143:
1125:
915:
814:
714:
297:
Minor territorial exchanges between East Germany and Poland (1949 and 1951)
285:
281:
153:
4109:
Konrad Adenauer: From the German Empire to the Federal Republic, 1876–1952
1159:
8443:
7862:
7848:
7510:
6179:
6000:
5985:
5339:
4791:
3071:
An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution, 1945–1996
2889:
2763:
2579:
2477:
2460:
2417:
2364:
2311:
2232:
2063:
2032:
2013:
2008:
Originally, Germany was to retain Stettin, while the Poles were to annex
1943:
1563:
1497:
1304:
1171:
333:
4730:
Pax Sovietica: Stalin, Western powers and the German question, 1941–1945
4561:
2255:". Later that day the Poles changed their mind: "Bierut, accompanied by
1750:
1734:
7217:
6970:
6949:
5835:
5168:
5096:
4668:
4530:
3626:
3598:
2856:
2731:
2331:
2319:
2209:
1527:, after a period of refusal, adhered to the border, with reservations,
1450:
1229:
873:
481:
472:
308:
4726:
Pax Sovietica: Stalin, die Westmächte und die deutsche Frage 1941–1945
4310:
Bromke, Adam "Nationalism and Communism in Poland" pages 635–643 from
3285:
3157:
3054:
2852:
2832:
2820:
2705:
line together with the presence of such Nazi-tainted individuals like
2440:). The northeastern third of East Prussia was directly annexed by the
2193:
1828:
against Poland's population, especially Jews, whom they classified as
1603:
1061:
Polish-East German Baltic Continental Shelf Delimitation Treaty (1968)
372:
Polish–East German Baltic Continental Shelf Delimitation Treaty (1968)
8342:
7480:
6885:
6682:
6493:
6284:
6239:
4797:
Uprooted: How Breslau became Wroclaw during the century of expulsions
4569:
4008:
Polityka, Issues 44–52, page 84, Wydawnictwo Prasowe "Polityka", 2005
2836:
2824:
2413:
2392:
2024:, and the straightening of the border somewhat in Western Pomerania.
1959:
1742:
1655:
1184:
1815-1918 used as synonymous with entire Prussian partition of Poland
631:
Short-lived Byelorussian, Ukrainian and Rusyn republics (1917-1920):
110:
8250:
5760:
4751:
Bitter Legacy: Polish–American Relations in the Wake of World War II
3461:
2220:
that the Americans would reluctantly concede to the Western Neisse.
2021:
1860:
1257:
653:
Local revolts and transient polities in postwar power vacuum (1918)
5744:
5472:
3884:
Peter H. Merkl, German Unification, 2004. Penn State Press, p. 338.
2368:
2140:
1825:
1454:
268:
2278:
2213:
2027:
However, Stalin decided that he wanted Königsberg as a year-round
2017:
1620:
1616:
1595:
2660:
CDU's election poster (1947): "Never Oder-Neisse line – vote CDU"
2507:
2473:
2469:
2429:
2409:
2315:
2189:
2095:
2091:
2054:
2048:
1975:
frontiers, Stalin noted that the Polish Prime Minister in exile,
1856:
1813:
1770:
1738:
1687:
1555:
1542:
Germany and Poland accepted the line as their border in the 1990
1485:
1434:
1392:
1261:
1199:
671:
4915:
The German-Polish Border Region. A Case of Regional Integration?
2543:
2424:, the former Free City of Danzig and the southern two-thirds of
2201:
2103:
2036:
883:
6361:
4952:
4384:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
2433:
2421:
2123:
2119:
2070:: prewar German territory transferred to Poland after the war.
1955:
1848:
1777:, whose opposition led to border changes in favour of Germany.
1766:
1762:
1754:
1675:
1638:
of 1919. It partially followed the historic border between the
1438:
1397:
1195:
38:
4687:
Ostpreussen und Westpreussen in deutscher und polnischer Sicht
4326:"Kohl Performs A Balancing Act on German-Polish Boundary Line"
3210:
3208:
2735:. In 1970 West Germany signed treaties with the Soviet Union (
2463:. The border was also presented as a just consequence for the
2360:
2043:. Stalin refused to concede, and instead proposed that all of
1686:
process in the 19th century, 90% of the people in Danzig were
21:
6549:
4503:: the role of the expellee organizations in the Adenauer era"
2840:
2294:
2252:
2205:
2087:
2075:
1939:
1852:
1746:
1571:
1137:
1102:
Polish-Danish Maritime Boundary Delimitation Agreement (2018)
264:
4092:
4469:
Communism Unwrapped: Consumption in Cold War Eastern Europe
3205:
3096:
Jan Jerzy Lerski, page 398, Greenwood Publishing Group 1996
2464:
2405:
2084:
1947:
1874:
1805:
1442:
315:
34:
4465:
3458:, "Tripartite Dinner Meeting, 28 November 1943" pp. 509–14
2289:
Those territories were known in Poland as the Regained or
1812:, which was also opposed to the government of Poland, the
4267:
4265:
3201:. Michigan: G. Allen & Unwin Limited. pp. 79–80.
2650:
2481:
3667:
Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, (New York, 1955) p. 296
3629:, 1992 Wrocław. Pages 9, 20–55, 92–95, 258–260, 300–306.
3466:
3464:
2582:). The offer was rejected by the West German Chancellor
2172:
Polish authorities issued an order to the population of
1938:
In February 1945, American and British officials met in
1589:
While the process of Germanisation of lands east of the
928:
Territories of Poland and Danzig annexed by Nazi Germany
4378:
2725:
In 1963 the German Social Democratic opposition leader
348:
treaty and return of the majority of annexations (1958)
5614:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
4415:
Borders and Border Regions in Europe and North America
4262:
4146:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 page 11.
4062:(in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 436.
4035:(in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 494.
3972:
3647:
Sergeĭ Khrushchev, George Shriver, Stephen Shenfield,
2827:(left); formerly both constituted the city of Görlitz.
2773:
Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany
2367:
area with border on western bank of the Oder, city of
4294:
4292:
4085:
Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts, Band 40
1761:
was also to be ceded to the Polish state, along with
4705:
Ingrao, Charles W.; Szabo, Franz A. J. (2008).
2404:
Not only were the German territorial changes of the
1790:
Between the wars, the concept of "Western thought" (
687:(1918) and ensuing wars to preserve it (1918-1922):
3815:, On expulsion of ethnic Germans – historyguide.org
3384:
3382:
3230:
Franciszek Mamuszka Wiedza Powszechna, 1966 page 83
2831:The border divided several cities into two parts –
2533:
4911:27, February 1945, Describing the outcome of Yalta
4748:
4472:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 377–385.
4289:
3979:(in German). Duncker & Humblodt. p. 307.
2866:
16:German-Polish border since the end of World War II
4459:
4350:University Park: Penn State Press, 2010 page 132.
4314:, Volume 40, Issue No. 4, July 1962 pages 638–640
4018:Why is the Oder-Neiße Line a Peace Border? (1950)
3408:
3406:
3073:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 543.
8471:
4596:Europe, nationalism, communism: Essays on Poland
4442:Regions in Central Europe: The Legacy of History
3973:Timmermann, Heiner; Ihmel-Tuchel, Beate (1997).
3871:
3869:
3632:
3379:
2681:On 1 May 1956, the West German Foreign Minister
1780:
1118:Remnants of Polish statehood during partitions:
844:German–Polish Convention regarding Upper Silesia
93:German–Polish Convention regarding Upper Silesia
4575:German scholars and ethnic cleansing, 1919–1945
1519:The Oder–Neisse line marked the border between
1484:. The majority of these territories, including
4466:Paulina Bren; Mary Neuburger (8 August 2012).
4445:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 244.
3403:
3313:
3311:
3298:
3296:
2905:
2452:, now annexed by the Soviet Union, was mostly
2078:transferred to the Soviet Union after the war.
406:United Nations Security Council Resolution 335
8358:
8266:
4968:
4909:Churchill's statement to the House of Commons
4814:
4599:. Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften.
4567:
4163:
4161:
3908:
3906:
3866:
3388:
3349:
2794:, with a smaller presence in regions such as
2571:and Poland's Communist government signed the
2303:Propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland
2058:Westward shift of Poland after World War II.
1373:
952:German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement
813:(1921): eastern border of Poland accepted by
533:
194:German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement
4418:. SCERP and IRSC publications. p. 178.
4411:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4202:
4200:
4187:
4185:
4032:Polen und die deutsche Ostpolitik 1945– 1990
3262:
3260:
3258:
2625:under the administration of the Polish State
2164:Marking the new Polish-German Border in 1945
1991:
901:German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty
479:
470:
358:
206:Moscow Conference and Declaration on Austria
182:
4704:
4405:
3936:
3912:
3783:
3781:
3753:
3751:
3526:Foreign Relations of the United States 1944
3308:
3293:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
2106:(Bober) were also rejected by the Soviets.
1146:(remainder of Russian partition of Poland)
8365:
8351:
8273:
8259:
4975:
4961:
4438:
4385:Kimmo Katajala; Maria Lähteenmäki (2012).
4348:German Unification in the European Context
4158:
3903:
3328:
3326:
2762:In March 1990, the West German Chancellor
2273:
1946:but recognised that the US might push for
1380:
1366:
540:
526:
4769:
4644:
4613:
4520:
4432:
4298:
4283:
4271:
4245:
4212:
4197:
4182:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3763:
3495:
3302:
3284:
3266:
3255:
3187:
3185:
3156:
3094:Historical dictionary of Poland, 966–1945
3053:
3035:
2337:
2330:to one of the southernmost points of the
968:Transient Polish-controlled areas (1944)
4683:
4111:, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1995 page 638.
4028:
3778:
3748:
3619:
3360:
3358:
3317:
3138:
3125:
2814:
2753:
2671:
2655:
2593:
2542:
2391:
2359:
2277:
2167:
2159:
2139:
2053:
1995:
1391:
1347:Territorial changes of the Baltic states
1287:Greater Poland military demarcation line
742:later dissolved and replaced with token
248:Luxembourg's annexations (1946 and 1949)
28:
20:
4592:
4323:
3625:Tadeusz Białecki, "Historia Szczecina"
3345:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3191:
2914:, from 12 January until 2 February 1945
2608: Territory lost after World War II
2344:Expulsion of Germans after World War II
2126:; however they were refused by Stalin.
1674:requested the inclusion of the city of
8472:
8372:
6829:
6807:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
4723:
4496:
4256:
4239:
4227:
4206:
4191:
4176:
3887:
3436:
3424:
3412:
3182:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3068:
2602: Territory lost after World War I
1670:in 1919, the Polish delegation led by
1582:also encouraged nationalism among the
1050:Polish-Soviet Border Adjustment Treaty
764:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
8346:
8280:
8254:
7678:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
7110:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
6756:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
6712:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
5810:Rape during the occupation of Germany
4956:
4746:
4537:
4499:"Domestic constraints on West German
4088:(in German). 1975. pp. 157, 158.
3960:
3948:
3924:
3878:
3860:
3837:
3775:, ed. by Polonsky and Michlic, p. 466
3757:
3742:
3564:
3470:
3355:
3062:
2810:
2805:
2438:Former eastern territories of Germany
2348:Former eastern territories of Germany
2129:
1238:former eastern territories of Germany
1070:Polish-Czechoslovak Border Adjustment
451:Former eastern territories of Germany
8485:Aftermath of World War II in Germany
6800:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
5825:Rape during the liberation of France
4790:
4617:East European Politics and Societies
4363:, Munster: LIT Verlag, 2007 page 100
4055:
3604:1974 American Historical Association
3373:
3338:
2920:, from 30 January to 3 February 1945
2819:The Lusatian Neisse dividing German
2247:, the head of the Soviet-controlled
1899:
512:Territorial evolution of Switzerland
340:"Little Reunification" with Saarland
173:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany
8480:Aftermath of World War II in Poland
4391:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 204.
3099:
2938:, from 16 April until 19 April 1945
2456:to the newly acquired territories.
2301:. The term was widely exploited by
1933:
635:(later absorbed into Poland-allied
168:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
13:
7026:German invasion of the Netherlands
5299:Weather events during World War II
4133:, Routledge: London, 1991 page 302
3791:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003,
3252:, New York: Random House page 218.
3218:, New York: Random House page 211.
2900:Allied Occupation Zones in Germany
2523:In the late 1950s, by the time of
2145:Allied Occupation Zones in Germany
1721:, Polish commission supervised by
1427:granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej
1317:Polish–Lithuanian demarcation line
1299:Polish–Lithuanian demarcation line
1187:1918-1945 used in altered meaning
882:and Polish annexation of parts of
685:Restoration of Polish independence
603:by the Central Powers proclaiming
14:
8506:
7657:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
4835:
3651:, Penn State Press, 2007, p.637,
2932:, from 6 April until 9 April 1945
2749:
1894:Institute of National Remembrance
1441:. The line generally follows the
1097:Poland–Slovakia Border Adjustment
1056:Polish-Czechoslovak Border Treaty
105:Remilitarization of the Rhineland
8217:
4982:
4755:. University Press of Kentucky.
3627:Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich
2534:German recognition of the border
2492:United States Secretary of State
2122:and push the border west to the
1908:in late 1943, the Soviet leader
1429:) is an unofficial term for the
1342:Territorial evolution of Germany
1293:Cieszyn Silesia demarcation line
852:of the Soviet Union (1925-1937)
717:(1920-1921) and its satellites:
711:War of Polish-Ukrainian alliance
49:Territorial evolution of Germany
4648:Journal of Contemporary History
4489:
4412:Paul Ganster (1 January 1997).
4366:
4353:
4340:
4317:
4304:
4277:
4233:
4170:
4149:
4136:
4123:
4114:
4076:
4049:
4022:
4011:
4002:
3993:
3966:
3954:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3854:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3805:
3787:Martin Åberg, Mikael Sandberg,
3736:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3679:
3670:
3661:
3641:
3607:
3588:
3570:
3558:
3549:
3540:
3531:
3519:
3489:
3476:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3394:
3367:
3242:
3233:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2944:, from 17 July to 2 August 1945
2867:Partially open border 1971–1980
2589:
2538:
1873:and at least both banks of the
1352:Territorial evolution of Russia
923:Wartime administrative division
823:SSR of Lithuania and Belorussia
734:SSR of Lithuania and Belorussia
556:Territorial evolution of Poland
507:Territorial evolution of Poland
502:Territorial evolution of France
7904:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
5607:Territorial changes of Germany
5515:Indonesian National Revolution
4800:. Princeton University Press.
4324:Clemens, Clay (6 March 1990).
3616:, Time Magazine 13 August 1945
3602:The American Historical Review
3221:
3173:
3087:
3029:
2691:was meant by Adenauer to be a
2262:Finally on 2 August 1945, the
2155:
2039:(Lvov, Lemberg, now L'viv) in
1311:Upper Silesia demarcation line
1038:Polish–Soviet border agreement
388:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
1:
8495:1945 establishments in Europe
7304:Japanese invasion of Thailand
7255:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
7019:German invasion of Luxembourg
5393:Mediterranean and Middle East
4439:Sven Tägil (1 January 1999).
3023:
1785:
1781:Considerations during the war
1492:including the German city of
793:Republic of Central Lithuania
784:1920 East Prussian plebiscite
624:Central Powers-Soviet Russia
572:Revolution in Congress Poland
132:Treaty of the Cession of the
7211:Invasion of the Soviet Union
6900:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
6211:Independent State of Croatia
4864:The Oder Neisse Line Problem
4815:Wolff-Powęska, Anna (1993).
4029:Stokłosa, Katarzyna (2011).
3649:Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev
3195:The Problem of Upper Silesia
2926:, from 4 to 11 February 1945
2788:Treaty of Good Neighbourship
2283:Edward Henry Lewinski Corwin
2192:– including the majority of
2183:– who had been appointed as
1928:European Advisory Commission
1091:Treaty of Good Neighbourship
938:Polish areas annexed by USSR
729:later merged into the former
593:and annexation into Russian
427:Treaty of Good Neighbourship
322:London and Paris Conferences
7:
8195:End of World War II in Asia
8035:Western invasion of Germany
7542:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
7519:Second Battle of El Alamein
7089:Hundred Regiments Offensive
7061:Battle of the Mediterranean
6914:Italian invasion of Albania
5081:Air warfare of World War II
4732:] (in German). Böhlau.
4709:. Purdue University Press.
4661:10.1177/0022009403038002133
3350:Fahlbusch & Haar (2005)
2906:World War II-related events
2883:
2784:German-Polish Border Treaty
1800:, as the areas included in
1757:in Poland. The entirety of
1544:German–Polish Border Treaty
1079:German-Polish Border Treaty
831:Ukrainian People's Republic
779:Ukrainian People's Republic
612:Ukrainian People's Republic
415:German–Polish Border Treaty
10:
8511:
8454:German-Czechoslovak border
8297:2021–present border crisis
8121:Naval bombardment of Japan
7489:First Battle of El Alamein
7408:Battle of Christmas Island
7353:Japanese invasion of Burma
7117:Italian invasion of Greece
7033:German invasion of Belgium
7005:German invasion of Denmark
6978:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
6847:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
5104:Comparative military ranks
4770:Piskorski, Jan M. (2003).
4747:Lukas, Richard C. (1982).
4630:10.1177/088832540201600208
3139:Kowalski, Mariusz (2020).
2569:German Democratic Republic
2341:
2133:
1549:
1224:Lands of Schlawe and Stolp
943:Polish government-in-exile
134:Memel Territory to Germany
8436:
8380:
8288:
8210:
8042:Bratislava–Brno offensive
7982:
7973:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
7710:
7597:Allied invasion of Sicily
7551:
7457:Aleutian Islands campaign
7429:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
7376:
7367:Greek famine of 1941–1944
7262:Second Battle of Changsha
7167:German invasion of Greece
7135:
7012:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
6987:
6925:
6820:
6701:
6427:
6337:
6178:
5881:
5872:
5630:
5455:
5347:North and Central Pacific
5308:
5070:
5063:
4990:
4939:53.9263056°N 14.2240278°E
4776:(in German). Oldenbourg.
4593:Faraldo, José M. (2008).
4522:10.1017/S0008938900016034
3937:Ingrao & Szabo (2008)
3913:Ingrao & Szabo (2008)
3267:Eberhardt, Piotr (2015).
3036:Eberhardt, Piotr (2015).
2936:Battle of the Oder-Neisse
2700:of 1956 brought to power
2614: Present-day Germany
2416:, the eastern portion of
1992:Polish and Soviet demands
1709:and the southern part of
1584:German minority in Poland
1531:(treaty signed in 1970).
1474:prewar German territories
963:Sikorski–Mayski agreement
872:and Polish annexation of
850:Polish National Districts
744:Polish National Districts
706:Polish-West Ukrainian War
667:First Republic of Pińczów
126:Seizure of Czechoslovakia
83:with Soviet Russia (1918)
7634:Allied invasion of Italy
7611:Solomon Islands campaign
7360:Third Battle of Changsha
6957:First Battle of Changsha
6863:Second Sino-Japanese War
5796:German military brothels
5662:United States war crimes
4707:The Germans and the East
4538:Allen, Debra J. (2003).
4508:Central European History
3813:Churchill's Iron Curtain
3599:The Cold War Warmed Over
3192:Machray, Robert (1945).
3069:Jessup, John E. (1998).
2948:
2454:expelled and transferred
2243:On 29 July Stalin asked
1918:and elections nearer."
1554:The lower River Oder in
1500:), was allocated to the
1396:The Oder–Neisse line at
1216:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
1181:("Western Borderlands")
1140:("Eastern Borderlands")
947:Polish Underground State
789:Polish satellite states
595:Kiev General Governorate
99:Return of the Saar Basin
8056:Second Guangxi campaign
7911:Philippines (1944–1945)
7415:Battle of the Coral Sea
7318:Fall of the Philippines
6964:Battle of South Guangxi
6870:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
6269:Italian Social Republic
4724:Laufer, Jochen (2009).
4684:Hackmann, Jörg (1996).
4497:Ahonen, Pertti (1998).
3769:An explanation note in
3454:2 December 2008 at the
3228:Gdańsk i Ziemia Gdańska
2895:Federation of Expellees
2878:1980 Solidarity strikes
2698:"Polish October" crisis
2274:'Recovered territories'
2185:U.S. Secretary of State
2076:prewar Polish territory
1650:was to be decided in a
1613:Western part of Silesia
1065:Treaty of Warsaw (1970)
978:Second Pińczów Republic
894:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
701:Polish–Czechoslovak War
691:Greater Poland uprising
633:West Ukrainian People's
626:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
619:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
140:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
81:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
75:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
7641:Armistice of Cassibile
7443:Battle of Dutch Harbor
7394:Battle of the Java Sea
7297:Attack on Pearl Harbor
7197:Syria–Lebanon campaign
7190:Battle of South Shanxi
7160:Invasion of Yugoslavia
6943:Battle of the Atlantic
6557:Korean Liberation Army
6263:(until September 1943)
6220:(until September 1944)
6198:(until September 1944)
4944:53.9263056; 14.2240278
4131:Red Storm on the Reich
4056:Lepp, Claudia (2005).
3582:4 October 2006 at the
3486:(London, 1965) p. 427.
2912:Vistula-Oder Offensive
2828:
2759:
2678:
2661:
2616:
2556:
2513:
2450:Second Polish Republic
2401:
2390:
2372:
2338:World War II aftermath
2286:
2177:
2165:
2148:
2079:
2005:
1733:, including cities of
1719:Paris Peace Conference
1668:Paris Peace Conference
1426:
1418:
1401:
805:protection (1921-1939)
480:
471:
359:
355:from Luxembourg (1959)
346:Belgium–Germany border
301:Bonn–Paris conventions
183:
42:
26:
7805:Second Battle of Guam
7701:Bengal famine of 1943
7671:Second Battle of Kiev
7627:Battle of the Dnieper
7332:Battle of Wake Island
7204:East African campaign
7146:Battle of South Henan
6791:atrocities by Germans
6564:Korean Volunteer Army
5538:Occupation of Germany
5292:Music in World War II
4819:. Instytut Zachodni.
4560:42.2 (1997): 185-199
4542:. Westport: Praeger.
2818:
2757:
2683:Heinrich von Brentano
2675:
2659:
2597:
2561:Socialist Unity Party
2546:
2503:
2501:of 6 September 1946:
2436:) within Poland (see
2395:
2385:
2383:speech declared that
2363:
2352:Recovered Territories
2342:Further information:
2334:at the Oder estuary.
2291:Recovered Territories
2281:
2229:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
2171:
2163:
2147:from 1945 until 1949.
2143:
2112:in his memoirs said:
2057:
2012:with Königsberg (now
1999:
1977:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
1968:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1958:, the eastern tip of
1798:Zygmunt Wojciechowski
1395:
1242:Recovered Territories
1168:Galicia and Lodomeria
751:Polish-Lithuanian War
641:Belarusian Democratic
328:Austrian State Treaty
257:Paris Protocol (1949)
32:
24:
8490:Partition (politics)
8459:German-Soviet Border
8091:Surrender of Germany
7569:Battle of West Hubei
7526:Guadalcanal campaign
7496:Battle of Stalingrad
7422:Battle of Madagascar
6189:Albania protectorate
5976:(formerly Swaziland)
5685:Wehrmacht war crimes
5501:Expulsion of Germans
5285:Art and World War II
5183:British contribution
5132:Governments in exile
4817:Polacy wobec Niemców
4568:Fahlbusch, Michael;
4107:Schwarz, Hans Peter
3697:on 14 September 2012
3687:"Heitmann, Clemens.
3389:Wolff-Powęska (1993)
3248:Macmillan, Margaret
3214:Macmillan, Margaret
2930:Battle of Königsberg
2823:(right) from Polish
2769:German reunification
2647:Treaty of Versailles
2525:Dwight D. Eisenhower
2412:, more than half of
2299:Partitions of Poland
2066:of 8 December 1919.
1699:Jan Ludwik Popławski
1636:Treaty of Versailles
1449:rivers, meeting the
1212:Starostwo of Draheim
1085:Two Plus Four Treaty
817:and its satellites (
758:Treaty of Versailles
662:Republic of Zakopane
421:Two Plus Four Treaty
87:Treaty of Versailles
25:The Oder–Neisse line
8449:Inner German border
8181:Potsdam Declaration
8070:Italy (Spring 1945)
7833:Liberation of Paris
7290:Siege of Sevastopol
6301:(until August 1944)
6204:Wang Jingwei regime
6026:from September 1943
5986:from September 1944
5924:from September 1944
5784:Romanian war crimes
5775:Persecution of Jews
5761:Croatian war crimes
5731:Japanese war crimes
5545:Occupation of Japan
5494:First Indochina War
5206:Military production
5118:Declarations of war
4935: /
4905:, from his memoirs.
4896:Triumph and Tragedy
4892:, from his memoirs.
4879:, from his memoirs.
4129:Duffy, Christopher
3801:Google Print, p. 79
3352:, pp. 263, 265
3273:Geographia Polonica
3145:Geographia Polonica
3042:Geographia Polonica
2638:Potsdam Declaration
2573:Treaty of Zgorzelec
1692:Free City of Danzig
1570:. Later, when the
1536:revolutions of 1989
1044:Treaty of Zgorzelec
989:Allied conferences
799:Free City of Danzig
657:Tarnobrzeg Republic
637:Ukrainian People 's
601:Act of 5th November
559:in the 20th century
292:Treaty of Zgorzelec
275:Belgian annexations
77:with Ukraine (1918)
65:Act of 5th November
52:in the 20th century
8374:Borders of Germany
8174:Surrender of Japan
8007:Battle of Iwo Jima
7856:Belgrade offensive
7269:Siege of Leningrad
7153:Battle of Shanggao
7082:British Somaliland
7047:Dunkirk evacuation
6998:Norwegian campaign
6936:Invasion of Poland
6763:Japanese prisoners
5724:Italian war crimes
5655:British war crimes
5570:Soviet occupations
5354:South-West Pacific
5241:Allied cooperation
5199:Military equipment
4877:Teheran conference
4578:. Berghahn Books.
4286:, pp. 540–541
4274:, pp. 284–285
4142:Weinberg, Gerhard
3595:Kimball, Warren F.
3497:Churchill, Winston
3415:, pp. 179–180
2942:Potsdam Conference
2829:
2811:Division of cities
2806:Other developments
2760:
2720:Tadeusz Mazowiecki
2707:Theodor Oberländer
2679:
2662:
2617:
2557:
2420:, a small area of
2402:
2398:Potsdam conference
2373:
2356:Kaliningrad Oblast
2287:
2218:Vyacheslav Molotov
2178:
2166:
2149:
2136:Potsdam Conference
2130:Potsdam Conference
2080:
2006:
1986:Potsdam Conference
1883:Władysław Sikorski
1775:David Lloyd George
1661:Silesian Uprisings
1578:. The policies of
1506:Kaliningrad Oblast
1482:Potsdam Conference
1402:
1336:Adjacent countries
1208:Posen-West Prussia
1011:Potsdam Conference
958:Bialystok District
933:General Government
880:First Vienna Award
696:Silesian Uprisings
678:Republic of Ostrów
577:Ostrowiec Republic
496:Adjacent countries
461:Hallstein Doctrine
367:Return of Selfkant
318:from France (1953)
311:from the UK (1952)
237:Berlin Declaration
218:Potsdam Conference
178:General Government
43:
27:
8467:
8466:
8340:
8339:
8282:Borders of Poland
8248:
8247:
8206:
8205:
8049:Battle of Okinawa
7948:Burma (1944–1945)
7782:Mariana and Palau
7562:Tunisian campaign
7387:Fall of Singapore
7311:Fall of Hong Kong
7054:Battle of Britain
6907:Operation Himmler
6816:
6815:
6480:Dutch East Indies
6116:Southern Rhodesia
5868:
5867:
5768:Genocide of Serbs
5671:German war crimes
5648:Soviet war crimes
5641:Allied war crimes
5487:Division of Korea
5466:Chinese Civil War
5264:Strategic bombing
5176:Manhattan Project
4901:; Excerpt on the
4899:Winston Churchill
4888:; Excerpt on the
4875:; Excerpt on the
4873:Winston Churchill
4860:
4807:978-0-691-14024-7
4739:978-3-412-20416-7
4716:978-1-55753-443-9
4549:978-0-313-32359-1
4479:978-0-19-982766-4
4452:978-1-85065-552-7
4425:978-0-925613-23-3
4398:978-3-643-90257-3
4042:978-3-525-30000-8
3505:. Mariner books.
3286:10.7163/GPol.0007
3158:10.7163/GPol.0190
3055:10.7163/GPol.0007
2792:Opole Voivodeship
2715:Nikita Khrushchev
2702:Władysław Gomułka
2377:British elections
2264:Potsdam Agreement
2249:Polish government
2208:) rivers through
2110:Nikita Khrushchev
1972:Winston Churchill
1920:Winston Churchill
1906:Tehran Conference
1900:Tehran Conference
1851:(Gdańsk) and the
1640:Holy Roman Empire
1600:Farther Pomerania
1419:Oder-Neiße-Grenze
1390:
1389:
1281:Demarcation lines
1250:Wolgast Pomerania
1244:, while the term
1210:, sometimes also
1131:Galician autonomy
1032:Potsdam Agreement
1026:Post World War II
999:Moscow Conference
993:Tehran Conference
971:Turgiele Republic
838:Central Lithuania
836:Incorporation of
803:League of Nations
769:Suwałki Agreement
605:Kingdom of Poland
587:Kholm Governorate
580:Zagłębie Republic
550:
549:
360:Ausgleichsvertrag
280:Esrablishment of
252:Saar Protectorate
243:Potsdam Agreement
231:Post-World War II
200:Tehran Conference
69:Kingdom of Poland
8502:
8367:
8360:
8353:
8344:
8343:
8275:
8268:
8261:
8252:
8251:
8241:
8234:
8227:
8224:World portal
8222:
8221:
8197:
8190:
8183:
8176:
8167:
8160:
8153:
8144:
8137:
8130:
8123:
8116:
8109:
8100:
8093:
8086:
8084:Prague offensive
8079:
8077:Battle of Berlin
8072:
8065:
8058:
8051:
8044:
8037:
8030:
8023:
8021:Vienna offensive
8016:
8009:
8002:
8000:Battle of Manila
7995:
7975:
7966:
7957:
7950:
7941:
7934:
7927:
7920:
7913:
7906:
7899:
7890:
7881:
7874:
7865:
7858:
7851:
7844:
7835:
7828:
7821:
7814:
7807:
7800:
7793:
7784:
7777:
7768:
7759:
7750:
7743:
7741:Korsun–Cherkassy
7736:
7725:
7703:
7694:
7687:
7680:
7673:
7666:
7659:
7652:
7643:
7636:
7629:
7622:
7613:
7606:
7599:
7592:
7585:
7583:Bombing of Gorky
7578:
7571:
7564:
7544:
7537:
7528:
7521:
7514:
7505:
7498:
7491:
7484:
7473:
7466:
7459:
7452:
7450:Battle of Midway
7445:
7438:
7436:Battle of Gazala
7431:
7424:
7417:
7410:
7403:
7396:
7389:
7369:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7346:Battle of Borneo
7341:
7339:Malayan campaign
7334:
7327:
7320:
7313:
7306:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7283:Bombing of Gorky
7278:
7276:Battle of Moscow
7271:
7264:
7257:
7250:
7243:
7236:
7220:
7213:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7185:
7176:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7128:
7119:
7112:
7105:
7098:
7091:
7084:
7077:
7070:
7063:
7056:
7049:
7042:
7040:Battle of France
7035:
7028:
7021:
7014:
7007:
7000:
6980:
6973:
6966:
6959:
6952:
6945:
6938:
6916:
6909:
6902:
6895:
6893:Munich Agreement
6888:
6881:
6872:
6865:
6858:
6849:
6842:
6827:
6826:
6809:
6802:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6778:Soviet prisoners
6772:
6765:
6758:
6749:
6742:
6733:
6726:
6719:
6718:German prisoners
6714:
6694:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6638:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6603:
6596:
6589:
6582:
6575:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6531:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6489:
6482:
6475:
6468:
6461:
6454:
6447:
6440:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6330:
6323:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6271:
6264:
6256:
6249:
6247:French Indochina
6242:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6191:
6171:
6162:
6155:
6146:
6139:
6132:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6094:from August 1944
6085:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6017:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5977:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5879:
5878:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5820:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5786:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5738:Nanjing Massacre
5733:
5726:
5717:
5715:Nuremberg trials
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5565:
5556:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5448:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5319:Asia and Pacific
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5250:
5248:Mulberry harbour
5243:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5090:
5083:
5068:
5067:
5056:
5049:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4903:Yalta conference
4890:Yalta conference
4883:Speaking Frankly
4870:Closing The Ring
4850:
4830:
4811:
4787:
4766:
4754:
4743:
4720:
4701:
4680:
4641:
4610:
4589:
4553:
4534:
4524:
4484:
4483:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4357:
4351:
4346:Merkl, Peter H.
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4321:
4315:
4308:
4302:
4299:Granville (2002)
4296:
4287:
4284:Granville (2002)
4281:
4275:
4272:Granville (2003)
4269:
4260:
4254:
4243:
4242:, pp. 44–45
4237:
4231:
4225:
4210:
4204:
4195:
4189:
4180:
4179:, pp. 41–42
4174:
4168:
4165:
4156:
4153:
4147:
4140:
4134:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4112:
4105:
4090:
4089:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4026:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3901:
3898:
3885:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3850:Stuttgart Speech
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3809:
3803:
3785:
3776:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3693:. Archived from
3683:
3677:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3659:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3630:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3592:
3586:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3529:
3528:, vol. I, p. 141
3523:
3517:
3516:
3502:Closing the ring
3493:
3487:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3459:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3353:
3347:
3336:
3330:
3321:
3315:
3306:
3303:Piskorski (2003)
3300:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3264:
3253:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3189:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3136:
3123:
3120:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3033:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2924:Yalta Conference
2918:Malta Conference
2741:Treaty of Warsaw
2737:Treaty of Moscow
2643:Gerhard Weinberg
2633:Stuttgart Speech
2613:
2607:
2601:
2559:The East German
2499:Stuttgart Speech
2120:island of Usedom
2002:Henryk Zieliński
1934:Yalta Conference
1871:Lausitzer Neisse
1413:
1406:Oder–Neisse line
1382:
1375:
1368:
1323:Oder–Neisse line
1266:Oder–Neisse line
1236:After 1945, the
1220:Hither Pomerania
1218:and easternmost
1155:Grodzieńszczyzna
1005:Yalta Conference
974:Iwonicz Republic
870:Munich Agreement
862:Dzierżyńszczyzna
856:Marchlewszczyzna
819:Byelorussian SSR
775:Treaty of Warsaw
566:Pre-World War II
552:
551:
542:
535:
528:
485:
476:
466:Drang nach Osten
440:Areas and issues
400:Treaty of Prague
382:Treaty of Warsaw
376:Treaty of Moscow
362:
261:Dutch annexation
212:Yalta Conference
188:
120:Munich Agreement
59:Pre-World War II
45:
44:
8510:
8509:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8500:
8499:
8470:
8469:
8468:
8463:
8432:
8376:
8371:
8341:
8336:
8284:
8279:
8249:
8244:
8237:
8230:
8216:
8214:
8202:
8193:
8186:
8179:
8172:
8163:
8156:
8149:
8140:
8135:Atomic bombings
8133:
8126:
8119:
8112:
8105:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8075:
8068:
8061:
8054:
8047:
8040:
8033:
8026:
8019:
8012:
8005:
7998:
7991:
7978:
7971:
7960:
7953:
7946:
7937:
7930:
7923:
7916:
7909:
7902:
7893:
7884:
7877:
7868:
7861:
7854:
7847:
7838:
7831:
7826:Eastern Romania
7824:
7819:Warsaw Uprising
7817:
7812:Tannenberg Line
7810:
7803:
7798:Western Ukraine
7796:
7787:
7780:
7771:
7762:
7753:
7746:
7739:
7728:
7719:
7706:
7699:
7690:
7683:
7676:
7669:
7662:
7655:
7648:
7639:
7632:
7625:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7595:
7590:Battle of Kursk
7588:
7581:
7574:
7567:
7560:
7547:
7540:
7531:
7524:
7517:
7508:
7501:
7494:
7487:
7478:
7469:
7462:
7455:
7448:
7441:
7434:
7427:
7420:
7413:
7406:
7401:St Nazaire Raid
7399:
7392:
7385:
7372:
7365:
7358:
7351:
7344:
7337:
7330:
7323:
7316:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7281:
7274:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7239:
7225:
7216:
7209:
7202:
7195:
7188:
7183:Anglo-Iraqi War
7181:
7174:Battle of Crete
7172:
7165:
7158:
7151:
7144:
7131:
7122:
7115:
7108:
7103:Eastern Romania
7101:
7094:
7087:
7080:
7073:
7066:
7059:
7052:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7017:
7010:
7003:
6996:
6983:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6921:
6912:
6905:
6898:
6891:
6884:
6877:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6845:
6838:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6789:
6782:
6777:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6745:
6738:
6729:
6722:
6717:
6710:
6697:
6690:
6681:
6674:
6669:
6664:Western Ukraine
6662:
6655:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6608:Northeast China
6606:
6599:
6592:
6585:
6578:
6571:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6520:
6513:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6450:
6443:
6436:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6346:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6307:Slovak Republic
6305:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6278:Empire of Japan
6276:
6267:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6194:
6187:
6174:
6167:
6158:
6151:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6088:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6020:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5980:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5864:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5823:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5790:Sexual violence
5789:
5782:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5713:
5704:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5660:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5559:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5529:
5520:
5513:
5508:Greek Civil War
5506:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5464:
5451:
5444:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5333:South-East Asia
5331:
5324:
5317:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5246:
5239:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5192:Military awards
5190:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5086:
5079:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5017:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4986:
4981:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4886:James F. Byrnes
4838:
4833:
4827:
4808:
4784:
4763:
4740:
4717:
4698:
4607:
4586:
4550:
4492:
4487:
4480:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4383:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4358:
4354:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4322:
4318:
4312:Foreign Affairs
4309:
4305:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4278:
4270:
4263:
4255:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4226:
4213:
4205:
4198:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4141:
4137:
4128:
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4119:
4115:
4106:
4093:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4054:
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4043:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3971:
3967:
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3935:
3931:
3923:
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3904:
3899:
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3874:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3848:
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3836:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3806:
3786:
3779:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3593:
3589:
3584:Wayback Machine
3575:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3494:
3490:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3462:
3456:Wayback Machine
3447:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3387:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3339:
3331:
3324:
3318:Hackmann (1996)
3316:
3309:
3301:
3294:
3265:
3256:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3137:
3126:
3121:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3067:
3063:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2908:
2886:
2873:overconsumption
2869:
2813:
2808:
2752:
2688:Charles Ritchie
2615:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2584:Konrad Adenauer
2553:Bolesław Bierut
2541:
2536:
2495:James F. Byrnes
2358:
2340:
2276:
2245:Bolesław Bierut
2158:
2138:
2132:
2090:who lived near
2029:warm water port
1994:
1936:
1902:
1866:Dziennik Polski
1788:
1783:
1731:Opolian Silesia
1715:Lusatian Neisse
1707:Opolian Silesia
1680:First Partition
1621:Groß Wartenberg
1591:Limes Sorabicus
1552:
1478:Weimar Republic
1447:Lusatian Neisse
1409:
1386:
1357:
1356:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1246:Kresy Zachodnie
1179:Kresy Zachodnie
1138:Kresy Wschodnie
1122:Congress Poland
1114:
1106:
1105:
1027:
1019:
1018:
983:Warsaw Uprising
918:
908:
907:
829:which replaced
821:which replaced
616:Ukrainian State
610:Central Powers-
591:Congress Poland
567:
558:
546:
517:
516:
497:
489:
488:
456:German question
446:Alsace–Lorraine
441:
433:
432:
232:
224:
223:
162:Großdeutschland
156:
146:
145:
133:
60:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8508:
8498:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8465:
8464:
8462:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8440:
8438:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8398:Czech Republic
8395:
8390:
8384:
8382:
8378:
8377:
8370:
8369:
8362:
8355:
8347:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8307:Czech Republic
8304:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8278:
8277:
8270:
8263:
8255:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8242:
8235:
8228:
8211:
8208:
8207:
8204:
8203:
8201:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8191:
8184:
8170:
8169:
8168:
8154:
8151:South Sakhalin
8147:
8146:
8145:
8131:
8124:
8117:
8110:
8103:
8102:
8101:
8087:
8080:
8073:
8066:
8059:
8052:
8045:
8038:
8031:
8024:
8017:
8010:
8003:
7996:
7988:
7986:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7969:
7968:
7967:
7951:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7928:
7921:
7914:
7907:
7900:
7891:
7882:
7875:
7866:
7859:
7852:
7845:
7836:
7829:
7822:
7815:
7808:
7801:
7794:
7785:
7778:
7769:
7760:
7751:
7744:
7737:
7726:
7716:
7714:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7704:
7697:
7696:
7695:
7688:
7674:
7667:
7660:
7653:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7630:
7623:
7614:
7607:
7600:
7593:
7586:
7579:
7576:Battle of Attu
7572:
7565:
7557:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7538:
7529:
7522:
7515:
7506:
7499:
7492:
7485:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7467:
7453:
7446:
7439:
7432:
7425:
7418:
7411:
7404:
7397:
7390:
7382:
7380:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7370:
7363:
7356:
7349:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7325:Battle of Guam
7321:
7314:
7307:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7279:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7251:
7248:Battle of Kiev
7244:
7237:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7207:
7200:
7193:
7186:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7163:
7156:
7149:
7141:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7120:
7113:
7106:
7099:
7092:
7085:
7078:
7071:
7064:
7057:
7050:
7043:
7036:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6993:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6974:
6967:
6960:
6953:
6946:
6939:
6931:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6910:
6903:
6896:
6889:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6866:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6835:
6833:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6803:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6787:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6759:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6747:United Kingdom
6743:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6715:
6707:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6679:
6667:
6660:
6653:
6646:
6639:
6632:
6625:
6618:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6583:
6576:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6560:
6546:
6539:
6532:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6441:
6433:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6414:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6379:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6343:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6295:
6288:
6281:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6192:
6184:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6144:British Empire
6137:United Kingdom
6133:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5978:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5953:Czechoslovakia
5949:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5887:
5885:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5853:
5850:Rape of Manila
5846:
5839:
5832:
5821:
5806:
5799:
5787:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5771:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5727:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5702:
5688:
5681:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5636:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5621:United Nations
5617:
5610:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5566:
5557:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5480:Decolonization
5476:
5469:
5461:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5426:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5380:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5314:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5244:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5172:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5156:
5153:United Kingdom
5149:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5076:
5074:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5015:
5014:
5013:
4999:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4980:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4957:
4919:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4893:
4880:
4867:
4866:(German) (PDF)
4861:
4844:
4837:
4836:External links
4834:
4832:
4831:
4825:
4812:
4806:
4788:
4782:
4767:
4761:
4744:
4738:
4721:
4715:
4702:
4696:
4681:
4655:(2): 261–290.
4642:
4624:(2): 521–563.
4611:
4605:
4590:
4584:
4565:
4554:
4548:
4535:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4478:
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4431:
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4404:
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4377:
4365:
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4113:
4091:
4075:
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4048:
4041:
4021:
4010:
4001:
3992:
3985:
3965:
3953:
3941:
3929:
3917:
3902:
3886:
3877:
3865:
3853:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3804:
3777:
3762:
3747:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3678:
3669:
3660:
3640:
3631:
3618:
3606:
3587:
3569:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3530:
3518:
3511:
3488:
3482:Anthony Eden,
3475:
3460:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3402:
3393:
3378:
3366:
3354:
3337:
3333:Faraldo (2008)
3322:
3307:
3292:
3254:
3241:
3232:
3220:
3204:
3181:
3172:
3151:(4): 569–596.
3124:
3098:
3086:
3080:978-0313281129
3079:
3061:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2868:
2865:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2800:Warmia-Masuria
2751:
2750:United Germany
2748:
2739:) and Poland (
2610:
2604:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2565:Friedensgrenze
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2400:later in 1945.
2339:
2336:
2328:Czech Republic
2275:
2272:
2257:Rola-Zymierski
2237:eastern Neisse
2157:
2154:
2134:Main article:
2131:
2128:
1993:
1990:
1935:
1932:
1901:
1898:
1887:Glatzer Neisse
1810:National Party
1793:myśl zachodnia
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1759:Greater Poland
1725:and headed by
1644:Greater Poland
1568:Russian Empire
1551:
1548:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1170:east of river
1164:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
987:
986:
985:
980:
975:
972:
966:
960:
955:
949:
940:
935:
930:
925:
919:
914:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
904:
903:
891:
877:
867:
866:
865:
859:
847:
841:
834:
808:
807:
806:
796:
787:
781:
772:
766:
761:
755:
754:
753:
748:
747:
746:
736:
730:
723:
708:
703:
698:
693:
682:
681:
680:
675:
669:
664:
659:
651:
629:
622:
608:
598:
585:Separation of
583:
582:
581:
578:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
548:
547:
545:
544:
537:
530:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
509:
504:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
486:
477:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
424:
418:
412:
409:
403:
397:
391:
385:
379:
373:
370:
364:
356:
349:
343:
337:
331:
325:
319:
312:
298:
295:
289:
278:
272:
258:
255:
249:
246:
240:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
215:
209:
203:
197:
191:
190:
189:
185:Zone interdite
180:
175:
170:
157:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:
137:
129:
123:
117:
108:
102:
96:
90:
84:
78:
72:
61:
58:
57:
54:
53:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8507:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8435:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8368:
8363:
8361:
8356:
8354:
8349:
8348:
8345:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8287:
8283:
8276:
8271:
8269:
8264:
8262:
8257:
8256:
8253:
8240:
8236:
8233:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8220:
8213:
8212:
8209:
8196:
8192:
8189:
8185:
8182:
8178:
8177:
8175:
8171:
8166:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8158:Kuril Islands
8155:
8152:
8148:
8143:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8132:
8129:
8125:
8122:
8118:
8115:
8111:
8108:
8104:
8099:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8088:
8085:
8081:
8078:
8074:
8071:
8067:
8064:
8060:
8057:
8053:
8050:
8046:
8043:
8039:
8036:
8032:
8029:
8025:
8022:
8018:
8015:
8011:
8008:
8004:
8001:
7997:
7994:
7990:
7989:
7987:
7985:
7981:
7974:
7970:
7965:
7964:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7952:
7949:
7945:
7940:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7929:
7926:
7925:Syrmian Front
7922:
7919:
7915:
7912:
7908:
7905:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7883:
7880:
7876:
7873:
7872:
7871:Market Garden
7867:
7864:
7860:
7857:
7853:
7850:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7837:
7834:
7830:
7827:
7823:
7820:
7816:
7813:
7809:
7806:
7802:
7799:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7786:
7783:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7770:
7767:
7766:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7752:
7749:
7745:
7742:
7738:
7735:
7731:
7730:Monte Cassino
7727:
7724:
7723:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7713:
7709:
7702:
7698:
7693:
7689:
7686:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7675:
7672:
7668:
7665:
7661:
7658:
7654:
7651:
7647:
7642:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7631:
7628:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7612:
7608:
7605:
7601:
7598:
7594:
7591:
7587:
7584:
7580:
7577:
7573:
7570:
7566:
7563:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7550:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7527:
7523:
7520:
7516:
7513:
7512:
7507:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7493:
7490:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7468:
7465:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7454:
7451:
7447:
7444:
7440:
7437:
7433:
7430:
7426:
7423:
7419:
7416:
7412:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7398:
7395:
7391:
7388:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7375:
7368:
7364:
7361:
7357:
7354:
7350:
7347:
7343:
7340:
7336:
7333:
7329:
7326:
7322:
7319:
7315:
7312:
7308:
7305:
7301:
7298:
7294:
7291:
7287:
7284:
7280:
7277:
7273:
7270:
7266:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7252:
7249:
7245:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7233:
7228:
7224:
7219:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7208:
7205:
7201:
7198:
7194:
7191:
7187:
7184:
7180:
7175:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7164:
7161:
7157:
7154:
7150:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7134:
7127:
7126:
7121:
7118:
7114:
7111:
7107:
7104:
7100:
7097:
7096:Baltic states
7093:
7090:
7086:
7083:
7079:
7076:
7072:
7069:
7065:
7062:
7058:
7055:
7051:
7048:
7044:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7023:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7009:
7006:
7002:
6999:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6979:
6975:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6961:
6958:
6954:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6940:
6937:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6915:
6911:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6897:
6894:
6890:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6808:
6804:
6801:
6797:
6792:
6788:
6785:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6771:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6748:
6744:
6741:
6740:United States
6737:
6732:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6693:
6689:
6684:
6680:
6677:
6676:Quốc dân Đảng
6673:
6672:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6640:
6637:
6633:
6630:
6626:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6584:
6581:
6577:
6574:
6570:
6565:
6561:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6533:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6505:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6477:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6456:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6384:
6380:
6377:
6376:Liechtenstein
6373:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6336:
6329:
6328:Collaboration
6325:
6322:
6318:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6275:
6270:
6266:
6265:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6170:
6166:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:United States
6150:
6145:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5843:Comfort women
5840:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5827: /
5826:
5822:
5819:
5816: /
5815:
5812: /
5811:
5807:
5804:
5803:Camp brothels
5800:
5797:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:The Holocaust
5689:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5678:forced labour
5675:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5531:Marshall Plan
5528:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5384:Eastern Front
5381:
5378:
5377:Western Front
5374:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5272:
5271:Puppet states
5268:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5213:Naval history
5210:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5160:United States
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4966:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4930:14°13′26.50″E
4927:53°55′34.70″N
4916:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4828:
4826:9788385003670
4822:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4783:3-486-56769-1
4779:
4775:
4774:
4768:
4764:
4762:9780813114606
4758:
4753:
4752:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4697:3-447-03766-0
4693:
4689:
4688:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4612:
4608:
4606:9783631567623
4602:
4598:
4597:
4591:
4587:
4585:1-57181-435-3
4581:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4558:Polish Review
4555:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4502:
4495:
4494:
4481:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4408:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4381:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4359:Best, Ulrich
4356:
4349:
4343:
4328:. Daily Press
4327:
4320:
4313:
4307:
4301:, p. 541
4300:
4295:
4293:
4285:
4280:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4258:
4257:Ahonen (1998)
4253:
4251:
4249:
4241:
4240:Ahonen (1998)
4236:
4229:
4228:Ahonen (1998)
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4208:
4207:Ahonen (1998)
4203:
4201:
4193:
4192:Ahonen (1998)
4188:
4186:
4178:
4177:Ahonen (1998)
4173:
4164:
4162:
4152:
4145:
4139:
4132:
4126:
4117:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4087:
4086:
4079:
4071:
4069:3-525-55743-4
4065:
4061:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4025:
4019:
4014:
4005:
3996:
3988:
3986:3-428-08876-X
3982:
3978:
3977:
3969:
3962:
3957:
3951:, p. 221
3950:
3945:
3939:, p. 407
3938:
3933:
3927:, p. 215
3926:
3921:
3915:, p. 406
3914:
3909:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3881:
3872:
3870:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3846:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3797:0-7546-1936-2
3794:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3739:
3730:
3721:
3712:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3682:
3673:
3664:
3658:
3657:0-271-02935-8
3654:
3650:
3644:
3635:
3628:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3561:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3514:
3512:9780395410592
3508:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3485:
3484:The Reckoning
3479:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3439:, p. 194
3438:
3437:Laufer (2009)
3433:
3427:, p. 181
3426:
3425:Laufer (2009)
3421:
3414:
3413:Laufer (2009)
3409:
3407:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3376:, p. 194
3375:
3370:
3361:
3359:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3320:, p. 224
3319:
3314:
3312:
3305:, p. 102
3304:
3299:
3297:
3287:
3282:
3279:(1): 77–105.
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3251:
3245:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3197:
3196:
3188:
3186:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3095:
3090:
3082:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3056:
3051:
3048:(1): 77–105.
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3028:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2954:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:Lower Silesia
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2693:trial balloon
2689:
2684:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2549:Wilhelm Pieck
2545:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2480:of Poles and
2479:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2371:to the south.
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2174:Bad Salzbrunn
2170:
2162:
2153:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2045:Lower Silesia
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1998:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:Upper Silesia
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1910:Joseph Stalin
1907:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1831:Untermenschen
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:Roman Dmowski
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:Upper Silesia
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:Germanisation
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:Roman Dmowski
1669:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:Upper Silesia
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:Germanisation
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:modern border
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:Upper Silesia
1189:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1150:Wileńszczyzna
1148:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
990:
988:
984:
981:
979:
976:
973:
970:
969:
967:
964:
961:
959:
956:
953:
950:
948:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
917:
912:
911:
902:
898:
897:
895:
892:
889:
885:
881:
878:
875:
871:
868:
863:
860:
857:
854:
853:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
835:
832:
828:
827:Ukrainian SSR
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:Peace of Riga
809:
804:
800:
797:
794:
791:
790:
788:
785:
782:
780:
777:(1920) with
776:
773:
770:
767:
765:
762:
759:
756:
752:
749:
745:
741:
737:
735:
731:
728:
724:
722:
721:Ukrainian SSR
719:
718:
716:
715:Soviet Russia
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
686:
683:
679:
676:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
627:
623:
620:
617:
613:
609:
606:
602:
599:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
576:
575:
573:
570:
569:
563:
562:
557:
554:
553:
543:
538:
536:
531:
529:
524:
523:
521:
520:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
493:
492:
484:
483:
478:
475:
474:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
437:
436:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
361:
357:
354:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
283:
279:
276:
273:
270:
266:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
234:
228:
227:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
187:
186:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
164:
163:
159:
158:
155:
150:
149:
141:
138:
135:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
113:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
66:
63:
62:
56:
55:
50:
47:
46:
40:
36:
31:
23:
19:
8232:Bibliography
8215:
8028:Project Hula
7993:Vistula–Oder
7962:
7895:
7886:
7870:
7840:
7789:
7773:
7764:
7755:
7721:
7618:
7533:
7509:
7479:
7230:
7123:
7068:North Africa
6770:Soviet Union
6724:Soviet Union
6650:Soviet Union
6418:Vatican City
6321:Vichy France
6226:German Reich
6123:Soviet Union
6109:South Africa
6102:Sierra Leone
6055:Newfoundland
5874:Participants
5857:Marocchinate
5606:
5561:
5552:
5522:
5400:North Africa
5361:Indian Ocean
5220:Nazi plunder
5111:Cryptography
4984:World War II
4920:
4816:
4796:
4792:Thum, Gregor
4772:
4750:
4729:
4725:
4706:
4686:
4652:
4646:
4621:
4615:
4595:
4574:
4557:
4539:
4515:(1): 31–63.
4512:
4506:
4500:
4490:Bibliography
4468:
4461:
4441:
4434:
4414:
4407:
4387:
4380:
4368:
4360:
4355:
4347:
4342:
4330:. Retrieved
4319:
4311:
4306:
4279:
4259:, p. 46
4235:
4230:, p. 44
4209:, p. 48
4194:, p. 42
4172:
4151:
4143:
4138:
4130:
4125:
4116:
4108:
4084:
4078:
4058:
4051:
4031:
4024:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3976:Potsdam 1945
3975:
3968:
3961:Allen (2003)
3956:
3949:Allen (2003)
3944:
3932:
3925:Allen (2003)
3920:
3880:
3863:, p. 52
3861:Allen (2003)
3856:
3845:
3838:Allen (2003)
3833:
3821:
3812:
3807:
3788:
3771:
3765:
3760:, p. 17
3758:Lukas (1982)
3745:, p. 16
3743:Lukas (1982)
3738:
3729:
3720:
3711:
3701:20 September
3699:. Retrieved
3695:the original
3688:
3681:
3672:
3663:
3648:
3643:
3634:
3621:
3609:
3601:
3590:
3572:
3567:, p. 17
3565:Allen (2003)
3560:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3501:
3491:
3483:
3478:
3473:, p. 13
3471:Allen (2003)
3444:
3432:
3420:
3396:
3391:, p. 49
3369:
3335:, p. 17
3276:
3272:
3249:
3244:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3194:
3175:
3148:
3144:
3089:
3070:
3064:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2870:
2830:
2781:
2761:
2745:
2730:
2727:Willy Brandt
2724:
2711:
2680:
2666:
2663:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2590:West Germany
2577:
2564:
2558:
2539:East Germany
2529:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2490:
2486:
2458:
2446:
2442:Soviet Union
2426:East Prussia
2403:
2386:
2381:Iron Curtain
2374:
2324:
2307:World War II
2288:
2268:peace treaty
2261:
2242:
2225:Ernest Bevin
2222:
2212:(Sagan) and
2181:James Byrnes
2179:
2150:
2124:Randow river
2117:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2081:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2026:
2010:East Prussia
2007:
1966:. President
1952:East Prussia
1937:
1925:
1915:Anthony Eden
1903:
1891:
1879:Anthony Eden
1864:
1845:East Prussia
1842:
1837:Selbstschutz
1835:
1829:
1821:Nazi Germany
1818:
1802:Piast Poland
1791:
1789:
1723:Jules Cambon
1711:East Prussia
1696:
1665:
1632:World War II
1629:
1596:Rugia Island
1588:
1580:Nazi Germany
1560:Piast Poland
1553:
1533:
1525:West Germany
1521:East Germany
1518:
1510:Russian SFSR
1502:Soviet Union
1490:East Prussia
1471:
1466:
1462:
1405:
1403:
1322:
1265:
1245:
1240:were called
1126:Vistula Land
916:World War II
815:Russian SFSR
732:short-lived
727:Galician SSR
725:short-lived
574:(1905–1907)
394:Basic Treaty
304:
286:West Germany
160:
154:World War II
114:with Austria
111:
67:proclaiming
18:
8444:Berlin Wall
8428:Switzerland
8418:Netherlands
7963:Bodenplatte
7849:Gothic Line
7075:West Africa
6622:Philippines
6601:Netherlands
6466:Czech lands
6404:Switzerland
6348:Afghanistan
6292:Philippines
6160:Puerto Rico
6076:Philippines
6062:New Zealand
6048:Netherlands
6001:Free France
5752:Prosecution
5553:Osoaviakhim
5423:West Africa
5407:East Africa
5054:Conferences
4942: /
4859:and German)
4332:22 February
3963:, p. 1
3840:, p. 4
3374:Thum (2011)
2890:Curzon Line
2764:Helmut Kohl
2667:Heimatrecht
2621:West German
2580:Stalin Note
2478:mass murder
2461:irredentism
2418:Brandenburg
2365:Oder Lagoon
2312:Curzon Line
2233:Curzon Line
2156:Concessions
2064:Curzon Line
2033:Soviet Navy
2014:Kaliningrad
1944:Curzon line
1608:Arnošt Muka
1606:. In 1905,
1564:World War I
1498:Kaliningrad
1459:Świnoujście
1325:(1945–1951)
1319:(1923-1938)
1313:(1921-1922)
1305:Curzon Line
1301:(1919-1920)
1295:(1918-1920)
1289:(1919-1920)
1144:Taken Lands
864:(1932-1937)
858:(1925-1931)
795:(1920-1922)
334:Saar Treaty
8474:Categories
8413:Luxembourg
8063:West Hunan
7896:Pointblank
7232:Silver Fox
7218:Summer War
6971:Winter War
6950:Phoney War
6731:Azerbaijan
6692:Yugoslavia
6587:Luxembourg
6429:Resistance
6169:Yugoslavia
6034:Luxembourg
5836:Sook Ching
5632:War crimes
5234:Technology
5227:Opposition
5169:Lend-Lease
5146:Australian
5139:Home front
5097:Blitzkrieg
5047:Casualties
5038:Commanders
5010:Operations
4570:Haar, Ingo
4501:Ostpolitik
3614:Lebensraum
3250:Paris 1919
3216:Paris 1919
3024:References
2857:Bad Muskau
2732:Ostpolitik
2551:(GDR) and
2332:Baltic Sea
2320:Kazakhstan
2068:Pink areas
2047:including
1786:Background
1743:Falkenberg
1652:plebiscite
1534:After the
1494:Königsberg
1467:Swinemünde
1451:Baltic Sea
874:Trans-Olza
740:Polish SSR
738:attempted
482:Ostpolitik
473:Lebensraum
353:Kammerwald
351:Return of
314:Return of
309:Heligoland
307:return of
8317:Lithuania
8128:Manchuria
8014:Indochina
7790:Bagration
7241:Lithuania
6886:Anschluss
6683:Viet Minh
6580:Lithuania
6522:Hong Kong
6285:Manchukuo
6240:Azad Hind
5899:Australia
5699:Aftermath
5562:Paperclip
5457:Aftermath
5257:Total war
5125:Diplomacy
5088:In Europe
4677:154087857
4638:143214778
3167:234996265
2849:Frankfurt
2837:Zgorzelec
2825:Zgorzelec
2777:Basic Law
2627:" while "
2414:Pomerania
2072:Grey area
2060:Blue line
2022:Lauenburg
1960:Pomerania
1861:Lauenburg
1656:Freikorps
1540:reunified
1504:, as the
1496:(renamed
1461:(German:
1411:‹See Tfd›
1166:Areas of
1160:Lwów Land
112:Anschluss
8437:Historic
8327:Slovakia
8239:Category
8188:document
8098:document
7955:Ardennes
7939:Budapest
7887:Crossbow
7765:Overlord
7604:Smolensk
6822:Timeline
6657:Slovakia
6643:Thailand
6494:Ethiopia
6459:Bulgaria
6383:Portugal
6314:Thailand
6196:Bulgaria
5974:Eswatini
5967:Ethiopia
5920:Bulgaria
5745:Unit 731
5706:Response
5523:Keelhaul
5473:Cold War
5446:Americas
5437:timeline
5430:Atlantic
5310:Theaters
4794:(2011).
4572:(2005).
3580:Archived
3499:(1986).
3452:Archived
2884:See also
2555:(Poland)
2369:Szczecin
2031:for the
1857:Silesian
1855:(Opole)
1826:genocide
1755:Militsch
1739:Neustadt
1604:Dievenow
1538:, newly
1455:Szczecin
1433:between
713:against
649:Komancza
305:de facto
269:Selfkant
8403:Denmark
8393:Belgium
8388:Austria
8381:Present
8332:Ukraine
8312:Germany
8301:Barrier
8293:Belarus
8165:Shumshu
7932:Hungary
7879:Estonia
7863:Lapland
7841:Dragoon
7774:Neptune
7756:Ichi-Go
7722:Tempest
7664:Changde
7619:Cottage
7511:Jubilee
7227:Finland
7125:Compass
6831:Prelude
6784:Finland
6670:Vietnam
6636:Romania
6508:Germany
6487:Estonia
6473:Denmark
6452:Belgium
6445:Austria
6438:Albania
6369:Ireland
6355:Andorra
6339:Neutral
6299:Romania
6233:Hungary
6218:Finland
6090:Romania
5982:Finland
5960:Denmark
5906:Belgium
5892:Algeria
5598:Romania
5584:Hungary
5340:Pacific
5064:General
5018:Leaders
5003:Battles
4996:Outline
4669:3180658
4531:4546774
2861:Łęknica
2853:Słubice
2833:Görlitz
2821:Görlitz
2677:Neisse"
2508:cession
2474:Belarus
2470:Ukraine
2430:Masuria
2410:Silesia
2316:Siberia
2194:Wrocław
2190:Silesia
2096:Bautzen
2092:Cottbus
2049:Breslau
2041:Galicia
1981:Britons
1904:At the
1814:Sanacja
1771:Masuria
1735:Ratibor
1666:At the
1630:Before
1625:Namslau
1556:Silesia
1550:History
1529:in 1972
1512:(today
1508:of the
1486:Silesia
1463:Stettin
1435:Germany
1262:Lausitz
1230:Zaolzie
1204:Powiśle
1200:Masuria
899:Secret
896:(1939)
672:Witkowo
8423:Poland
8408:France
8322:Russia
8142:Debate
8114:Taipei
8107:Borneo
7685:Tarawa
6879:Europe
6840:Africa
6629:Poland
6615:Norway
6594:Malaya
6573:Latvia
6515:Greece
6501:France
6397:Sweden
6362:Bhutan
6083:Poland
6069:Norway
6041:Mexico
6008:Greece
5994:France
5932:Canada
5913:Brazil
5883:Allies
5829:Serbia
5818:Poland
5591:Poland
5577:Baltic
5370:Europe
5072:Topics
5024:Allied
4857:Polish
4849:(PDF)
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2434:Warmia
2422:Saxony
2354:, and
2085:Slavic
1956:Danzig
1853:Oppeln
1849:Danzig
1819:After
1767:Warmia
1763:Danzig
1688:German
1676:Danzig
1514:Russia
1439:Poland
1423:Polish
1415:German
1400:(2008)
1398:Usedom
1307:(1920)
1258:Miśnia
1254:Milsko
1196:Warmia
1099:(2005)
1093:(1991)
1087:(1991)
1081:(1990)
1072:(1976)
1058:(1958)
1052:(1951)
1046:(1950)
1040:(1945)
1034:(1945)
1013:(1945)
1007:(1945)
1001:(1943)
995:(1943)
965:(1941)
954:(1941)
890:(1938)
876:(1938)
846:(1922)
840:(1922)
825:, and
801:under
786:(1920)
771:(1920)
760:(1919)
674:Revolt
628:(1918)
621:(1918)
607:(1916)
597:(1913)
429:(1991)
423:(1991)
417:(1990)
408:(1973)
402:(1973)
396:(1972)
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107:(1936)
101:(1935)
95:(1922)
89:(1919)
71:(1916)
41:rivers
39:Neisse
7918:Leyte
7748:Narva
7734:Anzio
7692:Makin
7650:Burma
7534:Torch
7503:Rzhev
7464:Kiska
6550:Korea
6536:Japan
6529:Italy
6411:Tibet
6390:Spain
6261:Italy
6022:Italy
6015:India
5939:China
5814:Japan
5414:Italy
5326:China
5278:Women
4728:[
4673:S2CID
4665:JSTOR
4634:S2CID
4527:JSTOR
4375:(PDF)
3199:(PDF)
3163:S2CID
2949:Notes
2845:Gubin
2841:Guben
2406:Nazis
2295:Piast
2253:Kwisa
2214:Lubań
2210:Żagań
2206:Kwisa
2088:Sorbs
2018:Bütow
1940:Yalta
1747:Brieg
1617:Ohlau
1572:Nazis
1113:Areas
888:Orava
645:Lemko
589:from
265:Elten
7984:1945
7712:1944
7553:1943
7481:Blue
7471:Attu
7378:1942
7137:1941
6989:1940
6927:1939
6856:Asia
6703:POWs
6543:Jews
6254:Iraq
6180:Axis
6130:Tuva
5946:Cuba
5031:Axis
4821:ISBN
4802:ISBN
4778:ISBN
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4734:ISBN
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4420:ISBN
4393:ISBN
4334:2014
4064:ISBN
4037:ISBN
3981:ISBN
3793:ISBN
3703:2009
3653:ISBN
3507:ISBN
3075:ISBN
2855:and
2798:and
2782:The
2619:The
2482:Jews
2472:and
2465:Nazi
2432:and
2202:Bóbr
2198:Odra
2104:Bóbr
2094:and
2037:Lwów
2020:and
1962:and
1948:Lwów
1875:Oder
1806:Elbe
1769:and
1753:and
1751:Oels
1642:and
1623:and
1558:was
1472:All
1465:and
1457:and
1445:and
1443:Oder
1437:and
1404:The
945:and
886:and
884:Spiš
316:Kehl
303:and
284:and
282:East
267:and
37:and
35:Oder
33:The
4855:in
4657:doi
4626:doi
4517:doi
3281:doi
3153:doi
3050:doi
2651:BdV
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263:of
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