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1763:Ögedei was also known to be a humble man, who did not believe himself to be a genius, and who was willing to listen to and use the great generals that his father left him, as well as those he himself found to be most capable. He was the Emperor but not a dictator. Like all Mongols at his time, he was raised and educated as a warrior from childhood, and as the son of Genghis Khan, he was a part of his father's plan to establish a world empire. His military experience was notable for his willingness to listen to his generals and adapt to circumstances. He was a pragmatic person, much like his father, and looked at the end rather than the means. His steadiness of character and dependability were the traits that his father most valued, and that gained him the role of successor to his father, despite his two older brothers.
1774:Ögedei was considered to be his father's favorite son, ever since his childhood. As an adult, he was known for his ability to sway doubters in any debate in which he was involved, simply by the force of his personality. He was a physically big, jovial, and charismatic man, who seemed mostly to be interested in enjoying good times. He was intelligent and steady in character. His charisma was partially credited for his success in keeping the Mongol Empire on the path that his father had set. Ögedei was a pragmatic man, though he made some mistakes during his reign. Ögedei had no delusions that he was his father's equal as a military commander or organizer and used the abilities of those he found most capable.
1830:(1226-1283). In Chapter 32 Juvayni starts by praising Ögedei Khan then proceeds to give 50 highly detailed anecdotes to illustrate Ögedei's "clemency, forgiveness, justice and generosity" followed by one anecdote to illustrate his "violence, severity, fury and awesomeness" which was the rape incident. This anecdote closes the chapter. The name of the tribe is unclear in two manuscripts of Juvayni but Manuscript D and Rashid-Al-Din give it as Oirat. Broadbridge and De Rachewiltz questioned the factual accuracy of this identification with the Oirats.
1777:Ögedei was well known for his alcoholism. Chagatai entrusted an official to watch his habit, but Ögedei managed to drink anyway. It is commonly told that Ögedei did so by vowing to reduce the number of cups he drank a day then having cups twice the size created for his personal use. When he died at dawn on 11 December 1241, after a late-night drinking bout with Abd-ur-Rahman, the people blamed the sister of Tolui's widow and Abd-ur-Rahman. The Mongol aristocrats recognized, however, that the khan's own lack of self-control had killed him.
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1671:, a Uyghur who proved to be honest administrator. Later, some of Yelu Chucai's duties were transferred to Mahamud Yalavach and taxes were handed over to Abd-ur-Rahman, who promised to double the annual payments of silver. The Ortoq or partner merchants lent Ögedei's money at exorbitant rates of interest to the peasants, though Ögedei banned considerably higher rates. Despite it proving profitable, many people fled their homes to avoid the tax collectors and their strong-arm gangs.
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1700:) with a permanent staff who would supply post riders' needs. Relay stations were set up every 25 miles and the yam staff supplied remounts to the envoys and served specified rations. The attached households were exempt from other taxes, but they had to pay a qubchuri tax to supply the goods. Ögedei ordered Chagatai and Batu to control their yams separately. He also prohibited the nobility from issuing
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1329:, at the kurultai in Mongolia in 1234. Ögedei appointed Danqu commander of the Mongol army and made Bog Wong, a defected Korean general, governor of 40 cities with their subjects. When the court of Goryeo sued for peace in 1238, Ögedei demanded that the king of Goryeo appear before him in person. The Goryeo king finally sent his relative Yeong Nong-gun Sung with ten noble boys to
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3350:"Ogedei was confirmed as the new ruler in 1229 and reigned until his death in 1241. We may know what he looked like, thanks to his well-known portrait, (painted about a hundred years after his death), showing him as stocky in the same way as Genghis, red bearded, hazel eyed, and well prepared for Northern interiors with his domed, fur-trimmed winter helmet."
3390:"The significance of Ögödei's beard is mentioned by Xu Ting when he writes "The Black Mongols have little facial hair. Thus full beards must be highly valued by them." Here, Xu's words closely mirror those of Zhao Gong, in not only describing a Khan s full beard, but that the majority of the Mongols were unable to grow them.
1447:'s withdrawal to personally participate in the election of Ögedei's successor. Batu, however, never reached Mongolia for such an election and a successor wouldn't be named until 1246. A minority of historians have argued that the advance stalled because European fortifications posed a strategic problem for the Mongols.
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ridiculed Batu, and the Mongol camp suffered dissension. Ögedei harshly criticized Güyük: "You broke the spirit of every man in your army... Do you think that the
Russians surrendered because of how mean you were to your own men?". He then sent Güyük back to continue the conquest of Europe. Güyük and
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who collect payments in silver. Yelu Chucai encouraged Ögedei to institute a traditional
Chinese system of government, with taxation in the hands of government agents and payment in a government issued currency. The Muslim merchants, working with capital supplied by the Mongol aristocrats, loaned at
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In the Tarikh-i
Jahangushay claims Ögedei died shortly after his lion-like hounds chased and tore to pieces a wolf he saved and released despite his having hoped God Almighty would spare his ill bowels if he released a living creature. This anecdote (Anecdote 47) contradicts the standard account of
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Anne F. Broadbridge links an "infamous alleged mass rape of Oirat girls" to Ögedei's requisitioning of girls from his uncle Temüge
Otchigin's territories without Temüge's approval. Broadbridge notes however that "with all the evidence suppressed, this can only be a surmise". The History of the Yuan
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in 1232 seems to have affected Ögedei deeply. According to some sources, Tolui sacrificed his own life, accepting a poisoned drink in shamanist ritual in order to save Ögedei who was suffering from illness. Other sources say Ögedei orchestrated Tolui's death with the help of shamans who drugged the
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Although Ögedei Khan had granted permission to invade the remainder of Europe, all the way to the "Great Sea", the
Atlantic Ocean, the Mongol advance stopped in East Europe early in 1242, the year after his death. Most historians agree with Mongol accounts which attribute the drive's failure to his
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girls above the age of seven. These girls were then confiscated for Ögedei's harem or given to caravan hostels throughout the Mongol Empire for use as prostitutes. This move brought the Oirat and their lands under Ögedei's control following the death of Ögedei's sister
Checheyigen, who previously
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and Secret
History of the Mongols speak of a forceful requisitioning of women by Ögedei from the "left wing" and "uncle Otchigin's domain" respectively but do not mention a rape. In the Secret History Ögedei expresses remorse for his act stating "as to my second fault, to listen to the word of a
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bearing an engraved pillar, like those that were commonly used in East Asia. There was a castle with doors like the gates of the garden and a series of lakes where many water fowl gathered. Ögedei erected several houses of worship for his
Buddhist, Muslim, Taoist, and Christian followers. In the
1260:, submitted to the Mongols. Another column then advanced against Gaian, ruled by Prince Avak. The Mongol commander Tokhta ruled out a direct assault and had his men construct a wall around the city, and Avak soon surrendered. By 1240, Chormaqan had completed the conquest of
724:. Because Jochi and Chagatai were quarreling over the military strategy, Ögedei was appointed by Genghis Khan to oversee the siege of Urganch. They captured the city in 1221. When the rebellion broke out in southeast Persia and Afghanistan, Ögedei also pacified
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as an integral body of precedents, confirming the continuing validity of his father's commands and ordinances, while adding his own. Ögedei codified rules of dress and conduct during the kurultais. Throughout the empire, in 1234, he created postroad stations
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priest Li
Zhichang and built schools and an academy. Ögedei Khan also decreed to issue paper currency backed by silk reserves and founded a department responsible for destroying old notes. Yelu Chucai protested to Ögedei that his large-scale distribution of
1750:(Хархорум), was finished in 1235, assigning different quarters to Islamic and North Chinese craftsmen, who competed to win Ögedei's favor. Earthen walls with 4 gates surrounded the city. Attached were private apartments, while in front of stood a giant
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route through central
Mongolia. The first palace Wanangong was constructed by North Chinese artisans. The Emperor urged his relatives build residences nearby and settled the deported craftsmen from China near the site. The construction of the city,
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in 1221 ensured his military reputation. He was confirmed as heir after further infighting between his elder brothers led to both being excluded from succession plans. Genghis died in 1227, and Ögedei was elected as khan in 1229, after a two-year
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woman without principle, and to have the girls of my uncle Otchigin's domain brought to me was surely a mistake" but De Rachewiltz notes that the entire paragraph listing four good deeds and four mistakes may be a posthumous assessment.
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and North China, and Khorazm could lead to a disintegration of the empire. Ögedei thus decreed that the Mongol nobles could appoint overseers in the appanages, but the court would appoint other officials and collect taxes.
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in 1230 and entering Khorasan without encountering any opposition, Chormaqan passed through quickly. He left a sizable contingent behind under the command of Dayir Baghatur, who had further instructions to invade western
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portrait of Ögedei depicts him as having a stocky build, a red beard, and hazel eyes. Contemporary Chinese authors such as Xu Ting wrote that Ögedei's beard was unusual for a Mongol because most had little facial hair.
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before retreating. It is likely that this retreat was caused by the need to find a successor after Ögedei's death, although some scholars have speculated that the Mongols were simply unable to invade further because of
1708:. Ögedei decreed that within decimal units one out of every 100 sheep of the well-off should be levied for the poor of the unit, and that one sheep and one mare from every herd should be forwarded to form a
1114:, whose rulers quickly submitted, preferring to pay tribute to Mongol overlords rather than having their states ravaged. Meanwhile, further east, Dayir Baghatur steadily achieved his goals in capturing
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after Genghis' death, although this was never really in doubt as it was Genghis' clear wish that he be succeeded by Ögedei. After ritually declining three times, Ögedei was proclaimed Khan of the
1639:Ögedei abolished the branch departments of state affairs and divided the areas of Mongol-ruled China into ten routes according to the suggestion of Yelü Chucai. He also divided the empire into
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In the early 1230s, Ögedei had nominated his son Kuchu as his heir; following Kuchu's death in 1236, he named his grandson Shiremun as his heir. His preference was not binding on the Mongols.
1118:, Ghazni, and Zabulistan. With the Mongols already in control of Persia, Jalal al-Din was isolated in Transcaucasia where he was banished. Thus all of Persia was added to the Mongol Empire.
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trading systems, instituted methods of tax collection, and established regional bureaucracies which controlled legal and economic affairs. He also founded the Mongol capital city,
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1477:. But they could not succeed in completing their conquest due to climate and the number of Song troops, and Ögedei's son Khochu died in the process. In 1240, Ögedei's other son
1098:, Chormaqan made his winter camp there and dispatched his armies to pacify the rest of northern Persia. In 1231, he led his army southward and quickly captured the cities of
2792:, Ögedei was buried at Qinian valley (起輦谷). The concrete location of the valley is never mentioned in any documents, many assume that it is somewhere close to the
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in 1219. After the terrible brawl between two elder sons Jochi and Chagatai, they agreed that Ögedei was to be chosen as heir. Genghis confirmed their decision.
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1256:, fled with his family before the Mongols arrived, leaving the rich city to its fate. After putting up a spirited defense at Hohanaberd, the city's ruler,
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The Secret History of the Mongols, A Mongolian Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century, Translated with a Historical and Philological Commentary, Volume One
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in February 1234. However, a viceroy of the Song murdered a Mongol ambassador, and the Song armies recaptured the former imperial capitals of Kaifeng,
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678:. Ögedei's territory occupied the Emil and Hobok rivers. According to his father's wish, Ilugei, the commander of the Jalayir, became Ögedei's tutor.
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1156:. Ögedei soon departed, leaving the final conquest to his generals. After taking several cities, the Mongols, with the belated assistance of the
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631:. He participated in the turbulent events of his father's rise. When Ögedei was 17 years old, Temüjin experienced the disastrous defeat of
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The Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent under the leadership of Ögedei helped bring political stability and re-establish the
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administration, while the headquarters in Karakorum directly dealt with Manchuria, Mongolia and Siberia. Late in his reign,
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Chinese ward, there was a Confucian temple where Yelu Chucai used to create or regulate a calendar on the Chinese model.
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At the end of 1230, responding to the Jin's unexpected defeat of Doqolqu cherbi (Mongol general), Ögedei went south to
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The History of the World Conqueror by Ala-ad-din Ata-Malik JUVAINI, Translated from the text of Mirza Muhammad Qazvini
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was administered by Mahamud Yalavach, while Yelu Chucai administered North China from 1229 to 1240. Ögedei appointed
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The Rise and Fall of the Second Largest Empire in History: How Genghis Khan's Mongols Almost Conquered the World
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1485:. The situation between the two nations worsened when Song officers murdered Ögedei's envoys headed by Selmus.
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mountains, in the autumn of 1230, thus avoiding the mountainous area to the south, which was controlled by the
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As an administrator, Ögedei continued to develop the fast-growing Mongol state. Working with officials such as
1549:Ögedei began the bureaucratization of Mongol administration. Three divisions constituted his administration:
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3566:^Liu Yingsheng, 《元太宗收继元太祖后妃考——以乞里吉忽帖尼皇后与阔里桀担皇后为中心》, 《民族研究》 (第01期), 2019年, (第01期): 86–96 , （原始内容存档于2020-12-11）
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from 1235 to 1245, the Mongols commanded by Ögedei's sons penetrated deep into the Song dynasty and reached
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681:Ögedei, along with his brothers, campaigned independently for the first time in November 1211 against the
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The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna, Praeger Publishers, 2000
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Enkhbold, Enerelt (2019). "The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships".
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there for several years. Soon Kashmir became a Mongolian dependency. Around the same time, a Kashmiri
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felt secure enough to again prepare to invade Europe. He died before his plans could be implemented.
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agreed to send a yearly tribute to Ögedei's court. Chormaqan waited until 1238, when the force of
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Like his father Genghis Khan, Ögedei had many wives and sixty concubines: Ögedei married first
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Genghis Khan died in 1227, and Jochi had died a year or two earlier. Ögedei's younger brother
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The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire
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Deep ditches and well-built walls: a reappraisal of the Mongol withdrawal from Europe in 1242
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Mahamud Yalavach promoted a system in which the government would delegate tax collection to
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held the regency until 1229. Ögedei was elected supreme khan in 1229, according to the
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to subdue the western steppes and drive into Europe. Their western conquests included
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the silver needed for tax payments. In particular, Ögedei actively invested in these
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1858:(also known as the Kipchak Khanate or the Ulus of Jochi), only nominally accepted
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Warriors of the Steppe: A Military History of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1700
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Timothy May-Mongol Empire: Chormaquan and the Mongol Conquest of the Middle East
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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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As khan, Ögedei pursued the expansionist policies of his father. He launched
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He is one of the 3 noble princes who participated in the European expedition
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in the northern part of the region and suppressed their rebellion in 1237.
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30:"Emperor Taizong of Yuan" redirects here. For the Northern Yuan ruler, see
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rescued him. Although he was already married, in 1204 his father gave him
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Denis Sinor, John R. Krueger, Rudi Paul Lindner, Valentin Aleksandrovich
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States
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at the head of 30,000 to 50,000 Mongol soldiers. He occupied Persia and
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3447:. Brill Leiden Boston: Brill's Inner Asian Library. pp. 1032–1035.
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in 1271, he had Ögedei Khan placed on the official record as Taizong (
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in 1260, proclamation of the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, and
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master, Otochi, and his brother Namo arrived at the court of Ögedei.
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3362:"A New Kind of Northerner: Initial Song Perceptions of the Mongols"
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by Lindsey Stephen Pow, 2012, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB.
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eventually succeeded him after the five-year regency of his widow
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3462:. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 201.
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in 1235. The Mongols eventually withdrew after the citizens of
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enterprises. At the same time the Mongols began circulating
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The Mongol forces sent against him in 1227 were defeated at
3419:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 187.
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married Nahe (纳合) of the Hongjila tribe, grandson of Anchen
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in 1213. Ögedei's force drove the Jin garrison out of the
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The only account alleging a rape is in Chapter 32 of the
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The Mongol Empire expanded westward under the command of
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tribe (昭慈皇后 乃蠻氏; d.1246), personal name Töregene (脱列哥那)
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2827:
1983:
Empress Hutieni (乞里吉忽帖尼 为乞里吉思氏) of the Chingissid clan
651:
chief. The addition of such a wife was not uncommon in
1919:(former concubine of Genghis Khan) and Jachin Khatun.
1244:
was also active in the north Caucasus. After subduing
1075:. Chormaqan and the majority of his army then entered
1359:
depicting the Mongols capturing a city (16th century)
1325:
and their European allies, all of whom killed Mongol
3504:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 620.
3157:
Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank
1826:(History of the World Conqueror) written in 1252 by
893:
3637:
The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe
3605:
1492:, the primary trading route between East and West.
1252:. In 1238, the Mongols captured Lorhe whose ruler,
3124:Mongol hiigeed Eurasiin diplomat shashtir, vol. II
2937:entry, the official Mongolian glossary of history"
1896:
1529:Some time after 1235 another Mongol force invaded
1198:
481:1186 AD, Ögedei fought in numerous battles during
1106:. From there, he sent armies into the regions of
1035:, the last of the Khwarizm monarchs, returned to
4397:
4072:
1954:(貴由汗; c. 19 March 1206 – 20 April 1248), 1st son
1866:. It was not until 1255, well into the reign of
1294:King temporarily submitted and agreed to accept
674:, and Khongqatan clans were given to him as his
466:– 11 December 1241) was the second ruler of the
3870:
3546:His son, Shiremün was appointed heir by Ögedei.
1313:Ögedei announced plans for the conquest of the
793:
716:after a five-month siege in 1219–20 and joined
685:. He was sent to ravage the land south through
4265:) already started to use the Chinese title of
1510:. In winter 1241 the Mongol force invaded the
1298:. When they withdrew for the summer, however,
1121:
1079:(modern-day Mazandaran), a region between the
533:in 1230, which subdued the Khwarazmian prince
4089:Early Mongol rulers posthumously honoured by
4058:
3856:
3275:Mongolia Society – Occasional Papers – p. 17.
3249:Chunjiang Fu, Asiapac Editorial, Liping Yang
3197:
3195:
2033:Sürkhakhan, Princess of Lu State (鲁国公主 唆儿哈罕)
1450:
879:
752:designate an heir before the invasion of the
1220:The Mongols under Chormaqan returned to the
1054:With Ögedei's consent to launch a campaign,
4261:(Great Khans) of the "Great Mongol State" (
3737:
3532:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3414:
3399:
3319:
3060:Magill's Guide to Military History: Jap-Pel
832:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
509:, Genghis appointed Ögedei sole commander;
111:Portrayal of Ögedei Khan in a 14th-century
4065:
4051:
3863:
3849:
3472:
3332:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (28 February 2019).
3192:
3071:Richard Ernest Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy
1357:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
1051:but was unable to follow up that success.
886:
872:
505:quarrelled over strategies when besieging
105:
3473:Craughwell, Thomas J. (1 February 2010).
3442:
3417:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
3338:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 119.
2907:
2905:
1039:to revive the empire lost by his father,
852:Learn how and when to remove this message
495:Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
83:Learn how and when to remove this message
3714:, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1971,
3500:Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb, 1247-1318. (1971).
3331:
3201:
2912:"Volume 2 Annals 2: Taizong, Dingzong".
1765:
1725:
1624:
1350:
1208:
735:
489:and taking a number of wives, including
423:
27:Ruler of the Mongol Empire (c.1186–1241)
1663:, Ögedei appointed first Chin-temur, a
1575:the Islamic circle, represented by two
1172:, which were now ruled by the Mongols.
14:
4398:
3359:
3187:Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia
3023:Secret history of the Mongols, $ 3, II
2902:
1833:
1481:dispatched a subsidiary expedition to
1337:, temporarily ending the war in 1241.
1205:Mongol invasion of Georgia and Armenia
4046:
3844:
3705:The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles
3457:
2920:太宗英文皇帝，諱窩闊台，太祖第三子...在位十三年，壽五十有六。葬起輦谷。
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2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2102:
2071:
867:
697:, and he rode to the juncture of the
3661:
3611:
3073:The encyclopedia of military history
1800:
1290:in order to subdue the kingdom. The
830:adding citations to reliable sources
797:
493:, he played a prominent role in the
36:
4129:Following Kublai's enthronement as
3712:The History of the Mongol Conquests
3047:The History of the Mongol Conquests
1457:Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty
1383:, along with a brief occupation of
731:
115:album, originally painted in 1278 (
24:
3578:
1862:, who died on the way to confront
1579:, Mahamud Yalavach, and Masud Beg.
1128:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
788:
511:his successful capture of the city
25:
4462:
4145:in 1279, Yuan ruled all of China.
3593:"History of the New Yuan Dynasty"
3556:during the campaign in Song China
3479:. Fair Winds Press. p. 208.
3297:The Secret history of the Mongols
3262:Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach
3034:Imperial Chinese Military History
1770:Statue of Ögedei Khan in Mongolia
1741:at stopping places in his annual
1544:
740:Coronation of Ögedei in 1229, by
4426:Great Khans of the Mongol Empire
3575:The first Buddhist Mongol prince
2996:"Instances of 'ᠥᠭᠦᠳᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ' in
2963:"Instances of 'ᠥᠭᠡᠳᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ' in
1651:administration was established.
1418:Amid the conquest, Ögedei's son
802:
748:The Empress Yisui insisted that
41:
3707:, Canopy Books, New York (1992)
3596:
3587:
3569:
3560:
3549:
3540:
3493:
3466:
3451:
3353:
3325:
3300:
3291:
3278:
3269:
3256:
3243:
3230:
3177:
3164:
3151:
3129:
3116:
3109:Michel Hoàng, Ingrid Cranfield
3103:
3094:
3078:
3065:
3052:
2870:
1897:Wives, concubines, and children
1199:Conquest of Georgia and Armenia
4283:
3502:The successors of Genghis Khan
3039:
3026:
3017:
2988:
2965:The Abbreviated Golden History
2955:
2925:
2864:
2855:
2807:
1561:, represented by Chinqai, the
1518:, which was controlled by the
1443:untimely demise necessitating
485:. After being granted a large
117:National Palace Museum, Taipei
13:
1:
4436:13th-century Chinese monarchs
4411:Generals of the Mongol Empire
4351:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
4253:announced the dynastic name "
3415:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018).
3264:Medieval Islamic Civilization
3216:10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799
2768:
1355:Detail of miniature from the
1160:, destroyed the Jin with the
720:who was outside the walls of
706:Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia
658:After Temüjin was proclaimed
618:
478:
460:
221:11 December 1241 (aged 54–55)
204:
4074:Emperors of the Yuan dynasty
3366:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
3308:The Uralic and Altaic Series
2895:
1758:
1715:
1187:in 1233, pacifying southern
794:Expansion in the Middle East
775:on 13 September 1229 at the
623:Ögedei was the third son of
545:, and his armies skirmished
7:
3458:Boyle, John Andrew (1958).
2828:
2051:Family tree of Genghis Khan
1622:backed by silver reserves.
1597:, and Nianhe Zhong-shan, a
1122:The fall of the Jin dynasty
712:massacred the residents of
567:penetrated deep into Europe
527:a second invasion of Persia
518:led by his younger brother
126:Khagan of the Mongol Empire
10:
4467:
4291:since the enthronement of
3738:Weatherford, Jack (2011).
3621:
3004:tmsdl.media.ritsumei.ac.jp
2975:tmsdl.media.ritsumei.ac.jp
2048:
1989:(闊端太子; 1206–1251), 2nd son
1900:
1719:
1499:
1454:
1451:Conflict with Song dynasty
1439:and Poland, respectively.
1427:another of Ögedei's sons,
1344:
1275:
1202:
1125:
1094:Upon reaching the city of
767:held at Kodoe Aral on the
539:began to subjugate Georgia
497:. When his older brothers
483:his father's rise to power
29:
4431:13th-century Mongol khans
4296:
4274:
4243:
4217:
4208:
4080:
3964:
3882:
3828:
3811:
3803:
3798:
3770:
3087:, Gerard (INT) Chaliand,
2817:
2710:
2708:
2700:
2698:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2598:
2497:
2495:
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2429:
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2356:
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2348:
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2334:
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2330:
2328:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2234:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2157:
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2135:
2133:
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2127:
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2119:
2117:
2115:
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2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2044:
1960:( 闊出; died 1237), 3rd son
1890:
1659:chief judge in China. In
1502:Mongol invasions of India
1347:Mongol invasion of Europe
1340:
1278:Mongol invasions of Korea
906:
701:, Jin, and Song domains.
647:, the wife of a defeated
543:Mongol invasions of Korea
428:Statue of Ögedei Khan in
412:
402:
392:
380:
371:
364:
359:
352:
335:
330:
326:
286:
242:
229:
217:
200:
196:
174:
152:
142:
131:
124:
104:
99:
4451:Children of Genghis Khan
3677:Harvard University Press
3668:Imperial China, 900–1800
3360:Garcia, Chad D. (2012).
2998:The Story of the Asragch
2969:The Story of the Asragch
2773:
1810:controlled Oirat lands.
1712:for the imperial table.
1691:He proclaimed the Great
1495:
1422:and Chagatai's grandson
1271:
1177:war with the Jin dynasty
1041:Muhammad ‘Ala al-Din II.
569:. These armies defeated
440:'s, and the much larger
3744:. Broadway Paperbacks.
3732:A History of Inner Asia
3630:The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War
3628:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven,
2804:, present-day Mongolia.
1915:. Other wives included
1589:circle, represented by
1302:moved the capital from
1181:crushed the Eastern Xia
1150:besieged in his capital
689:and then north through
234:Unknown, presumptively
4226:Huizong (Emperor Shun)
4202:Huizong (Emperor Shun)
3965:Yuan (Kublaid) Khagans
3170:Islamic Culture Board
1771:
1734:
1636:
1411:. During the siege of
1360:
1224:in 1232. The walls of
1217:
1033:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
745:
445:
360:Emperor Yingwen (英文皇帝)
4287:) practically in the
3443:De Rachewiltz, Igor.
3045:John Joseph Saunders
1972:(合失; d.1234), 5th son
1769:
1729:
1628:
1354:
1268:nobles to surrender.
1212:
1191:. Ögedei subdued the
739:
547:with the Song dynasty
427:
3204:Central Asian Survey
3146:10.11575/PRISM/25533
1824:Tarikh-i Jahangushay
1790:Pamela Kyle Crossley
1780:The sudden death of
1387:. They also invaded
1031:. In 1226, however,
826:improve this section
744:, early 14th century
635:against the army of
135:13 September 1229 –
3730:Soucek, Svatopluk,
3695:The Mongol Warlords
2878:son of Genghis Khan
1950:Khan of the Mongols
1834:Death and aftermath
1175:In addition to the
1016:Bulgaria and Serbia
666:(thousands) of the
563:subdued the steppes
541:. He initiated the
470:. The third son of
3698:Brockhampton Press
3663:Mote, Frederick W.
2058:or regents of the
1854:, the Khan of the
1772:
1735:
1637:
1361:
1218:
1214:Kingdom of Georgia
746:
633:Khalakhaljid Sands
446:
4446:Tengrist monarchs
4393:
4392:
4040:
4039:
3943:
3924:
3905:
3839:
3838:
3829:Succeeded by
3777:House of Borjigin
3734:, Cambridge, 2000
3703:Reagan, Geoffry,
3641:Hildinger, Erik,
3635:Chambers, James,
3486:978-1-61673-851-8
3426:978-1-108-42489-9
3402:, pp. 89–91.
3345:978-1-4422-1445-3
3089:The Mongol Empire
3032:Marvin C Whiting
2826:
2766:
2765:
1931:Empress Boraqchin
1801:Alleged mass rape
1785:alcoholic Tolui.
1248:, Chormaqan took
1228:were breached by
1091:(the Assassins).
1024:
1023:
862:
861:
854:
754:Khwarezmid Empire
430:Sükhbaatar Square
422:
421:
376:
375:
267:Kirgistani Khatun
148:13 September 1229
93:
92:
85:
16:(Redirected from
4458:
4300:
4298:
4289:Chinese language
4285:
4276:
4236:Tianyuan Emperor
4212:
4182:Tianshun Emperor
4147:
4097:
4095:as Yuan emperors
4067:
4060:
4053:
4044:
4043:
3997:Yesün Temür Khan
3937:
3918:
3899:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3804:Preceded by
3794:
3787:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3710:Saunders, J.J.,
3693:Nicolle, David,
3690:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3602:Brother of Borte
3600:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3558:
3553:
3547:
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3491:
3490:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3412:
3403:
3400:Weatherford 2011
3397:
3391:
3389:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3329:
3323:
3320:Weatherford 2011
3317:
3311:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3289:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3267:
3260:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3199:
3190:
3184:Thomas T. Allsen
3181:
3175:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3149:
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3127:
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3101:
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2981:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2909:
2889:
2876:Khulgen was the
2874:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2802:Khentii Province
2784:
2104:Yesugei Baghatur
2069:
2068:
2004:Concubine Ergene
1924:Principal wives:
1892:
1881:established the
1634:Mongolian script
1371:, almost all of
1296:Mongol overseers
901:
900:
888:
881:
874:
865:
864:
857:
850:
846:
843:
837:
806:
798:
732:Position as heir
480:
465:
462:
436:. Together with
345:
342:
328:
327:
250:Borakchin Khatun
209:
206:
138:
137:11 December 1241
109:
97:
96:
88:
81:
77:
74:
68:
45:
44:
37:
21:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4441:House of Ögedei
4396:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4301:
4293:Genghis Emperor
4245:
4239:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4177:Taiding Emperor
4127:
4087:
4076:
4071:
4041:
4036:
4017:Rinchinbal Khan
3960:
3915:Töregene Khatun
3878:
3869:
3835:
3832:Töregene Khatun
3825:
3809:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3773:
3766:
3752:
3724:Sicker, Martin
3687:
3647:Morgan, David,
3624:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3471:
3467:
3456:
3452:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3261:
3257:
3251:Chinese History
3248:
3244:
3235:
3231:
3200:
3193:
3182:
3178:
3172:Islamic culture
3169:
3165:
3156:
3152:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3085:Michael Prawdin
3083:
3079:
3070:
3066:
3057:
3053:
3044:
3040:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3008:
3006:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2915:History of Yuan
2911:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2875:
2871:
2844:
2837:
2812:
2808:
2798:Burkhan Khaldun
2789:History of Yuan
2785:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2399:
2053:
2047:
1966:(哈剌察児), 4th son
1905:
1903:House of Ögedei
1899:
1848:Töregene Khatun
1836:
1803:
1792:, a posthumous
1761:
1724:
1718:
1632:in traditional
1547:
1533:, stationing a
1524:Delhi Sultanate
1520:Delhi Sultanate
1504:
1498:
1461:In a series of
1459:
1453:
1349:
1343:
1280:
1274:
1207:
1201:
1162:fall of Caizhou
1130:
1124:
1089:Nizari Ismailis
1068:Amu Darya River
1025:
1020:
1002:
972:
902:
895:
894:
892:
858:
847:
841:
838:
823:
807:
796:
791:
789:World conquests
734:
621:
597:, he developed
531:Chormaqan Noyan
463:
354:Posthumous name
343:
340:
322:
282:
270:Kujulder Khatun
255:Töregene Khatun
238:
236:Burkhan Khaldun
222:
210:
207:
192:
170:
136:
120:
89:
78:
72:
69:
58:
52:has an unclear
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4464:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4391:
4390:
4263:Ikh Mongol Uls
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4070:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4012:Khutughtu Khan
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3949:
3944:
3930:
3925:
3911:
3906:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3799:Regnal titles
3796:
3795:
3774:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3751:978-0307407160
3750:
3735:
3728:
3722:
3708:
3701:
3691:
3686:978-0674012127
3685:
3659:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:, p. 415.
3604:
3595:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3548:
3539:
3510:
3492:
3485:
3465:
3450:
3432:
3425:
3404:
3392:
3352:
3344:
3324:
3312:
3299:
3290:
3277:
3268:
3255:
3242:
3229:
3210:(4): 531–547.
3191:
3176:
3163:
3150:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3093:
3077:
3064:
3051:
3038:
3025:
3016:
2987:
2954:
2943:(in Mongolian)
2924:
2918:(in Chinese).
2900:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2869:
2806:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:Ariq Böke
2552:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2049:Main article:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1937:Empress Zhaoci
1934:
1898:
1895:
1835:
1832:
1802:
1799:
1760:
1757:
1752:stone tortoise
1731:Stone tortoise
1720:Main article:
1717:
1714:
1620:paper currency
1603:
1602:
1580:
1573:
1546:
1545:Administration
1543:
1500:Main article:
1497:
1494:
1455:Main article:
1452:
1449:
1369:Volga Bulgaria
1345:Main article:
1342:
1339:
1308:Ganghwa Island
1276:Main article:
1273:
1270:
1264:, forcing the
1203:Main article:
1200:
1197:
1123:
1120:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1000:
999:
998:
988:
983:
982:
981:
976:
970:
965:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
929:
928:
923:
913:
907:
904:
903:
891:
890:
883:
876:
868:
860:
859:
810:
808:
801:
795:
792:
790:
787:
733:
730:
620:
617:
590:difficulties.
420:
419:
414:
410:
409:
404:
400:
399:
394:
390:
389:
384:
378:
377:
374:
373:
369:
368:
362:
361:
357:
356:
350:
349:
333:
332:
324:
323:
321:
320:
317:
312:
309:
306:
303:
298:
292:
290:
284:
283:
281:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
257:
252:
246:
244:
240:
239:
233:
231:
227:
226:
219:
215:
214:
202:
198:
197:
194:
193:
191:
190:
185:
178:
176:
172:
171:
169:
168:
162:
156:
154:
150:
149:
146:
140:
139:
133:
129:
128:
122:
121:
110:
102:
101:
91:
90:
73:September 2024
54:citation style
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4463:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4219:Northern Yuan
4216:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4143:Southern Song
4140:
4136:
4132:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:Ukhaantu Khan
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4002:Ragibagh Khan
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3934:Oghul Qaimish
3931:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:Early Khagans
3881:
3877:
3876:Mongol Empire
3873:
3866:
3861:
3859:
3854:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3822:Mongol Empire
3819:
3815:
3808:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3785:
3780:
3778:
3769:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3720:0-8122-1766-7
3717:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3657:0-631-17563-6
3654:
3650:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3613:
3608:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3557:
3552:
3543:
3535:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3511:0-231-03351-6
3507:
3503:
3496:
3488:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3409:
3401:
3396:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3328:
3322:, p. 92.
3321:
3316:
3309:
3303:
3294:
3287:
3284:David Morgan
3281:
3272:
3265:
3259:
3252:
3246:
3239:
3236:David Morgan
3233:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3167:
3160:
3154:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3112:
3106:
3097:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3074:
3068:
3061:
3055:
3048:
3042:
3035:
3029:
3020:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2942:
2941:mongoltoli.mn
2938:
2936:
2928:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2887:
2883:
2882:Khulan khatun
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2786:According to
2783:
2779:
2763:
2760:
2753:
2752:
2715:
2713:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2651:
2615:
2613:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2453:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2392:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2346:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2177:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2149:
2138:
2123:
2121:
2108:
2105:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:Mongol Empire
2057:
2052:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2017:
2014:
2012:(合丹), 6th son
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:According to
1786:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:Shigi Khutugh
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1584:North Chinese
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:and besieged
1513:
1509:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:Yangtze River
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:Southern Song
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:Transcaucasia
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:battering ram
1231:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
993:
992:
989:
987:
984:
980:
977:
975:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
914:
912:
911:Volga Bulgars
909:
908:
905:
898:
889:
884:
882:
877:
875:
870:
869:
866:
856:
853:
845:
835:
831:
827:
821:
820:
816:
811:This section
809:
805:
800:
799:
786:
784:
780:
779:
774:
770:
769:Kherlen River
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
743:
742:Rashid al-Din
738:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
708:, Ögedei and
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:
596:
591:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
475:
473:
469:
468:Mongol Empire
458:
454:
453:Ögedei Khagan
450:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
418:
415:
411:
408:
405:
401:
398:
395:
391:
388:
385:
383:
379:
370:
367:
363:
358:
355:
351:
348:
347:Ögedei Khagan
338:
337:Mongol script
334:
329:
325:
318:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
291:
289:
285:
279:Erkene Khatun
278:
276:Jachin Khatun
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
245:
241:
237:
232:
228:
225:
224:Mongol Empire
220:
216:
213:
212:Khamag Mongol
203:
199:
195:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
177:
173:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
155:
151:
147:
145:
141:
134:
130:
127:
123:
118:
114:
108:
103:
98:
95:
87:
84:
76:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4416:1180s births
4339:N. Dynasties
4335:S. Dynasties
4282:
4262:
4246:
4128:
4126:
4111:
4094:
4088:
4027:Biligtü Khan
4007:Jayaatu Khan
3987:Buyantu Khan
3977:Öljeytü Khan
3932:
3913:
3908:
3894:
3890:Genghis Khan
3812:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3772:Ögedei Khan
3740:
3731:
3725:
3711:
3704:
3694:
3667:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3629:
3607:
3598:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3551:
3542:
3501:
3495:
3475:
3468:
3459:
3453:
3444:
3416:
3395:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3334:
3327:
3315:
3307:
3302:
3293:
3285:
3280:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3207:
3203:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3153:
3136:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3111:Genghis Khan
3110:
3105:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3067:
3059:
3058:John Powell
3054:
3046:
3041:
3033:
3028:
3019:
3007:. Retrieved
3003:
2997:
2990:
2978:. Retrieved
2974:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2940:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2872:
2863:
2847:
2840:
2809:
2787:
2782:
2749:
2538:
2529:
2520:
2398:Sorghaghtani
2377:
2239:Genghis Khan
2237:
2063:
2054:
2024:
2023:
2022:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1980:(木哥; d.1242)
1978:Empress Möge
1949:
1948:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1906:
1883:Yuan dynasty
1876:
1856:Golden Horde
1841:
1837:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1804:
1794:Yuan dynasty
1787:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1762:
1736:
1733:of Karakorum
1690:
1673:
1638:
1629:
1604:
1548:
1528:
1512:Indus valley
1505:
1487:
1460:
1441:
1437:Transylvania
1417:
1405:Latin Empire
1362:
1312:
1288:invade Korea
1281:
1219:
1216:in 1184–1230
1193:Water Tatars
1185:Puxian Wannu
1174:
1158:Song dynasty
1131:
1093:
1058:qorchi left
1053:
1026:
933:Eastern Liao
899:'s campaigns
896:
848:
839:
824:Please help
812:
776:
758:
750:Genghis Khan
747:
703:
680:
663:
660:Genghis Khan
657:
622:
598:
592:
535:Jalal al-Din
524:
476:
472:Genghis Khan
456:
452:
448:
447:
442:Genghis Khan
397:Genghis Khan
372:Taizong (太宗)
346:
273:Jujai Khatun
264:Alqui Khatun
160:Genghis Khan
94:
79:
70:
51:
4421:1241 deaths
4406:Ögedei Khan
4331:16 Kingdoms
4257:" in 1271,
4032:Uskhal Khan
3992:Gegeen Khan
3972:Setsen Khan
3952:Kublai Khan
3947:Möngke Khan
3909:Ögedei Khan
3779:(1206–1634)
3649:The Mongols
3286:The Mongols
3238:The Mongols
2066:. Source:
1997:Concubines:
1917:Möge Khatun
1879:Kublai Khan
1868:Möngke Khan
1850:. However,
1667:, and then
1630:Ögedei Khan
1607:tax farmers
1591:Yelu Chucai
1577:Khorazmians
1381:Kievan Rus'
1258:Hasan Jalal
1242:Möngke Khan
1183:founded by
1081:Caspian Sea
1073:Afghanistan
1029:Western Xia
958:Kievan Rus'
916:Jin dynasty
897:Ögedei Khan
704:During the
683:Jin dynasty
609:charismatic
595:Yelü Chucai
464: 1186
449:Ögedei Khan
438:Kublai Khan
434:Ulaanbaatar
366:Temple name
260:Möge Khatun
208: 1186
153:Predecessor
100:Ögedei Khan
32:Taisun Khan
18:Ogedei Khan
4400:Categories
4323:3 Kingdoms
4299:) in 1206.
4255:Great Yuan
3982:Külüg Khan
3928:Güyük Khan
3896:Tolui Khan
3826:1229–1241
3062:, p. 1148.
2800:mountain,
2794:Onon River
2769:References
2657:Abaqa Khan
1901:See also:
1665:Kara-kitai
1568:, and the
1535:darughachi
1254:Shahanshah
1126:See also:
1077:Tabaristan
938:Khwarazmia
629:Börte Ujin
619:Background
588:logistical
188:Güyük Khan
144:Coronation
65:footnoting
4157:Chengzong
3956:Ariq Böke
3760:915759962
3673:Cambridge
3612:Mote 1999
3528:cite book
3378:1059-3152
3310:, p. 176.
3288:, p. 104.
3266:, p. 632.
3253:, p. 148.
3240:, p. 102.
3224:203044817
3174:, p. 256.
3161:, p. 263.
3126:, p. 197.
3113:, p. 159.
3091:, p. 237.
3075:, p. 336.
3036:, p. 355.
2896:Citations
2834:Mongolian
2823:romanized
2814:Mongolian
2006:(业里吉纳妃子)
1939:, of the
1911:and then
1909:Boraqchin
1759:Character
1748:Karakorum
1739:pavilions
1722:Karakorum
1716:Karakorum
1683:in Iran,
1681:appanages
1653:Turkestan
1649:Amu Darya
1641:Beshbalik
1587:Confucian
1555:Christian
1490:Silk Road
1471:Xiangyang
1435:attacked
1365:Batu Khan
1189:Manchuria
1179:, Ögedei
1142:Fengxiang
1056:Chormaqan
968:Sit River
842:June 2014
813:does not
670:, Besud,
662:in 1206,
655:culture.
641:Borokhula
605:Karakorum
555:Batu Khan
308:Kharachar
175:Successor
4231:Zhaozong
4197:Ningzong
4192:Mingzong
4172:Yingzong
4139:conquest
4122:Xianzong
4117:Dingzong
4108:(regent)
3834:(regent)
3665:(1999).
3386:43855132
3189:, p. 84.
3049:, p. 57.
2980:17 March
2947:17 March
2865:Wōkuòtái
2796:and the
2371:Chagatai
2025:Unknown:
1964:Qarachar
1933:(孛剌合真皇后)
1913:Töregene
1612:interest
1570:Keraites
1557:eastern
1539:Buddhist
1401:Bulgaria
1335:hostages
1331:Mongolia
1323:Kipchaks
1266:Georgian
1230:catapult
1222:Caucasus
1170:Chang'an
1064:Khorasan
1045:Dameghan
778:Kurultai
765:kurultai
710:Chagatai
676:appanage
664:myangans
645:Töregene
551:in India
503:Chagatai
491:Töregene
487:appanage
477:Born in
417:Tengrism
413:Religion
387:Borjigin
184:(regent)
182:Töregene
167:(regent)
113:Yuan-era
61:citation
4284:Huángdì
4271:Chinese
4267:Emperor
4259:Khagans
4249:Before
4187:Wenzong
4167:Renzong
4135:Emperor
4112:Taizong
4106:Ruizong
3874:of the
3820:of the
3818:Emperor
3622:Sources
3372:: 335.
3009:3 March
2884:of the
2852:Chinese
2825::
2650:Zhenjin
2254:Hachiun
2062:are in
2056:Khagans
1947:Güyük,
1887:Chinese
1870:, that
1828:Juvayni
1816:Yuanshi
1743:nomadic
1706:jarliqs
1685:Western
1645:Yanjing
1610:higher
1599:Jurchen
1531:Kashmir
1467:Chengdu
1463:razzias
1413:Kolomna
1409:Austria
1393:Croatia
1385:Hungary
1377:Cumania
1315:Koreans
1304:Kaesong
1300:Ch'oe U
1284:tribute
1246:Armenia
1166:Luoyang
1154:Kaifeng
1104:Hamadan
1060:Bukhara
1049:Isfahan
1004:Hungary
996:Legnica
974:Kozelsk
953:Armenia
948:Georgia
926:Caizhou
921:Kaifeng
834:removed
819:sources
783:Kherlen
781:of the
773:Mongols
722:Urganch
668:Jalayir
637:Jamukha
625:Temüjin
579:Hungary
575:Legnica
559:Subutai
529:led by
516:regency
507:Gurganj
4363:W. Xia
4281::
4279:pinyin
4273::
4251:Kublai
4162:Wuzong
4131:Khagan
4092:Kublai
3940:Regent
3921:Regent
3902:Regent
3872:Khagan
3814:Khagan
3789:
3758:
3748:
3718:
3700:, 1998
3683:
3655:
3632:, 1998
3520:160563
3518:
3508:
3483:
3423:
3384:
3376:
3342:
3222:
3122:J.Bor
2967:, and
2886:Merkit
2862::
2860:pinyin
2854::
2848:Ögüdei
2845:ᠥᠭᠦᠳᠡᠢ
2841:Ögedei
2838:ᠥᠭᠡᠳᠡᠢ
2829:Ögedei
2818:Өгэдэй
2759:Arghun
2548:Hulagu
2540:Kublai
2531:Möngke
2378:Ögedei
2261:Temüge
2073:Hoelun
2045:Family
1941:Naiman
1889::
1702:paizas
1676:Taoist
1669:Korguz
1595:Khitan
1566:scribe
1563:Uyghur
1516:Lahore
1508:Qonduz
1479:Khuden
1407:, and
1403:, the
1397:Serbia
1389:Poland
1379:, and
1373:Alania
1341:Europe
1327:envoys
1321:, the
1317:, the
1292:Goryeo
1250:Tiflis
1226:Ganjak
1168:, and
1134:Shanxi
1112:Kirman
1085:Alborz
1037:Persia
991:Poland
963:Ryazan
943:Goryeo
726:Ghazni
699:Xi Xia
691:Shanxi
672:Suldus
653:steppe
649:Merkit
600:ortogh
571:Poland
457:Ogodei
451:(also
403:Mother
393:Father
341:ᠥᠭᠡᠳᠡᠢ
311:Khashi
305:Khochu
243:Spouse
230:Burial
4307:Shang
4297:成吉思皇帝
4247:Note:
4152:Shizu
4101:Taizu
3807:Tolui
3791:Died:
3784:Born:
3382:JSTOR
3220:S2CID
2935:Güyük
2888:clan.
2774:Notes
2751:Temür
2522:Güyük
2391:Tolui
2364:Jochi
2247:Hasar
2231:Börte
2016:Melik
2010:Kadan
1987:Koden
1970:Qashi
1958:Köchü
1877:When
1860:Güyük
1844:Güyük
1807:Oirat
1782:Tolui
1693:Yassa
1616:ortoq
1559:Turks
1496:India
1483:Tibet
1433:Melig
1429:Kadan
1420:Güyük
1272:Korea
1238:Irbil
1146:Henan
1138:Tolui
1136:with
1116:Kabul
986:Tibet
761:Tolui
718:Jochi
714:Otrar
695:Ordos
687:Hebei
613:Güyük
520:Tolui
499:Jochi
407:Börte
382:House
344:ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ
331:Names
319:Melig
315:Kadan
301:Godan
296:Güyük
288:Issue
165:Tolui
132:Reign
4379:Qing
4375:Ming
4371:Yuan
4359:Song
4355:Liao
4347:Tang
4311:Zhou
4082:Yuan
3938:(as
3919:(as
3900:(as
3793:1241
3786:1186
3756:OCLC
3746:ISBN
3716:ISBN
3681:ISBN
3653:ISBN
3534:link
3516:OCLC
3506:ISBN
3481:ISBN
3421:ISBN
3374:ISSN
3340:ISBN
3011:2017
2982:2017
2949:2017
2400:Beki
2064:bold
1872:Batu
1864:Batu
1852:Batu
1710:herd
1661:Iran
1643:and
1593:, a
1582:the
1553:the
1473:and
1445:Batu
1431:and
1424:Büri
1232:and
1110:and
1108:Fars
1102:and
1083:and
1009:Mohi
979:Kiev
817:any
815:cite
627:and
583:Mohi
577:and
565:and
561:had
557:and
549:and
537:and
501:and
218:Died
201:Born
63:and
4387:PRC
4383:ROC
4367:Jīn
4343:Sui
4327:Jìn
4319:Han
4315:Qin
4303:Xia
4141:of
3212:doi
3142:doi
2880:by
2856:窩闊台
1814:or
1698:Yam
1333:as
1306:to
1152:of
1100:Qum
1096:Rey
828:by
581:at
573:at
455:or
4402::
4385:/
4381:→
4377:→
4373:→
4369:→
4365:/
4361:/
4357:/
4353:→
4349:→
4345:→
4341:→
4337:/
4333:→
4329:/
4325:→
4321:→
4317:→
4313:→
4309:→
4305:→
4277:;
4275:皇帝
3954:/
3754:.
3679:.
3675::
3671:.
3651:,
3530:}}
3526:{{
3514:.
3435:^
3407:^
3380:.
3370:42
3368:.
3364:.
3218:.
3208:38
3206:.
3194:^
3002:.
2973:.
2939:.
2904:^
2858:;
2850:;
2843:,
2836::
2832:,
2820:,
2816::
1891:太宗
1526:.
1469:,
1399:,
1395:,
1391:,
1375:,
728:.
615:.
522:.
479:c.
461:c.
459:;
432:,
339::
205:c.
4295:(
4269:(
4211:元
4133:-
4066:e
4059:t
4052:v
3942:)
3923:)
3904:)
3864:e
3857:t
3850:v
3816:-
3762:.
3689:.
3536:)
3522:.
3489:.
3429:.
3388:.
3348:.
3226:.
3214::
3148:.
3144::
3013:.
3000:"
2984:.
2971:"
2951:.
2933:"
1696:(
1601:.
1572:.
887:e
880:t
873:v
855:)
849:(
844:)
840:(
836:.
822:.
119:)
86:)
80:(
75:)
71:(
67:.
57:.
34:.
20:)
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