Okanagan language - Knowledge

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and adults. SSOS currently (2021-22 school year) serves children aged 1 year old up to 9th grade with Salish immersion education. P-6 classrooms are 100% n̓səl̓xčin̓ immersion classes in which the language of instruction is n̓səl̓xčin and math, literacy, science, art, music and physical education are taught in n̓səl̓xčin. The school's programs are designed to spur full fluency in Colville-Okanagan by the age of 15. According to school expectations and curricula, children are expected to speak Colville-Okanagan for the duration of their time in school. In addition to programming for children, in July 2022, SSOS is also providing intensive n̓səl̓xčin training to more than 40 adults. Twenty-eight staff members at SSOS are enrolled in the Salish Language Educator Development (SLED) program at SSOS. These staff members receive 90 minutes of immersion n̓səl̓xčin training daily as part of their work. Another 16 adults, parents of SSOS students, participate in paid afternoon and evening n̓səlxčin̓ fluency track training. All SSOS parents commit to completing at least 60 hours of n̓səl̓xčin̓ language classes per year in order for their children to be eligible to attend the school. SSOS offers free, beginning n̓səl̓xčin̓ (Colville-Okanagan) language classes on evenings and weekends for SSOS parents and other community members. At Salish School of Spokane, there are 35 intergenerational pairs- 35 immersion school students who have at least one parent who is studying n̓səl̓xčin in a fluency-track program.

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efforts, the school not only provides curriculum, but also helps develop and translate it. The Salish School works alongside organizations such as the Paul Creek Language Association, a nonprofit based in British Columbia, on the N̓səl̓xcin̓ Curriculum Project. The N̓səl̓xcin̓ Project aims to create foundational lesson plans from which teachers of Okanagan can draw. The project is spearheaded by Christopher Parkin, and is translated primarily by the fluent elder Sarah Peterson, with the additional help of Hazel Abrahamson and Herman Edwards. The participation of native speakers ensures clear meaning and high fidelity to the Okanagan language. The project is composed of six textbooks divided into three levels: beginner, intermediate, and advanced. Each level consists of a language book which contains a number of audio recordings, language, and learning software to ease language teaching. Additionally, each level includes a literature book. The literature book provides the vital function of providing entertainment for language learners when outside of class and also reinforces sentence construction for Okanagan. The project also contains daily quizzes, midterm-style tests, and both oral and written final exams for evaluation. Most importantly, the curriculum developed by the N̓səl̓xcin̓ Curriculum Project is available in electronic format online free of charge.

518:. Additionally, the Centre also offers a certification to become a Certified Early Childhood Education Assistant which is in partnership with Nicola Valley Institute of Technology. The certificate does not qualify one to teach at the secondary level, but does ensure employability in daycare and pre-K. The strategy behind these two certificates ensures that potential teachers have easy access to college credits from centers of higher learning like the University of Victoria, and potential education assistants can be involved in the education of children, thus establishing fluency in Okanagan early on. Finally, the En'owkin Centre places a heavy emphasis on its college readiness programs. The importance of these programs lies not only in setting up Indigenous students for success, but also incorporating Colville-Okanagan courses into curriculum for young adult to adult students. William Cohen notes in his article, that many native students perform poorly in school and the high school dropout rate for aboriginal high schoolers is very high. 497:

the activities in which the Confederation takes part are allocating funds both local and federal for cultural preservation projects. The Confederated Tribes' goals are to establish three language programs, develop language dictionaries, provide translation services and curriculum, and establish language classes with a regular attendance of 30 or more people. Though the Confederation's efforts are laudable, the limitations of 50 truly native speakers are evident. Language revitalization on the scale the Confederation proposes is limited by the number of native speakers available for those projects. Despite the confederation's efforts, language revitalization cannot be reproduced on such a large scale in the short run.

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community to provide comprehensive and high-quality education and to promote new, fluent speakers with a deep understanding of the language, culture, and customs. UBCO is the first university in Canada and one of the first in the world to offer a degree program in an Indigenous language. This degree program will boost the number of fluent nsyilxcn speakers at a crucial time as the nsyilxcn language is critically endangered.

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introduced to the sentence via an initial determiner; the only exception to initial determiners is in the case of proper names which do not need determiners to introduce them. Predicates may be of any lexical category. There may be additional arguments added to a sentence in Okanagan via complementizers. Okanagan is unique among the majority of Salish languages for the inclusion of the complementizer.

449:. According to nsyilxcən language keepers, words in the nsyilxcən language should not be capitalized. As described in an Indiginews article, "In an egalitarian society, capitalization insinuates there is something that holds more importance over another, and that does not fall in line with syilx ethics". 3353:

The -ɬt- affix is the ditransitive counterpart of –nt- and works in much the same. The difference between the two is that it refers to three persons: an actor, and two other actors or goals. Furthermore, -ɬt- is further differentiated from its ditransitive cousin -x(i)t- because it does not require a

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Each clause in Colville-Okanagan can be divided into two parts: inflected predicates which are required for every sentence, and optional arguments. Colville-Okanagan allows a maximum of two arguments per sentence construction. These are marked by pronominal markers on the predicate. Each argument is

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The major difference between two sets is how they incorporate affixes to remain grammatically correct. In the case of the –nt-, -ɬt- group, all particles and suffixes joining onto the stem and suffix of the verb will be identical for both. The –nt- affix connects to the stem of a transitive verb via

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Revitalization efforts for Colville-Okanagan in the United States include instruction for children and intensive programs for training new adult speakers. However, concentrated efforts are made on the part of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation to promote language preservation. Among

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Colville-Okanagan demonstrates great flexibility when dealing with persons, number, and gender. The language encodes the person via a series of prefixes and suffixes, and uses its number system in tandem with pluralized pronominals to communicate the number of actors within a sentence. For example:

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Salish School of Spokane (SSOS)(sƛ̓x̌atkʷ nsəl̓xčin̓ sn̓maʔmáyaʔtn̓) in Washington State has a comprehensive community language revitalization strategy for Colville-Okanagan Salish. This school serves Colville-Okanagan people in the Spokane Metro Area. Salish School of Spokane serves both children

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Ablative complements in Colville-Okanagan come in the form of the /tl/ particle. Along with directional complements, /k̓/ and /k̓l/, Okanagan speakers can indicate motion. The ablative complement /tl/ only serves to indicate ‘moving away from.' For instance, in the sentence below, the ablative is

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The morphology of Colville-Okanagan is fairly complex. It is a head-marking language that relies mostly on grammatical information being placed directly on the predicate by means of affixes and clitics. The combination of derivational and inflectional suffixes and prefixes that are added onto the

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To encourage interest in teaching vocations, the En'owkin places a strong emphasis on its various certification programs. The Certificate of Aboriginal Language Revitalization is offered in the En'owkin Centre and is taught by linguist Maxine Baptiste. The course does have a fee involved, but the

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Salish School of Spokane makes a point of not falling into the trap of monopolizing teaching resources. Unlike Walsh's examples of tribes opting to not share materials, Salish School maintains a variety of audio resources and curricula to advance Colville-Okanagan revitalization. Along with these

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In contrast to this group, -st- and –x(i)t- operate by unique rules. The –st- affix, much like its counterpart must be added to a verb stem by means of suffixation, it is also transitive, and refers to an actor and a primary goal, but it implies a reference to a third person, or a secondary goal

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and is now termed Proto Southern Interior Salish. As a result of the initial expansion of Colville-Okanagan prior to European contact, the language developed three separate dialects: Colville, Okanagan, and Lakes. A low degree of dialectic divergence exists in terms of vocabulary and grammar.

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There are a number of complements available to Colville-Okanagan to clarify its predicates among these are positional complements, which merely indicate the place of a predicate. In addition to positional complements, there are a variety of marked complements, complements used in Okanagan that

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Moreover, created in 2021 the University of British Columbia Okanagan (UBCO) offers the Bachelor of nsyilxcn Language Fluency (BNLF) program, that was created in collaboration with the Nicola Valley Institute of Technology (NVIT) and the En’owkin Centre. It is designed to work closely with the

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Absolutive markers within Colville-Okanagan can only be used if the predicate of the sentence is intransitive. For example, (I count) is perfectly viable in Colville-Okanagan, but * *(I count it)is not because the verb 'count' is transitive. Person markers never occur without an accompanying

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Additionally, a Syilx Language House was developed in 2015 in British Columbia. The goal of the house is to create 10 fluent nsyilxcen speakers in four years. In this program, participants spend 2000 hours over four years learning nsyilxcen via a variety of different teaching methods, regular

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assessments, frequent visits from Elders, and full immersion. Following completion of the program in 2020, the Syilx Language House is hoping to expand by developing more language houses across the Okanagan and will increase the goal to creating 100 new nsyilxcn speakers in the 2020 cohort.

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The first of the marked complements is the prefix /yi/. For the most part, /yi/ is an optional complement that is used in definite cases with the exception of cases when a proper noun is used. In such cases, the /yi/ prefix is not allowed. When /yi/ is used it refers to a definite referent.

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Simple possessives within Colville-Okanagan are predominantly a result of prefixation and circumfixation on a verb. However, Colville-Okanagan uses simple possessives as aspect forms on the verb in very complex ways. This practice is predominantly seen in Southern interior Salish languages.

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The -x(i)t- ditransitive affix shares all of the features of -ɬt- with the sole exception that it requires a clitic to be attached to front of the verb stem. The reason for the clitic in Okanagan is to add emphasis or focus on the second object, whereas -ɬt- makes no distinction.

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In the case of verbs, Colville-Okanagan morphology handles transitivity in various ways. The first is a set of rules for verbs that only have a single direct object, transitive verbs. For the ergative case there are two variants of person markers a stressed and an unstressed.

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Colville-Okanagan also contains a number of locational complements which refer to when or where something happened. It is a point of reference. The /l/ and the variant /lə/particles are used to tie a predicate to a time or place. xʷuy̓ lə sənkʷəkʷəʔac. "He went in the night"

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Person markers within Colville-Okanagan are attached to verbs, nouns, or adjectives. The marker used depending on transitivity of verbs and other conditions outlined below. The person maker used largely depends on the case being used in the sentence.

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Additionally, Colville-Okanagan relies heavily on the use of suffixes to designate gender. Okanagan handles gender in much the same way, by attaching both determiner and ‘man' to the sentence, the gender of an object or subject can be communicated:

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by more than 40 adults and 35 children in the City of Spokane, Washington, and by several dozen adults on the Colville Indian Reservation in Washington State and among Okanagan people in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. About 50 deeply

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Colville-Okanagan has one oblique marker that serves adapts it to several different functions depending upon the context in which it is used. The oblique marker ‘t' can be used to mark the object of an intransitive verb, as in the case below.

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There are two sets of verb affixes each containing two members that dictate the composition of a verb. The first set is composed of the affixes –nt-, and -ɬt-. The second set is composed of –st- and x(i)t- where ‘i' is a stressed vowel.

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wikn̓t (see it) is an example of a strong -nt- transitive past/present verb, with 'XX' identifying non-occurring combinations and '--' identifying semantic combinations which require the reflexive suffix -cut-

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form of communication until the late 19th century, when priests and linguists began transcribing the language for word lists, dictionaries, grammars, and translations. Colville-Okanagan is currently written in

3431:‘t' may also mark the agent in a passive construction, and it may be used to mark the ergative agent of transitive verbs. Finally, the oblique ‘t' may be used to mark functions including time and instrument: 4032:

Cohen, William Alexander (2010). University of British Columbia. "School failed Coyote, so Fox made a new school: Indigenous Okanagan knowledge transforms educational pedagogy." Retrieved May 8, 2014.

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wikən yiʔ sqilxʷ " I saw the/those people." The sequential complements are composed of the particles /ɬ/ and /ɬa/. /ɬa/ conveys temporal sequence while /ɬ/ represents a subordinate element.

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In this example, there is a combination of 2nd singular marker with ‘wife.' ‘She' is encoded into the meaning of the word via the inclusion of the gender suffix at the end of the sentence.

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occupied the northern portion of the Columbia Basin from the Methow River in the west, to Kootenay Lake in the east, and north along the Columbia River and the Arrow Lakes, as well as the

393:. Syil̓x means "Salish" and is a cognate of the Spokane-Kalispel word, séliš, the enthnonym of the Bitterroot Salish people of Montana. Colville-Okanagan is the heritage language of the 329:

The vast majority of Colville-Okanagan words are from Proto-Salish or Proto-Interior Salish. A number of Colville-Okanagan words are shared with or borrowed from the neighboring

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first-language speakers of Colville-Okanagan Salish remain, the majority of whom live in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. The language is currently moribund and has no

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The directional complement's two particles represent both direction towards something, and direction towards a specific location. /k/ signifies movement towards something:

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Verbs may react in a number of different ways when a suffix is attached to the root stem of the word. Below are a number of ways in which intransitive roots are modified.

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The /k̓l/ particle modifies this sentence so that it specifies the house as the location to which the subject must move. k̓əl incitxʷ "To my house" (there specifically)

3878:"First Voices: bringing aboriginal language to the dinner table. The Bent family, who live near Penticton, are teaching their young children both English and Nsyilxcen" 3721:

The Okanagan system relies heavily on its affixes to demonstrate tense, space, and time. Below are demonstrated various affixes that attach to roots to encode meaning.

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Johnson, Sʔímlaʔx Michele K. (May 2017). "Breathing Life into New Speakers: nsyilxcn and Tlingit Sequenced Curriculum, Direct Acquisition, and Assessments".

4118:"Uvular-Pharyngeal Resonants in Interior Salish." M. Dale Kinkade. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Jul., 1967), pp. 228–234 5787: 5802: 4511:

Kennedy, Dorothy I. D. and Randall T. Bouchard. (1998). ‘Northern Okanagan, Lakes, and Colville.' Pp. 238–252 of Walker, Jr. (vol. ed.) 1998.

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University of California Santa Barbara Occasional Papers in Linguistics 17:27–42. Santa Barbara: University of California Santa Barbara.

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Johnson, Sʔímlaʔx Michele K. (2017-11). "Syilx Language House: How and Why We Are Delivering 2,000 Decolonizing Hours in Nsyilxcn".

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during the 1800s and the subsequent assimilation of all Salishan tribes, the use of Colville-Okanagan declined drastically.

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The Westbank First Nation uses this alphabet, in which the letters with acute accent are counted as separate letters:

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The vowels found in Lakes are: , , , , and . Stress will fall only on the full vowels , , and in Colville-Okanagan.

3841: 4803: 4167:

Lyon, John (2013). "Oblique Marked Relatives in Southern Interior Salish: Implications for the Movement Analysis".

1989: 1809: 5202: 4094:

Pattison, Lois Cornelia. "Douglas Lake Okanagan: Phonology and Morphology." University of British Columbia. 1978.

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Where prefixation occurs with -in / an in the 1st and 2nd person singular, /n/ may undergo deletion as below:

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Oslo: Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, II, Hist.-filos. Klasse, No. 2, Jacob Dybwad.

5606: 5586: 5110: 2446: 1983: 1803: 207: 1461: 1439: 1416: 1397: 1375: 1352: 1329: 1306: 1283: 1260: 1238: 1215: 1192: 1170: 1147: 1124: 1105: 1082: 1059: 1037: 1014: 992: 969: 947: 924: 902: 879: 856: 834: 812: 789: 767: 744: 722: 699: 677: 654: 631: 609: 586: 563: 5728: 5492: 4796: 2405: 2145: 2057: 1906: 309:

speakers younger than 50 years of age. Colville-Okanagan is the second-most spoken Salish language after

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Paper presented at the 4th Annual University of Victoria Salish Morphosyntax Conference, Victoria, B.C.

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Predication and Equation in Okanagan Salish: The Syntax and Semantics of DPs and Non-verbal Predication

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Report on the Ethnology of the Okanák.ēn of British Columbia, an Interior Division of the Salish Stock.

3739:-k Unrealized: expresses an intentional future action or state. (I am going to…) Kn kʷal̓t " I'm warm" 2465: 2111: 2033: 1793: 1783: 363: 5152: 5059: 5018: 4611:

Paper presented at the 2nd Annual University of Victoria Salish Morphosyntax Workshop, Victoria, B.C.

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A Description of the Phonemes and Position Classes in the Morphology of Head of the Lake Okanagan.

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suffixation. The suffix –nt- can only make reference to two persons: an actor and a primary goal.

5566: 5502: 5064: 4978: 4971: 3479:‘t' may also coincide with the determiner ‘iʔ' in the case of instrumentals and passive agents: 1823: 472:, British Columbia, the syilx Language House in Oliver, British Columbia, the En'owkin Centre in 465: 5260: 5734: 5713: 5449: 4935: 4843: 2568:

In this example the /k/ classification designates that the word contains a numeral classifier.

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Oblique Marked Relatives in Southern Interior Salish: Implications for the Movement Analysis.

4008:. (2011). Interior Salish: Enduring Languages of the Columbian Plateau. Retrieved May 8, 2014 2270: 2089: 2079: 485: 410: 402: 5315: 5718: 5530: 5419: 5242: 5207: 5169: 4424:

Papers for ICSNL 41 (Kiyota, M., J. Thompson, and N. Yamane-Tanaka, eds.). UBCWPL 11:77–98.

1948: 1705: 414: 5275: 8: 5723: 5687: 5363: 5232: 5133: 4920: 4157:. International Journal of American Linguistics , Vol. 48, No. 4 (Oct. 1982), pp. 421-435 4144:

Baptiste, Maxine Rose. Okanagan wh-questions. Diss. University of British Columbia, 2001.

1975: 1928: 1725: 406: 334: 4005: 3742:-aʔx Continuative: Action or state that is in progress kn scpútaʔx "I am celebrating" 5697: 5632: 5474: 5411: 5396: 5265: 5187: 5182: 5003: 4929: 4819: 4184: 3988: 1879: 1685: 1680: 330: 262: 113: 58: 4415:

William Charlie's "Two-Headed Person": Preliminary Notes on Colville-Okanagan Oratory.

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Salishan Studies. Comparative Notes on Kalispel, Spokane, Colville and Coeur d'Alene.

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Of the following two examples, they are only possible in the –n transitive paradigm.

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Six nonprofit organizations which support Colville-Okanagan language acquisition and

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General Series in Anthropology, no. 6. Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing.

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Mattina, Anthony. "Colville Grammatical Structure." University of Hawaii. May 1973.

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Historically, Colville-Okanagan originated from a language which was spoken in the

310: 266: 5667: 5657: 5652: 5611: 5520: 5487: 5444: 5391: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5330: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5270: 5222: 5212: 4899: 4833: 4778: 4487:

Ph.D. dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. DAI 43A:3896.

4020: 3933: 3908: 3845: 2257: 1695: 430: 426: 350: 297: 105: 72: 5280: 4707:

Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington.

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Argument Structure of Nouns, Nominalizations, and Denominals in Okanagan Salish.

212: 5772: 5601: 5551: 5525: 5424: 5285: 5227: 5093: 4946: 4909: 4858: 4748: 4625:. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. 4410:

Papers for ICSNL 37 (Gillon, C., N. Sawai, and R. Wojdak, eds.). UBCWPL 9:1–17.

2309: 2244: 2234: 2220: 2208: 2198: 2186: 2176: 2169: 1772: 442: 306: 293: 270: 151: 4180: 3816: 457:

In 2012, the CBC featured a report on a family which is teaching its children

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n̓səl̓xcin iʔ‿sn̓kʷnim 3: Even More Songs for Beginners in Colville-Okanagan.

3984: 3920: 3901: 3797: 2387: 2155: 2043: 2023: 1958: 1938: 1853: 1833: 1744: 382: 282: 80: 44: 5692: 5596: 5353: 4783: 1867: 359: 286: 5497: 4352:

Ed.D. dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. DAI 41A:1048.

183: 5338: 4876: 4773: 4709:

Occasional Paper Series 21. Victoria: British Columbia Provincial Museum.

2399: 2382: 2359: 4758: 4651:

Toward a History of the Inflectional Future in Colville-Okanagan Salish.

4289:. Missoula, Montana: Dept. of Anthropology, University of Montana, 1983. 3848:. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Retrieved April 14, 2014. 3691:-cut indicates when the action of a subject is directed toward oneself. 5429: 4863: 3838: 3821: 2457: 2392: 326:

Variation is primarily confined to minor differences in pronunciation.

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n̓səl̓xcin iʔ‿sn̓kʷnim 2: More Songs for Beginners in Okanagan Salish.

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The Narrative of Peter J. Seymour Blue Jay and His Brother-In-Law Wolf

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Colville-Okanagan language learning resources at Endangered Languages

4331:. Missoula, Mont: Dept. of Anthropology, University of Montana, 1987. 3037:

The stem: c'k-ən-t is the equivalent of the transitive verb 'count.'

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The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salish Peoples of Northwestern Washington.

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The is the single unstressed variant of the full vowels in Okanagan

484:, Washington, and the Inchelium Language and Culture Association in 220: 4545: 2068: 469: 342: 4705:

Turner, Nancy J., Randy Bouchard, and Dorothy D. Kennedy. (1980).

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səc- past perfect ˁi-səc-txt'-am "I've been looking after him."

481: 354: 302: 4763: 4306:

Seymour, Peter, Madeline DeSautel, and Anthony Mattina. (1974).

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Seymour, Peter, Madeline DeSautel, and Anthony Mattina. (1985).

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way̓ x̌ast ɬa kʷ cxʷuy̓ "It will be good when/after you come."

1402:

is a breath stop in the back of the throat as in the word uh-oh

476:, British Columbia, the Hearts Gathered Waterfall Montessori in 4357:

n̓səl̓xcin iʔ‿sn̓kʷnim: Songs for Beginners in Okanagan Salish.

434: 292:

Colville-Okanagan is highly endangered, is rarely learned as a

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Microfilm reel No. 015, remaining data as per Harrington 1910.

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A Note on Schuhmacher's Inference of wahú' in Colville Salish.

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Pp. 143–147 of (Anthony) Mattina and Montler (eds.) 1981.

4413:

Charlie, William M., Clara Jack, and Anthony Mattina. (1988).

4294:

Dora Noyes DeSautel łaʔ kłcaptikʷł: Okanagan Salish Narratives

3699:

Transitive stems without person markings indicate imperatives

3860:"syilx family explains how wildfire impacts their ceremonies" 68: 4396:

M.A. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.

4301:

The Golden Woman: The Colville Narrative of Peter J. Seymour

4296:. University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics 15. 4595:

Some Lexical Properties of Colville-Okanagan Ditransitives.

4535:

Miscellanea Selica V: English-Salish Index and Finder List.

3707:

Intransitives can express an imperative via the –x suffix:

4229:

Nsəlxcin 1: A Beginning Course in Colville-Okanagan Salish

3614:

Kʷ scutxx tl sk̓ʷətikənx "Were you saying from Seattle?"

265:

which arose among the Indigenous peoples of the southern

534:

The Paul Creek Language Association uses this alphabet:

4618:

NWLC 10:93–102. Burnaby, B.C.: Simon Fraser University.

3683:-s involve action or state resulting from an activity. 3590:

express further meaning through a series of particles.

227:

Okanagan is classified as Definitely Endangered by the

4660:

Pp. 289–299 of Gerdts and Matthewson (eds.) 2004.

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are not counted as separate letters in this alphabet.

491: 4343:

The Narrative of Peter J. Seymour: Blue Jay and Wolf.

4243:

Nsəlxcin 2: An Intermediate Course in Okanagan Salish

3635:-t can indicate a natural characteristic of the root 3600:

way̓ x̌ast ɬ kʷ cxʷuy̓ "It's good if/that you come."

369:

In Colville-Okanagan the language itself is known as

4723:

Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton.

4403:

Pp. 30–42 of Gerdts and Matthewson (eds.) 2004.

3646:-lx indicates the subject is engaged in an activity 4544:

University of British Columbia, PhD Dissertation. (

4443:

Okanagan -lx, Coeur d'Alene -lš, and Cognate Forms.

4279:

Narratives, songbooks, dictionaries, and word lists

4108:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 8. 3902:

The Confederated Tribes Of The Colville Reservation

389:-speaking bands are grouped under the ethnic label 5783:Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau 4492:Aspect and Transitivity in (Nicola Lake) Okanagan. 4774:First Nations Languages of British Columbia entry 4700:The Sinkaietk or Southern Okanagan of Washington. 4555:Canadian Journal of Linguistics 58:2. pp 349–382. 4429:A Note on Plural Suppletion in Colville Okanagan. 4106:The Salish Language Family: Reconstructing Syntax 5764: 4679:Colville Lexical Suffixes and Comparative Notes. 4672:Douglas Lake Okanagan: Phonology and Morphology. 4616:Notes on Word Order in Colville-Okanagan Salish. 4292:Mattina, Anthony and Madeline DeSautel. (2002). 4016: 4014: 4422:An Analysis of the Okanagan "Middle" Marker -M. 4389:M.A. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 4336:Classified Word List for the Okanagan Language. 4250:Captíkʷł 2: More Nsəlxcin Stories for Beginners 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 3762:Prepositional case-markings for oblique objects 3675:-n involves action upon an object by a subject 2916: 2871: 1338:in the back of the throat but with rounded lips 1315:in the back of the throat but with rounded lips 514:certificate is offered in partnership with the 447:Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation 4623:Aspect and Category in Okanagan Word Formation 4572:Mattina, Anthony and Nancy J. Mattina (1995). 4516:On the Identification of the Methows (Salish). 4408:Transitivity and Lexical Suffixes in Okanagan. 4269:Manuel, Herbert, and Anthony Mattina. (1983). 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 3736:The following examples are for intransitives. 3574: 3545: 3521: 3492: 3488: 2818: 480:, Washington, the Salish School of Spokane in 5118: 4804: 4602:Roots, Bases, and Stems in Colville-Okanagan. 4579:Mattina, Anthony and Sarah Peterson. (1997). 4273:University of Montana Linguistics Laboratory. 4011: 285:. Following British, American, and Canadian 4674:M.A. thesis, University of British Columbia. 4121: 4079: 4586:Mattina, Anthony and Allan Taylor. (1984). 4583:ICSNL 32:317–324, Port Angeles, Washington. 4478:A Note on Aspect in (Nicola Lake) Okanagan. 4195: 3368: 508: 468:are the Paul Creek Language Association in 16:Endangered Salish language of North America 5788:Indigenous languages of Washington (state) 5125: 5111: 4811: 4797: 4588:The Salish Vocabularies of David Thompson. 4324:. ICSNL 48, UBCWPL vol. 35, Vancouver BC. 4320:Lindley, Lottie & John Lyon. (2013). 4317:. ICSNL 47, UBCWPL vol. 32, Vancouver BC. 4313:Lindley, Lottie & John Lyon. (2012). 4287:The 1908 Okanagan Word Lists of James Teit 4236:Captíkʷł 1: Nsəlxcin Stories for Beginners 4220: 3620:k̓ incitxʷ "to my house" (not towards it) 3350:q̓y̓əntin q'y'-ənt-in (I write something) 3146:Two-participant event inflections: wikn̓t 2496:The vowel is found only in borrowed words 1672:Consonant inventory of Colville-Okanagan: 316: 219: 4565:Mattina, Anthony and Clara Jack. (1986). 4558:Mattina, Anthony and Clara Jack. (1982). 4527:Kroeber, Karl, and Eric P. Hamp. (1989). 3662:-p expresses lack of a subject's control 2920: 2875: 2822: 4480:ICSL 14:173–209, Bellingham, Washington. 4471:Sandhi in a Salishan Language: Okanagan. 4334:Pierre, Larry and Martin Louie. (1973). 4322:12 More Upper Nicola Okanagan Narratives 4160: 3730:ikstxt̓ám "I'm going to look after him" 3716: 3188: 3163: 3160: 3155: 2509:stem words make for a compact language. 232:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 5803:Native American language revitalization 5132: 4569:ICSNL 21:339–346, Seattle, Washington. 4485:Transitivity in (Nicola Lake) Okanagan. 4441:Doak, Ivy and Anthony Mattina. (1997). 4155:The Colville-Okanagan Transitive System 4103: 3962: 3857: 3745: 353:. Colville-Okanagan was an exclusively 5765: 4818: 4597:ICSNL 28:265–284, Seattle, Washington. 4303:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 4266:. The Paul Creek Language Association. 4259:. The Paul Creek Language Association. 4252:. The Paul Creek Language Association. 4245:. The Paul Creek Language Association. 4238:. The Paul Creek Language Association. 4231:. The Paul Creek Language Association. 5106: 4792: 4769:Vocabulary Words in Okanagan-Colville 4658:smiyáw sucnmínctәxw: Coyote Proposes. 4499:Noun and Verb in a Salishan Language. 4227:Peterson, Wiley, and Parkin. (2004). 4042: 4040: 4038: 3549: 3496: 3361:q̓y̓əstin q'y'-əst-in. (I write it ) 3150: 2544: 2540: 1677: 55:Southern Interior of British Columbia 4779:Map of Northwest Coast First Nations 4560:Okanagan Communication and Language. 4373:The Paul Creek Language Association. 4366:The Paul Creek Language Association. 4359:The Paul Creek Language Association. 4350:Colville Indian Language Dictionary. 4166: 4073:"Alphabet | Nsyilxcən | FirstVoices" 3958: 3956: 3954: 3770:k̓l to, at, goal, recipient, dative. 3455: 3407: 1136:síyaʔ (saskatoon/sarvis/June berry) 59:Central-northern State of Washington 4644:Future in Colville-Okanagan Salish. 4562:ICSNL 17:269–294, Portland, Oregon. 4379:Linguistic descriptions and reviews 492:Revitalization in the United States 32:n̓səl̓xčin̓, Nsyilxcən, n̓syil̓xčn̓ 13: 4737:M.A. thesis, University of Kansas. 4035: 3810: 3337: 2668: 2612: 2530: 817:pronounced as an abruptly stopped 14: 5814: 5793:First Nations languages in Canada 4742: 4646:ICSNL 34:215–230, Kamloops, B.C. 4581:Diminutives in Colville-Okanagan. 4262:Peterson and Parkin. (In Press). 4255:Peterson and Parkin. (In Press). 3951: 3626: 3354:clitic to be a part of the verb. 2512: 2464: 2445: 2435: 2416: 2404: 2362:in the Southern Okanagan dialect. 2308: 2269: 2243: 2233: 2219: 2207: 2197: 2185: 2175: 2154: 2144: 2130: 2120: 2110: 2100: 2088: 2078: 2056: 2042: 2032: 2022: 2012: 2000: 1988: 1982: 1957: 1947: 1937: 1927: 1915: 1905: 1895: 1885: 1866: 1852: 1842: 1832: 1822: 1808: 1802: 1792: 1782: 952:pronounce as an abruptly stopped 452: 4567:Okanagan-Colville Kinship Terms. 4546:http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45684 4494:Syntax and Semantics 15:195–215. 4417:ICSNL 23 (s.p.), Eugene, Oregon. 4394:Wh-Questions in Okanagan Salish. 3475:"I combed my hair with a stick" 2945: 1444:pronounced as an abruptly ended 1380:pronounced as an abruptly ended 1243:pronounced as an abruptly ended 907:pronounced as an abruptly ended 4215: 4169:Canadian Journal of Linguistics 4147: 4112: 4097: 4065: 4048:Canadian Modern Language Review 4026: 4006:The Nsəlxcin Curriculum Project 3965:Canadian Modern Language Review 3837:Gordon, Raymond G. Ed. (2005). 3358:without explicitly stating it. 2490: 2481: 2352: 2343: 1502:Westbank First Nation alphabet 1110:pronounced rolled on the tongue 5798:Languages of the United States 4464:Lummi and Nespelem Fieldnotes. 4315:12 Upper Nicola Okanagan Texts 4271:Okanagan Pronunciation Primer. 3999: 3926: 3914: 3895: 3870: 3858:Kilawna, Kelsie (2021-08-19). 3851: 3831: 3654:-ils expresses state of mind. 3584: 1479:The letters with acute accent 1425:deep in the back of the throat 1292:deep in the back of the throat 1023:deep in the back of the throat 529: 269:region based primarily in the 1: 4693:The Colville Name for Hawaii. 4473:ICSL 13:26–56, Victoria, B.C. 4401:Intonation Units in Okanagan. 4248:Peterson and Parkin. (2007). 4241:Peterson and Parkin. (2007). 4234:Peterson and Parkin. (2005). 3803: 3580:Mike was kissed by the woman. 2503: 2349:Only occurs in some dialects. 1667: 399:Upper Similkameen Indian Band 395:Lower Similkameen Indian Band 385:. In Colville-Okanagan, all 5607:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French 4667:ICSL 2, Seattle, Washington. 4524:Western Folklore 46:213–214. 4504:Hill-Tout, Charles. (1911). 4462:Harrington, John P. (1942). 4436:Mattina and DeSautel 2002.] 4385:Arrowsmith, Gary L. (1968). 4329:Colville-Okanagan Dictionary 2784:Your.PL⟩hand⟨ 2750:his/her⟩hand⟨ 1662: 1113:yirncút (make itself round) 865:out of the side of the mouth 7: 5729:Plains Indian Sign Language 4784:Sinixt Nation Language Page 4691:Schuhmacher, W. W. (1977). 4677:Petersen, Janet E. (1980). 4649:Mattina, Nancy J. (1999b). 4642:Mattina, Nancy J. (1999a). 4637:Anticausatives in Okanagan. 4635:Mattina, Nancy J. (1996b). 4621:Mattina, Nancy J. (1996a). 4614:Mattina, Nancy J. (1994c). 4607:Mattina, Nancy J. (1994b). 4600:Mattina, Nancy J. (1994a). 4490:Hébert, Yvonne M. (1982b). 4483:Hébert, Yvonne M. (1982a). 4455:Galloway, Brent D. (1991). 3934:"iʔ sck̓ʷul̓tət / Programs" 3882:Daybreak South - CBC Player 3786: 3782:ˁit with, by, instrumental 3611:‘from (across the ocean).' 3377: 10: 5819: 5580:Pidgins, creoles and mixed 4670:Pattison, Lois C. (1978). 4663:O'Brien, Michael. (1967). 4656:Mattina, Nancy J. (2004). 4593:Mattina, Nancy J. (1993). 4521:Kinkade, M. Dale. (1987). 4514:Kinkade, M. Dale. (1967). 4508:JAIGBI 41:130–161. London. 4497:Hébert, Yvonne M. (1983). 4476:Hébert, Yvonne M. (1979). 4469:Hébert, Yvonne M. (1978). 4448:Fleisher, Mark S. (1979). 4406:Barthmaier, Paul. (2002). 4399:Barthmaier, Paul. (2004). 4348:Someday, James B. (1980). 3754:c- Movement toward speaker 2801:Their⟩hand⟨ 2795:iʔ⟩kilx⟨səlx 364:American Phonetic Alphabet 296:but is being learned as a 5778:Interior Salish languages 5744: 5706: 5620: 5579: 5539: 5511: 5473: 5410: 5362: 5329: 5241: 5168: 5161: 5140: 5087: 5052: 5026: 5017: 4995: 4956: 4851: 4842: 4826: 4726:Watkins, Donald. (1974). 4719:Watkins, Donald. (1972). 4604:ICSNL 29, Pablo, Montana. 4533:Krueger, John R. (1967). 4181:10.1017/S0008413100003066 4104:Paul D., Kroeber (1999). 3938:salishschoolofspokane.org 3263: 3191: 2904:"She is your wife to be." 2778:iʔ⟩kilx⟨əmp 2761:iʔ⟩kilx⟨tət 2601:"She is your wife to be" 2564:"There are three people" 2369: 2256: 2067: 1974: 1771: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1470:in the back of the throat 1334:pronounced as a guttural 1288:pronounced as a guttural 1269:in the back of the throat 218: 206: 190: 174: 169: 139: 102: 86: 64: 50: 36: 31: 26: 21: 5587:Algonquian–Basque pidgin 4754:Salish School of Spokane 4735:A Phonology of Okanogan. 4576:ICSNL 30, Victoria, B.C. 3921:Salish School of Spokane 3793:Okanagan Nation Alliance 3678:kʷuʔ caʔntis "he hit me" 3369:Predicates and arguments 2954:Stressed and Unstressed 2901:2sg.POSS- {to be} -woman 2767:Our⟩hand⟨ 2358:Sometimes realized as a 1466:pronounced as a nasally 772:is pronounced as a hard 727:is pronounced as a hard 509:Revitalization in Canada 419:Upper Nicola Indian Band 277:in precolonial times in 4733:Young, Philip. (1971). 4698:Spier, Leslie. (1938). 4420:Dilts, Philip. (2006). 4345:ICSL 9, Vancouver, B.C. 4341:Purl, Douglas. (1974). 4221:Language learning texts 4023:. Retrieved May 8, 2014 3923:. Retrieved May 1, 2014 3911:. Retrieved May 8, 2014 3827:(subscription required) 3727:ks- unrealized action 3694:tarqncut "kick oneself" 3524:-3SG.ERG DET OBL gun {} 2856:1sg.POSS- nom- go -inst 2744:iʔ⟩kilx⟨s 2048:⟨x̌ʷ/x̣ʷ⟩ 997:pronounced as a popped 839:pronounced as a slurpy 341:languages. More recent 317:History and description 148:Colville (n̓x̌ʷʔiłpcən) 5752:Canadian dictionaries 5735:Maritime Sign Language 5714:American Sign Language 5203:Malecite-Passamaquoddy 4684:Ray, Verne F. (1932). 4665:A Phonology of Methow. 3779:nˁəɬ with, comitative. 3577:-PASS DET OBL woman {} 3527:He shot it with a gun. 1421:pronounced as a short 861:pronounced as a click 516:University of Victoria 5748:Canadian style guides 5044:Thompson River Salish 4574:Okanagan ks- and -kł. 4434:Doak, Ivy G. (2004). 4427:Doak, Ivy G. (1981). 4392:Baptiste, M. (2002). 4369:Peterson and Parkin. 4285:Doak, Ivy G. (1983). 3717:Space, time, modality 3469:kən txam t sx̌əx̌c'iˀ 2859:"They are my tracks." 2696:Morphological process 2561:num.CL PL.REDUP three 2038:⟨x̌/x̣⟩ 1265:pronounced as a soft 1175:pronounced as a hard 1087:pronounced as a hard 1042:pronounced as a hard 411:Penticton Indian Band 403:Westbank First Nation 5719:Quebec Sign Language 5162:Indigenous languages 4712:Vogt, Hans. (1940). 4551:Lyon, John. (2013). 4540:Lyon, John (2013). 4362:Peterson and Parkin 4355:Peterson and Parkin 4058::10.3138/cmlr.4040. 3839:Salishan: Ethnologue 3773:k̓ for, benefactive. 3757:kɬ- down, and under 3746:Directional prefixes 1249:sw̓aw̓ásaʔ (auntie) 845:łt̓ap (bounce/jump) 778:k̓ʷck̓ʷact (strong) 415:Okanagan Indian Band 323:Columbia River Basin 275:Columbia River Basin 271:Okanagan River Basin 152:Lakes/Sinixt dialect 5688:Pennsylvania German 5134:Languages of Canada 4387:Colville Phonemics. 4338:MS, Penticton, B.C. 3570:Mike cúmqs-nt-m ]. 3147: 2683: 2618:intransitive verb. 2598:2sgposs-to be-woman 2249:⟨ʕ̓ʷ⟩ 2006:⟨ɬ/ł⟩ 1994:⟨s/š⟩ 1963:⟨q̓ʷ⟩ 1943:⟨k̓ʷ⟩ 1814:⟨c/č⟩ 1503: 549:English Explanation 407:Osoyoos Indian Band 157:San-poil (Nespelem) 92:50 (2007–2014) 5724:Inuk Sign Language 5683:Newfoundland Irish 5648:Tagalog (Filipino) 5621:Minority languages 5493:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala 5251:Babine-Witsuwitʼen 5141:Official languages 4820:Salishan languages 4327:Mattina, Anthony. 4153:Mattina, Anthony. 3907:2014-04-24 at the 3844:2012-11-04 at the 3702:nlk̓ipnt "open it" 3325:kʷuʔ wikn̓tm̓əl̓x 3145: 3121:You (PL) count it 2677: 2314:⟨r̓⟩ 2239:⟨ʕ̓⟩ 2225:⟨w̓⟩ 2213:⟨y̓⟩ 2203:⟨l̓⟩ 2191:⟨n̓⟩ 2181:⟨m̓⟩ 2160:⟨ʕʷ⟩ 2028:⟨xʷ⟩ 1953:⟨q̓⟩ 1933:⟨k̓⟩ 1921:⟨ƛ̓⟩ 1911:⟨c̓⟩ 1901:⟨t̓⟩ 1891:⟨p̓⟩ 1858:⟨qʷ⟩ 1838:⟨kʷ⟩ 1501: 1364:yus (dark/purple) 958:n̓in̓wiʔs (later) 891:mahúyaʔ (raccoon) 27:Okanagan, Colville 5760: 5759: 5678:Doukhobor Russian 5575: 5574: 5100: 5099: 5094:extinct languages 5083: 5082: 5070:Colville-Okanagan 5013: 5012: 3977:10.3138/cmlr.3549 3825:(18th ed., 2015) 3817:Colville-Okanagan 3767:tl̓ from, source. 3751:ɬ- Movement back 3665:kmap "darkening" 3657:nk̓wpils "lonely" 3427:I ate (some)meat 3421:kən ˀiɬən t sɬiqʷ 3335: 3334: 3139: 3138: 3035: 3034: 2805: 2804: 2666: 2665: 2477: 2476: 2470:⟨a⟩ 2451:⟨o⟩ 2441:⟨ə⟩ 2422:⟨u⟩ 2410:⟨i⟩ 2339: 2338: 2303: 2275:⟨r⟩ 2264: 2172: 2150:⟨ʕ⟩ 2136:⟨w⟩ 2126:⟨ɣ⟩ 2116:⟨y⟩ 2106:⟨l⟩ 2094:⟨n⟩ 2084:⟨m⟩ 2075: 2062:⟨h⟩ 2018:⟨x⟩ 1882: 1872:⟨ʔ⟩ 1848:⟨q⟩ 1828:⟨k⟩ 1798:⟨t⟩ 1788:⟨p⟩ 1779: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1740: 1735: 1728: 1721: 1660: 1659: 1477: 1476: 1311:pronounced as an 1094:q̓ʷmqin (antler) 1091:with rounded lips 1068:with rounded lips 1026:qáqnaʔ (grandma) 823:sl̓ax̌t (friend) 688:ixíʔ (that/then) 636:as in the word el 614:as in the word ca 575:anwí (it is you) 552:Nsyilxcn Example 247:Colville-Okanagan 240: 239: 160:Southern Okanagan 145:Northern Okanagan 127:Colville-Okanagan 22:Colville-Okanagan 5810: 5673:Hutterite German 5166: 5165: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5104: 5103: 5024: 5023: 4890:Northern Straits 4849: 4848: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4790: 4789: 4728:A Boas original. 4688:UWPA 5. Seattle. 4518:IJAL 33:193–197. 4459:IJAL 57:402–405. 4452:IJAL 45:279–280. 4445:IJAL 63:334–361. 4209: 4206: 4193: 4192: 4164: 4158: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4119: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4063: 4044: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3960: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3855: 3849: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3814: 3576: 3551: 3547: 3523: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3472:I comb OBL stick 3457: 3409: 3148: 3144: 3040: 3039: 2957: 2956: 2922: 2918: 2898:an- kɬ- tkɬmilxʷ 2877: 2873: 2853:in- s- xʷuy -tan 2824: 2820: 2684: 2676: 2621: 2620: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2471: 2468: 2452: 2449: 2442: 2439: 2423: 2420: 2411: 2408: 2377: 2376: 2363: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2315: 2312: 2301: 2276: 2273: 2262: 2250: 2247: 2240: 2237: 2226: 2223: 2214: 2211: 2204: 2201: 2192: 2189: 2182: 2179: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2151: 2148: 2137: 2134: 2127: 2124: 2117: 2114: 2107: 2104: 2095: 2092: 2085: 2082: 2073: 2063: 2060: 2049: 2046: 2039: 2036: 2029: 2026: 2019: 2016: 2007: 2004: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1964: 1961: 1954: 1951: 1944: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1922: 1919: 1912: 1909: 1902: 1899: 1892: 1889: 1878: 1873: 1870: 1859: 1856: 1849: 1846: 1839: 1836: 1829: 1826: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1799: 1796: 1789: 1786: 1777: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1717: 1675: 1674: 1504: 1500: 1463: 1450:ʕ̓ac̓nt (look) 1441: 1418: 1399: 1386:c̓sy̓aqn (head) 1377: 1354: 1331: 1308: 1285: 1272:xixəw̓tm (girl) 1262: 1240: 1227:wikn (I saw it) 1217: 1197:as in the word s 1194: 1172: 1149: 1126: 1107: 1084: 1064:pronounced as a 1061: 1039: 1019:pronounced as a 1016: 994: 971: 949: 926: 904: 881: 858: 836: 814: 791: 769: 746: 724: 701: 682:as in the word s 679: 656: 633: 611: 588: 568:as in the word f 565: 537: 536: 267:Interior Plateau 234: 223: 202: 186: 179: 108: 19: 18: 5818: 5817: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5740: 5702: 5668:Canadian Gaelic 5616: 5571: 5567:Coast Tsimshian 5535: 5507: 5469: 5406: 5358: 5325: 5237: 5157: 5136: 5131: 5101: 5096: 5079: 5048: 5019:Interior Salish 5009: 4991: 4952: 4838: 4822: 4817: 4764:Interior Salish 4759:En'owkin Centre 4745: 4740: 4457:Mattina 1987).] 4381: 4376: 4281: 4276: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4196: 4165: 4161: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4062: 0008-4506 4045: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4021:En'owkin Centre 4019: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3961: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3909:Wayback Machine 3900: 3896: 3887: 3885: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3856: 3852: 3846:Wayback Machine 3836: 3832: 3826: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3789: 3776:l on, locative. 3764: 3748: 3719: 3641:c̓ik̓t "burned" 3629: 3587: 3582: 3568: 3560: 3553: 3538: 3529: 3515: 3507: 3500: 3477: 3467: 3459: 3449: 3441: 3429: 3419: 3411: 3401: 3393: 3380: 3371: 3340: 3338:Accusative case 3152: 3093:S/he counts it 2948: 2943: 2938:2sg.POSS- knife 2933: 2925: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2888: 2880: 2865: 2861: 2851: 2843: 2835: 2827: 2812: 2671: 2669:Possessive case 2615: 2613:Absolutive case 2603: 2593: 2585: 2577: 2566: 2556: 2548: 2534: 2523: 2515: 2506: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2469: 2450: 2440: 2421: 2409: 2372: 2367: 2366: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2313: 2274: 2248: 2238: 2224: 2212: 2202: 2190: 2180: 2159: 2149: 2135: 2125: 2115: 2105: 2093: 2083: 2061: 2047: 2037: 2027: 2017: 2005: 1993: 1962: 1952: 1942: 1932: 1920: 1910: 1900: 1890: 1871: 1857: 1847: 1837: 1827: 1813: 1797: 1787: 1670: 1665: 1357:as in the word 1220:as in the word 1152:as in the word 1129:as in the word 1048:q̓aʔxán (shoe) 981:pn̓kin̓ (when) 974:as in the word 929:as in the word 884:as in the word 794:as in the word 749:as in the word 704:as in the word 659:as in the word 591:as in the word 532: 511: 494: 455: 319: 298:second language 263:Salish language 236: 235: 226: 198: 182: 175: 135: 119:Interior Salish 109: 106:Language family 104: 93: 89: 88:Native speakers 17: 12: 11: 5: 5816: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5758: 5757: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5707:Sign languages 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5602:Chinook Jargon 5599: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5517: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5503:Nuu-chah-nulth 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5335: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5247: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5130: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5107: 5098: 5097: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5075:Montana Salish 5072: 5067: 5065:Columbia-Moses 5062: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4982: 4979:Upper Chehalis 4975: 4972:Lower Chehalis 4968: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4743:External links 4741: 4739: 4738: 4731: 4730:IJAL 40:29–43. 4724: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4695:IJAL 43:65–66. 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4590:IJAL 50:48–83. 4584: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4538: 4537:AL 9(2):12–25. 4531: 4530:IJAL 55:94–97. 4525: 4519: 4512: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4438:AL 46:220–222. 4432: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4194: 4175:(2): 349–382. 4159: 4146: 4120: 4111: 4096: 4078: 4064: 4054:(4): 509–537. 4034: 4025: 4010: 3998: 3971:(2): 109–132. 3950: 3925: 3913: 3894: 3869: 3850: 3830: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3747: 3744: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3628: 3627:Classification 3625: 3586: 3583: 3561: 3554: 3539: 3531: 3530: 3508: 3501: 3482: 3481: 3460: 3450: 3442: 3434: 3433: 3424:I eat OBL meat 3412: 3402: 3394: 3386: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3316:kʷuʔ wiksəl̓x 3314: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3253:kʷuʔ wikn̓tm̓ 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3230:kʷuʔ wikn̓txʷ 3228: 3225: 3222: 3221:kʷuʔ wikn̓txʷ 3219: 3215: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3137: 3136: 3135:They count it 3133: 3132:c'k-ən-t-ísəlx 3130: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2947: 2944: 2926: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2889: 2881: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2844: 2836: 2828: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2614: 2611: 2595:an-kɬ tkɬmílxʷ 2586: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2558:k- kaˀ- kaˀɬis 2549: 2535: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2514: 2513:Person markers 2511: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2489: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2351: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2183: 2173: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2128: 2118: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2086: 2076: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2040: 2030: 2020: 2010: 2008: 1998: 1996: 1980: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1955: 1945: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1913: 1903: 1893: 1883: 1875: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1850: 1840: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1800: 1790: 1780: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1741: 1736: 1729: 1722: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1464: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1428:ʕaymt (angry) 1426: 1419: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1405:ʔaʔúsaʔ (egg) 1403: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1332: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1286: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1263: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1218: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1195: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1159:tum̓ (mother) 1157: 1150: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1017: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1001: 995: 990: 987: 983: 982: 979: 972: 967: 964: 960: 959: 956: 950: 945: 942: 938: 937: 934: 927: 922: 919: 915: 914: 911: 905: 900: 897: 893: 892: 889: 882: 877: 874: 870: 869: 866: 859: 854: 851: 847: 846: 843: 837: 832: 829: 825: 824: 821: 815: 810: 807: 803: 802: 799: 792: 787: 784: 780: 779: 776: 770: 765: 762: 758: 757: 754: 747: 742: 739: 735: 734: 731: 725: 720: 717: 713: 712: 709: 702: 697: 694: 690: 689: 686: 680: 675: 672: 668: 667: 664: 657: 652: 649: 645: 644: 643:əcxʷuy (goes) 641: 634: 629: 626: 622: 621: 618: 612: 607: 604: 600: 599: 596: 589: 584: 581: 577: 576: 573: 566: 561: 558: 554: 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 531: 528: 510: 507: 493: 490: 466:revitalization 454: 453:Revitalization 451: 377:. Speakers of 318: 315: 307:first-language 238: 237: 225: 224: 216: 215: 210: 204: 203: 196: 188: 187: 180: 172: 171: 170:Language codes 167: 166: 165: 164: 161: 158: 155: 149: 146: 141: 137: 136: 134: 133: 132: 131: 130: 129: 112: 110: 103: 100: 99: 90: 87: 84: 83: 66: 62: 61: 52: 48: 47: 38: 37:Native to 34: 33: 29: 28: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5815: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5592:Broken Slavey 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5123: 5121: 5116: 5114: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5060:Coeur d’Alene 5058: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5006: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4632: 4631:0-612-17011-X 4628: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4501:KWPL 8:31–81. 4500: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4150: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4115: 4107: 4100: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4074: 4068: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4007: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3898: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3798:Sinixt people 3796: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3686:kʷu cˀaistixʷ 3685: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3671:Transitives: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3581: 3578: 3571: 3567: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3518: 3517:tʕapəntís ]. 3514: 3511: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3445: 3440: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3397: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3375: 3366: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3331:wikn̓tm̓əl̓x 3330: 3328:wikłəm̓səl̓x 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3302:kʷuʔ wikn̓tp 3301: 3298: 3295: 3293:kʷuʔ wikn̓tp 3292: 3289: 3288: 3285:wikn̓tm̓əl̓x 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3236:wikn̓txʷəl̓x 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3159: 3156:Experiencer: 3149: 3143: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3079:You count it 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2946:Ergative case 2942: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2924: 2914: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2869: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2816: 2808: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2584: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2547: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2519: 2510: 2493: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2467: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2361: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2311: 2307: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2222: 2218: 2216: 2210: 2206: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2011: 2009: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1936: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1791: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1473:kaʕʷm (pray) 1472: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1341:x̌ʷus (foam) 1340: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1295:x̌ast (good) 1294: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1181:t̓ínaʔ (ear) 1180: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071:qʷacqn (hat) 1070: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003:p̓um (brown) 1002: 1000: 996: 991: 988: 985: 984: 980: 977: 973: 968: 965: 962: 961: 957: 955: 951: 946: 943: 940: 939: 935: 932: 928: 923: 920: 917: 916: 913:stim̓ (what) 912: 910: 906: 901: 898: 895: 894: 890: 887: 883: 878: 875: 872: 871: 868:ƛ̓lap (stop) 867: 864: 860: 855: 852: 849: 848: 844: 842: 838: 833: 830: 827: 826: 822: 820: 816: 811: 808: 805: 804: 801:limt (happy) 800: 797: 793: 788: 785: 782: 781: 777: 775: 771: 766: 763: 760: 759: 756:kʷint (take) 755: 752: 748: 743: 740: 737: 736: 732: 730: 726: 721: 718: 715: 714: 710: 707: 703: 698: 695: 692: 691: 687: 685: 681: 676: 673: 670: 669: 665: 662: 658: 653: 650: 647: 646: 642: 639: 635: 630: 627: 624: 623: 620:c̓ałt (cold) 619: 617: 613: 608: 605: 602: 601: 598:cʕas (crash) 597: 594: 590: 585: 582: 579: 578: 574: 571: 567: 562: 559: 556: 555: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 538: 535: 527: 523: 519: 517: 506: 502: 498: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 460: 450: 448: 445:bands of the 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 383:Slocan Valley 380: 376: 372: 367: 365: 361: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 327: 324: 314: 312: 308: 304: 299: 295: 290: 288: 284: 283:United States 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 233: 230: 222: 217: 214: 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 195: 194: 189: 185: 181: 178: 173: 168: 162: 159: 156: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 142: 138: 128: 125: 124: 122: 121: 120: 117: 116: 115: 111: 107: 101: 97: 91: 85: 82: 78: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: 56: 53: 49: 46: 45:United States 42: 39: 35: 30: 25: 20: 5746: 5733: 5693:Plautdietsch 5439: 5354:Inuvialuktun 5089: 5069: 5002: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4945: 4928: 4919: 4914: 4882: 4875: 4868: 4844:Coast Salish 4734: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4541: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4515: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4370: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4216:Bibliography 4172: 4168: 4162: 4154: 4149: 4114: 4105: 4099: 4067: 4051: 4047: 4028: 4001: 3968: 3964: 3941:. Retrieved 3937: 3928: 3916: 3897: 3886:. Retrieved 3884:. 2012-06-20 3881: 3872: 3863: 3853: 3833: 3820: 3812: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3670: 3638:c̓ik̓ "burn" 3630: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3579: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3504: 3502: 3486: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3454: 3451: 3446: 3443: 3438: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3406: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3319:wikn̓tsəl̓x 3308:wikn̓tpəl̓x 3140: 3107:We count it 3076:c'k-ən-t-íxʷ 3051:Translation 3036: 2953: 2949: 2941:"your knife" 2940: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2915: 2912: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2870: 2867: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2845: 2840: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2817: 2814: 2806: 2699:Translation 2679: 2672: 2616: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2582: 2579: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2539: 2536: 2528: 2525: 2516: 2507: 2492: 2483: 2373: 2354: 2345: 1671: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1467: 1445: 1422: 1381: 1358: 1335: 1312: 1289: 1266: 1244: 1221: 1198: 1176: 1153: 1130: 1088: 1065: 1043: 1020: 998: 975: 953: 930: 908: 885: 862: 840: 818: 795: 773: 750: 733:k̓ast (bad) 728: 711:kilx (hand) 705: 683: 666:hiw̓t (rat) 660: 637: 615: 592: 569: 533: 524: 520: 512: 503: 499: 495: 463: 458: 456: 390: 386: 378: 374: 370: 368: 360:Latin script 328: 320: 291: 287:colonization 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 241: 191: 126: 5531:Assiniboine 5420:Bella Coola 5339:Inuinnaqtun 4877:Lushootseed 4827:Bella Coola 3649:qiclx "run" 3585:Complements 3153:inflection 3151:Transitive 3129:c̓kəntisəlx 3118:c'k-ən-t-íp 3104:c'k-ən-t-ím 3090:c'k-ən-t-ís 3065:I count it 3062:c'k-ən-t-ín 2965:Unstressed 2935:an- nik'mən 2864:akɬtkɬmilxʷ 2792:iʔ kilxsəlx 2656:3rd person 2645:2nd person 2634:1st person 2576:akɬtkɬmílxʷ 2360:uvular flap 936:naqs (one) 543:Letter Name 530:Orthography 459:n̓səl̓xcin̓ 379:n̓səl̓xčin̓ 371:n̓səl̓xčin̓ 255:n̓səl̓xcin̓ 96:L2 speakers 5767:Categories 5430:Halkomelem 5243:Athabaskan 5233:Potawatomi 5170:Algonquian 4864:Halkomelem 4264:Captíkʷł 3 4257:Nsəlxcin 3 3888:2012-08-05 3864:Indiginews 3822:Ethnologue 3804:References 3710:xʷuyx "go" 3573:Mike kiss- 3541:cúmqs-nt-m 3462:sx̌əx̌c'iˀ 3244:kʷuʔ wiks 3213:wikn̓əl̓x 3210:wikłəm̓n̓ 3201:wikn̓tsn̓ 2775:iʔ kilxəmp 2758:iʔ kilxtət 2733:your-hand 2687:Possessive 2678:The stem: 2662:(...-əlx) 2583:2sgposs-to 2522:tkaˀkaˀɬis 2504:Morphology 1706:Pharyngeal 1668:Consonants 1318:xʷuy (go) 421:, and the 362:using the 259:n̓syilxčn̓ 154:(snslxcin) 5698:Ukrainian 5633:Cantonese 5498:Kwakʼwala 5397:Tuscarora 5364:Iroquoian 5344:Inuktitut 5316:Tsuutʼina 5266:Chipewyan 5261:Chilcotin 5188:Blackfoot 5183:Algonquin 5092:indicate 5004:Tillamook 4996:Tillamook 4930:Pentlatch 4915:Semiahmoo 4189:146947730 3993:151866033 3985:0008-4506 3484:tʕapəntís 3322:wiksəl̓x 3282:wikłəm̓t 3276:wikn̓tm̓ 3273:wikn̓tst 3259:wiksəl̓x 3256:wikłəm̓s 3227:wikn̓txʷ 3189:Executor 3161:Singular 3073:c̓kəntixʷ 2798:circumfix 2781:circumfix 2764:circumfix 2747:circumfix 1976:Fricative 1726:affricate 1663:Phonology 1204:uł (and) 486:Inchelium 474:Penticton 461:at home. 345:are from 343:loanwords 335:Sahaptian 251:Nsyilxcən 213:Nsyilxcən 193:Glottolog 177:ISO 639-3 65:Ethnicity 5628:Mandarin 5483:Ditidaht 5475:Wakashan 5465:Thompson 5460:Squamish 5450:shíshálh 5440:Okanagan 5435:Lillooet 5412:Salishan 5387:Onondaga 5321:Tutchone 5276:Gwichʼin 5053:Southern 5034:Lillooet 5027:Northern 4986:Quinault 4957:Tsamosan 4941:Squamish 4936:shíshálh 4921:T'Sou-ke 4905:Songhees 4884:Nooksack 3905:Archived 3842:Archived 3787:See also 3378:Obliques 3299:wikn̓tp 3247:wikn̓ts 3115:c̓kəntip 3101:c̓kəntim 3087:c̓kəntis 3059:c̓kəntin 2962:Stressed 2909:anik'mən 2891:tkɬmilxʷ 2811:isxʷuytn 2741:iʔ kilxs 2716:my-hand 2626:Singular 2591:be-woman 2588:tkɬmílxʷ 2302:glottal. 2170:glottal. 2069:Sonorant 1686:Alveolar 1681:Bilabial 470:Keremeos 439:Nespelem 431:Okanogan 423:Colville 387:nsyilxcn 375:nsyilxcn 281:and the 273:and the 261:), is a 243:Okanagan 200:okan1243 140:Dialects 123:Southern 114:Salishan 73:Colville 69:Okanagan 5663:Italian 5643:Spanish 5638:Punjabi 5562:Tlingit 5557:Kutenai 5547:Beothuk 5455:Shuswap 5445:Saanich 5402:Wyandot 5349:Inupiaq 5311:Tahltan 5256:Carrier 5218:Naskapi 5208:Miꞌkmaq 5178:Abenaki 5148:English 5090:Italics 5039:Shuswap 4965:Cowlitz 4900:Saanich 4870:Klallam 4852:Central 3943:July 9, 3164:Plural 3045:Example 2928:nik'mən 2727:an-kilx 2710:in-kilx 2690:Example 2682:'hand' 2629:Plural 2388:Central 1733:lateral 1719:central 1711:Glottal 1691:Palatal 482:Spokane 427:Sanpoil 347:English 339:Kutenai 311:Shuswap 5658:German 5653:Arabic 5612:Michif 5597:Bungee 5521:Stoney 5513:Siouan 5488:Haisla 5392:Seneca 5382:Oneida 5377:Mohawk 5372:Cayuga 5306:Tagish 5301:Slavey 5296:Sekani 5291:Nicola 5271:Dogrib 5228:Ottawa 5223:Ojibwe 5213:Munsee 5153:French 4910:Samish 4834:Nuxálk 4629: 4187: 3991: 3983: 3566: 3520:shoot- 3513: 3487:shoot- 3204:wikn̓ 3126:3rd PL 3112:2nd PL 3098:1st PL 3084:3rd SG 3070:2nd SG 3056:1st SG 3031:-səlx 3028:-ísəlx 3025:3rd PL 3014:2nd PL 3003:1st PL 2992:3rd SG 2981:2nd SG 2970:1st SG 2894:-woman 2789:3rd PL 2772:2nd PL 2755:1st PL 2738:3rd SG 2730:prefix 2724:ankilx 2721:2nd SG 2713:prefix 2707:inkilx 2704:1st SG 2551:kaˀɬis 2370:Vowels 1766:labial 1756:labial 1745:labial 1701:Uvular 1491:, and 1079:q̓ʷʕay 857:/t͡ɬʼ/ 610:/t͡sʼ/ 540:Letter 443:Methow 441:, and 417:, the 413:, the 409:, the 405:, the 401:, the 397:, the 391:syil̓x 351:French 337:, and 331:Salish 303:fluent 279:Canada 229:UNESCO 163:Methow 98:(2007) 81:Methow 51:Region 41:Canada 5773:Syilx 5552:Haida 5540:other 5526:Sioux 5425:Comox 5331:Inuit 5286:Kaska 4947:Twana 4895:Lummi 4859:Comox 4185:S2CID 3989:S2CID 3558:woman 3544:kiss- 3465:stick 3414:sɬiqʷ 3396:ˀiɬən 3250:wiks 2931:knife 2886:to be 2849:-inst 2580:an-kɬ 2554:three 2545:REDUP 2400:Close 2383:Front 2263:plain 2258:Trill 2074:plain 1880:ejec. 1778:plain 1761:plain 1751:plain 1739:plain 1696:Velar 1361:ellow 1326:x̌ʷay 1133:ister 1083:/qʷʼ/ 768:/kʷʼ/ 764:k̓ʷap 640:phant 587:/t͡ʃ/ 435:Lakes 294:first 249:, or 245:, or 77:Lakes 5198:Innu 5193:Cree 4627:ISBN 4060:ISSN 3981:ISSN 3945:2022 3550:PASS 3536:Mike 3533:Mike 3447:comb 3444:txam 3417:meat 2987:-xʷ 2984:-íxʷ 2921:POSS 2876:POSS 2846:-tan 2838:xʷuy 2833:nom- 2823:POSS 2680:kilx 2659:null 2640:kʷu 2537:kaˀ- 2529:num. 2458:Open 2393:Back 1773:Stop 1656:ʕʼʷ 1462:/ʕʷ/ 1440:/ʕˀ/ 1436:ʕ̓aw 1394:ʔət 1376:/jˀ/ 1330:/χʷ/ 1307:/xʷ/ 1239:/wˀ/ 1235:əw̓s 1171:/tʼ/ 1060:/qʷ/ 1038:/qʼ/ 993:/pʼ/ 948:/nˀ/ 903:/mˀ/ 813:/lˀ/ 745:/kʷ/ 741:kʷup 723:/kʼ/ 719:k̓it 663:appy 595:urch 572:ther 478:Omak 355:oral 349:and 5281:Hän 4681:MS. 4177:doi 4056:doi 3973:doi 3819:at 3575:DIR 3546:DIR 3522:DIR 3505:gun 3497:ERG 3493:3SG 3489:DIR 3456:OBL 3436:kən 3408:OBL 3399:eat 3388:kən 3305:-- 3296:XX 3279:-- 3270:XX 3264:Pl 3233:XX 3224:-- 3207:XX 3198:-- 3192:Sg 3048:Use 3020:-p 3017:-ip 3009:-m 3006:-ím 2998:-s 2995:-ís 2976:-n 2973:-ín 2917:2sg 2913:an- 2883:kɬ- 2872:2sg 2868:an- 2819:1sg 2815:in- 2693:Use 2637:kən 2429:Mid 2245:ʕˀʷ 1987:~ 1959:qʷʼ 1939:kʷʼ 1917:tɬʼ 1907:tsʼ 1641:yʼ 1635:x̌ʷ 1611:tʼ 1587:qʼʷ 1564:ƛʼ 1552:kʼʷ 1549:kʷ 1458:(?) 1417:/ʕ/ 1413:ʕay 1398:/ʔ/ 1372:y̓u 1353:/j/ 1323:x̌ʷ 1303:xʷi 1284:/χ/ 1280:x̌a 1261:/x/ 1224:alk 1216:/w/ 1193:/u/ 1167:t̓a 1148:/t/ 1125:/s/ 1121:sas 1106:/r/ 1076:q̓ʷ 1056:qʷa 1034:q̓u 1015:/q/ 989:p̓a 970:/p/ 944:ən̓ 925:/n/ 899:əm̓ 880:/m/ 853:ƛ̓i 835:/ɬ/ 809:əl̓ 798:ove 790:/l/ 761:k̓ʷ 753:een 708:ite 700:/k/ 696:kut 678:/i/ 655:/h/ 632:/ə/ 606:c̓a 564:/a/ 546:IPA 373:or 208:ELP 184:oka 94:75 5769:: 5750:- 4197:^ 4183:. 4173:58 4171:. 4123:^ 4081:^ 4052:73 4050:. 4037:^ 4013:^ 3987:. 3979:. 3969:73 3967:. 3953:^ 3936:. 3880:. 3862:. 3563:]. 3510:]. 3313:3 3290:2 3267:1 3241:3 3218:2 3195:1 3184:3 3181:2 3178:1 3175:3 3172:2 3169:1 2841:go 2830:s- 2651:p 2648:kʷ 2541:PL 2531:CL 2526:k- 2310:rˀ 2235:ʕˀ 2221:wˀ 2209:jˀ 2199:lˀ 2187:nˀ 2177:mˀ 2156:ʕʷ 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