Old Assyrian period

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that the cultural traditions that reached Assur during the time of its early trade network played some role in the rise of the first Assyrian territorial state centuries later. Though an extensive number of Assyrian traders are known to have lived in the Kültepe trade colony, approximately 500 to 800 people, there are no obvious Assyrian elements in the settlement itself, apart from the tablets and seals. The houses in the colony can not be differentiated from the houses of the locals, which suggests that the traders lived not as colonists, but as expatriates, using the local artefacts and houses. In all likelihood, the Assyrian community at Kültepe did not live in a separate walled part of the town, but rather simply in their own part of the lower city, also home to local Anatolians. The Assyrian colony was not only a trading settlement, but also functioned as a center of various craft production activities, such as the production of pottery and metal objects. The preserved cuneiform tablets demonstrate that the Assyrians had their own separate administrative structures and court at Kültepe, and thus were somewhat self-governing. The Assyrian court at Kültepe based its rulings on Assyrian law, and often based its decisions on commands from Assur, sometimes issued by the kings themselves. In addition to trade, the cuneiform records at Kültepe also provide insight into the family lives of the traders, who often corresponded with their wives back home in Assur. These wives were in many cases responsible for gathering or acquiring the materials sold in the trading colonies.

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her away. Divorces with the second wife in Anatolia were more common than divorces in Assur itself, resulting from their husbands retiring from trading and staying in Assur permanently. In these cases, the husband had to decide whether to take his children with him or not, and had to pay certain amounts of money depending on how many of the children he took. If a husband died, his children inherited his goods and had to take care of their mother. If there were no children, the wife kept her dowry for herself and was allowed to remarry. If the husband had written a will, his wife could also inherit his goods and estates. If a man had died with unpaid debts, his sons became responsible for paying them before receiving their inheritance. Daughters held no responsibility for unpaid debts. Both sons and daughters, though primarily the sons, were responsible for caring for their elderly parents and after they died, were also responsible for organizing and paying for their funerals. After the funeral ceremony, there was an extended period of mourning. It was believed that the deceased lived on in the

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were fewer in number, amounting to no more than 150–200 unique signs, most of which were syllabic signs (representing syllables). As letters sometimes include awkwardly shaped signs and spelling mistakes, it is likely that most preserved Old Assyrian texts were written by the authors themselves (and not hired scribes). Since some such letters are by women, it is evident that at least some women learned to read and write. Due to the limited number of signs used, Old Assyrian is relatively easier to decipher for modern researchers than later forms of the language, though the limited number of signs also means that there are in cases several possible alternative phonetic values and readings. This means that while it is easy to decipher the signs, many researchers remain uncomfortable with the language itself. Though it was a more archaic variant of the later Assyrian language, Old Assyrian also contains several words that are not attested in later periods, some being peculiar early forms of words and others being names for commercial terms or various textile and food products from Anatolia.

11620: 1638: 2563:("house"). As can be gathered from hiring contracts and other records, the trade involved people of many different occupations, including porters, guides, donkey drivers, agents, traders, bakers and bankers. In family-run businesses, the eldest son was typically the one to move to Kültepe and other trading colonies whereas the father stayed at home. The other sons, if there were any, could also be settled in the colonies and often helped with transporting the goods themselves. Women were also part of the businesses, particularly through weaving the textiles that their male relatives then sold. The women themselves received the gold or silver payment for these textiles and could in many transactions represent their husbands and brothers. Sons could after their father's deaths either inherit their father's business or choose to start their own enterprises. 2539: 2474: 2384:

identity of the early city-state was reinforced by its frequent contact with foreigners through its trade network. A verdict issued under one of the kings of the Puzur-Ashur dynasty decided that "Assyrians can sell gold among each other but, in accordance with the words of the stele, no Assyrian whosoever shall give gold to an Akkadian, Amorite or Subaraean", illustrating that the Assyrians viewed themselves as a distinct group. Though Old Assyrian evidence concerning personal lives from Assur itself is limited, consisting of a few marriage contracts and wills, the extensive Old Assyrian cuneiform records found at Kültepe document not only the participation of the traders in the Assyrian trade network, but also their everyday life not only in Kültepe but also at home in Assur.

1044: 11057: 10197: 2828:). Because Old Assyrian documents sometimes appear to not differentiate between the city and the god, it is believed that Ashur is a deified personification of the city itself. Perhaps the site of the city, originating as a holy site prior to the city's construction and settled due to its strategic location came to gradually be regarded as divine in its own right at some point in the preceding Early Assyrian period. Ashur's role as a deity was flexible and changed with the changing culture and politics of the Assyrians themselves. Though he would in later centuries be regarded as a god of war, guiding the Assyrian kings on their campaigns, he was in Old Assyrian times seen as a god of death and revival, related to agriculture. 8829: 2354:

non-royal Assyrians of the Old Assyrian period. In Ur III seals, the seated ruler was the divinely ordained king of Ur, but as the rulers of Assur were not regarded as divine themselves, but rather as servants of Assur's true king, the god Ashur, this connotation would have been ideologically problematic. It is possible that the seated figure in the Puzur-Ashur dynasty seals should be interpreted as Ashur, with the bald servant being led before him by a goddess being the Assyrian king. Though the seated figure is not given any other visual markers of divinity (such as horns or other non-human body features), the symbolism alone could not theologically be applied by the Old Assyrians to anyone but Ashur.

9792: 1402:, in which case he was the last of Shamshi-Adad's dynasty to rule Assur, but it might alternatively have been a title, in which case the man driven away by Puzur-Sin could have been a local governor under Rimush. In his inscription, Puzur-Sin prides himself on removing the ruler of "foreign seed" and demolishing their palace, erecting a religious sanctuary in its place. For these construction projects to have taken place, Puzur-Sin must have been able to maintain control over Assur for at least a few years. Perhaps Puzur-Sin was omitted from the king list by mistake, or perhaps his omission reflects changing attitudes towards Shamshi-Adad and his dynasty by later Assyrians. 1112:. An Assyrian trader could probably make the 1,000 kilometer (620 mile) distance between Assur and Kültepe in six weeks, travelling through donkey caravans. Though the traders had to pay road taxes and tolls to the various states and rulers in the lands in-between, profits were massive since the Assyrians sold many of their goods at double the price in Mesopotamia, or even more. Assur's importance as a trading center declined in the 19th century BC, whereafter Assyrian traders played a more modest role. This decline might chiefly have resulted from increasing conflict between the states and rulers of the Ancient Near East leading to a decrease in trade in general. 13284: 2376: 9501: 2793:, had to be added to the twelve thirty-day months. This appears to have normally been done in the form of adding an extra full month every four years. Furthermore, eponym years did not always begin with the change of a year, but instead often coincided with stellar phenomena. If an eponym ended in the middle of a month, the next eponym also started with that month which means that sometimes the same month was repeated. As a result of its issues, the seasons over time moved backwards through the months of the Assyrian calendar by the speed of about one month every 120 years. In the 13th century BC, during the Middle Assyrian period, King 12914: 2432:), who were paid for their work. If a mother died, young children were entrusted to the care of other family members, such as her or her husband's grandparents or aunts and uncles. Male and female children were raised differently. Girls typically lived with their mother, being taught to spin and weave and helping with daily tasks, whereas boys were taught by masters to read and write and then often followed their fathers to Anatolia to learn how to trade. The eldest daughter was sometimes consecrated to a god (presumably Ashur) as priestesses. Consecrated women were not allowed to marry but also became economically independent. 2650: 11450: 2530:

were tasked with cleaning, preparing meals and helping their owners in raising their children. At times, men engaged in sexual relations with their female slaves and they were sometimes forced to become pregnant and give birth to children on behalf of infertile owners. Some male slaves worked in the international trade as personnel in the trading caravans. The major institutions in Assur, such as the city hall and temple of Ashur, owned slaves which were used for various maintenance duties. Slaves were sometimes sold to pay off debts, and were sometimes taken by force by authorities as security for debts.

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wrote to the traders in Kültepe that they ought to return to Assur and "come and see the eye of Ashur" or "seize Ashur's foot", suggesting that the god disapproved of his subjects leaving his city for too long periods of time only for the sake of monetary gain, even though there were sanctuaries dedicated to Ashur in all of the trading colonies as well. Women were evidently greatly concerned with religion, recorded as making offerings, paying tribute to the gods and reminding their husbands of their duties to the gods. In one text, two women wrote the following message to the prominent trader Imdu-ilum:

9464: 8889: 2860: 2436: 10043: 13636: 2576: 2362:, son of Ila-kabkabu", similar to the inscriptions of the Puzur-Ashur dynasty kings, but the visual depiction of Shamshi-Adad himself was noticeably different. Depicted with brimmed headgear, a full beard and one raised hand and one hand close to his body, Shamshi-Adad is in his seal more similar to the rulers of the Old Babylonian Empire than the preceding rulers of Assur. The middle portion of his seal is not known due to the fragmentary nature of all known surviving impressions, which means that it is impossible to determine whether a seated figure was depicted there or not. 11677: 7616: 2522:

types of slaves: chattel slaves, primarily foreigners who were kidnapped or who were spoils of war, and debt slaves, formerly free men and women who had been unable to pay off their debts. Many chattel slaves were Anatolians who had originated as debt slaves but had lost their right to redemption. In some cases, Assyrian children were seized by authorities due to the debts of their parents and sold off into slavery when their parents were unable to pay. Children born to slave women automatically became slaves themselves, unless some other arrangement had been agreed to.

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practiced slavery, though confusion resulting from the terminology used in the texts might mean that many, but not all, of the supposed slaves were actually free servants. Though men and women had different duties and responsibilities, they had more or less the same legal rights, with both being allowed to inherit property, make wills, initiate divorce proceedings and participate in trade. The chief deity worshipped in the Old Assyrian period was, like in later periods, the Assyrian national deity Ashur, who had probably originated in the preceding

2635:, made of crushed barley. In certain situations, consumption of beer appears to have been formalized; the cuneiform texts found at Kültepe indicate that Old Assyrian traders bought and consumed beer when buying an animal, completing a journey, crossing a river, and when arranging meetings with important officials. It is also clear that guards and toll officials were paid not only in money, but were also regularly offered gifts such as beer. Wine appears to have been consumed in some ritualistic contexts, such as when swearing an oath to a deity. 10371: 969:, leaving the initiative for trade and large-scale foreign transactions entirely to his populace. Though large institutions, such as the temples and the king himself, did take part in trade, the financing itself was provided by private bankers, who in turn bore nearly all the risk (but also earned nearly all the profits) of the trading ventures. Through Erishum's efforts, Assur appears to have quickly established itself as a prominent trading city in northern Mesopotamia. Erishum earned some money himself through imposing 9239: 13626: 8864: 64: 10642: 9449: 2202:(city assembly), Assur's main administrative body in this time. The kings in the Old Assyrian period appears to have mainly functioned as the assembly's executive officers and chairmen. In documents from Kültepe, it is common to find mentions of "the City" (i.e. the city assembly) passing verdicts in judicial matters. Documents also however attest to rulers often being approached for legal advice, as they were seen as "constitutional experts". Though the Assyrian kings themselves used the style 7605: 1485: 12498: 94: 12389: 1092: 9072: 855: 833: 8669: 10711: 2300: 1468:" and the repetition of the names Shamshi-Adad and Ishme-Dagan among the kings of the dynasty could suggest at least partial descent from Shamshi-Adad's dynasty. The repetition of the names could alternatively be explained by Shamshi-Adad being revered by later generations as a great empire-builder. The early kings of the Adaside dynasty also several times assumed names from the rulers of the Puzur-Ashur dynasty, including Erishum and Puzur-Ashur itself. 1108:

colony, about twenty-five tons of Anatolian silver was transported to Assur, and that approximately one hundred tons of tin and 100,000 textiles were transported to Anatolia in return. The Assyrians also sold livestock, processed goods and reed products. In many cases, the materials sold by Assyrian colonists came from far-away places; the textiles sold by Assyrians in Anatolia were imported from southern Mesopotamia and the tin came from the east in the

7627: 11705: 5963: 8529: 1456:, which went on to rule Assyria for about a thousand years. Later Assyrian monarchs, Bel-bani's descendants, would in times thereafter revere Bel-bani as a restorer of stability and as the founder of their long-lived dynasty. In time, he became an almost mythical ancestor figure. It is possible that the Adaside dynasty originated as outsiders and that the family did not originally hail from Assur. The name of Bel-bani's grandson 2259:. Documents from Kültepe have shown that the verdicts of the local court, and thus possibly also the city assembly in Assur as well, during this time were reached by majority vote: the assembly was first divided into three groups and if no unamity was reached divided further into seven groups. A smaller group within the assembly, referred to as "the Elders" in a handful of texts, may have been the ones to finally pass verdicts. 2322: 12731: 9723: 659:. The Old Assyrian period is marked by the earliest known evidence of the development of a distinct Assyrian culture, separate from that of the ethnolinguistically related southern Mesopotamia and was a geopolitically turbulent time when Assur several times fell under the control or suzerainty of foreign kingdoms and empires. The period is also marked with the emergence of a distinct Assyrian dialect of the 10819: 2881:, whose name was also incorporated into about a tenth of all known Old Assyrian individuals, and who in later times became one of the major patron deities of the Assyrian royal family. Though names with Sîn are common, the presence of the name "Laban" in some Old Assyrian names indicates that Sîn was also sometimes worshipped under that name, otherwise used for him in the region corresponding to modern 8517: 9636: 2452:, "second wife"), they could not both live in the same region (one had to live in Assur and the other in Anatolia) and a third wife in one of the trading posts in-between Assur and Anatolia was not allowed. Both wives also had to be provided with food, wood and a house to live in. Children born of the "second wife" may have had less rights in regards to inheritance than those of the "main wife". 1547:, a later text concerning border disputes between Assyria and Babylonia, suggesting that Assyria first entered into diplomacy and conflict with Babylonia at this time and that Assur at this time ruled a small stretch of territory beyond the city itself. In the first half of the 15th century BC, there is also evidence of gifts for the first time being exchanged between Assyrian kings and Egyptian 1240: 1126: 9459: 2847:". Both of these objects were likely physical divine emblems in Assur. The temples dedicated to Ashur in both Assur and the Assyrian trading colonies evidently included statues of the god and representations of his divine objects since one of the preserved texts describe thieves breaking into the Ashur temple in Kültepe and stealing Assur's dagger and a sun-disc that was placed on his chest. 101: 71: 10814: 10366: 10038: 9631: 9444: 10931: 9893: 8876: 806:. As such, "Old Assyrian" refers to the history, politics, economics, religion, language and distinctive features of Assur and its people from the earliest comprehensive historical records at the site to the beginning of the Middle Assyrian period. Assur was much older than the commonly used beginning date for the Old Assyrian period, though the preceding 1358:

of historical records known from earlier Old Assyrian times; documents kept at other sites in northern Mesopotamia and in central Anatolia, fall silent in the 18th century BC and royal inscriptions and archival texts from Assur are very scanty in this time. In any case it is apparent that Assur at some point returned to being an independent city-state.

1334: 1662:. The vaulted tombs are of particular significance as the same type of tombs were later used by prominent Assyrian families to bury their dead collectively beneath their houses, illustrating that this was a long-lasting Assyrian tradition. Several of the tombs contain rich funeral gifts, including jewelry, seals, stone objects and weapons. 1365:, the only real overarching source for the period, presents a continuous sequence of rulers during this time, but its account of at least the decades following Shamshi-Adad's death is clearly incomplete and does not fully reflect the politically uncertain time that followed, when Shamshi-Adad's Amorite descendants, native Assyrians, and 2345:

of one of the seals of Erishum, found on a ceramic jar from Assur, they are all from the cuneiform tablets found at Kültepe. The known seals of the Puzur-Ashur dynasty kings are highly consistent in content, both in the text and in the artwork. The inscriptions of the seals all include the name of the king, the title

2673:, spoken in southern Mesopotamia. Both Assyrian and Babylonian are generally regarded by modern scholars to be distinct dialects of the Akkadian language. This is a modern convention as contemporary ancient authors considered Assyrian and Babylonian to be two separate languages; only Babylonian was referred to as 2567:

every year for Assyrians, though it was higher for the locals in the trading colonies. Loans usually had to be paid back within a short timespan, typically within a year, and successful repayment was marked by the loan contractor returning the cuneiform tablet recording the loan, sometimes alongside a receipt.

2424:, but husbands were allowed to buy a female slave (sometimes chosen by the wife) in order to produce heirs in case his wife had not given birth to a child after being married for two or three years. This woman remained a slave, however, and was never seen as a second wife. Old Assyrian families sometimes hired 2444:

they had to live with their in-laws, not always successfully. Because the Assyrian traders in Anatolia could be away for long periods of time, they were allowed to take second wives in Anatolia. This arrangement had certain rules, including that the two wives could not be of the same status (one had to be the

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who was cast down to Earth by her father due to her evil schemes. This demon worked in mankind's favor, attacking those who behaved against the will of the gods and weakening dangerous animals, such as lions. Another text, specifically related to merchant activities, discusses a demon in the shape of

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Marriages in Old Assyrian Assur were decided and arranged between the prospective groom or his family and the parents of the prospective bride; usually marriages took place at the time the bride-to-be reached adulthood. Marriage gifts were customary; some texts mention that betrothals were broken off

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and further text establishing him as the son of the preceding king. When compared to other seals of non-royal Assyrians in the Old Assyrian period, the motif itself—a goddess who is holding the hand of a bald man and leading him to a seated ruler with brimmed, rounded headgear—is not very distinctive

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Little archaeological finds have been discovered dating to the Old Assyrian period other than the trade archives at Kültepe. The lack of substantial finds at Assur is probably attributable to later Assyrian kings expanding and rebuilding portions of the city, which left few traces of the original Old

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1497–1485 BC), the first rulers with known royal inscriptions since Puzur-Sin's time. The inscriptions by these kings demonstrate that many of the buildings constructed earlier in the Old Assyrian period were repaired, rebuilt and extended under their reigns, including the temples dedicated to Ishtar

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s account of the sequence of Assyrian kings and their reigns from Bel-bani onwards, when the rulers were securely based in Assur under a stable dynastic line, is thought to be reliable due to presumably being based on preserved chronological records. The precise relationships between the rulers might

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The time between the collapse of Shamshi-Adad's kingdom in the 18th century BC and the rise of Assyria in the 14th century BC is often regarded by modern scholars as an Assyrian "Dark Age" due to the lack of sufficient historical evidence to clearly establish events during this time. The main sources

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also appears to have been added there, and Adad. Referring to the city as a city "full of gods", Shamshi-Adad respected Assur and sometimes stayed there to partake in religious ceremonies, though he remained a foreign conqueror in the eyes of the locals and he placed his capital elsewhere. The reason

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1934–1921 BC) rebuilt the fortification wall around Assur, an event which required financial contributions of silver not only from Assur itself but also from its widespread trading colonies. Whether the wall had to be rebuilt due to normal wear or due to having been damaged in war is not known. It is

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In terms of the artwork and the layout, the Puzur-Ashur dynasty seals are reminiscent of the seals of the kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur, though noticeable differences do exist, such as the presence of a second goddess behind the seated ruler, a very rare motif in both Ur III seals and in seals of

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In Ancient Mesopotamia, royal seals served as both instruments of office and personal seals for the kings. Only four royal seals from the kings of the Puzur-Ashur dynasty are known, though only from their impressions, coming from Erishum I (two seals), Sargon I and Naram-Sin. With the sole exception

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Old Assyrian texts are for the most part limited to the early portion of the period, before the "Dark Age" from the 18th century BC onwards. The signs used in the texts from these times are for the most part less complex than those used during the succeeding Middle and Neo-Assyrian periods and they

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A major portion of the Old Assyrian population appears to have been involved in the international trade and it was largely organized around family businesses: every family member had specific tasks to perform and many professional relationships were founded in family ties. This is also reflected by

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The Old Assyrian palace at Assur, dubbed the Urplan Palace by archaeologists, was an enormous structure, measuring 98 by 112 meters (321.5 by 367.5 meters), and included a large central court surrounded by several smaller courts, though it appears to never have been completed. The construction does

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periods, though Assur's transformation into a territorial state appears to have already begun under the last few decades of Mitanni rule. Ashur-uballit I was the first native Assyrian ruler to claim the dignity of king (rather than governor). Shortly after achieving independence, he further claimed

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state in the north. The Hittite invasion must also directly have impacted Assur in some way, but there are no surviving sources discussing the matter. Mitanni would in time become the dominant power in northern Mesopotamia, but in the power vacuum left after Mursili I's invasion, Assur also briefly

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From the 19th century BC until the end of the Old Assyrian period, the Assur city-state frequently came under the control of larger foreign states and empires. The portion of the Old Assyrian period that is best historically attested, chiefly through extensive records found in the ruins of the city

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is the earliest Assyrian king known to have intervened in foreign affairs, campaigning and opening up trade. In one of his inscriptions, Ilu-shuma claims to have opened trade with the "Akkadians and their children" and selling copper. That Ilu-shuma was able to sell copper to kings in the south is

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Cylinder seal impression, with three deities approaching a seated figure, probably a king: the storm god holding his lightning fork and standing on the back of a bull, the moon god holding a crescent standard and standing in a boat, and an interceding goddess. Old Assyrian period, ca 1920–1740 BC.

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The Assyrians worshipped the same pantheon of gods as the Babylonians in southern Mesopotamia. As known Old Assyrian texts are concerned mainly with trade, knowledge of Assyrian religion in the Old Assyrian period is not as detailed as in later periods. The chief deity in Assur in the Old Assyrian

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Some of the most common cuneiform tablets recovered from Kültepe are loan contracts, both within the Assyrian community or between the Assyrian traders and the locals. Non-commercial loans often consisted of small quantities of silver and were given out with interest; this interest amounted to 30%

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Though Old Babylonian texts frequently mention the geographical and ethnic origin of slaves, there is only a single known such reference in Old Assyrian texts, a slave girl explicitly being referred to as Subaraean, indicating that these aspects were not seen as very important. There were two main

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of silver, had to be paid by both the husband and wife and both were allowed to remarry afterwards. If a man grew to dislike his wife, he could return her to her family, but had to pay compensation. If the wife had behaved badly in some way, the husband could strip her of her possessions and chase

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that also seized Shubut-Enlil and other cities. This invasion was pushed back by an alliance between Mari, Ishme-Dagan and Babylon and in its aftermath, Ishme-Dagan strengthened his position by seizing some territory to the south and making a treaty with Eshnunna. When relations quickly thereafter

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1785 BC placed his two sons in control of different parts of the kingdom as his vassals; Yasmah-Adad was granted Mari and the surrounding lands and Ishme-Dagan, the elder son, was granted Ekallatum, Assur and surrounding territories. Under Shamshi-Adad's kingdom, Assur remained a distinct city and

1217:. The realm founded by Shamshi-Adad eventually came to include most of northern Mesopotamia and has been given various names by modern historians, such as the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia and the North-Mesopotamian Empire. To rule this new realm, Shamshi-Adad established his capital at the city of 1099:

After the discovery of the Kültepe tablets in the 20th century, many historians suggested that they were evidence of a large "Old Assyrian Empire", stretching into Anatolia, but this interpretation is today discredited based on surviving archaeological and literary evidence. It is however possible

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Ashur is frequently alluded to in surviving Old Assyrian texts and inscriptions. Assyrian texts from Kültepe show that Assyrians swore their oaths by "the City and the prince" or "the City and the lord", "prince" and "lord" probably meaning Ashur. In several texts, family members at home in Assur

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and a female slave 20 shekels. Typically slaves from Anatolia, where Assur had prominent trading colonies, were less expensive than slaves from Mesopotamia. Slaves were owned by both women and men, with many women being recorded as both purchasing and inheriting slaves of their own. Female slaves

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During the long trading journeys, the wives of Assyrian traders often stayed home alone in Assur, managing households and raising children. Often they had to, as the heads of the household, oversee gathering food and supplies, repairing the house and providing clothing for the children. Sometimes

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There was no legal distinction between men and women during the Old Assyrian period and they had more or less the same legal rights. Both men and women had to pay the same fines, could inherit property, participated in trade, bought, owned and sold houses and slaves, made their own last wills and

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Little evidence survives on non-monumental buildings in Assur. Not a single house has been excavated, nor have any private archives of its citizens been discovered. Over seventy graves are however known from the site, dated to between 2500 and 1500 BC. The graves differ in design and in how many

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clay tablets that attest to a long-distance and extensive Assyrian trade network. The trade colony at Kültepe was a pivotal node in this network, which was centered in Assur and had extensive lesser trade posts throughout central Anatolia and likely Mesopotamia as well. This trade network is the

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The distinct burial practices in Old Assyrian Assur suggests that a distinct Assyrian identity formed already in this period. Cultural practices such as burials, dress codes and foods are typically critical to the formation and maintenance of ethnic and cultural identities. Perhaps the distinct

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1360 BC. Assur retained some autonomy under the Mitanni kings, as Assyrian kings during this time are attested as commissioning building projects, trading with Egypt and signing boundary agreements with the Kassites in Babylon. Chiefly responsible for bringing an end to Mitanni rule was another

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1836 BC, which led to the preservation of the thousands of tablets, but it was shortly thereafter rebuilt, as attested by the presence of later Assyrian activity in the second layer. In total, it has been estimated that during just the time of documented trade in Level II of the Kültepe trading

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and preparing bread and beer. By and large, food was prepared by the women. More detailed records of food are available from the cuneiform records at Kültepe, which establish that bread and beer were the main food and drink products (water as well, though this was taken for granted and is thus

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Through extensive cuneiform records, amounting to over 22,000 clay tablets found at the Old Assyrian trading colony at Kültepe, much information can be gathered about the culture, language and society of the Old Assyrian period. As in other societies of the Ancient Near East, the Old Assyrians

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was king and that the Assyrian rulers therefore were only his representatives on Earth. Assur was during the time of Puzur-Ashur's dynasty home to only about 5,000 to 8,000 people, which means its military power must have been very limited, and there are no sources that indicate any military

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2028–2004 BC), losing his administrative grip on the peripheral regions of his empire. Very little archaeological evidence survives from Assur in the first half of the second millennium BC and as a result, relatively little is known about the city, its people and its rulers during this time.

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2025 BC. Little is otherwise known of Puzur-Ashur, and it is unclear how exactly he came to power, though his descendants, Assyria's first royal dynasty, wrote that he had restored the walls around the city. Assur's independence was likely achieved in conjunction with the last Ur III ruler,

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when no gifts were given. The dowry given to the bride belonged to her, not the husband, and was inherited by her children after her death. After the marriage was complete, wives moved in with their husbands, who were obliged to provide them with garments and food. Marriages were typically

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in the north-west, in later texts described as a significant site of copper-mining. According to his inscriptions, Ilu-shuma also constructed wells in Assur, used both as a source of water and to make bricks for the city wall. Ilu-shuma was succeeded by his even more successful son,

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1776 BC. Events after Shamshi-Adad's death until the beginning of the Middle Assyrian period are poorly known, but there appears to initially have been some decades of frequent conflict in Assur and the surrounding region, not only between different states and empires, such as the

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1765 BC. The king list also does not mention the brief conquests of Assur by outside powers, such as Eshnunna, Elam and Babylon during Ishme-Dagan's time. Documents at Mari and a fragmentary alternate version of the king list also show that Ishme-Dagan was succeeded by his son

1308:. Ibal-pi-el II's invasion was eventually pushed back by Zimri-Lim of Mari and around this time, probably with the aid of the Babylonians, Ishme-Dagan returned to power in Ekallatum and Assur. A few years later, northern mesopotamia was again invaded, this time by an army from 2270:'. Shamshi-Adad appears to have based his more absolute form of kingship on the rulers of the Old Babylonian Empire. In one of his royal inscriptions at Assur, Shamshi-Adad assumed the full style "king of the Universe, builder of Assur's temple, pacifier of the land between 1226:

might have continued its trading with other cities. Local trade was evidently important for Shamshi-Adad, as there are from his reign records of an official overseeing merchants. Shamshi-Adad renovated the city and rebuilt the temples of Assur, though a sanctuary to the god

2616:. Meat, often grilled or in stews, was also eaten, with records of Assyrians eating sheep, oxen, pork, shrimp and fish. Animals were often killed at home, but it was also possible to purchase pre-cut pieces of meat, either in Assur or by traders along the travel routes. 2350:

and appears in other seals as well. An aspect that is distinctive when compared to the other seals is that there are no "filler figures" between the four primary figures depicted, making the space between them appear larger and the figures themselves stand out more.

2357:

Shamshi-Adad I retained in his more absolute kingship certain aspects of the royal ideology of the Puzur-Ashur dynasty as well and a mix of the traditions can be seen in his royal seals from Assur. The inscription designated him as "Shamshi-Adad, beloved of Ashur,

2824:

period, and in later times as well, was the Assyrian national deity Ashur. Though the deity and the city are commonly distinguished by modern historians through calling the god Ashur and the city Assur, both were inscribed in the exact same way in ancient times (

2278:". In some inscriptions and seals this style was preceded by "appointee of Enlil" and/or succeeded by "beloved of Ashur". On inscribed bricks, used in the construction projects, Shamshi-Adad was more modest and assumed the for Assur more traditional style of 3042:

In this respect, the Urplan Palace appears to be somewhat at odds with the role of the kings. It is possible that the palace was constructed under the more autocratic Shamshi-Adad I, but that would place it at a later point in time than it is conventionally

1287:

ousted Yasmah-Adad from power. Shamshi-Adad's senior heir, Ishme-Dagan, retained control only of Ekallatum, from where he ruled, and Assur. Ishme-Dagan was respectful of Assur's cults and traditions and occasionally used the city as his residence. His wife,

2464:

as ghosts and that they could appear in the dreams of their descendants. Deceased family members were often honored with prayers and offerings, a practice made easier since they were typically buried beneath the houses of their descendants and relatives.

1650:, as well as an early palace. The new Ishtar temple measured 34 by 9.5 meters (111.5 by 31.2 feet) and was substantially larger than preceding temples at the site. This temple included a large rectangular cult room which worshipper entered from the side. 686:(city assembly), which was made up of prominent and influential members among Assur's populace. Though lacking in military and political might in comparison to later times, Assur was an important economic center in northern Mesopotamia. From the time of 2697:

Like the calendars used by the early Egyptians and Arabs, the Old and Middle Assyrian calendar consisted of twelve months, each allotted three constellations (one constellation corresponding to a period of ten days). In Assyria, the months were named

1576:

and Adad, as well as the walls of the city itself. Under Puzur-Ashur III, the city walls were extended to cover a greater tract of land, presumably attesting to a growing population. Later documents also reference the construction of a "new city" (

2219:

The composition of the city assembly is not known, but it is generally believed to have been made up of members of the most powerful families of the city, many of whom were merchants. From the time of Erishum I onwards, a yearly office-holder, a

1303:

invaded Ishme-Dagan's kingdom, occupying Assur, Ekallatum and Qattare before seizing Shamshi-Adad's old capital at Shubut-Enlil. Ishme-Dagan fled from his realm during this time, taking refuge in southern Mesopotamia, now ruled by the

2888:

Few texts of purely religious nature (i.e. not just allusions in other texts) are known from the Old Assyrian period. Known Assyrian religious texts from this time include a poem describing an evil demon, the daughter of the sky-god

1654:

not seem to have progressed beyond cutting foundation trenches, though some scant evidence suggests that some of these foundation trenches were later reused for a poorly known construction project during the reign of Shamshi-Adad I.

797:

that is historically sufficiently recoverable to be called Assyrian", "Assyrian" here meaning the city of Assur and its culture rather than Assyria as a state governing a stretch of territory; Assyria only transitioned from a small

2493:

in Old Assyrian texts are described as handling property and carrying out administrative tasks on behalf of their masters, many may have in actuality been free servants and not slaves in the common meaning of the term. A number of

2250:

official and was an important institution that managed the city's finances through collecting taxes and fines and also acted as a public warehouse, selling certain wares, such as barley and precious metals. On some wares, such as

1443:

officials) of Ashur-dugul's reign and they might thus in reality have been his generals and officials, misattributed as rival kings by the scribe who created the king list. Ashur-dugul was according to the king list succeeded by

2242:) behind the temple of Ashur. In this sacred place, where oaths were also sworn, there were seven statues of divine judges. At other times, the assembly may have convened in a structure referred to in texts as the "city hall" ( 1058:

Though evidence from Assur is scant, there are surviving rich textual records of Assyrian society and activity from the early Old Assyrian period, though they are not from Assur or northern Mesopotamia, but rather from central

1088:

first noticeable impression left by the Assyrians in the historical record. Assur was able to maintain its central position in the trade network despite being relatively small and having no history of military success.

2876:

pantheon. More prominent than Enlil was the Semitic weather-god Adad, whose name was also incorporated into about one tenth of the names of known individuals of the period. Equally prominent as Adad was the moon-god

2216:(first among equals). Since the same title was used to refer to the kings in Anatolia, whom the Assyrians traded with, it also shows understanding of their king as a royal (and not simply civic or religious) figure. 921:

Surviving royal inscriptions from this time deal almost exclusively with building projects. What is known is that Puzur-Ashur and his successors after independence did not actually claim the dignity of being kings (

1231:

for making Shubat-Enlil his capital rather than Assur might have been that Assur was seen as formally ruled by the god Ashur, and had a powerful local city assembly, and was thus unattractive as a seat of power.

750:, but also between different Assyrian dynasties and nobles who vied for power over the city and surrounding region. This period culminated in the re-establishment of Assur as an independent city-state under the 2538: 946:

significant because it illustrates that Assur at this time was producing enough copper to sustain both itself and others. Where this copper came from is not clear, perhaps Assyrian miners made the long trip to

1512:

1595 BC was critical to Assyria's later development. This invasion destroyed the then dominant power in Mesopotamia, the Old Babylonian Empire, which created a vacuum of power that led to the formation of the

3024:, with relatively few known surviving sources. In this division scheme, the period between the shortened Old Assyrian period and the Middle Assyrian period is sometimes referred to as the "Transition period". 2194:, where the king was a permanent, albeit not the only prominent, official in the city's politics. Unlike in later Assyrian periods, the Assyrian kings of the Old Assyrian period are not thought to have been 11619: 1071:. Kültepe, in this time period known by the name Kanesh, was also a city-state ruled by its own line of kings. In the lower city of Kültepe, to the northwest, the Assyrians established a trade colony, or 1551:. It is clear the Assur experienced a period of prosperity from the late 16th to the early 15th century, as can be gathered from the royal inscriptions of Puzur-Ashur III, his two immediate predecessors 2855:

Ashur warned you over and over again. You love money, (but) neglect your soul; can you not do Ashur's will in the City! Urgent! When you hear this message come and see Ashur's eye and save your soul!

1325:

1761 BC and appears to have respected Assur and its institutions since he wrote in one of his inscriptions that "I guided the people properly and returned to Assur its benevolent protective spirit".

777:

as a deified personification of the city of Assur itself, although other gods of the Mesopotamian pantheon such as Sin, Ishtar, Dagan, Adad, Shamash, Enlil, Tammuz and Ninurta were also worshipped.

2885:. Another prominent deity was the goddess Ishtar, who had been worshipped at Assur since early in the preceding Early Assyrian period and was probably the original primary deity of the settlement. 5214:

Chavalas, Mark (1994). "Genealogical History as "Charter": A Study of Old Babylonian Period Historiography and the Old Testament". In Millard, A. R.; Hoffmeier, James K.; Baker, David W. (eds.).

1279:. The success and survival of Shamshi-Adad's kingdom relied chiefly on his own military success, strength and charisma. Increasing conflict with the surrounding kingdoms and Shamshi-Adad's death 1313:

soured again, Ishme-Dagan fled to Babylon once more. Assur and the rest of Ishme-Dagan's realm shortly thereafter came under the, perhaps only brief, control of the Old Babylonian Empire under

1369:

appear to have fought one another for control of Assur. According to the standard version of the list, Ishme-Dagan ruled for 40 years and was succeeded at Assur by the native Assyrian usurper

2811: 13860: 934:

institutions whatsoever. No surrounding cities were subjected to Assur and there are not even any known records of political interactions with the rulers of the city's immediate neighbors.

13855: 8642: 2631:, though other sources existed as well, such as southern Anatolia or certain sites alongside the Euphrates river or Taurus Mountains. When they drank beer, Assyrians typically also ate 8596: 2778:

star cluster in the sky during this time. The Assyrian calendar must have started in the autumn, at the time when the farmers ploughed the fields, sometime between September 23 (the

2230:

official held substantial executive powers and gave their name to the year, which meant that their name appeared in all administrative documents of that year. Kings were usually the

8612: 2489:, though this term could confusingly also be used for (free) official servants, retainers and followers, soldiers and subjects of the king. Because many individuals designated as 5360:

Garfinkle, Steven J. (2007). "The Assyrians: A New Look at an Ancient Power". In Rubio, Gonzalo; Garfinkle, Steven J.; Beckman, Gary; Snell, Daniel C.; Chavalas, Mark W. (eds.).

2955:

Assur was not independent throughout the entire Old Assyrian period. In the 18th century BC, Assur was incorporated into the short-lived Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia under the

789:

history into several stages based on political events and gradual changes in language. "Old Assyrian" is one of these stages and is thus a chronological label. As defined by

2831:

One of Ashur's main functions was also justice: it was believed that anyone who gave false testimony or unjust judgement in court would be struck down by "Ashur's dagger" (

5489: 2498:

are however also recorded as being bought and sold. All other terms used for slaves also had secondary or alternative meanings in other contexts: for instance, the term

1608:. After the war with the Hittites relegated Mitanni to a minor kingdom, Assyria managed to free itself from its suzerain. Assyria's independence, achieved under the king 8617: 8610: 1600:, whose 14th century BC war with Mitanni over control of Syria effectively led to the beginning of the end of the Mitanni kingdom. At the same time as the Mitanni king 8631: 2547:

the vocabulary used when referring to businesses; the boss, who often stayed at home in Assur and did not travel to the trading colonies, was typically referred to as

495: 470: 1476:

however not be fully reliable, as there is evidence to suggest that the genealogy of the early Adaside dynasty was at least partially reconstructed by later scribes.

8705: 1433:. It is unclear if these figures were actually historical and actually claimed to be kings in opposition to Ashur-dugul. Their names are suspiciously similar to the 8618: 1543: 670:

of later periods, the kings in the Old Assyrian period were just one of the prominent leading officials in the city's administration and normally used the style

8657: 2262:

Assur first experienced a more autocratic form of kingship under Shamshi-Adad I, the earliest ruler of Assur during the Old Assyrian period to assume the style

10152: 2583:

Evidence of what the citizens of Assur itself ate during the Old Assyrian period is very limited, consisting only of a few mentions in letters of wives buying

8437: 5441: 887:

2400 BC, these are likely have been pastoralist rulers of a region of Upper Mesopotamia that contained Assur and its surrounds, and urbanised kings such as

5743: 2455:

Most divorces recorded in the surviving texts were consensual and resulted from private discussions and arrangements. The high fines for divorce, up to 5

8604: 2619:

Though beer and water were the primary drinks, the preserved texts also demonstrate a great appreciation for wine, seen as a luxury commodity and called

702:

in the west. During their time as prominent traders, the Assyrians founded a number of trading colonies at various sites in the trading network, such as

8587: 10281: 10157: 8643: 6336: 666:

For most of the Old Assyrian period, Assur was a city-state with little political and military influence outside of Upper Mesopotamia. In contrast to

8606: 6512: 1637: 10574: 8615: 7545: 3033:

The name is alternatively read as "Kidin-Ninua", "under the protection of (the deity of) Nineveh", a name also with obscure political implications.

2286:) of Ashur. Under Shamshi-Adad, Assyrians also swore their oaths by the king, not just by the god. This practice did not survive beyond his death. 12913: 10196: 1616:

1363–1328 BC) and Ashur-uballit I's conquests of nearby territories, most importantly the fertile region between the Tigris, the foothills of the

10012: 1289: 1178:

1835 BC. Threatened by Ipiq-Adad II in Eshnunna, Shamshi-Adad sought refuge in southern Mesopotamia for several years but returned to Ekallatum

8603: 1283:

1776 BC led to the collapse of the kingdom. Local rulers quickly returned to power in many parts of the former realm, including in Mari, where

1018: 1001:

1920–1881 BC). Though Sargon's reign appears to have been a prosperous one during which Assyrian trade reached its peak, the reigns of his son

10952: 10673: 10584: 10273: 9988: 9930: 9926: 8698: 8640: 941:, and records the king having built a temple dedicated to Ashur "for his own life and the life of his city". Shalim-ahum's son and successor 1646:

Assyrian structures. Surviving finds at Assur include a new phase of the city's Ishtar temple (dubbed Ishtar D), built during the preceding

810:

is much more poorly known and Assur was not independent during that time but instead part of a sequence of states and empires from southern

13850: 10230: 10226: 9934: 8630: 8633: 8613: 13639: 10677: 10484: 10055: 10018: 9984: 9559: 9555: 8888: 8638: 8634: 8599: 8566: 6331: 8594: 8593: 13283: 9842: 9686: 9551: 9547: 8828: 8607: 993:, which at this time was pursuing an expansionist policy. In any case, repairs were not complete until the long reign of Ikunum's son 733:

and established a short-lived kingdom, sometimes called the Kingdom or Empire of Upper Mesopotamia, that collapsed after his death in

10570: 10566: 10480: 10277: 9034: 8635: 8329: 7584: 2198:(i.e. rulers with sole power), but rather they acted as the stewards of the city's god, Ashur, and presided over the meetings of the 2506:(used for female slaves) was the same word as the word used for second wives. Another term that was sometimes used as a synonym for 10681: 9938: 8691: 8644: 6949: 6387: 5736: 8648: 1197:

After conquering both Eshnunna and Assur, Shamshi-Adad began extensive campaigns of conquest which culminated in his victory over

13845: 8624: 8623: 7762: 5948: 973:, which was put into expanding Assur itself: the temple of Ashur was rebuilt and expanded and a new temple, dedicated to the god 8639: 8589: 2473: 10084: 9838: 9818: 8077: 8071: 9791: 9500: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8619: 3013:

The Old Assyrian period is sometimes alternatively defined as covering a shorter timespan, from Puzur-Ashur I to the death of

1658:

bodies were buried, and include bodies placed in pits, large ceramic vessels and tombs with vaulted roofs built with stone or

13840: 13830: 13793: 13746: 13716: 8629: 8588: 6505: 5711: 5690: 5669: 5629: 5610: 5550: 5522: 5478: 5369: 5350: 5329: 5267: 5246: 5178: 5116: 2685:. Though both were written with cuneiform script, the signs look quite different and can be distinguished relatively easily. 1591:

1430 BC, Assur was subjugated by Mitanni and forced to become a vassal, an arrangement that lasted for about 70 years, until

8647: 8628: 1083:

1950–1836 BC) have been archaeologically investigated. Level II is particularly significant since it preserves about 22,000

8622: 8621: 8609: 7538: 2868:

In addition to Ashur, other prominent gods worshipped by the Assyrians of the Old period included the Sumerian weather-god

1259:

In the 18th century BC, Shamshi-Adad's kingdom became surrounded by competing large kingdoms. In the south, the rulers of

12040: 9535: 9387: 9244: 8653: 8412: 6568: 6078: 5729: 5648: 2657:

The language used to inscribe the Assyrian tablets found in central Anatolia is generally referred to as Old Assyrian, a

2525:

Owning several slaves was considered a sign of wealth, similar to owning several houses; on average a male slave cost 30

17: 8620: 1043: 12710: 10389: 8089: 6983: 965:, a later document recording the kings of Assyria and their reigns. Erishum initiated the earliest known experiment in 2234:

officials in their first regnal years. The city assembly is described to have convened either in a "sacred precinct" (

6978: 5805: 5501: 5457: 5225: 3239: 11056: 8652: 8636: 8591: 8590: 7615: 8471: 6498: 6469: 8592: 2894:

a black dog who lies in wait for merchant caravans. This demon was possibly related in some form to the water-god

765:

1430 BC but broke free in the early 14th century after Mitanni suffered a series of defeats by the Assyrians and

694:

1974–1935 BC) until the late 19th century BC, the city was a hub in a large trading network that spanned from the

12704: 8559: 7757: 7531: 5601:

de Ridder, Jacob Jan (2017). "Slavery in Old Assyrian Documents". In Kulakoğlu, Fikri; Barjamovic, Gojko (eds.).

2461: 63: 12777: 12324: 12248: 8655: 8616: 8152: 8137: 8119: 8095: 8000: 7825: 6382: 6366: 2912: 8650: 6704: 5421: 13629: 13609: 12891: 12798: 12783: 12621: 12491: 12292: 11991: 11676: 9060: 8654: 8651: 8611: 8006: 7967: 7881: 7752: 6408: 2806: 2789:

The Old and Middle Assyrian calendar was not without its problems. An extra week, a time-unit referred to as

164: 937:

The earliest known surviving inscription by an Assyrian king was written by Puzur-Ashur's son and successor

925:), as the Akkadian and Sumerian suzerains had done, but instead continued to style themselves as governors ( 13835: 13430: 13239: 13215: 12615: 11595: 8641: 8637: 8491: 8466: 8402: 8166: 6942: 6902: 6418: 6153: 5467:

Luukko, Mikko; Van Buylaere, Greta (2017). "Languages and Writing Systems in Assyria". In E. Frahm (ed.).

12852: 11891: 11690: 11237: 11231: 9478: 8834: 8476: 8422: 8285: 7983: 7702: 7677: 7671: 7594: 6474: 6356: 6351: 6286: 5962: 5511:

Michel, Cécile (2017). "Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Old Assyrian Period". In E. Frahm (ed.).

3020:

1765 BC. After Ishme-Dagan's death, Assyria entered into a "Dark Age" lasting until the beginning of the

8646: 8632: 1255:

1792–1750 BC), which briefly controlled Assur in the aftermath of the collapse of Shamshi-Adad's kingdom

13479: 13335: 13098: 12789: 12599: 11945: 11607: 11575: 11569: 9776: 8672: 8552: 8486: 7708: 6479: 6088: 2967:. After Shamshi-Adad's death, Assur briefly remained under the control of his family, then ruling from 2375: 8605: 8600: 8598: 8131: 13616: 13224: 13110: 13092: 12942: 12604: 12468: 12169: 11984: 10881: 8645: 6163: 5978: 1373:. Records at Mari establish that Ishme-Dagan only ruled for 11 years after his father's death, dying 663:, a native Assyrian calendar and Assur for a time becoming a prominent site for international trade. 93: 2797:

had to adjust and correct the calendar, moving the months back to their original intended position.

2649: 769:

and began its transition into a large territorial state and empire under a series of warrior-kings.

13602: 13247: 13244: 13167: 13137: 13080: 13066: 12472: 11456: 11194: 10611: 10395: 9238: 8608: 8601: 8407: 7945: 7696: 6118: 5760: 1533:

1430 were more politically assertive than their predecessors, both regionally and internationally.

648:

2025 BC to the foundation of a larger Assyrian territorial state and empire after the accession of

608: 11449: 7604: 5044: 2388:

were allowed to divorce their partners. Society was instead divided into two main groups: slaves (

1471:

Though it is not seen as reliable for the decades immediately following Shamshi-Adad's death, the

1267:

and Eshnunna fought with one another to re-unite southern Mesopotamia. In the east, the rulers of

13262: 13190: 13164: 13140: 13134: 13119: 13031: 12967: 12932: 12876: 12825: 12398: 10875: 10656: 10401: 9709: 9167: 8496: 8030: 8018: 7891: 7790: 6973: 6935: 6653: 6428: 6361: 6255: 6108: 6026: 6021: 2980: 1271:

increasingly involved themselves in Mesopotamian politics and in the west, new kingdoms arose at

8614: 8597: 5679:

Veenhof, Klaas R. (2017). "The Old Assyrian Period (20th–18th century BCE)". In E. Frahm (ed.).

1604:

had to fight Šuppiluliuma I, he was also forced to contend with a rival claimant to the throne,

13425: 13415: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13155: 13146: 13089: 13069: 13063: 13057: 13054: 13045: 12973: 12970: 12961: 12861: 12840: 12454: 12228: 12160: 12070: 11814: 11808: 11289: 10744: 10603: 10168: 9949: 9489: 9463: 9423: 9066: 8839: 8649: 8251: 7863: 7665: 7659: 7567:

with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans

7259: 6968: 6459: 6311: 6070: 3021: 2907: 2435: 1676: 1625: 1174:

king, originally ruling the city of Ekallatum, where he had succeeded his father Ila‐kabkabuhu

803: 656: 564: 488: 181: 13736: 10042: 9071: 7767: 5700:

Yamada, Shiego (2017). "The Transition Period (17th to 15th century BCE)". In E. Frahm (ed.).

5102: 2502:(used to refer to a collection of slaves) could also mean utensils or livestock and the term 1405:

Ashur-dugul, who ruled at some point after Puzur-Sin, is accorded a reign of six years by the

1386:. It is possible that these kings only ruled Ekallatum, and not Assur, but the Assyrian ruler 13785:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

13706: 13669: 13591: 13468: 13128: 13104: 13060: 13048: 13042: 13039: 12994: 12988: 12964: 12929: 12885: 12873: 12870: 12867: 12855: 12849: 12837: 12831: 12650: 12560: 12557: 12548: 12111: 10188: 7875: 7851: 7330: 6820: 6128: 2644: 1647: 1305: 1244: 1205:

1792 BC. Shamshi-Adad also went on to conquer cities to the north and east of Assur, such as

807: 774: 739: 587: 538: 475: 13783: 13635: 9448: 2859: 2575: 13865: 13036: 12985: 12894: 12888: 12858: 12460: 12413: 12401: 12225: 12166: 11790: 11684: 11507: 11034: 10182: 9703: 9120: 8595: 8458: 8444: 8392: 8367: 8357: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8101: 7795: 7045: 6346: 6306: 5785: 2267: 1733: 1434: 1010: 861: 12497: 7626: 5641:

The Old Assyrian List of Year Eponyms from Karum Kanish and its Chronological Implications

2750:. Several of the names demonstrate the astronomical origin of the calendar. For instance, 8: 13541: 13396: 13101: 13051: 12976: 12926: 12879: 12864: 12843: 12542: 12528: 12416: 12349: 12172: 12063: 12005: 11769: 11442: 10806: 10623: 10436: 9752: 8963: 8602: 8533: 8417: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8362: 8280: 8042: 7951: 7869: 7805: 7800: 7640: 7620: 7579: 7467: 7410: 7244: 6856: 6801: 6715: 6600: 6433: 6341: 6316: 6123: 6098: 3231:

Fast Way Upstairs: Transformation of Assyrian Hereditary Rulership in the Late Bronze Age

2670: 2613: 2024: 577: 345: 5603:

Subartu XXXIX: Kültepe International Meetings, Vol. II: Movement, Resources, Interaction

2946:

1364 BC (Assyrian regnal years were generally counted from the first full year as king).

2774:, means "meeting of the gods", probably in reference to conjunction of the moon and the 1186:

1808 BC, Shamshi-Adad deposed the last king of Puzur-Ashur I's dynasty, Naram-Sin's son

13767: 13581: 13458: 13019: 12958: 12952: 12480: 12444: 12357: 12338: 12234: 12231: 12184: 12150: 12147: 12102: 11793: 11778: 11763: 11439: 11436: 11427: 11186: 10361: 10089: 9362: 9215: 9132: 8935: 8432: 8352: 8273: 8246: 7963: 7589: 7427: 7395: 7390: 7315: 7239: 7234: 7219: 6564: 6423: 6392: 6291: 6138: 6055: 5589: 5581: 5408: 5400: 5318:

Frahm, Eckart (2017). "The Neo-Assyrian Period (ca. 1000–609 BCE)". In E. Frahm (ed.).

5306: 5298: 5217:

Faith, Tradition, and History: Old Testament Historiography in Its Near Eastern Context

5155: 5147: 2481:

Slavery was an important part of nearly every society in the Ancient Near East. In the

2212: 2019: 2014: 1999: 1038: 961: 876: 12237: 2477:

Old Assyrian cuneiform tablet from Kültepe recording expenses during a caravan journey

13789: 13742: 13712: 13005: 12979: 12955: 12937: 12737: 12658: 12566: 12435: 12407: 12222: 12190: 12181: 12123: 12120: 12117: 12105: 12093: 12008: 11929: 11781: 11775: 11742: 11736: 11307: 11180: 11044: 10866: 10592: 10191: 10185: 9993: 9961: 9506: 8715: 8576: 8427: 8397: 8224: 8175: 8161: 8012: 7815: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7320: 7300: 7071: 6847: 6837: 6413: 6270: 6265: 6250: 6185: 6103: 6060: 5780: 5775: 5707: 5686: 5665: 5644: 5625: 5606: 5593: 5546: 5518: 5497: 5474: 5453: 5412: 5365: 5346: 5325: 5310: 5263: 5242: 5221: 5193: 5174: 5159: 5112: 3235: 3001: 2779: 2658: 2482: 2439:

Furniture element from the Old Assyrian trading colony at Kültepe, depicting a monkey

1824: 1489: 1383: 1350: 660: 150: 146: 11169: 8544: 1597: 13665: 13577: 13523: 13454: 13441: 13420: 13385: 13234: 13022: 12991: 12846: 12822: 12590: 12587: 12581: 12536: 12429: 12410: 12404: 12360: 12343: 12187: 12178: 12175: 12099: 12096: 11934: 11819: 11406: 10496: 10430: 10418: 10111: 9658: 8948: 8372: 7957: 7810: 7782: 7688: 7651: 7512: 7502: 7497: 7432: 7310: 7305: 7184: 6897: 6326: 6321: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6205: 6200: 6190: 6006: 5863: 5848: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5800: 5573: 5392: 5290: 5139: 1964: 1617: 1552: 1109: 695: 154: 8683: 8310: 5364:. Publications of the Association of Ancient Historians. Claremont: Regina Books. 1394:, grandson (or descendant) of Shamshi-Adad and liberated Assur from the Amorites. 1390:, also absent in the king list, claims in one of his inscriptions to have deposed 13586: 13572: 13547: 13500: 13463: 13449: 13273: 13122: 13075: 12982: 12947: 12819: 12814: 12742: 12716: 12572: 12447: 12441: 12426: 12419: 12373: 12363: 12196: 12141: 12135: 12132: 12078: 12026: 11862: 11796: 11784: 11772: 11760: 11745: 11724: 11643: 11547: 11544: 11518: 11433: 11412: 11400: 11367: 11361: 11331: 11253: 11063: 10415: 10370: 10324: 10318: 10308: 10098: 9198: 9176: 8943: 8300: 8125: 7915: 7909: 7772: 7747: 7727: 7554: 7447: 7437: 7380: 7370: 7365: 7275: 7229: 7194: 7174: 7123: 6914: 6883: 6878: 6868: 6578: 6260: 6235: 6230: 6210: 6158: 6148: 6143: 6133: 6113: 6083: 6035: 6031: 6001: 5701: 5680: 5659: 5512: 5468: 5340: 5319: 5257: 5236: 5215: 5168: 5106: 3229: 2932: 2878: 2783: 2755: 2662: 2542:

Old Assyrian cuneiform tablet from Kültepe containing a legal debt-note on silver

2009: 1974: 1954: 1609: 1534: 1453: 1430: 751: 649: 396: 287: 13625: 8863: 5494:

The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume I Part 2: Early History of the Middle East

5450:

The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume I Part 2: Early History of the Middle East

5143: 1629:

the dignity of a great king on the level of the pharaohs and the Hittite kings.

13484: 13028: 12921: 12810: 12763: 12724: 12667: 12569: 12505: 12423: 12382: 12376: 12366: 12354: 12138: 12126: 12114: 12034: 11923: 11877: 11787: 11757: 11721: 11585: 11430: 11409: 11403: 11394: 11346: 11316: 11298: 11273: 11261: 11173: 11030: 10901: 10752: 10614: 10608: 10511: 10503: 10439: 10412: 10376: 10209: 9976: 9973: 9874: 9282: 9047: 8953: 8930: 8822: 8521: 8180: 8107: 8083: 7971: 7742: 7737: 7462: 7452: 7442: 7422: 7375: 7355: 7335: 7224: 7189: 7179: 7164: 7093: 7055: 7040: 6852: 6240: 5279:"Representing Ashur: The Old Assyrian Rulers' Seals and Their Ur III Prototype" 2960: 2604:

was sometimes added as a sweetener, and common herbs and spices included salt,

2328: 2004: 1969: 1959: 1944: 1808: 1728: 1560: 1410: 1138: 1022: 1002: 766: 722: 667: 362: 255: 5302: 5278: 13824: 13779: 13702: 13687: 13559: 13491: 13371: 13016: 13013: 12766: 12760: 12720: 12676: 12584: 12545: 12379: 12318: 12219: 12216: 12144: 12129: 12090: 12087: 12030: 11969: 11851: 11557: 11550: 11527: 11421: 11415: 11379: 11301: 11257: 11214: 11006: 10904: 10898: 10856: 10755: 10558: 10520: 10293: 10179: 10093: 9903: 9854: 9609: 9593: 9286: 9212: 9173: 9147: 9141: 9102: 9043: 9014: 8739: 8024: 7631: 7609: 7507: 7472: 7457: 7385: 7360: 7295: 7290: 7209: 7199: 7139: 7060: 7010: 6760: 6756: 6589: 6040: 5888: 5795: 3014: 2794: 2379:

Old Assyrian letter found at Kültepe, concerning the trade of precious metals

1989: 1979: 1919: 1813: 1698: 1568: 1342: 1300: 1159: 1142: 1052: 904: 790: 642: 205: 10641: 8290: 2938:

1363 BC; the commonly used date is the end of the reign of his predecessor,

13732: 13529: 13407: 13341: 13259: 13250: 13181: 13107: 13010: 12754: 12655: 12578: 12432: 12388: 12268: 12193: 12153: 12084: 12081: 12075: 12014: 11966: 11954: 11868: 11845: 11838: 11754: 11748: 11718: 11530: 11502: 11484: 11475: 11424: 11217: 11211: 11205: 11110: 11080: 10886: 10798: 10695: 10632: 10580: 10409: 10134: 10069: 10059: 9970: 9921: 9806: 9786: 9782: 9567: 9431: 9291: 9271: 9224: 9183: 8970: 8925: 8774: 8759: 8048: 7492: 7400: 7285: 7280: 7249: 7214: 6893: 6045: 5858: 5790: 2964: 2939: 2931:

The Old Assyrian period is generally regarded to end with the accession of

2579:

Old Assyrian drinking vessel found at Kültepe, in the shape of a ram's head

2252: 2029: 1994: 1484: 1218: 1017:

1872–1829/1819 BC) saw Assur being threatened by foreign enemies, first by

793:

in 2008, the term applies to "the earliest phase of the culture of ancient

730: 682:(king). The kings presided over the city's actual administrative body, the 429: 303: 6680: 6490: 5197: 4241: 2835:), a weapon Assyrians had to take oaths on. Women also took oaths on the " 2766:

was also the name of a goddess who was represented in the sky by the star

2588:

typically not mentioned in the texts). Two varieties of bread were eaten;

2403:("sons of Ashur"). Among the free citizens there was also a division into 1091: 989:

possible that it was damaged during conflict with the southern city-state

959:

1974–1934 BC), the earliest king whose length of reign is recorded in the

13544: 13535: 13390: 13344: 13329: 13320: 13314: 13256: 13158: 13116: 13086: 13083: 13025: 12882: 12834: 12745: 12664: 12661: 12644: 12554: 12369: 12312: 12309: 12306: 12281: 12271: 12259: 12108: 12049: 12002: 11978: 11972: 11963: 11957: 11902: 11865: 11848: 11832: 11766: 11751: 11739: 11727: 11698: 11665: 11662: 11524: 11499: 11496: 11490: 11397: 11358: 11355: 11343: 11328: 11325: 11313: 11220: 11208: 11199: 11148: 11142: 11092: 11089: 11077: 11074: 11010: 10987: 10970: 10956: 10947: 10717: 10646: 10636: 10488: 10473: 10467: 10451: 10448: 10351: 10330: 10240: 10203: 10126: 9967: 9757: 9682: 9677: 9670: 9640: 9626: 9589: 9439: 9348: 9263: 9233: 9219: 8988: 8974: 8919: 8854: 8784: 8754: 8295: 7933: 7927: 7564: 7482: 7325: 7169: 7117: 7111: 7088: 7015: 6722: 6610: 6560: 6522: 6464: 6454: 6245: 6177: 6050: 5938: 5752: 2972: 2816: 2456: 1949: 1881: 1703: 1605: 1426: 1422: 1370: 1163: 1151: 938: 930: 811: 743: 675: 10710: 5151: 5127: 4745: 13553: 13550: 13532: 13509: 13494: 13488: 13368: 13365: 13323: 13311: 13305: 13290: 13161: 13152: 13149: 13143: 13125: 13095: 12903: 12828: 12769: 12635: 12575: 12438: 12332: 12303: 12300: 12297: 12285: 12277: 12265: 12253: 11999: 11975: 11960: 11896: 11858: 11835: 11829: 11733: 11472: 11304: 11202: 11161: 11151: 11145: 11107: 11104: 11101: 11095: 11083: 11071: 11068: 11038: 10984: 10981: 10794: 10773: 10749: 10725: 10554: 10445: 10442: 10433: 10424: 10343: 10234: 10120: 10075: 10063: 9907: 9745: 9741: 9690: 9511: 9419: 9345: 9341: 9085: 8958: 8908: 8902: 8261: 8256: 8054: 7487: 7065: 7050: 5996: 5991: 5404: 5380: 4769: 2836: 2632: 2628: 2597: 2421: 1818: 1738: 1641:

Drinking vessel in the shape of a woman's head from Assur, 1500–1200 BC

1379: 1346: 1198: 1187: 1103:

The original trading colony at Kültepe appears to have been burnt down

970: 966: 900: 899:

2100 BC, Assur is generally thought to have become a fully independent

854: 832: 802:

to a kingdom governing a larger stretch of territory in the succeeding

799: 631: 328: 11704: 5721: 5585: 5561: 2653:

Old Assyrian cuneiform tablet from Kültepe containing a private letter

2299: 2210:("great one"), clearly indicating authority and the status of being a 1064: 1048: 707: 13562: 13505: 13362: 13332: 13326: 13317: 13302: 13296: 13278: 13253: 13131: 13113: 12900: 12897: 12757: 12684: 12670: 12641: 12629: 12551: 12522: 12262: 12256: 12021: 11951: 11908: 11905: 11854: 11637: 11554: 11540: 11537: 11493: 11487: 11469: 11391: 11382: 11352: 11349: 11340: 11322: 11319: 11157: 11154: 11018: 11014: 10990: 10938: 10925: 10895: 10790: 10786: 10664: 10524: 10261: 10256: 10252: 10221: 10138: 10115: 10079: 9964: 9887: 9810: 9802: 9769: 9666: 9650: 9622: 9585: 9454: 9412: 9229: 9108: 8994: 8481: 8315: 8195: 8036: 7977: 7477: 7159: 7144: 7105: 7099: 7083: 7025: 7020: 6772: 6742: 6301: 5986: 5873: 5810: 4833: 4831: 4818: 4816: 4788: 4786: 4784: 2968: 2609: 2589: 2425: 2275: 2195: 2191: 1939: 1924: 1876: 1713: 1708: 1621: 1601: 1505: 1457: 1418: 1414: 1387: 1314: 1284: 1248: 1084: 1026: 952: 942: 839: 687: 223: 5664:. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Göttingen: Academic Press Fribourg. 5396: 5207:

The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Volume 1, Part II: B–G

2872:, possibly because the weather-god had held a prominent role in the 13512: 13338: 13299: 13293: 13170: 12751: 12748: 12693: 12690: 12632: 12563: 12513: 12476: 12329: 11871: 11730: 11712: 11695: 11633: 11560: 11534: 11481: 11463: 11373: 11248: 11139: 11130: 11118: 11086: 11050: 11026: 10976: 10944: 10920: 10892: 10862: 10850: 10843: 10829: 10823: 10758: 10668: 10650: 10562: 10540: 10536: 10421: 10347: 10176: 10130: 10107: 10102: 10033: 10028: 9997: 9814: 9738: 9734: 9727: 9605: 9526: 9371: 9203: 9193: 9188: 9179: 9115: 9098: 8869: 8816: 8266: 8239: 8212: 8200: 8185: 7939: 7886: 7129: 7035: 6927: 6766: 6751: 6747: 6731: 6697: 6685: 6673: 6648: 6438: 6093: 6016: 6011: 5918: 5903: 5898: 5853: 5577: 5294: 4757: 2873: 2775: 2306: 2256: 1909: 1723: 1659: 1514: 1501: 1445: 1171: 1134: 1129:

Approximate extent of the short-lived Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia

1060: 994: 990: 913: 747: 699: 271: 239: 174: 13741:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 12730: 7523: 4828: 4813: 4781: 2815:

Wall relief from Assur, 2000–1500 BC, depicting a deity, probably

1409:, which also states that his rule was challenged by six usurpers: 13565: 13393: 13374: 13359: 13353: 13347: 12681: 12626: 12519: 12516: 12464: 12315: 12057: 11996: 11917: 11911: 11652: 11646: 11418: 11388: 11243: 11133: 11098: 10889: 10832: 10733: 10702: 10406: 9955: 9898: 9827: 9722: 9714: 9579: 9514: 9321: 9318: 9303: 9299: 9111: 9105: 9089: 8967: 8528: 7921: 7843: 7723: 7204: 7154: 6825: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6668: 6636: 6615: 6195: 5923: 5913: 5878: 5868: 2988: 2956: 2882: 2321: 1984: 1934: 1548: 1518: 1493: 1465: 1366: 1264: 1206: 1068: 1051:

recording the repayment of a loan, impressed with four different

892: 786: 758: 718: 717:

2025 BC came to an end when the city was captured by the foreign

623: 526: 412: 10818: 1063:. The largest known collection of old Assyrian tablets are from 13356: 13350: 13308: 13219: 12687: 12638: 12213:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

12011: 11914: 11899: 11883: 11628: 11613: 11478: 11385: 11376: 11310: 11267: 11136: 11127: 11124: 11121: 11022: 10994: 10935: 10826: 10721: 10548: 10427: 10339: 10327: 9958: 9915: 9880: 9861: 9833: 9730: 9662: 9600: 9543: 9495: 9404: 9375: 9331: 9328: 9278: 9208: 9126: 9079: 9029: 9004: 8999: 8978: 8795: 8769: 8744: 8501: 8305: 8234: 8207: 8190: 7149: 7134: 7077: 7030: 5943: 5893: 5815: 5562:"Assyrian King-Lists, the Royal Tombs of Ur, and Indus Origins" 5492:. In Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (eds.). 5448:. In Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (eds.). 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4904: 4902: 4865: 4863: 4861: 3000:

Where applicable, this article follows the conventionally used

2844: 2759: 2666: 2584: 2526: 2271: 1929: 1914: 1830: 1718: 1399: 1353:, figures who do not appear in the standard version of the list 1272: 981: 947: 888: 880: 703: 635: 10813: 10365: 10037: 9635: 9630: 9458: 9443: 8586: 2206:, the citizens of Assur often referred to them with the style 13556: 13538: 12053: 11659: 11640: 10706: 10617: 10588: 10515: 10247: 9911: 9798: 9717: 9645: 9522: 9518: 9400: 9338: 9334: 9295: 9082: 9024: 9019: 9009: 8982: 8764: 8229: 8217: 8113: 6631: 6296: 5933: 5928: 5908: 3864: 3862: 3735: 3180: 3178: 2869: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2222: 1541:

1521–1498 BC) is the earliest Assyrian king to appear in the

1439: 1276: 1260: 1239: 1227: 1214: 1210: 1141:, who deposed the original Assyrian royal dynasty founded by 1125: 1095:

Excavated ruins of the Old Assyrian trading colony at Kültepe

794: 627: 341: 136: 121: 13861:

States and territories disestablished in the 14th century BC

10930: 9892: 4999: 4899: 4875: 4858: 2518:), though this word could also be used to refer to a child. 785:

Modern researchers divide the thousands of years of ancient

13856:

States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC

12510: 12274: 12201: 12045: 11801: 10912: 10767: 10689: 10530: 10458: 10287: 10173: 10004: 9979: 9867: 9848: 9617: 9575: 9530: 9470: 9408: 9355: 9324: 9253: 9153: 9095: 9092: 9039: 8883: 8875: 8845: 8805: 8789: 8779: 8749: 6627: 5883: 4803: 4801: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4641: 4639: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 3287: 3285: 3117: 3115: 2976: 2895: 2767: 1500:

In large parts, the invasion or raid of Mesopotamia by the

1452:

1700 BC, apparently the son of Adasi. Bel-bani founded the

1309: 1268: 974: 713:

The first Assyrian royal dynasty, founded by Puzur-Ashur I

513: 125: 5259:

The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach

4377: 4375: 4373: 4336: 4334: 4093: 4091: 3859: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3795: 3659: 3657: 3501: 3499: 3386: 3260: 3258: 3209: 3175: 1021:

of Eshnunna and then by the more successful and dangerous

10507: 5339:

Frahm, Eckart (2017). "Introduction". In E. Frahm (ed.).

4848: 4846: 4502: 4346: 3874: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 2987:

1430–1360 BC, Assur became a vassal state of the western

2890: 2190:

Assur in the Old Assyrian period was in many respects an

1492:

in 1400 BC. Assur was during this time subjugated by the

1333: 674:, which translates to "governor (on behalf) of (the god) 13676:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 5079: 5055: 4975: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4798: 4726: 4714: 4692: 4690: 4663: 4651: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4592: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4519: 4517: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4473: 4471: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4435: 4285: 4283: 4258: 4256: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3849: 3847: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3516: 3514: 3486: 3484: 3420: 3418: 3282: 3270: 3112: 2559:(younger family members). Enterprises were often called 1580:) during this time, adding to the earlier "inner city" ( 10144: 8800: 5496:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5452:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5027: 5025: 5023: 4965: 4963: 4919: 4917: 4423: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4370: 4331: 4307: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4144: 4142: 4127: 4115: 4088: 4006: 3946: 3819: 3807: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3681: 3669: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3496: 3457: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3255: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3165: 3163: 2627:

in Assyrian. Wine was mainly made from grapes grown in

1182:

1811 BC and conquered his rival. Three years later, in

13655:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

4948: 4843: 4319: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3597: 3595: 3558: 3556: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3435: 3433: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3074: 2226:

official, was elected from this body of citizens. The

11176:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

8574: 5362:

Current Issues and the Study of the Ancient Near East

4929: 4702: 4687: 4675: 4613: 4580: 4568: 4556: 4529: 4514: 4483: 4468: 4447: 4358: 4295: 4280: 4268: 4253: 4229: 4166: 4154: 4103: 4076: 4045: 4033: 4023: 4021: 3982: 3929: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3886: 3844: 3774: 3714: 3568: 3511: 3481: 3445: 3415: 3357: 3345: 3333: 3052:

Here referring to the people of southern Mesopotamia.

655:

1363 BC, which marks the beginning of the succeeding

10244:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

5067: 5020: 4987: 4960: 4914: 4887: 4200: 4183: 4139: 3994: 3747: 3607: 3398: 3321: 3190: 3160: 3148: 3102: 3100: 2600:

were sometimes used in cooking. To enhance flavors,

8713: 5125: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4064: 3958: 3917: 3693: 3592: 3580: 3553: 3526: 3469: 3430: 3369: 3309: 3297: 3127: 2255:and iron, the city all appears to have had a local 10047:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 5466: 5108:Commerce and Colonization in the Ancient Near East 4837: 4822: 4792: 4018: 3970: 3898: 3234:. Springer International Publishing. p. 142. 1517:kingdom of Babylonia in the south and the Hurrian 3097: 2971:. At times, Assur also fell under the control of 1337:Line-art of KAV 14, a fragmentary version of the 13822: 1194:1828/1818–1809 BC), and took Assur for himself. 318: 5238:Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur 2485:, several terms were used for slaves, commonly 1115: 5531: 5192:. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. 3741: 1670: 822: 8699: 8560: 7539: 6943: 6506: 5737: 5126:Barjamovic, Gojko; Fairbairn, Andrew (2018). 626:history, covering the history of the city of 13690:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 13664: 11168:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 9761:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 7563:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the 5657: 5014: 4908: 4881: 4869: 3868: 3801: 3392: 3215: 3184: 2819:, flanked by two water deities and two goats 1120: 929:), asserting that the Assyrian national god 13700: 12917:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 6520: 6332:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 1624:, marks the transition between the Old and 1398:is typically interpreted as a proper name, 8706: 8692: 8567: 8553: 7546: 7532: 6950: 6936: 6557:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 6513: 6499: 5744: 5730: 5543:Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction 5490:"The Early Dynastic Period in Mesopotamia" 3227: 1632: 1234: 729:1808 BC. Shamshi-Adad ruled from the city 13617:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 10213:"King of the four quarters of the world" 5658:Veenhof, Klaas R.; Eidem, Jesper (2008). 5600: 5419: 5359: 5276: 5262:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5205:Brinkman, J. A. (1998). K. Radner (ed.). 5128:"Anatolian Wine in the Middle Bronze Age" 5111:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4807: 4669: 4657: 4645: 4607: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4393: 4381: 4340: 4133: 3838: 3813: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3636: 3490: 3264: 3091: 2592:bread and bread made only with water and 2370: 13788:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 5536:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. 5487: 5213: 5204: 5187: 5085: 4981: 4313: 4012: 3952: 2858: 2810: 2648: 2574: 2537: 2472: 2434: 2414: 2411:("small") members of the city assembly. 2374: 1636: 1483: 1332: 1321:1792–1750 BC), who conquered the region 1238: 1124: 1090: 1042: 13762: 13760: 13758: 13633: 5751: 5678: 5638: 5378: 5209:. The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. 5170:Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia 5166: 4954: 4364: 4352: 4325: 4301: 4289: 4274: 4262: 4247: 4177: 4039: 3988: 3853: 3789: 3729: 3574: 3520: 3451: 3424: 3363: 3351: 3339: 3291: 3154: 3121: 2555:("brothers") and employees were called 1133:1776 BC. This realm was founded by the 14: 13823: 13498: 12728: 12526: 10306: 10297:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 10201: 9125: 5699: 5643:. Ankara: Turkish Historical Society. 5540: 5510: 5338: 5255: 4942: 4852: 4739: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4681: 4630: 4586: 4574: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4523: 4508: 4496: 4477: 4462: 4235: 4211: 4194: 4160: 4148: 4121: 4109: 4097: 4082: 4058: 3940: 3892: 3880: 3768: 3708: 3648: 3624: 3439: 3409: 3303: 3276: 3203: 3169: 3142: 3061:The Hurrians who lived north of Assur. 2282:(the Sumerian version of the Assyrian 1522:rose to a first period of prominence. 757:1720 BC. Assur became a vassal of the 13778: 13623: 13590: 13585: 13576: 13528: 13467: 13462: 13453: 13448: 13439: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13405: 13271: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13223: 13214: 13204: 13199: 13188: 13179: 13073: 12808: 12715: 12613: 12603: 12489: 12337: 12246: 12068: 12061: 12019: 11943: 11921: 11889: 11875: 11844: 11828: 11702: 11674: 11650: 11605: 11566: 11511: 11447: 11280: 11265: 11242: 11229: 11192: 11042: 10999: 10873: 10849: 10841: 10804: 10742: 10731: 10701: 10685: 10654: 10621: 10601: 10579: 10546: 10455: 10387: 10375: 10334: 10246: 10238: 10166: 9947: 9701: 9694: 9656: 9583: 9565: 9534: 9487: 9453: 9438: 9430: 9417: 9398: 9386: 9369: 9353: 9316: 9269: 9243: 9165: 9130: 9058: 8882: 8851: 8844: 8833: 8814: 8687: 8548: 7527: 6931: 6913: 6892: 6882: 6800: 6771: 6703: 6679: 6494: 5725: 5559: 5317: 5173:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5101: 4027: 4000: 3976: 3911: 3327: 3106: 2677:, with Assyrian being referred to as 13755: 13731: 6957: 5661:Mesopotamia: The Old Assyrian Period 5619: 5439: 5234: 5073: 5061: 5031: 4993: 4969: 4923: 4893: 4223: 4070: 3964: 3923: 3601: 3586: 3562: 3547: 3505: 3475: 3463: 3380: 3315: 2533: 2392:) and free citizens, referred to as 1328: 1292:was even named after the god Ashur. 1170:in his own Amorite language) was an 13851:2nd-millennium BC disestablishments 7553: 6979:Legendary kings and early governors 4250:, pp. 81, 85, 89, 91, 92, 104. 3228:Nemirovsky, A (12 September 2020). 2770:, and the name of the final month, 2570: 1464:1615–1602 BC) might mean "man from 1299:1772 BC, the new king of Eshnunna, 1047:Old Assyrian cuneiform tablet from 1032: 24: 13711:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 13630:Chronology of the Neolithic period 13282: 12912: 12729: 12711:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 12496: 12387: 11703: 11675: 11618: 11448: 11055: 10709: 9070: 5706:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 5685:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 5534:A History of the Ancient Near East 5517:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 5473:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 1479: 25: 13877: 13287:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 11623:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 9434:("made the land of Elam submit") 2551:("father"), partners were called 2448:, "main wife", and the other the 1567:1547–1522 BC), and his successor 1488:Approximate political map of the 1345:'s successors as his descendants 1154:, is the time of Shamshi-Adad I ( 641:2080 BC, and consolidated under 27:Second period of Assyrian history 13772: 13725: 13708:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 13694: 13680: 13658: 13649: 13634: 13624: 10929: 10817: 10812: 10640: 10369: 10364: 10195: 10041: 10036: 9891: 9790: 9721: 9634: 9629: 9499: 9462: 9457: 9447: 9442: 9237: 8887: 8874: 8862: 8827: 8668: 8667: 8527: 8515: 8472:Assyrian Democratic Organisation 7625: 7614: 7603: 6470:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 5961: 5605:. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. 5037: 3055: 3046: 2898:and might have embodied thirst. 2320: 2298: 2246:). The city hall was run by the 853: 831: 630:from its rise as an independent 493: 468: 99: 92: 69: 62: 12705:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 5566:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 5283:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 5094: 4776:Barjamovic & Fairbairn 2018 4764:Barjamovic & Fairbairn 2018 4752:Barjamovic & Fairbairn 2018 3221: 3036: 3027: 3007: 2462:Ancient Mesopotamian underworld 1382:, who in turn was succeeded by 1075:, out of which two levels (Ib, 13846:21st-century BC establishments 13640:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 12778:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 12325:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 12249:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 10811:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 8138:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 8001:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 6027:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 6022:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 5188:Breasted, James Henry (1926). 5045:"Cylinder seal British Museum" 4838:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017 4823:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017 4793:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017 2994: 2949: 2925: 2913:List of Mesopotamian dynasties 2754:was also used to refer to the 2289: 780: 13: 1: 13610:Muslim conquest of the Levant 12856:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 12799:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 12784:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 12622:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 12492:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 12293:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 11992:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 7882:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 7265: 7000: 6409:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 5806:Tigris–Euphrates river system 5532:Van De Mieroop, Marc (2016). 3068: 3017: 2984: 2943: 2935: 2807:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 2333: 2310: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 1842: 1836: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1743: 1665: 1613: 1592: 1588: 1572: 1564: 1556: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1509: 1461: 1449: 1374: 1322: 1318: 1296: 1280: 1252: 1222: 1202: 1191: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1155: 1130: 1104: 1080: 1076: 1029:, a city located near Assur. 1014: 1006: 998: 985: 956: 917: 908: 896: 884: 865: 843: 762: 754: 734: 726: 714: 691: 652: 645: 638: 593: 569: 556: 543: 436: 418: 402: 386: 369: 351: 344:becomes independent from the 296: 280: 264: 248: 232: 216: 197: 165:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 100: 70: 49: 45: 13841:2nd millennium BC in Assyria 13831:Bronze Age countries in Asia 12159:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 8893:(Uruk influence or control) 8492:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon) 8467:Assyrian Democratic Movement 5488:Mallowan, Max E. L. (1971). 5345:. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. 5324:. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. 5220:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 5190:The Conquest of Civilization 1116:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia 980:Erishum's son and successor 7: 12853:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 11892:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 11691:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 11238:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 11232:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 10492:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 9479:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 8880:(Anonymous "King-priests") 8835:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 8477:Assyrian Universal Alliance 7703:Assyrian Church of the East 7678:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 7672:Assyrian Evangelical Church 7595:Terms for Syriac Christians 6475:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 6357:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 6352:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 5545:. Oxford University Press. 5277:Eppihimer, Melissa (2013). 5144:10.13109/wdor.2018.48.2.249 2901: 2800: 2692: 2638: 1671:Kingship and administration 1158:1808–1776 BC) and his sons 1009:1880–1873 BC) and grandson 823:Puzur-Ashur and his dynasty 427:• End of the reign of 10: 13882: 13645: 13480:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 12907: 12790:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 12674: 12648: 12600:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 11946:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 11711:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 11608:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 11570:Second Intermediate Period 10380:(vassal of the Akkadians) 9768: 8913:Early or legendary kings: 8487:Syriac Union Party (Syria) 7709:Ancient Church of the East 6480:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 5639:Veenhof, Klaas R. (2003). 2804: 2642: 2468: 2365: 1674: 1067:, near the modern city of 1036: 817: 13614: 13607: 13600: 13571: 13521: 13518: 13477: 13436: 13402: 13383: 13225:Parthamaspates of Parthia 13211: 13176: 13035: 13003: 12796: 12775: 12702: 12699: 12605:Assyrian conquest of Elam 12598: 12486: 12452: 12386: 12347: 12211: 12200: 12157: 11985:Third Intermediate Period 11800: 11671: 11515:Second Babylonian dynasty 11460:("Old Babylonian Period") 11226: 11178: 10942: 10910: 10882:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 10854: 10838: 10785: 10782: 10765: 10687: 10672: 10631: 10598: 10544: 10528: 10502: 10494: 10465: 10390:First Intermediate Period 10384: 10360: 10316: 10301: 10285: 10260: 10251: 10225: 10220: 10032: 10011: 9992: 9983: 9944: 9919: 9902: 9878: 9865: 9860: 9846: 9831: 9822: 9774: 9750: 9675: 9615: 9598: 9563: 9542: 9536:Early Dynastic Period III 9484: 9468: 9396: 9394: 9383: 9310: 9261: 9251: 9162: 9139: 9055: 8986: 8917: 8900: 8897: 8838: 8811: 8738: 8722: 8663: 8583: 8510: 8457: 8328: 8160: 8151: 8064: 7993: 7900: 7841: 7824: 7781: 7722: 7687: 7650: 7639: 7601: 7572: 7561: 7409: 7258: 6993: 6963: 6910: 6889: 6877: 6874: 6867: 6864: 6846: 6836: 6819: 6812: 6810: 6776: 6764: 6755: 6746: 6741: 6713: 6696: 6667: 6652: 6647: 6626: 6621: 6609: 6599: 6587: 6577: 6559: 6556: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6529: 6447: 6401: 6375: 6279: 6176: 6069: 5977: 5970: 5959: 5841: 5768: 5759: 5256:Düring, Bleda S. (2020). 5167:Bertman, Stephen (2003). 2740:Narmak Ashur sha sarrātim 2327:Incomplete royal seal of 1121:Conquests of Shamshi-Adad 525:Periodization of ancient 509: 447: 443: 425: 411:• Subjugation under 409: 395:• Foundation of the 393: 376: 358: 338: 334: 324: 314: 310: 293: 277: 261: 245: 229: 213: 194: 190: 180: 170: 160: 142: 132: 56: 44: 32: 13603:Muslim conquest of Egypt 13067:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 12898:Cleopatra VII Philopator 12395:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 11457:First Babylonian dynasty 11195:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 10699:(vassal of the Gutians) 10396:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 9388:Early Dynastic Period II 8007:Muslim conquest of Syria 7697:Chaldean Catholic Church 6538:Northwestern Mesopotamia 5440:Lewy, Hildegard (1971). 5422:"The Assyrian King List" 5420:Lendering, Jona (2006). 5015:Veenhof & Eidem 2008 4909:Veenhof & Eidem 2008 4882:Veenhof & Eidem 2008 4870:Veenhof & Eidem 2008 3869:Veenhof & Eidem 2008 3802:Veenhof & Eidem 2008 3393:Veenhof & Eidem 2008 3216:Veenhof & Eidem 2008 3185:Veenhof & Eidem 2008 2918: 2864:British Museum ME 22963. 2744:Narmak Ashur sha kinātim 2661:(i.e. related to modern 977:, was also constructed. 622:was the second stage of 609:History of the Assyrians 13688:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 13431:Province of Mesopotamia 13240:Province of Mesopotamia 13216:Province of Mesopotamia 13191:Roman conquest of Egypt 13032:Antigonus II Mattathias 12826:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 12399:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 10876:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 10402:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 9710:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 9245:Early Dynastic Period I 9168:Second Dynasty of Egypt 8534:Christianity portal 8497:Syriac Military Council 8096:Massacres of Diyarbekir 8031:Principality of Antioch 7984:Byzantine–Sasanian wars 7791:Assyrian folk/pop music 5379:Lambert, W. G. (1983). 3004:of Mesopotamian history 2782:) and December 21 (the 1633:Archaeological evidence 1235:Collapse of the kingdom 698:in the east to central 13288: 13070:Philip II Philoromaeus 13064:Antiochus XII Dionysus 13058:Demetrius III Eucaerus 13055:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 13046:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 12918: 12886:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 12841:Arsinoe III Philopator 12734: 12502: 12392: 12229:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 12161:Second Dynasty of Isin 11708: 11681: 11624: 11453: 11336:(Non-dynastic usurpers 11060: 10745:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 10714: 10604:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 10169:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 9950:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 9777:Second kingdom of Mari 9490:Third Dynasty of Egypt 9424:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 9076: 9067:First Dynasty of Egypt 8252:Al-Hasakah Governorate 8090:Massacres of Badr Khan 7864:Middle Assyrian Empire 7666:Syriac Catholic Church 7660:Syriac Orthodox Church 7260:Middle Assyrian Empire 6969:List of Assyrian kings 6698:Middle Hittite Kingdom 6312:Babylonian mathematics 5703:A Companion to Assyria 5682:A Companion to Assyria 5620:Roux, Georges (1992). 5541:Radner, Karen (2015). 5514:A Companion to Assyria 5470:A Companion to Assyria 5342:A Companion to Assyria 5321:A Companion to Assyria 3022:Middle Assyrian period 2908:History of Mesopotamia 2865: 2857: 2820: 2654: 2580: 2543: 2478: 2440: 2380: 2371:Population and culture 2266:(king) and the title ' 2238:) in the "Step Gate" ( 1677:List of Assyrian kings 1642: 1497: 1354: 1256: 1146: 1096: 1079:1833–1719 BC, and II, 1055: 879:mention kings such as 804:Middle Assyrian period 657:Middle Assyrian period 565:Middle Assyrian period 489:Middle Assyrian Empire 13674:The Ancient Near East 13592:Byzantine Mesopotamia 13506:Province of Asoristan 13469:Byzantine Mesopotamia 13286: 13279:Province of Asoristan 13061:Philip I Philadelphus 13049:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 13043:Antiochus VIII Grypus 13040:Seleucus V Philometor 12995:Antiochus VII Sidetes 12989:Antiochus VI Dionysus 12916: 12889:Berenice IV Epiphanea 12850:Ptolemy VI Philometor 12838:Ptolemy IV Philopator 12835:Berenice II Euergetis 12832:Ptolemy III Euergetes 12733: 12651:Neo-Babylonian Empire 12561:Marduk-apla-iddina II 12558:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 12549:Marduk-apla-iddina II 12500: 12455:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 12391: 12112:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 11802:Middle Elamite period 11707: 11679: 11622: 11452: 11059: 10713: 10468:Third kingdom of Mari 10189:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 9264:First kingdom of Mari 9074: 9061:Early Dynastic Period 8903:Proto-Dynastic period 8120:Independence movement 7876:Post-imperial Assyria 7852:Early Assyrian period 7331:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 6821:Neo-Babylonian Empire 6654:Old Babylonian Empire 6569:Early Dynastic period 5560:Reade, J. E. (2001). 2862: 2853: 2814: 2669:) closely related to 2652: 2645:Old Assyrian language 2578: 2541: 2476: 2438: 2415:Old Assyrian families 2378: 1648:Early Assyrian period 1640: 1544:Synchronistic History 1525:Assyrian rulers from 1487: 1336: 1306:Old Babylonian Empire 1245:Old Babylonian Empire 1242: 1128: 1094: 1046: 808:Early Assyrian period 775:Early Assyrian period 740:Old Babylonian Empire 539:Early Assyrian period 476:Early Assyrian period 143:Common languages 83:Show map of Near East 13037:Alexander II Zabinas 12901:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 12877:Ptolemy XI Alexander 12859:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 12414:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 12402:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 12226:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 12167:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 11791:Marduk-apla-iddina I 11685:New Kingdom of Egypt 11508:Early Kassite rulers 10802:(Vassals of Ur III) 10783:(Vassals of UR III) 10183:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 10153:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 9704:Old Kingdom of Egypt 7796:Music of Mesopotamia 7743:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 7738:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 6548:Southern Mesopotamia 6543:Northern Mesopotamia 6307:Babylonian astronomy 5786:Mesopotamian Marshes 5132:Die Welt des Orients 5103:Aubet, Maria Eugenia 4754:, pp. 249, 251. 2268:king of the Universe 1800:Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1201:, the king of Mari, 588:Post-imperial period 13836:Ancient Mesopotamia 13542:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 13052:Antiochus X Eusebes 12880:Ptolemy XII Auletes 12871:Ptolemy X Alexander 12865:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 12844:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 12529:Neo-Assyrian Empire 12417:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 12350:Neo-Assyrian Empire 12173:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 12064:Syro-Hittite states 11770:Shagarakti-Shuriash 11443:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 10437:Neferkare Pepiseneb 10336:Akkadian Governors: 8840:Pre-Dynastic period 8102:Rise of nationalism 8043:Jalayirid Sultanate 7870:Neo-Assyrian Empire 7858:Old Assyrian period 7801:Syriac sacral music 7621:Aramean-Syriac flag 7580:Assyrian continuity 7468:Tiglath-Pileser III 7411:Neo-Assyrian Empire 7245:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 6995:Old Assyrian period 6802:Neo-Assyrian Empire 6716:Bronze Age Collapse 6649:Old Hittite Kingdom 6623:Old Assyrian period 6601:Third Dynasty of Ur 6388:Destruction by ISIL 6342:Sumerian literature 6317:Akkadian literature 5753:Ancient Mesopotamia 5064:, pp. 766–768. 4778:, pp. 256–257. 4226:, pp. 197–199. 3883:, pp. 109–110. 3742:Van De Mieroop 2016 3508:, pp. 758–759. 3466:, pp. 756–758. 2025:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 1690:Puzur-Ashur dynasty 1473:Assyrian King List' 620:Old Assyrian period 578:Neo-Assyrian period 552:Old Assyrian period 378:• Collapse of 360:• Conquest by 346:Third Dynasty of Ur 34:Old Assyrian period 18:Old Assyrian Empire 13768:Sumerian King List 13582:Palaestina Secunda 13459:Palaestina Secunda 13289: 13020:Alexander Jannaeus 12919: 12909:Hellenistic Period 12735: 12503: 12481:Humban-haltash III 12445:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 12393: 12358:Tukulti-Ninurta II 12339:Kingdom of Samaria 12235:Mar-biti-apla-usur 12232:Shirikti-shuqamuna 12202:Neo-Elamite period 12185:Marduk-shapik-zeri 12170:Itti-Marduk-balatu 12151:Tiglath-Pileser II 12148:Ashur-resh-ishi II 12103:Enlil-kudurri-usur 11794:Zababa-shuma-iddin 11779:Kadashman-Harbe II 11764:Kadashman-Enlil II 11709: 11682: 11625: 11454: 11440:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 11437:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 11428:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 11187:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 11061: 10715: 10090:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 9471:Old Elamite period 9363:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 9216:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 9133:Jemdet Nasr period 9077: 8522:History portal 7964:Church of the East 7753:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic 7590:Chaldean Catholics 7428:Tukulti-Ninurta II 7396:Tiglath-Pileser II 7391:Ashur-resh-ishi II 7316:Enlil-kudurri-usur 7240:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 7235:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 7220:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 6658:Southern Akkadians 6565:Jemdet Nasr period 6424:Mesopotamian myths 5235:Chen, Fei (2020). 5049:The British Museum 4511:, pp. 81, 83. 4355:, pp. 66, 70. 3279:, pp. 81, 84. 3124:, pp. 66, 68. 2866: 2821: 2655: 2581: 2544: 2479: 2441: 2381: 2213:primus inter pares 2020:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 2015:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 2000:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 1684:Old Assyrian kings 1643: 1559:1563–1548 BC) and 1498: 1407:Assyrian King List 1363:Assyrian King List 1355: 1339:Assyrian King List 1257: 1147: 1097: 1056: 1039:Karum (trade post) 962:Assyrian King List 877:Assyrian king list 868:1872–1829/1819 BC) 13818: 13817: 13812: 13811: 13808: 13807: 13795:978-1-62564-606-4 13780:Unger, Merrill F. 13748:978-0-14-193825-7 13718:978-1-60606-649-2 13485:Province of Egypt 13416:Province of Egypt 13196:Province of Egypt 12938:Antigonid dynasty 12738:Achaemenid Empire 12659:Nebuchadnezzar II 12567:Ashur-nadin-shumi 12436:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 12408:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 12223:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 12191:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 12182:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 12124:Asharid-apal-Ekur 12121:Tiglath-Pileser I 12118:Ashur-resh-ishi I 12106:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 12094:Tukulti-Ninurta I 12041:Kingdom of Israel 12009:Osorkon the Elder 11930:Shutrukid dynasty 11815:Igehalkid dynasty 11782:Adad-shuma-iddina 11776:Enlil-nadin-shumi 11743:Kadashman-Enlil I 11737:Kadashman-harbe I 11181:Sukkalmah dynasty 11045:Isin-Larsa period 10867:Shimashki Dynasty 10593:Puzur-Inshushinak 10192:Netjerkare Siptah 9962:Neferirkare Kakai 9507:Egyptian pyramids 8716:Ancient Near East 8681: 8680: 8577:Ancient Near East 8542: 8541: 8453: 8452: 8169: 8147: 8146: 8114:Assyrian genocide 8013:Abbasid Caliphate 7835: 7718: 7717: 7585:Assyrian diaspora 7521: 7520: 7416: 7351:Asharid-apal-Ekur 7346:Tiglath-Pileser I 7341:Ashur-resh-ishi I 7321:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 7301:Tukulti-Ninurta I 7269: 7004: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6848:Macedonian Empire 6838:Achaemenid Empire 6711:c. 1200–1150 BCE 6694:c. 1400–1200 BCE 6665:c. 1600–1400 BCE 6645:c. 1800–1600 BCE 6607:c. 2000–1800 BCE 6597:c. 2100–2000 BCE 6585:c. 2200–2100 BCE 6575:c. 2350–2200 BCE 6554:c. 3500–2350 BCE 6488: 6487: 6439:Ziggurat (Temple) 6414:Sumerian religion 6172: 6171: 6119:Middle Babylonian 6061:Kish civilization 5957: 5956: 5781:Lower Mesopotamia 5776:Upper Mesopotamia 5713:978-1-118-32524-7 5692:978-1-118-32524-7 5671:978-3-7278-1623-9 5631:978-0-14-012523-8 5624:. Penguin Books. 5612:978-2-503-57522-3 5552:978-0-19-871590-0 5524:978-1-118-32524-7 5480:978-1-118-32524-7 5371:978-1-930053-46-5 5352:978-1-118-32524-7 5331:978-1-118-32524-7 5269:978-1-108-47874-8 5248:978-90-04-43091-4 5241:. Leiden: BRILL. 5180:978-0-19-518364-1 5118:978-0-521-51417-0 4742:, pp. 96–97. 4723:, pp. 92–93. 4553:, pp. 88–89. 4124:, pp. 42–43. 4100:, pp. 41–42. 3651:, pp. 35–36. 3294:, pp. 82–85. 3002:middle chronology 2780:September equinox 2623:or, more rarely, 2596:. Animal fat and 2534:Economy and trade 2483:Akkadian language 2399: 2188: 2187: 1490:Ancient Near East 1329:Assyrian Dark Age 661:Akkadian language 616: 615: 600: 599: 529: 519: 518: 505: 504: 501: 500: 481: 480: 16:(Redirected from 13873: 13800: 13799: 13776: 13770: 13764: 13753: 13752: 13729: 13723: 13722: 13701:Thomas, Ariane; 13698: 13692: 13691: 13684: 13678: 13677: 13662: 13656: 13653: 13638: 13628: 13578:Palaestina Prima 13524:Byzantine Empire 13455:Palaestina Prima 13442:Byzantine Empire 13421:Syria Palaestina 13386:Palmyrene Empire 13372:Bahram VI Chobin 13235:Syria Palaestina 13023:Salome Alexandra 13006:Kingdom of Judea 12992:Diodotus Tryphon 12847:Cleopatra I Syra 12823:Ptolemy Keraunos 12591:Ashur-uballit II 12588:Sin-shumu-lishir 12582:Ashur-etil-ilani 12537:Sargonid dynasty 12430:Marduk-apla-usur 12411:Nabu-apla-iddina 12405:Shamash-mudammiq 12361:Ashurnasirpal II 12344:Kingdom of Judah 12188:Adad-apla-iddina 12179:Enlil-nadin-apli 12176:Nebuchadnezzar I 12100:Ashur-nirari III 12097:Ashur-nadin-apli 11935:Shutruk-Nakhunte 11820:Untash-Napirisha 11809:Kidinuid dynasty 11407:Shamshi-Adad III 11115:Dynasty of Larsa 10933: 10821: 10816: 10644: 10497:Shar-Kali-Sharri 10431:Neferkare Tereru 10419:Neferkare Khendu 10373: 10368: 10199: 10158:Kiku-siwe-tempti 10045: 10040: 9895: 9824:Kish III dynasty 9794: 9725: 9638: 9633: 9538:(2600–2340 BCE) 9503: 9466: 9461: 9451: 9446: 9390:(2700–2600 BCE) 9247:(2900–2700 BCE) 9241: 9158:(3100–2700 BCE) 9137:(3100–2900 BCE) 8891: 8878: 8866: 8842:(4000–2900 BCE) 8831: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8685: 8684: 8671: 8670: 8575:Timeline of the 8569: 8562: 8555: 8546: 8545: 8532: 8531: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8165: 8158: 8157: 8132:Post-Saddam Iraq 7958:Nestorian schism 7952:Christianization 7924:(132 BCE–244 CE) 7918:(247 BCE–224 CE) 7878:(609 BCE–240 CE) 7839: 7838: 7829: 7689:East Syriac Rite 7652:West Syriac Rite 7648: 7647: 7629: 7618: 7607: 7548: 7541: 7534: 7525: 7524: 7513:Ashur-uballit II 7503:Sin-shumu-lishir 7498:Ashur-etil-ilani 7433:Ashurnasirpal II 7414: 7311:Ashur-nirari III 7306:Ashur-nadin-apli 7267: 7263: 7185:Shamshi-Adad III 7002: 6998: 6958:Kings of Assyria 6952: 6945: 6938: 6929: 6928: 6898:Byzantine Empire 6773:Middle Babylonia 6739:c. 1150–911 BCE 6532: 6531: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6492: 6491: 6337:Sumerian cuisine 6327:Warfare in Sumer 6322:Economy of Sumer 5975: 5974: 5965: 5849:Fertile Crescent 5833:Sinjar Mountains 5828:Hamrin Mountains 5823:Zagros Mountains 5801:Taurus Mountains 5766: 5765: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5696: 5675: 5654: 5635: 5616: 5597: 5556: 5537: 5528: 5507: 5484: 5463: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5416: 5375: 5356: 5335: 5314: 5273: 5252: 5231: 5210: 5201: 5184: 5163: 5122: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5018: 5012: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4927: 4921: 4912: 4906: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4856: 4850: 4841: 4835: 4826: 4820: 4811: 4805: 4796: 4790: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4634: 4628: 4611: 4605: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4527: 4521: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4481: 4475: 4466: 4460: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4198: 4192: 4181: 4175: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3857: 3851: 3842: 3836: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3772: 3766: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3712: 3706: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3605: 3599: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3551: 3545: 3524: 3518: 3509: 3503: 3494: 3488: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3428: 3422: 3413: 3407: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3188: 3182: 3173: 3167: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3125: 3119: 3110: 3104: 3095: 3089: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3011: 3005: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2953: 2947: 2945: 2937: 2929: 2659:Semitic language 2571:Cuisine and diet 2514:(female version 2397: 2337: 2335: 2324: 2312: 2302: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 1965:Shamshi-Adad III 1844: 1838: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1745: 1681: 1680: 1618:Taurus Mountains 1615: 1594: 1590: 1574: 1566: 1558: 1553:Shamshi-Adad III 1540: 1532: 1528: 1511: 1463: 1451: 1376: 1324: 1320: 1298: 1282: 1254: 1224: 1204: 1193: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1166:. Shamshi-Adad ( 1157: 1132: 1110:Zagros Mountains 1106: 1082: 1078: 1033:Trading colonies 1016: 1008: 1000: 987: 958: 919: 910: 898: 886: 867: 857: 845: 835: 764: 756: 736: 728: 716: 696:Zagros Mountains 693: 654: 647: 640: 595: 571: 558: 545: 535: 534: 524: 521: 520: 497: 496: 485: 484: 472: 471: 465: 464: 449: 448: 438: 432: 420: 404: 388: 381: 371: 365: 353: 298: 282: 266: 250: 234: 218: 209: 199: 114: 113:Show map of Iraq 103: 102: 96: 84: 73: 72: 66: 51: 47: 30: 29: 21: 13881: 13880: 13876: 13875: 13874: 13872: 13871: 13870: 13821: 13820: 13819: 13814: 13813: 13804: 13803: 13796: 13777: 13773: 13765: 13756: 13749: 13730: 13726: 13719: 13699: 13695: 13686: 13685: 13681: 13663: 13659: 13654: 13650: 13587:Byzantine Syria 13573:Byzantine Egypt 13548:Farrukh Hormizd 13508: 13504: 13501:Sasanian Empire 13487: 13483: 13464:Byzantine Syria 13450:Byzantine Egypt 13389: 13281: 13277: 13274:Sasanian Empire 13194: 13099:Mithridates III 13079: 13076:Parthian Empire 13009: 12948:Seleucid Empire 12945: 12935: 12911: 12820:Ptolemy I Soter 12818: 12815:Ptolemaic Egypt 12787: 12781: 12741: 12723: 12719: 12717:Kings of Byblos 12708: 12680: 12654: 12625: 12619: 12593: 12573:Mushezib-Marduk 12543:Tiglath-Pileser 12541: 12532: 12509: 12495: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12467: 12463: 12459: 12458: 12450: 12448:Nabu-mukin-zeri 12442:Nabu-nadin-zeri 12427:Marduk-bel-zeri 12420:Baba-aha-iddina 12397: 12374:Adad-nirari III 12364:Shalmaneser III 12353: 12342: 12341: 12328: 12322: 12321: 12319:Menkheperre Ini 12296: 12289: 12288: 12252: 12238:Nabû-mukin-apli 12215: 12204:(1100–540 BCE) 12197:Nabu-shum-libur 12165: 12142:Ashur-nirari IV 12136:Ashurnasirpal I 12133:Shamshi-Adad IV 12079:Ashur-uballit I 12074: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12044: 12038: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12027:Kings of Byblos 12025: 11995: 11988: 11982: 11981: 11950: 11949: 11933: 11927: 11895: 11882: 11881: 11863:Neferneferuaten 11823: 11822: 11818: 11812: 11806: 11805:(1500–1100 BCE) 11797:Enlil-nadin-ahi 11785:Adad-shuma-usur 11773:Kashtiliashu IV 11761:Kadashman-Turgu 11746:Burnaburiash II 11725:Kashtiliash III 11717: 11694: 11688: 11658: 11657:(1600–1260 BCE) 11656: 11626: 11617: 11611: 11599: 11593: 11589: 11583: 11579: 11573: 11553: 11548:Peshgaldaramesh 11543: 11533: 11523: 11519:Sealand Dynasty 11516: 11513: 11512: 11506: 11505: 11468: 11461: 11459: 11434:Ashur-nirari II 11413:Puzur-Ashur III 11401:Shamshi-Adad II 11372: 11370: 11368:Adaside dynasty 11365: 11364: 11339: 11337: 11335: 11334: 11297: 11295: 11293: 11286: 11277: 11271: 11260: 11256: 11254:Kings of Byblos 11252: 11246: 11235: 11198: 11185: 11184: 11166:Uruk VI dynasty 11164: 11113: 11064:Dynasty of Isin 11054: 11048: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11005: 10980: 10974: 10967: 10963: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10934: 10928: 10924: 10918: 10915: 10885: 10879: 10861: 10822: 10810: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10772: 10762: 10748: 10732: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10705: 10698: 10694: 10680: 10676: 10667: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10649: 10645: 10639: 10635: 10626:(2150–2000 BCE) 10607: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10539: 10535: 10523: 10519: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10471: 10461: 10416:Djedkare Shemai 10405: 10399: 10393: 10379: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10325:Sargon of Akkad 10323: 10322: 10319:Akkadian Empire 10311:(2340–2150 BCE) 10309:Akkadian Period 10296: 10292: 10280: 10276: 10255: 10243: 10233: 10229: 10212: 10208: 10194: 10172: 10151: 10149: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10101: 10092: 10078: 10074: 10062: 10058: 10046: 10017: 10014: 10008: 9996: 9987: 9954: 9953: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9897: 9896: 9890: 9886: 9885: 9873: 9872: 9856: 9853: 9841: 9837: 9826: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9796: 9795: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9780: 9772:(2500-539 BCE) 9760: 9756: 9726: 9720: 9713: 9707: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9649: 9643: 9639: 9625: 9621: 9611: 9608: 9604: 9592: 9588: 9578: 9574: 9572: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9510: 9504: 9498: 9494: 9493: 9477: 9476: 9475:(2700–1500 BCE) 9474: 9422: 9411: 9374:("conqueror of 9360: 9344: 9337: 9327: 9313: 9294: 9290: 9285: 9276: 9267: 9259: 9256: 9236: 9172: 9171: 9157: 9151: 9145: 9136: 9078: 9064: 9051: 8992: 8923: 8912: 8906: 8892: 8886: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8859:(4000–3100 BCE) 8858: 8852: 8826: 8820: 8792: 8773: 8763: 8736: 8734: 8718: 8712: 8682: 8677: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8579: 8573: 8543: 8538: 8526: 8516: 8514: 8506: 8449: 8324: 8301:Mardin Province 8164: 8143: 8126:Simele massacre 8060: 7989: 7954:(1st to 3rd c.) 7936:(64 BCE–637 CE) 7930:(66 BCE–217 CE) 7916:Parthian Empire 7910:Seleucid Empire 7902: 7896: 7892:Assyrian tribes 7860:(2025–1364 BCE) 7854:(2600–2025 BCE) 7833: 7831: 7828: 7820: 7777: 7730: 7714: 7683: 7642: 7635: 7634: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7599: 7568: 7557: 7555:Assyrian people 7552: 7522: 7517: 7448:Adad-nirari III 7438:Shalmaneser III 7413: 7405: 7381:Ashur-nirari IV 7371:Ashurnasirpal I 7366:Shamshi-Adad IV 7276:Ashur-uballit I 7262: 7254: 7230:Ashur-nirari II 7195:Puzur-Ashur III 7175:Shamshi-Adad II 6997: 6989: 6988: 6959: 6956: 6926: 6921: 6915:Sassanid Empire 6884:Parthian Empire 6879:Seleucid Empire 6869:Seleucid Empire 6788: 6782: 6759: 6750: 6579:Akkadian Empire 6525: 6519: 6489: 6484: 6443: 6397: 6371: 6280:Culture/society 6275: 6168: 6164:Muslim conquest 6134:Fall of Babylon 6065: 5966: 5953: 5837: 5755: 5750: 5720: 5714: 5693: 5672: 5651: 5650:979-975161546-5 5632: 5613: 5553: 5525: 5504: 5481: 5460: 5446:. 2600–1816 BC" 5430: 5428: 5397:10.2307/4200181 5381:"The God Aššur" 5372: 5353: 5332: 5270: 5249: 5228: 5181: 5119: 5097: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5021: 5013: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4941: 4930: 4922: 4915: 4907: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4859: 4851: 4844: 4836: 4829: 4821: 4814: 4806: 4799: 4791: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4637: 4629: 4614: 4606: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4530: 4522: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4484: 4476: 4469: 4461: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4201: 4193: 4184: 4176: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4019: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3860: 3852: 3845: 3837: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3775: 3767: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3715: 3707: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3608: 3600: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3554: 3546: 3527: 3519: 3512: 3504: 3497: 3489: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3431: 3423: 3416: 3408: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3263: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3191: 3183: 3176: 3168: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3128: 3120: 3113: 3105: 3098: 3090: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2995: 2954: 2950: 2933:Ashur-uballit I 2930: 2926: 2921: 2904: 2833:Patrum ša Aššur 2809: 2803: 2784:winter solstice 2756:heliacal rising 2695: 2647: 2641: 2573: 2536: 2471: 2417: 2373: 2368: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2331: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2314: 2303: 2292: 2184: 2010:Ashur-nirari II 1975:Puzur-Ashur III 1955:Shamshi-Adad II 1901:Adaside dynasty 1896: 1863: 1795: 1689: 1679: 1673: 1668: 1635: 1626:Middle Assyrian 1610:Ashur-uballit I 1535:Puzur-Ashur III 1482: 1480:Rise of Assyria 1454:Adaside dynasty 1331: 1237: 1123: 1118: 1041: 1035: 873: 872: 871: 870: 869: 858: 849: 848: 847: 836: 825: 820: 783: 752:Adaside dynasty 678:", rather than 650:Ashur-uballit I 612: 494: 469: 433: 428: 415: 399: 397:Adaside dynasty 383: 379: 366: 361: 348: 300: 288:Puzur-Ashur III 284: 268: 252: 236: 220: 204: 201: 128: 118: 117: 116: 115: 112: 111: 110: 109: 108: 104: 87: 86: 85: 82: 81: 80: 79: 78: 74: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13879: 13869: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13816: 13815: 13810: 13809: 13806: 13805: 13802: 13801: 13794: 13771: 13754: 13747: 13724: 13717: 13703:Potts, Timothy 13693: 13679: 13657: 13647: 13646: 13643: 13642: 13632: 13621: 13620: 13613: 13606: 13599: 13595: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13575: 13569: 13568: 13527: 13520: 13516: 13515: 13497: 13476: 13472: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13452: 13446: 13445: 13438: 13434: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13412: 13411: 13404: 13400: 13399: 13382: 13378: 13377: 13270: 13266: 13265: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13228: 13227: 13222: 13213: 13209: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13186: 13185: 13178: 13177:30 BCE–116 CE 13174: 13173: 13111:Mithridates IV 13093:Mithridates II 13072: 13034: 13029:Aristobulus II 13002: 12998: 12997: 12922:Argead dynasty 12906: 12811:Argead dynasty 12807: 12803: 12802: 12794: 12793: 12773: 12772: 12764:Artaxerxes III 12727: 12725:Kings of Sidon 12714: 12701: 12697: 12696: 12673: 12668:Labashi-Marduk 12647: 12612: 12608: 12607: 12602: 12596: 12595: 12570:Nergal-ushezib 12525: 12506:Black Pharaohs 12488: 12484: 12483: 12451: 12424:Ninurta-apla-X 12385: 12383:Ashur-nirari V 12377:Shalmaneser IV 12367:Shamshi-Adad V 12355:Adad-nirari II 12346: 12336: 12245: 12241: 12240: 12210: 12206: 12205: 12199: 12156: 12139:Shalmaneser II 12127:Ashur-bel-kala 12115:Mutakkil-Nusku 12071:Middle Assyria 12067: 12060: 12035:Kings of Sidon 12018: 11942: 11941:1155–1025 BCE 11938: 11937: 11924:Elamite Empire 11920: 11887: 11886: 11878:Hittite Empire 11874: 11842: 11841: 11826: 11825: 11799: 11788:Meli-Shipak II 11758:Nazi-Maruttash 11722:Burnaburiash I 11701: 11673: 11672:1531–1155 BCE 11669: 11668: 11649: 11604: 11564: 11563: 11510: 11446: 11431:Enlil-Nasir II 11410:Ashur-nirari I 11404:Ishme-Dagan II 11395:Sharma-Adad II 11347:Ashur-apla-idi 11338:1735–1701 BCE) 11317:Ashur-apla-idi 11299:Shamshi-Adad I 11294:1808–1736 BCE) 11279: 11274:Yamhad dynasty 11264: 11262:Kings of Sidon 11241: 11228: 11227:1800–1595 BCE 11224: 11223: 11190: 11189: 11177: 11041: 11031:Puzur-Ashur II 10998: 10941: 10908: 10907: 10902:Mentuhotep III 10871: 10870: 10853: 10848: 10840: 10839:2025-1763 BCE 10836: 10835: 10807:Ur III dynasty 10803: 10784: 10781: 10777: 10776: 10764: 10753:Neferkare VIII 10741: 10737: 10736: 10729: 10728: 10700: 10686: 10684: 10671: 10657:Gutian dynasty 10653: 10629: 10628: 10620: 10615:Nebkaure Khety 10609:Meryibre Khety 10600: 10596: 10595: 10578: 10545: 10543: 10527: 10500: 10499: 10493: 10464: 10454: 10440:Neferkamin Anu 10413:Neferkare Neby 10386: 10382: 10381: 10377:Lugal-ushumgal 10374: 10359: 10355: 10354: 10333: 10314: 10313: 10305: 10303: 10299: 10298: 10284: 10271: 10269: 10265: 10264: 10259: 10250: 10245: 10237: 10224: 10219: 10215: 10214: 10210:Lugalannemundu 10200: 10165: 10161: 10160: 10155: 10141: 10124: 10105: 10096: 10087: 10082: 10066: 10053: 10049: 10048: 10031: 10026: 10022: 10021: 10010: 10001: 10000: 9991: 9982: 9977:Djedkare Isesi 9974:Menkauhor Kaiu 9946: 9942: 9941: 9918: 9901: 9877: 9875:Pabilgagaltuku 9864: 9859: 9845: 9834:Akshak dynasty 9830: 9821: 9773: 9767: 9763: 9762: 9749: 9700: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9674: 9659:Enun-dara-anna 9654: 9653: 9614: 9597: 9582: 9564: 9562: 9540: 9539: 9533: 9486: 9482: 9481: 9467: 9452: 9436: 9435: 9428: 9427: 9416: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9391: 9385: 9381: 9380: 9367: 9366: 9352: 9315: 9308: 9307: 9283:Kullassina-bel 9268: 9260: 9249: 9248: 9242: 9164: 9160: 9159: 9138: 9129: 9124: 9075:Narmer Palette 9057: 9056:3100–2900 BCE 9053: 9052: 8985: 8915: 8914: 8899: 8898:3200–3100 BCE 8895: 8894: 8881: 8849: 8848: 8843: 8837: 8832: 8813: 8812:4000–3200 BCE 8809: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8767: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8724: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8714:Rulers of the 8711: 8710: 8703: 8696: 8688: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8585: 8584: 8581: 8580: 8572: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8549: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8536: 8524: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8463: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8447: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8430: 8428:United Kingdom 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8334: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8321: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8181:Nineveh Plains 8172: 8170: 8155: 8149: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8108:Adana massacre 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8084:Schism of 1552 8081: 8078:Ottoman Empire 8075: 8072:Safavid Empire 8068: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8022: 8019:Emirs of Mosul 8016: 8010: 8004: 7997: 7995: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7961: 7955: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7906: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7866:(1363–912 BCE) 7861: 7855: 7848: 7846: 7836: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7787: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7734: 7732: 7720: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7693: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7656: 7654: 7645: 7637: 7636: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7551: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7528: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7463:Ashur-nirari V 7460: 7455: 7453:Shalmaneser IV 7450: 7445: 7443:Shamshi-Adad V 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7423:Adad-nirari II 7419: 7417: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7376:Shalmaneser II 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7356:Ashur-bel-kala 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7336:Mutakkil-Nusku 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7272: 7270: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7225:Enlil-Nasir II 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7190:Ashur-nirari I 7187: 7182: 7180:Ishme-Dagan II 7177: 7172: 7167: 7165:Sharma-Adad II 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7094:Ashur-apla-idi 7091: 7086: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7058: 7056:Shamshi-Adad I 7053: 7048: 7043: 7041:Puzur-Ashur II 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7007: 7005: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6984:Later kingship 6981: 6976: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6932: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6891: 6890:63 BCE–224 CE 6887: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6853:Ancient Greeks 6845: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6775: 6770: 6763: 6754: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6728: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6705:Middle Assyria 6702: 6700: 6695: 6691: 6690: 6678: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6651: 6646: 6642: 6641: 6625: 6620: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6586: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6572: 6571: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6518: 6517: 6510: 6503: 6495: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6460:Assyriologists 6457: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6367:List of rulers 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6256:Proto-Armenian 6253: 6248: 6243: 6241:Middle Persian 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6129:Neo-Babylonian 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6109:Old Babylonian 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6079:Early Dynastic 6075: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5983: 5981: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5772: 5770: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5749: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5726: 5719: 5718: 5712: 5697: 5691: 5676: 5670: 5655: 5649: 5636: 5630: 5617: 5611: 5598: 5578:10.1086/468883 5557: 5551: 5538: 5529: 5523: 5508: 5502: 5485: 5479: 5464: 5458: 5437: 5417: 5376: 5370: 5357: 5351: 5336: 5330: 5315: 5303:10.1086/669098 5295:10.1086/669098 5274: 5268: 5253: 5247: 5232: 5226: 5211: 5202: 5185: 5179: 5164: 5138:(2): 249–284. 5123: 5117: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5088:, p. 300. 5078: 5076:, p. 767. 5066: 5054: 5036: 5034:, p. 764. 5019: 5017:, p. 103. 4998: 4996:, p. 766. 4986: 4984:, p. 164. 4974: 4972:, p. 763. 4959: 4947: 4928: 4926:, p. 770. 4913: 4911:, p. 238. 4898: 4896:, p. 769. 4886: 4884:, p. 112. 4874: 4872:, p. 111. 4857: 4855:, p. 100. 4842: 4840:, p. 314. 4827: 4825:, p. 313. 4812: 4808:Garfinkle 2007 4797: 4795:, p. 315. 4780: 4768: 4766:, p. 250. 4756: 4744: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4686: 4674: 4670:de Ridder 2017 4662: 4658:de Ridder 2017 4650: 4646:de Ridder 2017 4635: 4612: 4608:de Ridder 2017 4591: 4579: 4567: 4555: 4543: 4528: 4513: 4501: 4482: 4467: 4446: 4442:Eppihimer 2013 4434: 4430:Eppihimer 2013 4422: 4418:Eppihimer 2013 4410: 4406:Eppihimer 2013 4398: 4394:Eppihimer 2013 4386: 4382:Eppihimer 2013 4369: 4357: 4345: 4341:Eppihimer 2013 4330: 4328:, p. 103. 4318: 4316:, p. 117. 4306: 4294: 4279: 4267: 4252: 4240: 4238:, p. xvi. 4228: 4216: 4199: 4182: 4165: 4163:, p. 115. 4153: 4138: 4134:Garfinkle 2007 4126: 4114: 4112:, p. 114. 4102: 4087: 4085:, p. 110. 4075: 4073:, p. 748. 4063: 4061:, p. 113. 4044: 4032: 4017: 4015:, p. 288. 4005: 4003:, p. 191. 3993: 3981: 3969: 3967:, p. 749. 3957: 3955:, p. 120. 3945: 3943:, p. 112. 3928: 3926:, p. 750. 3916: 3897: 3895:, p. 109. 3885: 3873: 3858: 3843: 3839:Garfinkle 2007 3818: 3814:Garfinkle 2007 3806: 3794: 3773: 3746: 3744:, p. 115. 3734: 3713: 3692: 3688:Garfinkle 2007 3680: 3676:Garfinkle 2007 3668: 3664:Garfinkle 2007 3653: 3641: 3637:Garfinkle 2007 3629: 3606: 3604:, p. 740. 3591: 3589:, p. 762. 3579: 3567: 3565:, p. 761. 3552: 3550:, p. 198. 3525: 3510: 3495: 3491:Lendering 2006 3480: 3478:, p. 758. 3468: 3456: 3444: 3429: 3414: 3397: 3385: 3383:, p. 754. 3368: 3356: 3344: 3332: 3330:, p. 276. 3320: 3318:, p. 187. 3308: 3296: 3281: 3269: 3265:de Ridder 2017 3254: 3240: 3220: 3208: 3189: 3174: 3172:, p. 108. 3159: 3147: 3126: 3111: 3096: 3092:Garfinkle 2007 3072: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3035: 3026: 3006: 2993: 2961:Shamshi-Adad I 2948: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2903: 2900: 2802: 2799: 2694: 2691: 2643:Main article: 2640: 2637: 2572: 2569: 2535: 2532: 2470: 2467: 2416: 2413: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2329:Shamshi-Adad I 2326: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2305:Royal seal of 2304: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2005:Enlil-nasir II 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1970:Ashur-nirari I 1967: 1962: 1960:Ishme-Dagan II 1957: 1952: 1947: 1945:Sharma-Adad II 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1811: 1809:Shamshi-Adad I 1805: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1729:Puzur-Ashur II 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1634: 1631: 1598:Šuppiluliuma I 1596:Hittite king, 1561:Ashur-nirari I 1481: 1478: 1411:Ashur-apla-idi 1341:which records 1330: 1327: 1236: 1233: 1139:Shamshi-Adad I 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1053:cylinder seals 1034: 1031: 1023:Shamshi-Adad I 1003:Puzur-Ashur II 860:Royal seal of 859: 852: 851: 850: 838:Royal seal of 837: 830: 829: 828: 827: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 782: 779: 767:Hittite Empire 723:Shamshi Adad I 668:Assyrian kings 614: 613: 605: 602: 601: 598: 597: 590: 584: 583: 580: 574: 573: 567: 561: 560: 554: 548: 547: 541: 531: 530: 517: 516: 511: 507: 506: 503: 502: 499: 498: 491: 482: 479: 478: 473: 461: 460: 455: 445: 444: 441: 440: 434: 426: 423: 422: 416: 410: 407: 406: 400: 394: 391: 390: 384: 380:Shamshi-Adad's 377: 374: 373: 367: 363:Shamshi-Adad I 359: 356: 355: 349: 339: 336: 335: 332: 331: 326: 325:Historical era 322: 321: 316: 312: 311: 308: 307: 301: 294: 291: 290: 285: 278: 275: 274: 269: 262: 259: 258: 256:Shamshi-Adad I 253: 246: 243: 242: 237: 230: 227: 226: 221: 214: 211: 210: 202: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 184: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 119: 106: 105: 98: 97: 91: 90: 89: 88: 76: 75: 68: 67: 61: 60: 59: 58: 57: 54: 53: 42: 41: 36: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13878: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13828: 13826: 13797: 13791: 13787: 13786: 13781: 13775: 13769: 13763: 13761: 13759: 13750: 13744: 13740: 13739: 13734: 13733:Roux, Georges 13728: 13720: 13714: 13710: 13709: 13704: 13697: 13689: 13683: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13661: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13641: 13637: 13631: 13627: 13622: 13619: 13618: 13612: 13611: 13605: 13604: 13597: 13596: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13579: 13574: 13570: 13567: 13564: 13561: 13560:Yazdegerd III 13558: 13555: 13552: 13549: 13546: 13543: 13540: 13537: 13534: 13531: 13526: 13525: 13517: 13514: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13502: 13496: 13493: 13492:Sahralanyozan 13490: 13486: 13481: 13474: 13473: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13456: 13451: 13447: 13444: 13443: 13435: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13413: 13410: 13409: 13401: 13398: 13395: 13392: 13388: 13387: 13380: 13379: 13376: 13373: 13370: 13367: 13364: 13361: 13358: 13355: 13352: 13349: 13346: 13343: 13340: 13337: 13334: 13331: 13328: 13325: 13322: 13319: 13316: 13313: 13310: 13307: 13304: 13301: 13298: 13295: 13292: 13285: 13280: 13276: 13275: 13268: 13267: 13264: 13261: 13258: 13255: 13252: 13249: 13248:Mithridates V 13246: 13245:Sinatruces II 13241: 13236: 13230: 13229: 13226: 13221: 13217: 13210: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13184: 13183: 13175: 13172: 13169: 13168:Artabanus III 13166: 13163: 13160: 13157: 13154: 13151: 13148: 13145: 13142: 13139: 13138:Tiridates III 13136: 13133: 13130: 13127: 13124: 13121: 13118: 13115: 13112: 13109: 13106: 13103: 13100: 13097: 13094: 13091: 13088: 13085: 13082: 13081:Mithridates I 13078: 13077: 13071: 13068: 13065: 13062: 13059: 13056: 13053: 13050: 13047: 13044: 13041: 13038: 13033: 13030: 13027: 13024: 13021: 13018: 13017:Aristobulus I 13015: 13014:John Hyrcanus 13012: 13008: 13007: 13000: 12999: 12996: 12993: 12990: 12987: 12984: 12983:Alexander III 12981: 12978: 12975: 12972: 12969: 12968:Antiochus III 12966: 12963: 12960: 12957: 12954: 12950: 12949: 12944: 12940: 12939: 12934: 12931: 12928: 12927:Alexander III 12924: 12923: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12902: 12899: 12896: 12893: 12890: 12887: 12884: 12881: 12878: 12875: 12872: 12869: 12866: 12863: 12862:Cleopatra III 12860: 12857: 12854: 12851: 12848: 12845: 12842: 12839: 12836: 12833: 12830: 12827: 12824: 12821: 12817: 12816: 12812: 12805: 12804: 12801: 12800: 12795: 12792: 12791: 12786: 12785: 12780: 12779: 12774: 12771: 12768: 12767:Artaxerxes IV 12765: 12762: 12761:Artaxerxes II 12759: 12756: 12753: 12750: 12747: 12744: 12740: 12739: 12732: 12726: 12722: 12721:Kings of Tyre 12718: 12712: 12707: 12706: 12698: 12695: 12692: 12689: 12686: 12683: 12679: 12678: 12677:Median Empire 12672: 12669: 12666: 12663: 12660: 12657: 12653: 12652: 12646: 12643: 12640: 12637: 12634: 12631: 12628: 12624: 12623: 12618: 12617: 12610: 12609: 12606: 12601: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12586: 12585:Sinsharishkun 12583: 12580: 12577: 12574: 12571: 12568: 12565: 12562: 12559: 12556: 12553: 12550: 12547: 12544: 12540: 12538: 12531: 12530: 12524: 12521: 12518: 12515: 12512: 12507: 12499: 12494: 12493: 12485: 12482: 12478: 12474: 12470: 12466: 12462: 12457: 12456: 12449: 12446: 12443: 12440: 12437: 12434: 12431: 12428: 12425: 12422:(five kings) 12421: 12418: 12415: 12412: 12409: 12406: 12403: 12400: 12396: 12390: 12384: 12381: 12380:Ashur-Dan III 12378: 12375: 12371: 12368: 12365: 12362: 12359: 12356: 12352: 12351: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12334: 12331: 12327: 12326: 12320: 12317: 12314: 12311: 12308: 12305: 12302: 12299: 12295: 12294: 12287: 12284: 12283: 12279: 12276: 12273: 12270: 12267: 12264: 12261: 12258: 12255: 12251: 12250: 12243: 12242: 12239: 12236: 12233: 12230: 12227: 12224: 12221: 12220:Ea-mukin-zeri 12218: 12217:Simbar-shipak 12214: 12209:1025–934 BCE 12208: 12207: 12203: 12198: 12195: 12192: 12189: 12186: 12183: 12180: 12177: 12174: 12171: 12168: 12164: 12162: 12155: 12152: 12149: 12146: 12145:Ashur-rabi II 12143: 12140: 12137: 12134: 12131: 12130:Eriba-Adad II 12128: 12125: 12122: 12119: 12116: 12113: 12110: 12107: 12104: 12101: 12098: 12095: 12092: 12091:Shalmaneser I 12089: 12088:Adad-nirari I 12086: 12083: 12080: 12077: 12073: 12072: 12066: 12065: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12042: 12036: 12032: 12031:Kings of Tyre 12028: 12024: 12023: 12017: 12016: 12013: 12010: 12007: 12004: 12001: 11998: 11994: 11993: 11987: 11986: 11980: 11977: 11974: 11971: 11970:Ramesses VIII 11968: 11965: 11962: 11959: 11956: 11953: 11948: 11947: 11940: 11939: 11936: 11932: 11931: 11926: 11925: 11919: 11916: 11913: 11910: 11907: 11904: 11901: 11898: 11894: 11893: 11888: 11885: 11880: 11879: 11873: 11870: 11867: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11856: 11853: 11852:Amenhotep III 11850: 11847: 11843: 11840: 11837: 11834: 11831: 11827: 11824: 11821: 11817: 11816: 11811: 11810: 11803: 11798: 11795: 11792: 11789: 11786: 11783: 11780: 11777: 11774: 11771: 11768: 11765: 11762: 11759: 11756: 11753: 11750: 11747: 11744: 11741: 11738: 11735: 11732: 11729: 11726: 11723: 11720: 11716: 11714: 11706: 11700: 11697: 11693: 11692: 11687: 11686: 11678: 11670: 11667: 11664: 11661: 11655: 11654: 11648: 11645: 11642: 11639: 11636: 11635: 11631: 11630: 11621: 11615: 11610: 11609: 11603: 11602: 11598: 11597: 11592: 11588: 11587: 11582: 11578: 11577: 11572: 11571: 11565: 11562: 11559: 11558:Melamkurkurra 11556: 11552: 11551:Ayadaragalama 11549: 11546: 11542: 11539: 11536: 11532: 11529: 11528:Itti-ili-nibi 11526: 11522: 11520: 11509: 11504: 11501: 11498: 11495: 11492: 11489: 11486: 11483: 11480: 11477: 11474: 11471: 11467: 11465: 11458: 11451: 11445: 11444: 11441: 11438: 11435: 11432: 11429: 11426: 11423: 11422:Ashur-shaduni 11420: 11417: 11416:Enlil-nasir I 11414: 11411: 11408: 11405: 11402: 11399: 11396: 11393: 11390: 11387: 11384: 11381: 11380:Sharma-Adad I 11378: 11375: 11371:1700–722 BCE) 11369: 11363: 11360: 11357: 11354: 11351: 11348: 11345: 11342: 11333: 11330: 11327: 11324: 11321: 11318: 11315: 11312: 11309: 11306: 11303: 11302:Ishme-Dagan I 11300: 11291: 11285: 11284: 11275: 11270: 11269: 11263: 11259: 11258:Kings of Tyre 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11239: 11234: 11233: 11225: 11222: 11219: 11216: 11215:Amenemhat III 11213: 11210: 11207: 11204: 11201: 11197: 11196: 11191: 11188: 11183: 11182: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11156: 11153: 11150: 11147: 11144: 11141: 11138: 11135: 11132: 11129: 11126: 11123: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11109: 11106: 11103: 11100: 11097: 11094: 11091: 11088: 11085: 11082: 11079: 11076: 11073: 11070: 11066: 11065: 11058: 11052: 11047: 11046: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11007:Puzur-Ashur I 11004: 11003: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10986: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10972: 10966: 10958: 10954: 10949: 10946: 10940: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10914: 10913:Third Eblaite 10909: 10906: 10905:Mentuhotep IV 10903: 10900: 10899:Mentuhotep II 10897: 10894: 10891: 10888: 10884: 10883: 10878: 10877: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10858: 10852: 10847: 10845: 10837: 10834: 10831: 10828: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10809: 10808: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10779: 10778: 10775: 10771: 10769: 10763: 10760: 10757: 10756:Wahkare Khety 10754: 10751: 10747: 10746: 10739: 10738: 10735: 10730: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10697: 10693: 10691: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10670: 10666: 10659: 10658: 10652: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10624:Ur III period 10619: 10616: 10613: 10612:Neferkare VII 10610: 10606: 10605: 10597: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10559:Ur-Ningirsu I 10556: 10552: 10550: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10532: 10526: 10522: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10498: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10475: 10470: 10469: 10463: 10460: 10453: 10450: 10447: 10444: 10441: 10438: 10435: 10432: 10429: 10426: 10423: 10420: 10417: 10414: 10411: 10408: 10404: 10403: 10398: 10397: 10392: 10391: 10383: 10378: 10372: 10367: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10332: 10329: 10326: 10321: 10320: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10304: 10300: 10295: 10291: 10289: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10263: 10258: 10254: 10249: 10242: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10223: 10217: 10216: 10211: 10207: 10205: 10198: 10193: 10190: 10187: 10184: 10181: 10178: 10175: 10171: 10170: 10163: 10162: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10148: 10146: 10142: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10125: 10122: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10094:Lugal-kisalsi 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10071: 10067: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10054: 10051: 10050: 10044: 10039: 10035: 10030: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10020: 10016: 10006: 10003: 10002: 9999: 9995: 9990: 9986: 9981: 9978: 9975: 9972: 9969: 9966: 9963: 9960: 9957: 9952: 9951: 9943: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9923: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9900: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9882: 9876: 9871: 9869: 9863: 9858: 9852: 9850: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9835: 9829: 9825: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9793: 9788: 9784: 9779: 9778: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9759: 9755: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9743: 9740: 9737: 9736: 9732: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9716: 9712: 9711: 9706: 9705: 9698: 9697: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9655: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9619: 9613: 9607: 9603: 9602: 9596: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9581: 9577: 9571: 9569: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9516: 9513: 9508: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9491: 9483: 9480: 9473: 9472: 9465: 9460: 9456: 9450: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9393: 9389: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9368: 9365: 9364: 9359: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9347: 9343: 9340: 9336: 9333: 9330: 9326: 9323: 9320: 9314: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9288: 9287:Nangishlishma 9284: 9280: 9275: 9273: 9266: 9265: 9258: 9255: 9254:First Eblaite 9250: 9246: 9240: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9227: 9226: 9222: 9221: 9217: 9214: 9213:Seth-Peribsen 9211: 9210: 9206: 9205: 9201: 9200: 9196: 9195: 9191: 9190: 9186: 9185: 9181: 9178: 9175: 9174:Hotepsekhemwy 9170: 9169: 9161: 9155: 9150: 9149: 9144: 9143: 9142:Proto-Elamite 9135: 9134: 9128: 9123: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9113: 9110: 9107: 9104: 9100: 9097: 9094: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9081: 9073: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9062: 9054: 9050: 9049: 9045: 9044:Double Falcon 9042: 9041: 9037: 9036: 9032: 9031: 9027: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9012: 9011: 9007: 9006: 9002: 9001: 8997: 8996: 8991: 8990: 8984: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8961: 8960: 8956: 8955: 8951: 8950: 8946: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8933: 8932: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8921: 8916: 8910: 8905: 8904: 8896: 8890: 8885: 8877: 8871: 8865: 8857: 8856: 8850: 8847: 8841: 8836: 8830: 8825: 8824: 8819: 8818: 8810: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8732: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8721: 8717: 8709: 8704: 8702: 8697: 8695: 8690: 8689: 8686: 8674: 8666: 8665: 8662: 8582: 8578: 8570: 8565: 8563: 8558: 8556: 8551: 8550: 8547: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8523: 8513: 8512: 8509: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8456: 8446: 8443: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8433:United States 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8282: 8279: 8275: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8248: 8245: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8150: 8139: 8136: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8056: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8044: 8041: 8038: 8035: 8032: 8029: 8026: 8025:Buyid amirate 8023: 8020: 8017: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7946:Roman Assyria 7944: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7899: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7877: 7874: 7872:(911–609 BCE) 7871: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7840: 7837: 7827: 7823: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7773:Syriac script 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7638: 7633: 7632:Chaldean flag 7628: 7622: 7617: 7611: 7610:Assyrian flag 7606: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7566: 7560: 7556: 7549: 7544: 7542: 7537: 7535: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7508:Sinsharishkun 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7473:Shalmaneser V 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7458:Ashur-dan III 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7386:Ashur-rabi II 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7361:Eriba-Adad II 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7296:Shalmaneser I 7294: 7292: 7291:Adad-nirari I 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7210:Ashur-shaduni 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7200:Enlil-nasir I 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7140:Sharma-Adad I 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7104: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7061:Ishme-Dagan I 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7011:Puzur-Ashur I 7009: 7008: 7006: 7003:2025–1364 BC) 6996: 6992: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6953: 6948: 6946: 6941: 6939: 6934: 6933: 6930: 6916: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6885: 6880: 6873: 6870: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6780: 6774: 6769: 6768: 6762: 6758: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6701: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6617: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6516: 6511: 6509: 6504: 6502: 6497: 6496: 6493: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796:Syrian Desert 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5740: 5735: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5715: 5709: 5705: 5704: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5509: 5505: 5503:0-521-07791-5 5499: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5461: 5459:0-521-07791-5 5455: 5451: 5447: 5445: 5438: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5240: 5239: 5233: 5229: 5227:0-931464-82-X 5223: 5219: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5087: 5086:Mallowan 1971 5082: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5033: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5016: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4995: 4990: 4983: 4982:Breasted 1926 4978: 4971: 4966: 4964: 4957:, p. 83. 4956: 4951: 4945:, p. 99. 4944: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4925: 4920: 4918: 4910: 4905: 4903: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4878: 4871: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4839: 4834: 4832: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4810:, p. 54. 4809: 4804: 4802: 4794: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4722: 4717: 4711:, p. 94. 4710: 4705: 4699:, p. 92. 4698: 4693: 4691: 4684:, p. 91. 4683: 4678: 4672:, p. 57. 4671: 4666: 4660:, p. 56. 4659: 4654: 4648:, p. 51. 4647: 4642: 4640: 4633:, p. 83. 4632: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4610:, p. 50. 4609: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4589:, p. 90. 4588: 4583: 4577:, p. 87. 4576: 4571: 4565:, p. 86. 4564: 4559: 4552: 4547: 4541:, p. 88. 4540: 4535: 4533: 4526:, p. 85. 4525: 4520: 4518: 4510: 4505: 4499:, p. 84. 4498: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4480:, p. 80. 4479: 4474: 4472: 4465:, p. 81. 4464: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4444:, p. 44. 4443: 4438: 4432:, p. 43. 4431: 4426: 4420:, p. 40. 4419: 4414: 4408:, p. 38. 4407: 4402: 4396:, p. 36. 4395: 4390: 4384:, p. 37. 4383: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4367:, p. 74. 4366: 4361: 4354: 4349: 4343:, p. 49. 4342: 4337: 4335: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4314:Chavalas 1994 4310: 4304:, p. 73. 4303: 4298: 4292:, p. 72. 4291: 4286: 4284: 4277:, p. 71. 4276: 4271: 4265:, p. 70. 4264: 4259: 4257: 4249: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4214:, p. 37. 4213: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4197:, p. 36. 4196: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4180:, p. 58. 4179: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4162: 4157: 4151:, p. 43. 4150: 4145: 4143: 4136:, p. 70. 4135: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4111: 4106: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4084: 4079: 4072: 4067: 4060: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4042:, p. 91. 4041: 4036: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4014: 4013:Brinkman 1998 4009: 4002: 3997: 3991:, p. 81. 3990: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3954: 3953:Chavalas 1994 3949: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3925: 3920: 3913: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3894: 3889: 3882: 3877: 3871:, p. 30. 3870: 3865: 3863: 3856:, p. 68. 3855: 3850: 3848: 3841:, p. 69. 3840: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3816:, p. 68. 3815: 3810: 3804:, p. 25. 3803: 3798: 3792:, p. 66. 3791: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3771:, p. 38. 3770: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3743: 3738: 3732:, p. 65. 3731: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3690:, p. 65. 3689: 3684: 3678:, p. 64. 3677: 3672: 3666:, p. 66. 3665: 3660: 3658: 3650: 3645: 3639:, p. 63. 3638: 3633: 3627:, p. 34. 3626: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3588: 3583: 3577:, p. 63. 3576: 3571: 3564: 3559: 3557: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3523:, p. 61. 3522: 3517: 3515: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3477: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3454:, p. 62. 3453: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3434: 3427:, p. 60. 3426: 3421: 3419: 3412:, p. 33. 3411: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3395:, p. 20. 3394: 3389: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3366:, p. 59. 3365: 3360: 3354:, p. 57. 3353: 3348: 3342:, p. 59. 3341: 3336: 3329: 3324: 3317: 3312: 3305: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3278: 3273: 3267:, p. 49. 3266: 3261: 3259: 3243: 3241:9783030514372 3237: 3233: 3232: 3224: 3218:, p. 21. 3217: 3212: 3206:, p. 39. 3205: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3187:, p. 19. 3186: 3181: 3179: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3157:, p. 58. 3156: 3151: 3145:, p. 42. 3144: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3094:, p. 67. 3093: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3073: 3058: 3049: 3039: 3030: 3023: 3016: 3015:Ishme-Dagan I 3010: 3003: 2997: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2963:, ruled from 2962: 2958: 2952: 2941: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2795:Shalmaneser I 2792: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2764:Bēlti-ekallim 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2736:Bēlti-ekallim 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2690: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2651: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2531: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2475: 2466: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2377: 2363: 2361: 2360:Išši'ak Aššur 2355: 2351: 2348: 2347:Išši'ak Aššur 2336:1808–1776 BC) 2330: 2323: 2313:1920–1881 BC) 2308: 2301: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1990:Ashur-shaduni 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1980:Enlil-nasir I 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1920:Sharma-Adad I 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1814:Ishme-Dagan I 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1699:Puzur-Ashur I 1697: 1696: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1663: 1661: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1639: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1570: 1569:Enlil-nasir I 1562: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1536: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1507: 1503: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1477: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343:Ishme-Dagan I 1340: 1335: 1326: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1301:Ibal-pi-el II 1293: 1291: 1290:Lamassi-Ashur 1286: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1232: 1229: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1200: 1195: 1189: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160:Ishme-Dagan I 1153: 1144: 1143:Puzur-Ashur I 1140: 1136: 1127: 1113: 1111: 1101: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1012: 1004: 996: 992: 983: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 963: 954: 949: 944: 940: 935: 932: 928: 924: 915: 906: 905:Puzur-Ashur I 902: 894: 890: 882: 878: 875:Although the 863: 856: 846:1974–1934 BC) 841: 834: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 796: 792: 791:Klaas Veenhof 788: 778: 776: 770: 768: 760: 753: 749: 745: 741: 732: 724: 720: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 672:Išši'ak Aššur 669: 664: 662: 658: 651: 644: 643:Puzur-Ashur I 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 611: 610: 604: 603: 591: 589: 586: 585: 581: 579: 576: 575: 568: 566: 563: 562: 555: 553: 550: 549: 542: 540: 537: 536: 533: 532: 528: 523: 522: 515: 512: 510:Today part of 508: 492: 490: 487: 486: 483: 477: 474: 467: 466: 463: 462: 459: 456: 454: 451: 450: 446: 442: 435: 431: 424: 417: 414: 408: 401: 398: 392: 385: 375: 368: 364: 357: 350: 347: 343: 337: 333: 330: 327: 323: 320: 317: 313: 309: 305: 302: 299:1390–1364 BC 292: 289: 286: 283:1521–1498 BC 276: 273: 270: 267:1700–1691 BC 260: 257: 254: 251:1808–1776 BC 244: 241: 238: 235:1920–1881 BC 228: 225: 222: 219:1974–1935 BC 212: 207: 206:Puzur-Ashur I 203: 193: 189: 185: 183: 182:Notable kings 179: 176: 173: 169: 166: 163: 159: 156: 152: 148: 145: 141: 138: 135: 131: 127: 123: 95: 65: 55: 43: 39: 31: 19: 13784: 13774: 13738:Ancient Iraq 13737: 13727: 13707: 13696: 13682: 13673: 13660: 13651: 13615: 13608: 13601: 13530:Ardashir III 13522: 13499: 13440: 13408:Roman Empire 13406: 13384: 13342:Yazdegerd II 13272: 13263:Artabanus IV 13260:Vologases VI 13251:Vologases IV 13182:Roman Empire 13180: 13165:Vologases II 13141:Artabanus II 13135:Artabanus II 13120:Tiridates II 13108:Phraates III 13074: 13011:Simon Thassi 13004: 12986:Demetrius II 12974:Antiochus IV 12965:Seleucus III 12959:Antiochus II 12946: 12936: 12933:Alexander IV 12920: 12908: 12892:Ptolemy XIII 12874:Berenice III 12868:Cleopatra IV 12809: 12806:331–141 BCE 12797: 12788: 12782: 12776: 12755:Artaxerxes I 12736: 12703: 12700:539–331 BCE 12675: 12656:Nabopolassar 12649: 12620: 12614: 12611:626–539 BCE 12579:Ashurbanipal 12534: 12533: 12527: 12490: 12487:745–609 BCE 12453: 12433:Eriba-Marduk 12394: 12348: 12323: 12291: 12290: 12280: 12269:Shoshenq III 12247: 12244:911–745 BCE 12212: 12194:Marduk-zer-X 12158: 12154:Ashur-dan II 12085:Arik-den-ili 12082:Enlil-nirari 12076:Eriba-Adad I 12069: 12062: 12039: 12020: 12015:Psusennes II 11990: 11989: 11983: 11967:Ramesses VII 11955:Ramesses III 11944: 11928: 11922: 11890: 11876: 11857: 11846:Amenhotep II 11839:Thutmose III 11813: 11807: 11804: 11755:Kurigalzu II 11749:Kara-hardash 11719:Agum-Kakrime 11710: 11689: 11683: 11651: 11634:'Aper-'Anati 11632: 11627: 11606: 11600: 11594: 11590: 11584: 11580: 11574: 11568: 11567: 11531:Damqi-ilishu 11514: 11503:Samsu-Ditana 11485:Sin-muballit 11476:Sin-muballit 11455: 11425:Ashur-rabi I 11290:Shamshi-Adad 11287: 11282: 11281: 11266: 11236: 11230: 11218:Amenemhat IV 11212:Senusret III 11206:Amenemhat II 11193: 11179: 11165: 11114: 11111:Damiq-ilishu 11081:Lipit-Eshtar 11062: 11043: 11001: 11000: 10968: 10964: 10948:Shakkanakkus 10911: 10887:Mentuhotep I 10880: 10874: 10855: 10842: 10805: 10799:Puzur-Ishtar 10766: 10761: 10743: 10696:Lugalannatum 10688: 10655: 10622: 10602: 10581:Hishep-Ratep 10547: 10529: 10466: 10456: 10410:Neferkare II 10400: 10394: 10388: 10335: 10317: 10307: 10286: 10239:Invasion by 10202: 10167: 10143: 10135:Enannatum II 10099:E-iginimpa'e 10068: 10060:Igrish-Halam 9971:Nyuserre Ini 9948: 9922:Awan dynasty 9920: 9879: 9866: 9847: 9832: 9823: 9807:Ishtup-Ishar 9787:Iku-Shamagan 9783:Ikun-Shamash 9775: 9753:Ur I dynasty 9751: 9744: 9733: 9708: 9702: 9676: 9657: 9616: 9599: 9584: 9566: 9525: 9517: 9488: 9469: 9432:Enmebaragesi 9418: 9399: 9370: 9361: 9354: 9317: 9312: 9292:En-tarah-ana 9277: 9270: 9262: 9252: 9228: 9225:Neferkasokar 9223: 9218: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9166: 9146: 9140: 9131: 9119: 9114: 9065: 9059: 9046: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8987: 8973: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8926:Finger Snail 8924: 8918: 8901: 8870:Anu Ziggurat 8853: 8821: 8815: 8733:Territories/ 8049:Qara Qoyunlu 7912:(312–63 BCE) 7857: 7643:Christianity 7493:Ashurbanipal 7415:(911–609 BC) 7401:Ashur-dan II 7286:Arik-den-ili 7281:Enlil-nirari 7268:1363–912 BC) 7250:Eriba-Adad I 7215:Ashur-rabi I 6994: 6974:Royal titles 6901: 6894:Ancient Rome 6865:311–129 BCE 6851: 6844:336–301 BCE 6834:539–331 BCE 6824: 6817:626–539 BCE 6808:729–609 BCE 6798:911–729 BCE 6789: 6783: 6777: 6765: 6730: 6720: 6714: 6684: 6672: 6657: 6634: 6622: 6613: 6588: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6521:Timeline of 6362:Royal titles 6287:Architecture 6124:Neo-Assyrian 5971:(Pre)history 5791:Persian Gulf 5702: 5681: 5660: 5640: 5622:Ancient Iraq 5621: 5602: 5569: 5565: 5542: 5533: 5513: 5493: 5469: 5449: 5443: 5429:. Retrieved 5425: 5391:(1): 82–86. 5388: 5384: 5361: 5341: 5320: 5289:(1): 35–49. 5286: 5282: 5258: 5237: 5216: 5206: 5189: 5169: 5135: 5131: 5107: 5095:Bibliography 5081: 5069: 5057: 5048: 5039: 4989: 4977: 4955:Lambert 1983 4950: 4889: 4877: 4771: 4759: 4747: 4716: 4704: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4582: 4570: 4558: 4546: 4504: 4437: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4365:Veenhof 2017 4360: 4353:Veenhof 2017 4348: 4326:Bertman 2003 4321: 4309: 4302:Veenhof 2017 4297: 4290:Veenhof 2017 4275:Veenhof 2017 4270: 4263:Veenhof 2017 4248:Bertman 2003 4243: 4231: 4219: 4178:Veenhof 2017 4156: 4129: 4117: 4105: 4078: 4066: 4040:Bertman 2003 4035: 4030:, p. 8. 4008: 3996: 3989:Bertman 2003 3984: 3979:, p. 7. 3972: 3960: 3948: 3919: 3914:, p. 6. 3888: 3876: 3854:Veenhof 2017 3809: 3797: 3790:Veenhof 2017 3737: 3730:Veenhof 2017 3711:, p. 2. 3683: 3671: 3644: 3632: 3582: 3575:Veenhof 2017 3570: 3521:Veenhof 2017 3471: 3459: 3452:Veenhof 2017 3447: 3442:, p. 3. 3425:Veenhof 2017 3388: 3364:Veenhof 2017 3359: 3352:Veenhof 2017 3347: 3340:Veenhof 2003 3335: 3323: 3311: 3306:, p. 5. 3299: 3292:Lambert 1983 3272: 3245:. Retrieved 3230: 3223: 3211: 3155:Veenhof 2003 3150: 3122:Veenhof 2017 3109:, p. 5. 3057: 3048: 3038: 3029: 3009: 2996: 2965:Shubat-Enlil 2951: 2940:Eriba-Adad I 2927: 2887: 2867: 2854: 2849: 2840: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2790: 2788: 2771: 2763: 2758:of the star 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2656: 2624: 2620: 2618: 2582: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2429: 2418: 2408: 2407:("big") and 2404: 2400: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2283: 2279: 2263: 2261: 2253:lapis lazuli 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2189: 2181:1390–1364 BC 2175:1400–1391 BC 2169:1408–1401 BC 2163:1417–1409 BC 2157:1424–1418 BC 2151:1430–1425 BC 2145:1452–1431 BC 2139:1472–1453 BC 2127:1484–1473 BC 2121:1497–1485 BC 2115:1521–1498 BC 2109:1547–1522 BC 2103:1563–1548 BC 2097:1579–1564 BC 2091:1585–1580 BC 2085:1598–1586 BC 2079:1601–1599 BC 2073:1615–1602 BC 2067:1621–1616 BC 2061:1649–1622 BC 2055:1661–1650 BC 2049:1673–1662 BC 2043:1690–1674 BC 2037:1700–1691 BC 2030:Eriba-Adad I 1995:Ashur-rabi I 1891: 1886: 1868:Non-dynastic 1858: 1853: 1848: 1845:1775–1765 BC 1839:1808–1776 BC 1792:1818–1809 BC 1786:1872–1819 BC 1780:1880–1873 BC 1774:1920–1881 BC 1768:1934–1921 BC 1762:1974–1935 BC 1754: 1749: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1542: 1524: 1499: 1472: 1470: 1438: 1406: 1404: 1395: 1391: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1338: 1294: 1258: 1219:Shubat-Enlil 1196: 1167: 1148: 1102: 1098: 1072: 1057: 1019:Ipiq-Adad II 979: 960: 936: 926: 922: 907:, who ruled 895:dating from 883:dating from 874: 784: 771: 742:, Assyria, 731:Shubat-Enlil 712: 683: 679: 671: 665: 619: 617: 606: 559:2025–1364 BC 551: 546:2600–2025 BC 458:Succeeded by 457: 452: 430:Eriba-Adad I 421:1430–1360 BC 389:1776–1765 BC 304:Eriba-Adad I 120:Location of 37: 13866:City-states 13670:Simpson, W. 13598:639–651 CE 13545:Azarmidokht 13536:Khosrow III 13519:628–641 CE 13475:618–628 CE 13437:395–618 CE 13403:273–395 CE 13391:Vaballathus 13381:270–273 CE 13345:Hormizd III 13330:Yazdegerd I 13321:Ardashir II 13315:Adur Narseh 13269:224–270 CE 13257:Vologases V 13231:117–224 CE 13212:116–117 CE 13159:Vardanes II 13156:Vologases I 13147:Gotarzes II 13117:Phraates IV 13087:Hyspaosines 13026:Hyrcanus II 13001:141–30 BCE 12980:Demetrius I 12977:Antiochus V 12971:Seleucus IV 12962:Seleucus II 12956:Antiochus I 12943:Antigonus I 12895:Ptolemy XIV 12883:Cleopatra V 12665:Neriglissar 12662:Amel-Marduk 12645:Psamtik III 12616:Late Period 12555:Sennacherib 12546:Shalmaneser 12473:Tammaritu I 12370:Shammuramat 12313:Takelot III 12310:Osorkon III 12307:Shoshenq VI 12282:Pedubast II 12272:Shoshenq IV 12260:Shoshenq II 12109:Ashur-dan I 12050:Ish-bosheth 12003:Psusennes I 11979:Ramesses XI 11973:Ramesses IX 11964:Ramesses VI 11958:Ramesses IV 11903:Ramesses II 11866:Tutankhamun 11849:Thutmose IV 11833:Thutmose II 11767:Kudur-Enlil 11752:Nazi-Bugash 11740:Kurigalzu I 11728:Ulamburiash 11699:Amenhotep I 11680:Tutankhamun 11666:Parshatatar 11663:Shuttarna I 11596:Seventeenth 11525:Ilum-ma-ili 11500:Ammi-saduqa 11497:Ammi-ditana 11491:Samsu-iluna 11398:Erishum III 11359:Adad-salulu 11356:Ipqi-Ishtar 11344:Ashur-dugul 11329:Adad-salulu 11326:Ipqi-Ishtar 11314:Ashur-dugul 11283:Old Assyria 11278:(Amorites) 11221:Sobekneferu 11209:Senusret II 11200:Amenemhat I 11172:Sîn-iribam 11149:Sin-Iqisham 11143:Sin-Iddinam 11093:Erra-imitti 11090:Lipit-Enlil 11078:Ishme-Dagan 11075:Iddin-Dagan 11011:Shalim-ahum 11002:Old Assyria 10988:Yasmah-Adad 10965:Lim Dynasty 10957:Hanun-Dagan 10953:Hitial-Erra 10718:Ur-Ningirsu 10674:Kuda (Uruk) 10647:Ishgum-Addu 10637:Ishtup-Ilum 10489:Ishma-Dagan 10474:Shakkanakku 10452:Neferirkare 10449:Neferkauhor 10352:Ili-ishmani 10331:Manishtushu 10294:Lugalzagesi 10290:III dynasty 10274:Puzur-Nirah 9989:Ishar-Malik 9968:Shepseskare 9758:Mesannepada 9683:Nin-kisalsi 9671:Lugal-kitun 9641:Meskalamdug 9627:Ur-Pabilsag 9440:Aga of Kish 9349:Barsal-nuna 9234:Khasekhemwy 9220:Neferkara I 9199:Weneg-Nebty 9177:Nebra/Raneb 8989:Lower Egypt 8975:Scorpion II 8920:Upper Egypt 8872:, 4000 BCE) 8855:Uruk period 8408:New Zealand 8403:Netherlands 8167:Settlements 8080:(1555–1917) 8057:(1453–1501) 8051:(1375–1468) 8045:(1335–1432) 8039:(1258–1335) 8033:(1098–1268) 7994:Middle ages 7934:Roman Syria 7928:Syrian Wars 7565:Middle East 7483:Sennacherib 7326:Ashur-dan I 7170:Erishum III 7118:Adad-salulu 7112:Ipqi-Ishtar 7089:Ashur-dugul 7016:Shalim-ahum 6911:224–mid 7C 6875:129–63 BCE 6857:Macedonians 6752:city-states 6748:Neo-Hittite 6723:Sea Peoples 6639:city-states 6618:city-states 6561:Uruk period 6523:Mesopotamia 6465:Hittitology 6455:Assyriology 6376:Archaeology 6246:Old Persian 6056:Jemdet Nasr 5572:(1): 1–29. 4943:Michel 2017 4853:Michel 2017 4740:Michel 2017 4721:Michel 2017 4709:Michel 2017 4697:Michel 2017 4682:Michel 2017 4631:Michel 2017 4587:Michel 2017 4575:Michel 2017 4563:Michel 2017 4551:Michel 2017 4539:Michel 2017 4524:Michel 2017 4509:Michel 2017 4497:Michel 2017 4478:Michel 2017 4463:Michel 2017 4236:Düring 2020 4212:Düring 2020 4195:Düring 2020 4161:Yamada 2017 4149:Düring 2020 4122:Düring 2020 4110:Yamada 2017 4098:Düring 2020 4083:Yamada 2017 4059:Yamada 2017 3941:Yamada 2017 3893:Yamada 2017 3881:Yamada 2017 3769:Düring 2020 3709:Radner 2015 3649:Düring 2020 3625:Düring 2020 3440:Radner 2015 3410:Düring 2020 3304:Frahm 2017b 3277:Michel 2017 3204:Düring 2020 3170:Yamada 2017 3143:Düring 2020 2700:Ab sharrāni 2396:("men") or 2290:Royal seals 1950:Erishum III 1882:Ashur-dugul 1704:Shalim-ahum 1606:Artatama II 1427:Adad-salulu 1423:Ipqi-Ishtar 1371:Ashur-dugul 1209:, Nineveh, 1164:Yasmah-Adad 939:Shalim-ahum 812:Mesopotamia 781:Terminology 572:1363–912 BC 453:Preceded by 315:Legislature 13825:Categories 13554:Khosrow IV 13551:Hormizd VI 13533:Shahrbaraz 13510:Khosrow II 13495:Shahrbaraz 13489:Shahrbaraz 13369:Khosrow II 13366:Hormizd IV 13324:Shapur III 13312:Hormizd II 13306:Bahram III 13291:Ardashir I 13162:Pacorus II 13153:Vonones II 13150:Meherdates 13144:Vardanes I 13129:Orodes III 13126:Phraates V 13105:Sinatruces 12953:Seleucus I 12930:Philip III 12904:Arsinoe IV 12829:Arsinoe II 12770:Darius III 12636:Psamtik II 12576:Esarhaddon 12469:Ummanigash 12439:Nabonassar 12333:Bakenranef 12304:Pedubast I 12301:Takelot II 12298:Harsiese A 12286:Osorkon IV 12278:Shoshenq V 12266:Osorkon II 12254:Shoshenq I 12000:Amenemnisu 11976:Ramesses X 11961:Ramesses V 11909:Amenmesses 11897:Ramesses I 11859:Smenkhkare 11836:Hatshepsut 11830:Thutmose I 11734:Karaindash 11473:Sumu-la-El 11305:Mut-Ashkur 11296:(Amorites) 11203:Senusret I 11162:Rim-Sin II 11152:Silli-Adad 11146:Sin-Eribam 11108:Suen-magir 11105:Ur-du-kuga 11102:Iter-pisha 11096:Enlil-bani 11084:Ur-Ninurta 11072:Shu-Ilishu 11069:Ishbi-Erra 11039:Erishum II 10985:Yahdun-Lim 10982:Yaggid-Lim 10795:Tura-Dagan 10774:Utu-hengal 10750:Meryhathor 10726:Nam-mahani 10692:II dynasty 10661:(21 kings) 10555:Puzer-Mama 10551:II dynasty 10533:IV dynasty 10446:Neferkaure 10443:Qakare Ibi 10434:Neferkahor 10425:Neferkamin 10344:Ilshu-rabi 10235:Ishqi-Mari 10231:Ikun-Ishar 10227:Enna-Dagan 10147:II dynasty 10121:Bara-irnun 10076:Puzur-Suen 10072:IV dynasty 10064:Irkab-Damu 10009:(3 kings) 9935:Ukkutahesh 9908:Meskiagnun 9904:A'annepada 9851:II dynasty 9746:Thamphthis 9742:Shepseskaf 9691:Lugal-dalu 9590:Udulkalama 9570:II dynasty 9512:Sekhemkhet 9420:Lugalbanda 9346:Melem-Kish 9342:En-me-nuna 9127:Canaanites 9121:Horus Bird 9086:Neithhotep 8959:Scorpion I 8909:Naqada III 8291:Diyarbakır 8262:Tell Tamer 8257:Al-Hasakah 8153:By country 8065:Modern era 8055:Aq Qoyunlu 8027:(945–1055) 8021:(905–1383) 8015:(750–1258) 7830:(including 7806:Folk dance 7488:Esarhaddon 7066:Mut-Ashkur 7051:Erishum II 6635:and other 6614:and other 6429:Divination 6139:Achaemenid 6104:Isin-Larsa 5997:Trialetian 5992:Mousterian 5979:Prehistory 4028:Reade 2001 4001:Frahm 2017 3977:Reade 2001 3912:Reade 2001 3328:Aubet 2013 3107:Reade 2001 3069:References 2837:tambourine 2805:See also: 2772:Makhur ilī 2748:Makhur ilī 2671:Babylonian 2633:beer bread 2629:Cappadocia 2598:sesame oil 2430:mušēniqtum 2426:wet nurses 2422:monogamous 1819:Mut-Ashkur 1739:Erishum II 1675:See also: 1666:Government 1380:Mut-Ashkur 1347:Mut-Ashkur 1199:Yahdun-Lim 1188:Erishum II 1168:Samsi-Addu 1137:conqueror 1037:See also: 967:free trade 901:city-state 800:city-state 721:conqueror 632:city-state 607:See also: 582:911–609 BC 329:Bronze Age 171:Government 124:in modern 13666:Hallo, W. 13563:Peroz III 13397:Antiochus 13363:Khosrow I 13333:Shapur IV 13327:Bahram IV 13318:Shapur II 13303:Bahram II 13297:Hormizd I 13254:Osroes II 13132:Vonones I 13114:Orodes II 13090:Artabanus 12758:Darius II 12685:Phraortes 12671:Nabonidus 12642:Ahmose II 12630:Psamtik I 12523:Tanutamun 12372:(regent) 12263:Takelot I 12257:Osorkon I 12022:Phoenicia 12006:Amenemope 11952:Setnakhte 11906:Merneptah 11855:Akhenaten 11638:Sakir-Har 11576:Sixteenth 11555:Akurduana 11541:Gulkishar 11538:Shushushi 11494:Abi-eshuh 11488:Hammurabi 11470:Sumu-abum 11392:Shu-Ninua 11383:Iptar-Sin 11353:Sin-namir 11350:Nasir-Sin 11341:Puzur-Sin 11323:Sin-namir 11320:Nasir-Sin 11174:Sîn-gāmil 11170:Sîn-kāšid 11158:Rim-Sin I 11155:Warad-Sin 11035:Naram-Sin 11019:Erishum I 11015:Ilu-shuma 10991:Zimri-Lim 10939:Indilimma 10926:Ibbit-Lim 10896:Intef III 10859:invasions 10846:invasions 10791:Ili-Ishar 10787:Iddi-ilum 10780:2100 BCE 10770:V dynasty 10740:2125 BCE 10678:Puzur-ili 10665:La-erabum 10599:2150 BCE 10525:Shu-turul 10518:(3 years) 10485:Shu-Dagan 10385:2200 BCE 10362:Naram-Sin 10358:2250 BCE 10302:2340 BCE 10268:2350 BCE 10262:Luh-ishan 10257:Urukagina 10253:Lugalanda 10222:Isar-Damu 10218:2370 BCE 10164:2380 BCE 10139:Enentarzi 10127:Enannatum 10116:Gishakidu 10080:Ur-Zababa 10056:Adub-Damu 10052:2400 BCE 10025:2425 BCE 10019:Napilhush 10007:invasions 9985:Enar-Damu 9965:Neferefre 9945:2450 BCE 9888:Ur-Nanshe 9883:I dynasty 9870:I dynasty 9811:Ikun-Mari 9770:Phoenicia 9766:2500 BCE 9699:2575 BCE 9667:Melamanna 9651:Akalamdug 9623:A-Imdugud 9586:Ur-Nungal 9573:(5 kings) 9560:Baba-Damu 9556:Ibbi-Damu 9485:2600 BCE 9455:Gilgamesh 9413:Iltasadum 9384:2700 BCE 9358:I dynasty 9311:2800 BCE 9274:I dynasty 9230:Hudjefa I 9163:2900 BCE 9109:Semerkhet 9101:(regent) 9088:(regent) 8995:Hedju Hor 8823:Naqada II 8482:Dawronoye 8413:Palestine 8343:Australia 8316:Tur Abdin 8196:Tel Keppe 8116:(1914–20) 8104:(19th c.) 8086:(16th c.) 8074:(1508–55) 8037:Ilkhanate 7986:(502–628) 7980:(226–651) 7978:Asoristan 7948:(116–118) 7903:antiquity 7901:Classical 7834:contexts) 7731:languages 7478:Sargon II 7160:Shu-Ninua 7145:Iptar-Sin 7106:Sin-namir 7100:Nasir-Sin 7084:Puzur-Sin 7046:Naram-Sin 7026:Erishum I 7021:Ilu-shuma 6826:Chaldeans 6743:Phoenicia 6681:Karduniaš 6302:Cuneiform 6178:Languages 5987:Acheulean 5874:Babylonia 5811:Euphrates 5761:Geography 5594:161480780 5442:"Assyria 5413:163337976 5311:162825616 5160:167103254 5074:Lewy 1971 5062:Lewy 1971 5032:Lewy 1971 4994:Lewy 1971 4970:Lewy 1971 4924:Lewy 1971 4894:Lewy 1971 4224:Chen 2020 4071:Lewy 1971 3965:Lewy 1971 3924:Lewy 1971 3602:Lewy 1971 3587:Lewy 1971 3563:Lewy 1971 3548:Chen 2020 3506:Lewy 1971 3476:Lewy 1971 3464:Lewy 1971 3381:Lewy 1971 3316:Roux 1992 2983:. Later, 2969:Ekallatum 2732:Allanātum 2720:Ti'inātum 2610:coriander 2590:sourdough 2276:Euphrates 2196:autocrats 2192:oligarchy 1940:Shu-Ninua 1925:Iptar-Sin 1892:Uncertain 1887:Uncertain 1877:Puzur-Sin 1859:Uncertain 1854:Uncertain 1849:Uncertain 1755:Uncertain 1750:Uncertain 1734:Naram-Sin 1714:Erishum I 1709:Ilu-shuma 1622:Upper Zab 1602:Tushratta 1582:libbi alī 1506:Mursili I 1458:Shu-Ninua 1419:Sin-namir 1415:Nasir-Sin 1388:Puzur-Sin 1315:Hammurabi 1285:Zimri-Lim 1249:Hammurabi 1085:cuneiform 1027:Ekallatum 1011:Naram-Sin 953:Erishum I 943:Ilu-shuma 862:Naram-Sin 840:Erishum I 688:Erishum I 592:609 BC – 224:Erishum I 161:Religion 38:ālu Aššur 13782:(2014). 13735:(1992). 13705:(2020). 13672:(1971). 13513:Kavad II 13339:Bahram V 13300:Bahram I 13294:Shapur I 13171:Osroes I 13102:Orodes I 13096:Gotarzes 13084:Phraates 12749:Darius I 12746:Cambyses 12694:Astyages 12691:Cyaxares 12633:Necho II 12564:Bel-ibni 12514:Shebitku 12477:Indabibi 12330:Tefnakht 11872:Horemheb 11731:Agum III 11713:Kassites 11696:Ahmose I 11561:Ea-gamil 11545:DIŠ+U-EN 11535:Ishkibal 11482:Apil-Sin 11464:Amorites 11374:Bel-bani 11249:Biblical 11140:Nur-Adad 11131:Gungunum 11119:Naplanum 11087:Bur-Suen 11051:Amorites 11027:Sargon I 10977:Amorites 10921:Amorites 10893:Intef II 10863:Kindattu 10851:Ibbi-Sin 10830:Amar-Sin 10824:Ur-Nammu 10759:Merykare 10651:Apil-kin 10563:Pirig-me 10541:Ur-gigir 10537:Ur-nigin 10477:dynasty) 10422:Merenhor 10348:Epirmupi 10177:Userkare 10131:Entemena 10108:Ur-Lumma 10103:Meskigal 10034:Eannatum 10029:Kun-Damu 10013:Shushun- 9998:Enakalle 9857:kushanna 9843:Undalulu 9815:Iblul-Il 9739:Menkaure 9735:Bikheris 9728:Djedefre 9687:Me-durba 9612:shaengur 9606:En-hegal 9594:Labashum 9552:Agur-lim 9548:Abur-lim 9527:Qahedjet 9372:Enmerkar 9204:Wadjenes 9194:Horus Sa 9189:Nubnefer 9180:Nynetjer 9154:Susa III 9116:Sneferka 9099:Merneith 8817:Naqada I 8673:Category 8459:Politics 8330:Diaspora 8311:Mazıdağı 8267:Qamishli 8240:Sanandaj 8213:Shaqlawa 8201:Bartella 8186:Qaraqosh 8162:Homeland 7960:(5th c.) 7942:(15–116) 7940:Adiabene 7887:Arameans 7842:Ancient 7816:Clothing 7758:Hertevin 7573:Identity 7130:Bel-bani 7036:Sargon I 6767:Arameans 6761:Damascus 6732:Arameans 6686:Kassites 6674:Hurrians 6448:Academia 6402:Religion 6271:Urartian 6266:Sumerian 6251:Parthian 6186:Akkadian 6159:Sasanian 6149:Parthian 6144:Seleucid 6094:Simurrum 6084:Akkadian 6017:Khiamian 6007:Natufian 5919:Simurrum 5904:Kassites 5899:Hittites 5854:Adiabene 5152:26606978 5105:(2013). 2991:kingdom. 2902:See also 2801:Religion 2791:ḫamuštum 2776:Pleiades 2752:Tanmarta 2716:Tanmarta 2712:Qarrātum 2693:Calendar 2683:aššurāyu 2639:Language 2516:ṣuḫārtum 2307:Sargon I 2257:monopoly 2244:bēt ālim 2240:mušlālum 1910:Bel-bani 1724:Sargon I 1660:mudbrick 1620:and the 1578:alu eššu 1549:pharaohs 1529:1520 to 1496:kingdom. 1446:Bel-bani 1396:A-sí-nim 1392:a-sí-nim 1367:Hurrians 1061:Anatolia 995:Sargon I 991:Eshnunna 914:Ibbi-Sin 787:Assyrian 761:kingdom 748:Eshnunna 700:Anatolia 624:Assyrian 382:kingdom 272:Bel-bani 240:Sargon I 200:2025 BC 175:Monarchy 151:Sumerian 147:Akkadian 48:2025 BC– 13566:Narsieh 13394:Zenobia 13375:Vistahm 13360:Kavad I 13354:Kavad I 13348:Peroz I 13336:Khosrow 12682:Deioces 12639:Wahibre 12627:Necho I 12520:Taharqa 12517:Shabaka 12501:Taharqa 12465:Teumman 12316:Rudamun 12058:Solomon 11997:Smendes 11918:Twosret 11912:Seti II 11653:Mitanni 11647:Khamudi 11601:Dynasty 11591:Dynasty 11581:Dynasty 11419:Nur-ili 11389:Lullaya 11292:dynasty 11244:Abraham 11134:Abisare 11099:Zambiya 10993:(Queen 10945:Amorite 10916:Kingdom 10890:Intef I 10857:Elamite 10844:Amorite 10833:Shu-Sin 10734:Tirigan 10703:Ur-Baba 10633:Nûr-Mêr 10571:Lu-gula 10567:Lu-Baba 10481:Ididish 10462:Kingdom 10459:Eblaite 10457:Second 10407:Menkare 10282:Shu-Sin 10278:Ishu-Il 10206:dynasty 10186:Pepi II 10119:(Queen 10005:Elamite 9956:Userkaf 9899:Akurgal 9828:Ku-Baba 9644:(Queen 9580:Mesilim 9515:Sanakht 9505:(First 9322:Zuqaqip 9319:Kalumum 9304:Kalibum 9300:Puannum 9257:Kingdom 9106:Anedjib 9090:Hor-Aha 9035:Nat-Hor 8968:Iry-Hor 8964:Shendjw 8936:Pen-Abu 8884:Susa II 8445:Uruguay 8438:Detroit 8393:Lebanon 8373:Germany 8368:Georgia 8358:Finland 8348:Belgium 8338:Armenia 8286:Hakkari 8140:(2014–) 8134:(2003–) 8122:(1919–) 8092:(1840s) 7922:Osroene 7844:Assyria 7832:related 7826:History 7811:Cuisine 7783:Culture 7724:Aramaic 7711:(1968–) 7705:(1692–) 7699:(1552–) 7680:(1940–) 7674:(1870–) 7668:(1662–) 7205:Nur-ili 7155:Lullaya 6669:Mitanni 6637:Amorite 6616:Amorite 6590:Gutians 6434:Prayers 6419:Deities 6383:Looting 6226:Kassite 6221:Hurrian 6216:Hittite 6206:Elamite 6201:Eblaite 6196:Aramaic 6191:Amorite 6114:Kassite 6089:Gutians 6071:History 6036:Samarra 6032:Hassuna 6002:Zarzian 5924:Subartu 5914:Mitanni 5879:Chaldea 5869:Assyria 5842:Ancient 5405:4200181 2989:Mitanni 2981:Babylon 2957:Amorite 2883:Lebanon 2874:Hurrian 2728:Kuzallu 2675:akkadûm 2625:karānum 2621:kerānum 2614:mustard 2527:shekels 2512:ṣuḫārum 2469:Slavery 2446:aššatum 2366:Society 2284:Išši'ak 2208:rubā’um 2204:Išši'ak 2133:1473 BC 1985:Nur-ili 1935:Lullaya 1746:2025 BC 1587:Around 1519:Mitanni 1515:Kassite 1502:Hittite 1494:Mitanni 1466:Nineveh 1435:eponyms 1265:Babylon 1221:and in 1207:Arrapha 1172:Amorite 1135:Amorite 1069:Kayseri 1065:Kültepe 1049:Kültepe 927:Išši'ak 893:Kikkiya 818:History 759:Mitanni 719:Amorite 708:Kültepe 527:Assyria 439:1364 BC 413:Mitanni 405:1700 BC 372:1808 BC 354:2025 BC 340:• 295:• 279:• 263:• 247:• 231:• 215:• 208:(first) 196:• 155:Amorite 133:Capital 52:1364 BC 13792: 13745: 13715: 13357:Jamasp 13351:Balash 13309:Narseh 13220:Trajan 13218:under 12752:Xerxes 12688:Madyes 12552:Sargon 12012:Siamun 11915:Siptah 11900:Seti I 11884:Ugarit 11629:Semqen 11614:Hyksos 11586:Abydos 11479:Sabium 11386:Bazaya 11377:Libaya 11311:Asinum 11308:Rimush 11268:Yamhad 11160:(...) 11137:Sumuel 11128:Zabaia 11125:Samium 11122:Emisum 11023:Ikunum 10995:Shibtu 10936:Immeya 10827:Shulgi 10722:Ur-gar 10682:Ur-Utu 10549:Lagash 10428:Nikare 10340:Eshpum 10328:Rimush 10180:Pepi I 10015:tarana 9959:Sahure 9939:Hishur 9916:Balulu 9881:Lagash 9862:Mug-si 9855:Ensha- 9803:Sa'umu 9731:Khafre 9715:Snefru 9663:Mes-he 9610:Lugal- 9601:Lagash 9544:Sagisu 9496:Djoser 9405:Tizqar 9376:Aratta 9332:Arwium 9329:Mashda 9279:Jushur 9209:Senedj 9148:period 9080:Narmer 9030:Wazner 9005:Hsekiu 9000:Ny-Hor 8979:Narmer 8949:Canide 8940:Animal 8846:Susa I 8796:Lagash 8770:Akshak 8745:Canaan 8502:Sutoro 8423:Sweden 8418:Russia 8398:Mexico 8388:Jordan 8383:Israel 8378:Greece 8363:France 8353:Canada 8306:Mardin 8296:Elazığ 8281:Turkey 8274:Khabur 8235:Salmas 8208:Ankawa 8191:Alqosh 8128:(1933) 8110:(1909) 8098:(1895) 8009:(630s) 8003:(630s) 7768:Mlaḥsô 7763:Senaya 7748:Turoyo 7728:Syriac 7662:(518–) 7641:Syriac 7150:Bazaya 7135:Libaya 7078:Asinum 7072:Rimush 7031:Ikunum 6261:Sutean 6236:Median 6231:Luwian 6211:Gutian 6099:Ur III 6012:Nemrik 5949:Cities 5944:Urartu 5894:Hamazi 5889:Gutium 5864:Armani 5816:Tigris 5769:Modern 5710: 5689: 5668: 5647: 5628: 5609: 5592: 5586:545577 5584: 5549: 5521: 5500: 5477: 5456: 5431:29 May 5426:Livius 5411: 5403: 5368: 5349: 5328: 5309: 5301: 5266: 5245: 5224: 5198:653024 5196: 5177: 5158: 5150: 5115: 3247:22 May 3238: 3043:dated. 2845:Ishtar 2841:huppum 2760:Sirius 2708:Ṣippum 2704:Khubur 2679:aššurû 2667:Arabic 2663:Hebrew 2585:barley 2557:ṣūḫārū 2508:wardum 2500:subrum 2496:wardum 2491:wardum 2487:wardum 2394:awīlum 2390:subrum 2272:Tigris 2264:šarrum 2236:ḫamrum 1930:Bazaya 1915:Libaya 1831:Asinum 1825:Rimush 1719:Ikunum 1437:(i.e. 1400:Asinum 1384:Rimush 1351:Rimush 1273:Yamhad 1247:under 982:Ikunum 948:Ergani 903:under 889:Ushpia 881:Tudiya 704:Kanesh 636:Ushpia 634:under 596:AD 240 306:(last) 186: 13557:Boran 13539:Boran 13426:Syria 13206:Syria 13201:Judea 12743:Cyrus 12461:Urtak 12054:David 11660:Kirta 11644:Apepi 11641:Khyan 11362:Adasi 11332:Adasi 10960:(...) 10707:Gudea 10669:Si'um 10618:Setut 10589:Khita 10575:Ka-ku 10516:Ilulu 10512:Nanum 10504:Igigi 10248:Ukush 10150:Nanni 9912:Elulu 9799:Ansud 9718:Khufu 9646:Puabi 9523:Khaba 9519:Nebka 9401:Zamug 9339:Balih 9335:Etana 9296:Babum 9083:Menes 9025:Neheb 9020:Thesh 9010:Khayu 8983:Menes 8944:Stork 8775:Akkad 8765:Assur 8740:Egypt 8735:dates 8247:Syria 8230:Urmia 8218:Zakho 7124:Adasi 6903:Syria 6779:Chal- 6757:Aram- 6632:Larsa 6347:Music 6297:Akitu 6154:Roman 6046:Ubaid 6041:Halaf 5939:Tukri 5934:Sumer 5929:Suhum 5909:Media 5859:Akkad 5590:S2CID 5582:JSTOR 5409:S2CID 5401:JSTOR 5307:S2CID 5299:JSTOR 5156:S2CID 5148:JSTOR 2959:king 2919:Notes 2870:Enlil 2843:) of 2826:Aššur 2817:Ashur 2606:cumin 2602:honey 2594:flour 2561:bētum 2504:amtum 2457:minas 2450:amtum 2409:ṣaher 2401:Aššur 2248:limmu 2232:limmu 2228:limmu 2223:limmu 1504:king 1440:limmu 1431:Adasi 1277:Qatna 1261:Larsa 1228:Enlil 1215:Erbil 1211:Qabra 1073:karum 971:tolls 931:Ashur 795:Assur 676:Ashur 628:Assur 342:Assur 137:Assur 122:Assur 107:Assur 77:Assur 13790:ISBN 13766:Per 13743:ISBN 13713:ISBN 13123:Musa 12813:and 12511:Piye 12275:Pami 12046:Saul 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Knowledge

Old Assyrian period

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