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This much-branched evergreen tree varies in size from 2 to 15 metres (7 to 50 ft) high. The leaves have an opposite, decussate arrangement, and are entire, 3 to 7 centimetres (1.2 to 2.8 in) long and 8 to 25 millimetres (0.3 to 1 in) wide; the
949:
679:
at around five to six years when it is a shrub at 4 metres (13 ft)} high. In the right conditions, the plant can reach its full height of 10 to 13 metres (30 to 40 ft) between 8 and 12 years.
875:
fruit. They contain a biologically important oleanolic compound isolated from the chloroform extract (Anwar et al. 2013). The ripened fruits serve as a source of natural
987:
1237:
Hassan, H.U.; Raja, N.I.; Abasi, F.; Mehmood, A.; Qureshi, R.; Manzoor, Z.; Pro'ckĂłw, J. (2022). "Comparative study of antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of
660:
Leaf margins are entire and recurved, the upper surface is grey-green and glossy, and the lower surface has a dense covering of silvery, golden or brown scales.
1191:
Anwar, P.; Bendini, A.; Gulfraz, M.; Qureshi, R.; Valli, E.; Di Lecce, G.; Toschi, T.G. (2013). "Characterization of olive oils obtained from wild olive trees (
696:
is greenish-white or cream; the tube is 1 to 2 millimetres (0.039 to 0.079 in) long; lobes are about 3 millimetres (0.12 in) long and reflexed at the
963:
913:
1269:
36:
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for parks and gardens. It is also used for the production of table olives and oil. The sap of the fruit of this tree can also be used to make
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Sharma, R.K.; Sharma, N.; Samant, S.S.; Nandi, S.K.; Palni, L.M.S. (2013). "Antioxidant activities in methanolic extracts of
1470:
675:
In drier areas, the plant may be less than 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) tall within 5–10 years, though it may still reach
829:, parks, roadsides and waste areas on the coast and in highlands, where it would alter the original composition of the
1483:
925:
1695:
1051:
955:
1558:
1792:
1506:
723:, 6 millimetres (0.24 in) in diameter and 15 to 25 millimetres (0.59 to 0.98 in) long; it is fleshy,
1723:
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1348:
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1084:
1718:
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and wood borers. The spindle wood is very light, while the heartwood is dark yellow to reddish brown.
1777:
1710:
1493:
1085:"Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. & G.Don) Cif. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"
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1015:
8:
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In areas where it is not native, such as
Australia, it is classified as an environmental
1744:
1579:
1532:
880:
834:
830:
566:
221:
44:
426:
Schweinf. ex Baker in D.Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Trop. Afr. 4(1): 18 (1902)
1643:
1514:
1361:
822:
764:
715:
50 to 60 millimetres (2.0 to 2.4 in) long. The fruit are edible but bitter. The
665:
604:
and it has been introduced to
Australia, New Zealand and the US. It is an aggressive
205:
565:) and is still mentioned as such in many sources. Native to mostly dry areas across
1749:
1648:
1584:
1366:
1165:
by
Special edition of Environmental Weeds of Australia for Biosecurity Queensland (
838:
814:
693:
669:
605:
574:
266:
A.Chev. ex Ehrend. in Anz. Ă–sterr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 97: 156 (1960)
213:
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557:
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1736:
1571:
1457:
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The flowers are small and inconspicuous, usually appearing in spring. The
346:
R.E.Fr. in Wiss. Erg. Schwed. Rhodesia-Kongo-Exp. 1911-1912, 1: 258 (1916)
322:(Schweinf. ex Baker) A.Chev. in Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 28: 18 (1948)
1439:
1323:
768:
617:
578:
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Baker in D.Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Trop. Afr. 4(1): 18 (1902)
1418:
752:
209:
1444:
760:
668:
is obvious on the upper surface and obscure on the lower surface; the
298:(Wall. ex G.Don) A.Chev. in Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 28: 18 (1948)
809:
spread mainly by birds eating the fruit. It is widely naturalized in
756:
641:
570:
1281:
1220:
International
Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics
1060:(Wall. & G.Don) Cif. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"
849:
The wood is much-prized and durable, with a strong smell similar to
514:
Chiov. in Atti Reale Accad. Italia, Mem. Cl. Sci. Fis. 11: 49 (1940)
1731:
1605:
1566:
1308:
883:(Sharma et al. 2013). Traditionally in the Himalayas, the fruit of
858:
784:
724:
697:
613:
609:
133:
123:
113:
100:
1700:
1181:
WEEDS AUSTRALIA - PROFILES. August 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2021
653:
is acute with a small hook or point, and the base is attenuate to
1656:
854:
850:
716:
708:
704:
are fused near the top of the corolla tube, with bilobed stigma.
661:
1379:
1264:
872:
857:. The wood is strong, hard, durable and heavy and resistant to
712:
701:
286:
A.Chev. in Rev. Intern. Bot. Appl. Paris 28(303-304): 18 (1948)
358:(Willd.) A.Chev. in Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 28: 19 (1948)
780:
736:
720:
601:
334:(Baker) A.Chev. in Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 28: 18 (1948)
310:(Royle) A.Chev. in Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 28: 18 (1948)
61:
806:
772:
692:
is four-lobed, about 1 millimetre (0.04 in) long. The
561:), which until recently was considered a separate species (
143:
1190:
462:
Knobl. in
Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 200 (1934)
899:
378:
Collen. in Bot. Mag. (Kew Mag.) 5: 38 (1988), nom. illeg.
1241:
fruit extract and its mediated selenium nanoparticles".
1163:
Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Cif.
1213:
446:
Royle in Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 267 (1835), nom. illeg.
1236:
498:
Burch. in Trav. S. Africa 1: 177 (1822), nom. superfl.
482:(Willd.) Roem. & Schult. in Syst. Pl. 1: 69 (1817)
402:(Wall. ex G.Don) Cif. in Olivicoltore 19(5): 96 (1942)
258:
Desf. in Tabl. École Bot., ed. 3: 88 (1829), nom. nud.
522:(Willd.) Link in Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 33 (1821)
1179:
Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G.Don) Cif.
242:
Staner in Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 22: 244 (1932)
414:(Royle) Cif. in Oleaia 3-4: 3 (1950), nom. illeg.
1764:
555:is a subspecies of the well-known olive tree (
1153:CAB International. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
735:It is extensively found through Africa (i.e.
727:to a dull shine when ripe, and purple-black.
490:Gand. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 65: 58 (1918)
470:Gand. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 65: 58 (1918)
672:is up to 10 millimetres (0.4 in) long.
390:(Mill.) P.S.Green in Kew Bull. 34: 69 (1979)
1151:Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (wild olive)
454:Kleinhof ex Burm.f. in Fl. Indica: 6 (1768)
1025:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
683:
250:Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 4 (1768)
35:
837:to Australia in the mid 19th century for
366:Wall. ex G.Don in Gen. Hist. 4: 49 (1837)
635:
627:
1128:United States Department of Agriculture
1119:Germplasm Resources Information Network
797:Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests
1765:
1146:
1144:
1010:
1008:
438:Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 1: 44 (1797)
1286:
1285:
853:, and is used for fine furniture and
600:It is the ancestor of the cultivated
1711:8d3bd117-9019-4088-90e5-e3cf0cd2f28e
1494:edf4212c-27d2-4818-b0c7-c84f4feecf82
608:that can infest dry woodland areas,
1141:
1102:
1044:
1005:
577:and southern China, it has various
13:
1559:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77190043-1
775:), the Indian sub-continent (i.e.
274:Lam. in Tabl. Encycl. 1: 29 (1791)
14:
1819:
1257:
894:This species is cultivated as an
1803:Trees of the Indian subcontinent
1724:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328134-2
1263:
986:
974:
962:
948:
936:
924:
912:
48:
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1808:Flora naturalised in Australia
1788:Trees of the Arabian Peninsula
1330:Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata
1207:
1184:
1172:
1156:
1112:Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata
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1018:Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata
885:Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata
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1:
1124:Agricultural Research Service
998:
879:due to their potential total
791:. Subtropical dry forests of
1169:). Retrieved 3 February 2021
16:Subspecies of the olive tree
7:
1197:Food Research International
534:DC. in Prodr. 8: 285 (1844)
10:
1824:
1089:Plants of the World Online
1064:Plants of the World Online
1031:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
956:JardĂ BotĂ nic de Barcelona
905:
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190:
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45:Scientific classification
43:
34:
23:
969:Ripe fruit (dark purple)
719:to ellipsoid fruit is a
844:
825:, where it is found in
793:Olea europaea cuspidata
684:Inflorescence and fruit
891:(Hassan et al. 2022).
763:), western Asia (i.e.
645:
633:
1793:Trees of Western Asia
1195:Royle) in Pakistan".
1167:Queensland Government
639:
631:
459:Olea kilimandscharica
1278:at Wikimedia Commons
993:Seedling infestation
707:Fruit are borne in
881:phenolic compounds
646:
634:
567:sub-saharan Africa
511:Olea subtrinervata
239:Linociera lebrunii
1760:
1759:
1515:Open Tree of Life
1288:Taxon identifiers
1268:Media related to
981:Trunk of old tree
887:has been used as
831:native vegetation
823:Western Australia
795:are found in the
765:Arabian Peninsula
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543:
523:
515:
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351:Olea chrysophylla
339:Olea chrysophylla
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303:Olea chrysophylla
291:Olea chrysophylla
279:Olea chrysophylla
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606:invasive species
575:Himalayan region
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503:Olea somaliensis
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1290:
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1255:
1254:
1239:Olea ferruginea
1235:
1231:
1218:royle fruits".
1216:Olea ferruginea
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1193:Olea ferruginea
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896:ornamental tree
847:
833:. It was first
819:South Australia
811:New South Wales
749:Southern Africa
733:
686:
677:sexual maturity
644:, South Africa.
640:Mature tree in
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443:Olea ferruginea
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1798:Trees of China
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1296:Olea europaea
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467:Olea monticola
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587:African olive
584:
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576:
572:
568:
564:
563:Olea africana
560:
559:
558:Olea europaea
554:
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548:Olea europaea
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431:Olea europaea
429:
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419:Olea europaea
417:
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405:
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1209:
1203:: 1965–1971.
1200:
1196:
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1174:
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1131:. Retrieved
1117:
1111:
1104:
1092:. Retrieved
1088:
1079:
1067:. Retrieved
1063:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1023:
1017:
943:Unripe fruit
893:
884:
877:antioxidants
868:
864:
863:
848:
804:
792:
734:
731:Distribution
706:
687:
674:
664:are absent;
659:
647:
618:dune systems
599:
595:Indian olive
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:, including
579:common names
562:
556:
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547:
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545:
531:brachybotrys
530:
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495:Olea similis
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263:Olea aucheri
262:
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197:
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166:Subspecies:
156:
144:
107:
94:
81:
68:
24:
18:
1440:iNaturalist
1324:Wikispecies
769:Afghanistan
624:Description
591:brown olive
475:Olea sativa
451:Olea indica
331:somaliensis
88:Angiosperms
1767:Categories
1533:kew-355603
1528:Plant List
1069:29 October
999:References
839:ornamental
835:introduced
753:Mascarenes
700:. The two
583:wild olive
411:ferruginea
307:ferruginea
198:cuspidata
172:O. e.
1675:200017802
1612:Q39309242
1406:210001340
1393:210001340
1300:cuspidata
1275:cuspidata
1243:Molecules
1226:(2): 1–3.
1058:cuspidata
1036:10 August
871:produces
869:cuspidata
841:reasons.
827:bushlands
800:ecoregion
757:Mauritius
642:Cape Town
614:headlands
571:West Asia
552:cuspidata
479:verrucosa
435:verrucosa
399:cuspidata
355:verrucosa
295:cuspidata
176:cuspidata
152:Species:
58:Kingdom:
29:cuspidata
1737:23000276
1732:Tropicos
1701:610663-1
1606:Wikidata
1572:50045401
1567:Tropicos
1315:Q2671594
1309:Wikidata
889:medicine
859:termites
815:Victoria
785:Pakistan
725:glaucous
709:panicles
698:anthesis
666:venation
610:riparian
387:africana
222:Synonyms
134:Oleaceae
130:Family:
124:Lamiales
114:Asterids
101:Eudicots
1657:Ecocrop
1419:5830157
1380:1278130
1273:subsp.
1249:: 5194.
1133:27 June
1056:subsp.
919:Flowers
906:Gallery
867:subsp.
855:turnery
851:bay rum
761:RĂ©union
751:), the
717:globose
713:racemes
702:stamens
694:corolla
670:petiole
662:Domatia
655:cuneate
612:zones,
550:subsp.
385:subsp.
343:subnuda
283:aucheri
196:subsp.
174:subsp.
140:Genus:
120:Order:
62:Plantae
1708:NZOR:
1636:195269
1620:APDB:
1541:PLANTS
1520:315920
1491:NZOR:
1484:129566
1471:833201
1445:322082
1432:410990
1354:165971
1338:APDB:
1298:subsp.
1027:(WCSP)
931:Leaves
873:edible
787:) and
755:(i.e.
632:Leaves
573:, the
423:nubica
375:dulcis
319:nubica
208:&
27:subsp.
1688:25552
1649:493JJ
1623:17470
1546:OLEUC
1502:NZPCN
1458:37331
1367:5JZ3S
1341:17457
1094:4 May
781:Nepal
737:Egypt
721:drupe
690:calyx
602:olive
529:var.
477:var.
433:var.
421:var.
409:var.
397:var.
353:var.
341:var.
329:var.
317:var.
305:var.
293:var.
281:var.
210:G.Don
206:Wall.
108:Clade
95:Clade
82:Clade
69:Clade
1773:Olea
1719:POWO
1696:IPNI
1683:GRIN
1662:8060
1631:APNI
1554:POWO
1507:3262
1479:NCBI
1466:ITIS
1427:GRIN
1414:GBIF
1349:APNI
1135:2014
1096:2024
1071:2023
1038:2017
845:Uses
821:and
807:weed
783:and
773:Iran
771:and
759:and
747:and
651:apex
616:and
593:and
231:List
214:Cif.
145:Olea
1745:WFO
1670:FNA
1644:CoL
1580:WFO
1453:ISC
1401:FoC
1388:FNA
1375:EoL
1362:CoL
900:ink
711:or
373:f.
1769::
1747::
1734::
1721::
1698::
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1020:"
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