Operation Steinbock

4276: 2252: 5578:

were inflicted. The initial bomber strength was built up at great expense from the operational requirements of the Luftwaffe. Most bombs failed to reach their targets, and those that did represented only a fraction of what was hitting Germany. The choice to not target the assembly areas for Operation Overlord meant that there was no significant impact on the allied time table for the invasion. The raids were ironically to prove more costly for German capabilities than for the British, draining the Luftwaffe of irreplaceable aircrew and modern aircraft and thus reducing the potential air response to Operation Overlord. After the failure of this conventional bombing campaign, the Nazi leadership sought unconventional ways to attack Britain. This desire was to manifest itself in the V-1 cruise missile and V-2 short-range ballistic missile campaigns later that year.

3389: 1321: 5139: 41: 2240: 3546: 4728: 137: 3413: 125: 3974: 9282: 1396:, had been fully mastered. Hitler, however, maintained the Luftwaffe was an offensive weapon. For his part, Göring was also doubting the night fighter was worthy of its expenses. Göring complained bitterly to Milch that he was "placing too much emphasis on the Reich's defence and for robbing production from the bomber forces." Milch's proposals were finally agreed to but it was Göring, not the staff officers, that took this proposal to Hitler. After an hour, Göring returned. 4495:. The Luftwaffe lost 13 aircraft according to German records, although only nine are recorded by the British. Worst hit was KG 2, which lost two Me 410s and a Do 217. 30 German crewman were killed and two captured. Fighter Command claimed six enemy aircraft destroyed, three damaged, and one probably destroyed. It suffered a rare loss when a Mosquito Mk XIII piloted by Wing Commander Mack, commanding 29 Squadron, with 5288:, where crews would proceed on a southerly route to Bristol. The bomb run varied according to the unit briefing but was intended to take place in an 11–14,500 ft bracket. I./KG 66 marked the target with flares. Four crews from II./KG 2 assisted these operations by hovering around the target and releasing fresh flares during the attack to keep the target area highlighted, should the initial flares burn out. 5135:

aircraft each—an Me 410 and Ju 88S-1 respectively. Fighter Command claimed five destroyed and four damaged this night: two for 25 Squadron, one for 456 Squadron, and another two for 488 Squadron. 85 Squadron claimed two damaged and 96 Squadron Mosquito claimed a solitary Fw 190 damaged. A Mosquito night fighter also shot down a He 177 form 3./KG 100 over the Rheine this night with all nine men on board killed.

2303:. German crews, like those in RAF Bomber Command, operated the bomber stream tactic in the face of vastly improved night fighter defences. Only then would they ascend to operational altitude. Once this ceiling was reached, the pilot began a shallow diving attitude which was to be maintained beyond the target until the bomber had reached the prearranged minimum. This minimum height was maintained until landing. 3962:. The operation killed 17 and injured 12 in the capital. Some 27 houses were destroyed, 48 seriously damaged and 320 suffered minor damage. In Wimbledon, five civilians were killed and six seriously injured. There were also fatalities from unexploded British anti-aircraft shells which killed two people. Total casualties that night amounted to 31 killed and 88 injured. German bombers strayed again and 4452:

V./KG 2 sent 21 Me 410s which were supported by 13 SKG 10 Fw 190s. The attackers released incendiaries and SC500 bombs with little effect. One Fw 190 was lost. A second attack was carried out by 11 Fw 190s without effect or loss. 22 German airmen were killed, seven captured and seven wounded. Fighter Command claimed one destroyed, one probably destroyed and two damaged.

5039:

south across the city without marker assistance and only noticed targeting flares when the bomb run was complete. These reports were likely inaccurate. Nevertheless, 103 of the German crews claimed to have crossed the English coast, double the number recorded by the British. There was no damage in Hull and no human casualties. The population was unaware they were the target of an enemy air attack.

5019:. The düppel screen was 70 miles long and 50 miles wide and eventually penetrated 10 to 12 miles (16 to 19 kilometres) inland. The weather was clear with clouds between 2,500 and 3,500 ft (760 and 1,070 m). Most of the flares were dropped well to the south, possibly due to incorrect assessments of wind strengths. Most of the HE bombs and 40,000 incendiaries were reported to fall in rural 2549:

bearing; degree of bearings (made in multiples of five); port or starboard turns; height; straight and level course; open bombs doors; pre-release signal; bomb or flare release; acknowledgement of signal; return home. The crew responded by switching the set off for three to four seconds to acknowledge receipt of the signal or repeatedly switched off the FuG 25 to indicate they had not received it.

3673:) were experienced by the crews at 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) and 80 km/h (50 mph) at 4,000 metres (13,000 feet). In the earlier operation KG 40 also experienced winds of up to 100 km/h (62 mph) on a westerly course. The weather could have been a factor in dispersing the bomber streams. During the raid I. and II./ KG 30 flew their only 5231:

Hampshire (CO of 456 Sqn RAAF) shot down a 6./KG 6 Ju 88 and Flying Officer E. Hedgecoe accounted for a Ju 88S-1 from 1./KG 66. Three were lost due to engine fires, technical issues or fuel starvation. The fate of the remaining 10 are unknown for certain. German aircrew losses amounted to 21 killed, three wounded, 25 missing and five captured.

1169:, the campaign against the United Kingdom in 1940–1941. The operation began in January and ended in May 1944. It achieved very little, and the German force suffered a loss of some 329 machines during the five months of operations before it was abandoned. Casualties were at 70% for the planes committed and were destroyed at an average rate of 77 per month. 2719:(71 km) wide and 14 miles (23 km) long was created in which a night fighter circled a vertical searchlight beam (or beacon). If a German aircraft entered the box searchlights converged on the raider. The GCI could put the night fighter within a mile of the bomber and the remainder of the interception would be handled by the crew using their 3650:—electronic aids—to enable the pathfinders to reach the target area. British counter measures usually disrupted the signals at this point; it is not clear whether British jamming was effective but the first results were repeated. Barely half the 200 bombers crossed the English coast and only 25 were judged to have released their bombs on London. 3484:. Five of the attackers were lost, three of them falling to the RAF (85 and 96 Squadrons). German air activity continued from 13 to 15 January. Five more civilians were killed and 33 injured. Two Me 410s, a Ju 188, two Ju 88s and two Fw 190s were lost. Only two of the raiders are known to have fallen to enemy action. 4371:. Another change in procedure was the incorrect positioning of any flare patterns. They were to be ignored and following crews were ordered to drop a greater concentration of flares over correctly aligned areas. With this principle applied in sequence, it was hoped crews would not be distracted by faulty target-marking. 4515:. The target area suggests that the intention was to inflict economic losses by striking at London's docks. Yellow flares marked the bombing run at 11,000 ft, and the run-in would be conducting at an altitude of 13,000 ft (4,000 m); reduced down to 3,500 ft (1,100 m) once the city was cleared. 3689:

the fate of the others remains unknown. Personnel losses amounted to 49 killed and missing in action, five wounded in action and six prisoners of war; the remainder reached German territory uninjured. Fighter Command Mosquito squadrons claimed 10 German aircraft destroyed and two probables on 21/22 January 1944.

2391:

the wind direction, after which target-re-illumination would be made in the same colours. If the pattern was incorrectly marked the crew were to release a second flare directly beside it. This was not easy to achieve, prolonged the bomber's orbit over the target area, and increased the pressure on crews.

5568:

The Knickebein proved irrelevant and again, to Luftwaffe crews, Bristol confirmed its "bogey" reputation. Only one-third of the crews were tracked by British radar. A few bombs struck Portsmouth and Southampton. Most crews did not find the target. Eleven bombers were lost, four crashing on land. Four

5332:

and 219 Squadron pilots were credited with enemy aircraft this night. Two bombers were shot down by ground fire, the remainder failed to return for unknown reasons. Fighter Command made three further claims not attributable to a particular loss. A further claim was made by an anti-aircraft battery at

5134:

The Luftwaffe lost 10 bombers on the night. Of all the airmen to be lost, only six ended up as prisoners and another was injured when crash-landing in France; 40 were posted missing or killed. KG 6 and KG 54 lost three bombers each, KG 30 lost two and KG 51 and KG 66 lost one

5038:

before sighting powerful white flares to the south. Some crews treated these as British decoys or pathfinder flares endeavouring to identify the target. Several other units dropped their bombs on the target markers. Some crews reported claimed to have flown to the north of Hull and made a bombing run

3912:

The lack of dedicated pathfinder units also caused navigational problems, as the few aircraft employed in this role were more at risk from electronic counter-measures and fighter interception. The heavy British defences forced the Luftwaffe to fly meandering 'dog-leg' courses and inexperienced German

2465:

weight-class (two short tons/4,000 lb) ordnance designs ready for use: the largest bomb in use at this time was the SC1800. It weighed 1,767–1,879 kg (3,896–4,142 lb) of which 1,000 to 1,100 kg (2,200 to 2,400 lb) was high explosive detonated by an electrical impact fuse. The

5455:

or Bournemouth. The Luftwaffe suffered the loss of 13 aircraft; KG 2 lost three, KG 6 one, KG 30 three, KG 54 five and KGr 101 lost a single machine. German personnel losses were 33 missing, 12 killed and three captured. Two were certainly shot down by night fighters and one

5157:

The Luftwaffe commenced the 24/24 March operation in the same manner as the other massed raids. The bomber groups were aided by searchlights and star shells at the coast to enable them to form into a stream. In this case, possibly adjusted for weather conditions, the formations would reach a maximum

5126:

were particularly affected. In Croydon, South Norwood was struck by 20 SC-type bombs which caused huge damage and killed 14 of the 61 or 62 civilians killed that night. Observers reported the larger blast effect of these bombs which perhaps is an indicator they contained new mixtures. 247 fires were

4518:

German formations from KG 2 and KG 6 carried a mixed ordnance SC500s, AB500s, AB1000s and BC50s for the attack. Colchester was hit badly by 1,400 incendiaries which started a large fire in the town centre. 15 properties were destroyed and 99 damaged. 75 fire-engines and two million gallons

4410:

and Gloucester Terrace. Fulham alone was subjected to 20,000 incendiary bombs causing, according to one source, 642 fires, 82 of which required the attention of fire services. 76 people were killed in Fulham and 194 were injured. Over 2,500 properties sustained damage or outright destruction. SC1800

4374:

The bombers streamed in loose formation between Harwich, Essex and Hythe, Kent. Barely 20 flares exploded over the capital at 21:30 in a scattered manner. They fell along the line of the Thames and Chiswick. Apart from this meagre effort by I./KG 66, most of the 80 bombers identified by British

4051:

were badly damaged. A cinema and several commercial premises were destroyed and a farmer lost a large number of livestock: six horses, 30 cows and 17 ewes. They caused 14 medium and 84 small fires, mostly in East Anglia. Casualties in London amounted to one killed and six seriously injured. Overall,

4039:

procedure. This decision had dire consequences for the operation. One bomber remained grounded because of a burst tyre but the other 13 took off without incident. Within a short time Peltz was informed that eight pilots had aborted the mission because of over-heating engines, which in some instances

3926:

The first operation of February occurred on the 3rd and 4th of the month. I./KG 100 and SKG 10 mustered 26 Me 410s and 19 Fw 190s which crossed the Channel between 19:00 and 19:30. They released a mix of SC250 and SC500 bombs and two Fw 190s failed to return. The second wave took

3541:

that the attack was to be executed in three waves. Peltz also notified those units in Germany that they were to transfer to their forward bases. They were to return to their forward base after the first sortie but were ordered to relocate to Germany directly after the second to avoid night intruders

2713:

of the target could complicate the approach by creating turbulence and throw the pilot off his aim if he approached at the same level and more experienced fighter pilots approached from behind and slightly below. The outline of the night fighter could be obscured from the German crew and enable them

1526:. The close proximity of the crews in the cockpit, a feature of nearly all German bomber designs from the Ju 88A onwards, was also a disadvantage. Should a night fighter land an accurate burst most, if not all of the crew, could be killed or incapacitated. The layout of Allied bombers, like the 5577:

Although the 'Baby Blitz' attacks had involved more Luftwaffe aircraft than any other raids on the UK since 1941, the effectiveness of air and ground defences, the relative inexperience of the German bomber crews, and the sheer lack of bomber numbers meant relatively minor damage and few casualties

5421:

and 410 Squadron. A further aircraft was shot down by ground fire. The fate of the remaining nine is unknown. Fighter Command made an additional seven claims that cannot be attributed to a particular loss. A notable success was recorded by Wing Commander Edward Crew who accounted for a Me 410 of 1.

5408:

Adequate conditions prevailed but only 53 of the 125 crews crossed the English coast, although most of those did get through to London. The poor showing was probably a result of flares not being released over London or at Newmarket. The raid cost the Luftwaffe 17 bombers—KG 2 lost four bombers

5331:

The Luftwaffe groups reported the loss of 14 aircraft and one damaged. Four belonged to KG 54 and four to KG 6. kg 2, KG 30 and KG 66 lost two aircraft each. Six were known to have been shot down by an assortment of Beaufighter and Mosquito night fighters. 68, 456, 406

4899:

The Luftwaffe lost 19 aircraft. KG 2 lost three bombers, KG 6 lost two while KG 30 lost six. KG 54 lost one bomber while KG 51 lost two Me 410s. SKG 10 suffered the loss of three Fw 190s. Six are known to have been shot down by Mosquitos and another by ground

4465:

of KG 6 participated. V./KG 2 committed 15 Me 410s. I./KG 100 managed to ready 14 He 177s for the mission. The bomb loads were entirely SC1000 and SC1800 high explosives in the bombers flown by the more experienced crews; the rest were loaded with four SC1000s. At this stage the

3782:. II./KG 2 made its debut and II. and III./KG 30 participated but would not feature again until 14/15 March. The He 177s of I./KG 40 were permanently withdrawn. In addition I./KG 100 and I./SKG 10 were absent, probably because of their participation the previous night. 2638:

Four night fighter squadrons were still operating AI Mk V sets, in which the pilot had a screen as well as the AI radar operator, which encouraged him to divert his gaze from scanning the sky for targets. AI Mk V was dependent on the operator to give instructions to the pilot on heading, speed, and

2548:

The crew were equipped with a list of twelve orders which were submitted through R/T or W/T (each method having its own specific code) with each code having the same meaning. The twelve codes communicated several different orders which included: informing the crew they were being plotted; change of

2382:

was no greater than 6/10ths, a different tactic was used. Seven alternating white and coloured flares would be released along the approaches. As before, the distance of the line's start point was to be six kilometres from the target area. Each pilot was to use a target marker as their aiming point.

2324:

was the final system which operated on a single-beam basis. A ground controller monitored the aircraft and transmitted navigational guidance to the crew until the point the bombs were to be released. To further aid German navigation, I./KG 66—a special pathfinder unit—used a number of captured

1718:

was now fully aware of British night fighter intruder operations and the threat of Allied bombing attacks. From June to December 1943, German bomber losses in 17 major attacks in England amounted to 48 aircraft in 948 sorties, a loss rate of 5.06 percent. RAF defences were far stronger than in 1941

5548:

In a practical sense Steinbock was over by the end of April 1944. The number of bombers and selected targets had structurally declined. For the first two weeks of May the offensive wound down. The German bomber groups recuperated and were readied for a renewed assault. For example, KG 2 moved

4856:

was rendered ineffective because of the sheer number of British radar units able to scan the skies. It was quickly determined that the main attack was occurring in the north. British radar operators were suspicious of the small number and high speed of the southern intruders, which alerted them to

4613:

The Mosquitos of Fighter Command exacted a toll of German crews this night. Nine German bombers were lost, five were shot down by No. 29 Squadron RAF and one to 488 Squadron. A sixth fell to a night fighter but the squadron responsible cannot be identified. Total Fighter Command claims amounted to

4502:

Peltz ordered another attack for the 23/24 February, after the perceived concentrated (and successful) attack the previous night. I./KG 6 sent to 10 crews of the 130 (German sources say 161) and were to begin their attack at 22:00. I./KG 66 were ordered to mark the target area with white

4451:

The Luftwaffe lost nine bombers—one to a 25 Squadron Mosquito and two anti-aircraft fire: three from KG 2, four from KG 54, one from KG 66 and KG 6. German propaganda quoted a high figure for participating crews (200), and credited 171 with hitting the target. Before day-break,

4266:

The Luftwaffe did not escape unscathed. No. 418 (Canadian) Squadron flew an intruder sortie over France that night. Only 3./KG 54 seem to have suffered from intruder Mosquitos, when it lost two shot down near Laon. German losses amounted to nine: four from KG 66, two from KG 54, one

3688:

The second wave lost another 18 bombers plus two on non-operational sorties. KG 2 was particularly hard hit, losing six aircraft—four Do 217s, a Ju 188 and an Me 410 and KG 6 lost five. Night fighters were thought to have shot down four bombers and two fell to ground fire;

3613:

at an altitude of 16,000 ft (4,900 m) as ordered. They descended to the target and completed their bomb run by 21:15 at 13,000 ft. The position of most continental airfields ensured the bombers streamed out along a cone-shaped flight path in the airspace between the Sussex and Essex

2718:

of the enemy aircraft so that it flew into the gunfire. Night fighter pilots cooperated with search lights and ground control until the interception could be taken over by the radar operator. From 1942 night fighter–searchlight cooperation was reorganised into a 'box' system. A box of air 44 miles

2390:

The short life-span of sky-marker flares meant the initial layout over the target had to be renewed for successive waves, with a different pattern for each wave. When the bomber wave fell behind or the flare faded pathfinders were briefed to lay a line of coloured flares along a 90-degree angle to

1316:

danger was the first priority of the Luftwaffe. Even at this stage of the war, in October 1943, Göring exhibited a bias toward bombers rather than fighters. He said, "All they wish to hear when a hospital or a children's home in Germany is destroyed is that we have destroyed the same in England!"

5544:

published "Weekly Appreciation of Damage to Key Points and Progress of Repairs". It concluded that only one serious injury was recorded and no serious damage to the war effort. The small raids cost the Germans five aircraft, two from KG 54 one from KG 100 and another from KG 51. From 10 to 17 May

5230:

The Germans lost 17 aircraft this night on operations and a further three on non-operational flights; two from KG 6 and one from KG 30. Of the operational casualties four are known to have been caused by ground-fire and a further two were shot down by night fighters—Wing Commander Keith

5058:

and all aboard were killed. Detailed loss records show that once again, KG 30 suffered disproportionally, losing four: KG 2 suffered two losses and KG 54 lost one Ju 88. A further seven claims were made by Fighter Command aside from the credited victories to 307 and 264 pilots

4671:

On 2/3 March 1944 Peltz ordered another attack. The year's operations had taken their toll and the bomber groups struggled to make many aircraft airworthy. German propaganda claimed 164 crews took part and 131 hit their designated target area. In reality, it was more likely that 70 crews took off

4544:

The target of the Luftwaffe on 24/25 February was the Westminster area, in particular the government quarter. I./KG 66 was ordered to aid the bomber stream by dropping white flares timed to ignite at 10,000 ft. British intelligence estimated 135 bombers took part in the operation though

4460:

On 22/23 February 1944, just a few days following the beginning of the American efforts of the "Big Week" strategic bombing campaign, the Luftwaffe organised 185 German bombers to strike at London. KG 6 and 66 carried the burden, with the former putting up 10 extra crews to cover the loss of

4109:

On the night of the 18/19 February the Luftwaffe managed to deliver a successful attack on London. According to British intelligence, 175 crews participated. German sources say 184 bombers reached the target area. The attack heralded almost nightly attacks which lasted until the early hours of 24

4084:

Returning German pilots reported a steady increase in the concentration of gun fire from anti-aircraft batteries over London although this was not reflected by a noticeable increase in losses. At de-briefing pilots reported they did not take any special evasive action but they avoided areas where

3904:

Hitler was reportedly outraged that the Luftwaffe failed to find London though it was only 150–200 km (93–124 mi) from German ground control stations while the British were hitting German towns, not just city targets, from 1,000 km (620 mi) away in bad weather. Peltz responded

1404:

We were met with a shattering picture. Göring had completely broken down. With his head buried in his arms on the table he moaned some indistinguishable words. We stood there for some time in embarrassment until at last he pulled himself together and said we were witnessing the deepest moments of

5486:

which began on 25/26 April. The raids also failed, even against a coastal target which was easier to find. The reconnaissance groups lost two Me 410s—one of which fell to Branse Burbridge from 85 Squadron. Other losses were an Fw 190G-3 from 3./SKG 10, two Ju 88s from KG 2, a

5323:

Target–marking was poor. Of the 139 bombers dispatched 116 got through the defences and six more bombed alternate targets while 16 aborted the sortie. However, not a single bomb landed on the city and the populace remained oblivious to the attack. British intelligence remained ignorant as to the

5315:

frequencies meant they could only by picked up on FuBL 2 sets, although it was possible to find the second station's frequency with the original FuBL sets of older aircraft. Added to this limitation was added the attitude of the crews. German airmen maintained their mistrust in the efficiency of

4752:

In the night's operation, the Luftwaffe reported the loss of eight aircraft. Among the losses was one He 177 from 2./KG 100, two Ju 188s and a Ju 88 from KG 2 while KG 54 and KG 6 lost one Ju 88 each. Also worthy of note was the loss of one Ju 88 from

4719:

at this point was questioned by crews. The British had developed countermeasures to jam and disrupt the signal since 1940. Crews were also suspicious of it. Some of the more experienced pilots believed the system was compromised and that the signals allowed RAF night fighters to home in on their

3625:

The Luftwaffe lost 18 bombers, three over Britain, seven at sea and eight over Europe. Among the losses were six He 177A-3s of KG 40 and nine Ju 88s. Three Ju 188s and a single Do 217 and Fw 190 were also lost. Four are known to have become victims of Mosquitos from

2228:

The composition of the force was never static. Bomber units were disbanded, pulled out for refits and conversions, or redeployed to other theatres of operation as the situation demanded. By mid-March, Peltz's force had 232 serviceable aircraft, as 3./KG 2 was withdrawn for conversion to the

5564:

The Germans had learned from previous errors. Incendiary bombs were discarded in favour of high explosives. Crews were ordered to ignore the fires on the ground as decoys. Bristol was chosen on the night of the 14/15 May as the target. It had thus far, escaped major damage. The pathfinder group

2723:

set. A variation was the Smack Interception method, which had been devised for single-engined fighters without AI radar. When the intruder was detected, the night fighter was scrambled and orbited the beacon. When the raider neared the area, the beacon would depress by roughly 20 degrees in the

1370:

Never before and never again did I witness such determination and agreement among the circle of those responsible for the leadership of the Luftwaffe. It was as though under the impact of the Hamburg catastrophe everyone put aside either personal or departmental ambitions. There was no conflict

5090:

operational records show that 144 aircraft were available to attack London on 21/22 March. 123 were credited with having flown sorties on the night. British intelligence suggests that only 95 crossed the coast into England. The diminishing numbers of bombers available was only a part of Peltz'

5070:

German serviceability rates began to drop since the high figures of January. 2 and 3./KG 2 could field only nine Do 217s between them and seven were ready for operations. II./KG 2 could still field 19 Ju 188s with 12 airworthy and III./KG 2 could commit 18 of the 16 on strength.

4027:

Bernhard Jope and his crews for a second time. One aspect of his speech to the crews was to play down the threat of British night fighters. He claimed that only 30 British crews operated against the raid of the 3/4 February and that only a third were under GCI. His remarks were likely a morale

2377:

would mark the area using incendiary bombs at right angles to the approach and six kilometres from the edge of the planned aiming point. The crews then made a timed bomb-run when level with this (visual) line. The initial waves unloaded incendiaries on the lateral fringes of the target area to

2287:

night fighters. The tactics were also designed to limit the chances of collision. Bombers took off at an interval of four minutes with an average spacing of 12 miles. Even with airborne radar-equipped night fighters it usually meant there was only one raider every 180 square miles. The average

1304:

which inflicted 76,600 casualties and destroyed large parts of the city and its industry. While Hitler had left the Luftwaffe to Göring earlier in the war he was now enmeshed in the decision-making process. Göring was reduced to a conduit through which Hitler's orders were channelled to senior

5165:

Once over England searchlights and anti-aircraft fire were observed to be heavy. The guns were backed by a concentrated effort from searchlight beams that swept the sky looking to catch a German aircraft. Over Croydon, a period of 20 minutes elapsed between the air raid siren sounding and the

3988:

The Luftwaffe command viewed the night's operation with alarm. Of the 15 bombers lost, only one fell in Britain and one crashed in Belgium. The remaining 11 presumably vanished over the sea. KG 6 bore the brunt of the losses as six of its aircraft were lost and one damaged. KG 2 and

3388: 2569:

equipment used by night fighters. The CRT display consisted of a circle divided into equal segments, each marked and representing one of the twelve code words and orders. The inner circle had a surrounding frame marked clockwise from zero to nine (with zero in the 12 o'clock position). A blip

1625:

in the Luftwaffe. These aircraft were more difficult to intercept due to their great speed, but carried limited payload and with less accuracy compared to the conventional bombers. The Ju 88S-1 was allotted the role of pathfinder, replacing the younger but slower and heavier Do 217.

1421:

After a time Göring U-turned. Göring announced that the only way to stop such destruction was to initiate heavy retaliatory strikes at the enemy so that they would not dare risk another raid like Hamburg without the fear of similar retribution. Göring gave Peltz the authorisation to pool the

5631:

See Aders for the growth and efficiency of German night fighter defences from May 1942 to July 1943. Aders also analyses the use of airborne radar. Two years after the first radar-intercepted victory in the Luftwaffe, only 83 per cent of the night fighter force's strength (or 49 per cent of

5075:; KG 51, 7 of 26 Me 410s; KG 54, 26 of 39 Ju 88 and Ju 188s; I./KG 66 12 aircraft from 26, and KG 100 could field 64 from 48 bombers. I./SKG 10 had 32 Fw 190s available but only 12 were combat ready. To this list was added I./KG 26 with 16 4559:

on individual flares to increase the accuracy of the attack. The attack followed the typical pattern; a northerly course, and a turn to the south east at High Wycombe across London and out across the eastern Channel. Pilots were ordered to reach the coast at 16,000 ft and descend to

4851:

The operation was poorly executed; bomber units were prompt in getting airborne and the fighters were late. By the time the Fw 190s were closing on Plymouth the vanguard, if not the bulk, of the conventional German bombers were over the English coast in the north east. The mass use of

1705:

Göring ordered that operational strength was to be maintained in the event of an Allied landing in France and to maintain pressure on Britain and that bombers were to carry a mixed ordnance load, consisting of 70 percent incendiaries and 30 percent high explosive bombs—including large

4357:

but apart from several SC500s loaded on to II./KG 54 Ju 88s the other bombers released AB1000 and or AB500 incendiary canisters including phosphorus types. The attack was carried out between 13,000 and 16,000 ft. The German crews abandoned the target-marking methods of

4349:

were available for guidance. I./KG 100 and KG 54 were in the vanguard of the assault; KG 2 presumably followed up the attack or to participate in one mass bombing run. KG 100 operated between 10 and 13 He 177s. The bombers were believed to have carried four

3900:

surviving a crash landing in Belgium. KG 2 lost two bombers, KG 40 one, KG 54 four, and KG 66 and KG 76 lost one each. Three were probably downed by night fighters and another was lost to ground fire. 53 airmen were killed or missing and six were captured.

5490:

The following night, 26/27 April, seven German aircraft were lost, four claims being made by Fighter Command. For the night of 29/30 April, the Luftwaffe aimed to attack shipping in the harbour. German intelligence had received information confirming the presence in Plymouth of a

4338:. The crews had no pathfinders and relied on dead reckoning. The crews were briefed to fly from the north then bank left and carry out a bomb-run from west to east across the city, according to crews captured on the night. Examination of crashed German aircraft showed that four 2643:

was in regular use by ten squadrons and allowed crews to detect targets at low altitude, without fear of ground interference blotting out contacts. AI Mk. X radar was adapted from Mk. VIII, with technology from the American SCR720B, which operated on 3 cm (1.2 in) (10

5158:

altitude of 16,000 ft (4,900 m) before descending to 15,000 ft for the bomb run. Once completed a descent of 2,000 ft (610 m) was ordered to enable them to build up speed and escape the target area. The codename given to the 143 participating crews was

2442:. The explosives could be 50 to 1,000 kilograms in weight. The mine did not penetrate the surface, but lay where it fell until the timer triggered an explosion which was capable of destroying buildings within a 300 feet (91 metres) radius. The most common types were the 3836:

in Germany. II./KG 6 took a path similar to KG 54 with the exception they would head to their normal operating base at Le Culot. The group flew a loose formation and did not reach oxygen-altitude until 90 minutes after take-off. I./KG 76 headed for their

4311:. Twelve German bomber groups with 165 aircraft participated in the raid Included in the armada were 15 Fw 190s from SKG 10. I./KG 100 operated from the Rheine and II./KG 54 from Varrelbusch. I./KG 54 and II./KG 2 began the operation from 3091:

409 Squadron was staffed with Canadian personnel. It was seconded to the RAF Second Tactical Air Force in the intruder role. It participated in Home Defence in 1944 until 30 March when it transferred to the RAF Second Tactical Air Force and re-equipped with Mosquitos.

2532:

using terminology borrowed from the night fighter force. Prior to take-off, crews were given a course and height to the target. The height was rigidly adhered to since it could not be checked by ground control. After take-off the FuG 25 was switched on and the first

3797:

would be laid but specific crews would fly to the right of the line and drop their ordnance above the right hand boundary of the marked zone. All of the bombers were to complete their bomb run by 21:09. The course of the crews was aided by a rotating searchlight at

1429:

Peltz was summoned to a conference where Göring officially informed him that he was to be placed in command of a renewed large-scale bombing operation against Britain, and London in particular. As the conference ended, Göring asked Peltz if older types such as the

4811:

The following days marked a reduction in the scale of operations, but missions were still flown to maintain what pressure the Luftwaffe could. From 4 to 7 March one Me 410, He 177, Ju 88 and Fw 190 were lost: the last three to enemy action.

1172:

Eventually, the revenge attacks gave way to attempts to disrupt preparations for the impending Allied invasion of France, but Steinbock had worn down the offensive power of the Luftwaffe to the extent it could not mount any significant counterattacks when the

3519:

to operational readiness. Peltz drove to Châteaudun, the forward operating base of I./KG 40 and I./KG 100 equipped with the Heinkel He 177A-3 — committed to their first operations deep into British airspace. There, he notified the senior commanders

2570:

appeared in the segment for the appropriate code word. Bearings were given by a second (central) blip that appeared against a succession of figures in the outer circle. Course corrections were given by a long and short blips against the appropriate segment.

5434:

to Orly for the attack, but once there, one-third of the aircrews were left behind. The unit was able to maintain its complement of crews at 30, but previous losses meant the number of experienced crews had declined and novice crews were now populating the

5106:

stations were on hand to assist with navigation for KG 30 at least. The crews were briefed to operate at 14,500 ft (4,400 m) crossing at Beachy Head. III./KG 30 were allowed a choice of four airfields to return to, spread evenly between

4052:

there were seven killed, 11 seriously wounded and two missing believed dead amongst the civilian population. Four tons of bombs was dropped on London and 157 in Kent and Essex. The number of bombs counted on land was 57,525—most of which were incendiaries.

2552:

When the British radio counter-measures began to interfere with messages the Luftwaffe broadcast in both W/T and R/T format over two channels. The FuG 16 would handle incoming transmissions from the R/T frequencies and the W/T messages were received by the

2470:. It was due to be replaced by the SC2000 which weighed in at circa 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) but it was produced in small numbers and no reliable information is available on explosive weight or filling. SC2500s were also known to have been used during 5565:

I./KG 6 were told, with KG 2, KG 30, KG 66 and KG 100 would muster 150 aircraft for the operation. Guernsey would be the turning point, marked by four searchlights. The return flight would take them to Cap la Hague, then Brétigny.

5450:

As the raid progressed it became clear that the debacle of the first raid was repeating itself. Bristol was not hit. Instead, British radar noted that as the German wave approached the coast, 35 of the German raiders dropped their loads over or next to

4900:

fire. Four further claims of German aircraft destroyed, plus one probable, were made which cannot be attributed to a particular loss. 33 German airmen were posted as killed in action on the operation, 13 were listed as missing while six were captured.

5368:

On 18/19 April the Luftwaffe prepared an attack on London using the same approach as the Bristol operation. I./KG 6 and II./KG 2 marked the target area from 8 and 6,000 ft respectively. The bomber stream was ordered to converge on the

4753:

KG 101, which participated in the night's bombing. Fighter Command claimed four destroyed and three damaged. The seven claims emanated from 456 (one damaged), 605 (three claims; two damaged and one destroyed) and 151 Squadron (three destroyed).

4614:

six destroyed three probably destroyed and four damaged. KG 2 lost four bombers, KG 66 lost two more, KG 6, KG 54 and KG 100 lost a single bomber each. 14 German airmen were captured, 17 killed, one injured and five missing.

4097:

battery was in a position to disrupt the bomb run. The perceived effectiveness of London's defences may have caused inexperienced crews to drop their bombs too early and miss the target, rather than failing to do so because of navigational errors.

1591:

Apart from the numbers of conventional medium and heavy bombers, the Luftwaffe also employed a number of fast bomber types such as the Ju 88S-1 — a streamlined version of the Ju 88A using unitized BMW 801 radials and omitting the

3950:

nights to ease navigational difficulties. Peltz, however, refused as he wished to avoid exposing bombers to easier interception by RAF night fighters. However, this course of action relied heavily on pathfinders to mark the target accurately.

5409:(three Ju 188s and a Do 217), KG 6 lost four Ju 88s, KG 54 lost four Ju 88s, KG 51 lost three Me 410s, KG 30, KG 66 and KG 100 each lost an aircraft. Seven bombers were shot down by Mosquitos from 5008:. In addition the He 177s then navigated back to the assembly point before returning to the Rheine. II./KG 2 supplemented I./KG 66 dropping a mixture of flares, AB1000 and AB500 containers over target area to assist in navigation. 5324:

objective of the attack until German radio announced the city of Bristol had been devastated in a bombing raid. The failure of I./KG 66 to mark the target was major contributing factor in the debacle. Most of the bombs fell across

4366:

in favour of a simple pattern laid over the target zone. The colour of the flare denoted the area of the target zone. The abandonment of more precise target-identification suggested a German appreciation of the more practical tactic of

3557:

complicated preparations. Airfield staff were given short notice and insufficient time to prepare airfields to accept the bombers. Only one Ju 188 from KG 2 took part in the first operation because of administrative failings.

2656:. AI Mk. X generated a stronger electromagnetic signal than its predecessor and produced a more reliable display, lessening the chance of the blip disappearing. AI Mk. X was in two squadrons in January 1944, with more sets on the way. 2588:

factory where the pilot series was constructed. The missile prototypes proved disappointing in tests and RAF intelligence discovered that the Luftwaffe was assembling a large conventional bomber fleet in western Europe for an attack.

5178:

also attracted a deluge of heavy bombs and incendiaries. West Norwood was also badly damaged. The latter two regions were sent 28 and 70 fire engines to deal with large conflagrations. The bombing also destroyed a public shelter.

4015:

On 13/14 February II./KG 54 and SKG 10 were left off the operations roster but all the other 10 groups were available for a large-scale thrust. German sources indicate that 230 crews took part in the night's operation.

4415:

bombs were used over Hammersmith and the damage made 1,200 people homeless. Westminster received four SC500 bombs in the government quarter. One fell on Whitehall damaging the Treasury and killing four people on the corner of

3927:

off on the night of the 4th from 04:25 with their operation lasting 95 minutes. German propaganda claimed 210 of the 235 bombers struck their targets and caused large fires and the communiqué derided British defences as weak.

5154:. From 22 to 24 March three Fw 190s were lost with their pilots from SKG 10 and a solitary Ju 88 from I./KG 66 with the loss of one crew member. One Fw 190 and the Ju 88 fell to night fighters. 3844:

Only 15 to 30 bombers from the night's groups struck the target. Nevertheless, the small number of aircraft caused 145 fires—four classified as medium and 141 small—and killed 41 civilians including one soldier on leave. At

2418:), was a fully armour-piercing missile. Added to ordnance were incendiaries, some also fitted with high explosive. Sea-mines were also used and ejected on the end of parachutes, although they were inaccurate. In some cases 5510:

bombs. KG 66 would illuminate the target area and crews were assigned to carry out the bomb-run along the length of the ship. They were not to drop their bombs if they could not locate a target. The formations used a

3167:. Reformed in December 1940 after being disbanded in November 1918, the squadron was conceived as a night fighter unit at RAF Shoreham. it remained on intruder and Home Defence duties until March 1945 when it moved to the 5487:

Ju 88 from the pathfinder I./KG 66 unit, a He 177 from 3./KG 100 plus two Me 410s from 1(F)/121. Fighter Command claimed four further victories — three by 456 Squadron and one from 125 Squadron.

5429:

On the night of 23/24 April 1944 Peltz once again targeted Bristol after the previous raid's farcical execution. The Luftwaffe was able to ready 117 bombers for the second operation. II./KG 30 sent all of its three

4490:

took time to control. There were 29 casualties from the 81 tons dropped and London and 75 tons on Essex and Kent. RAF Hornchurch was damaged were three personnel injured. The only notable damage was incendiary damage to

9312: 9302: 3496:(Operation Mars), sections of the British capital were given codenames after devastated German cities—Berlin, Hamburg, Hannover—to emphasise the retaliatory nature of the operation for the air crews. The first target— 5467:

were well underway. The Luftwaffe had not been able to observe and counter the Allied buildup. RAF Fighter Command masked the invasion ports from the German reconnaissance units by day. The Germans resorted to using

4168:

also reported bombs falling on the location or nearby. Around 480 fires were caused by German ordnance. 179 civilians were killed and 484 seriously injured. A further 65 were reported missing in the following days.

1379:

Milch proposed accelerating fighter production to 2,000 per month. The defence of the Reich was to take priority and the Eastern Front air units would have to cope until the threat from Bomber Command, the American

4872:. A bomb fell through the roof of her apartment and killed her. She was the only casualty in Westminster. Around 162 tons of bombs were dropped on London. 54 boroughs reported 390 fires. Paddington, Westminster, 4474:

strength of 14 (2./KG 100) and 11 (3./KG 100), although five had been transferred to I./KG 40. The operational strength of the group had fallen to between 12 and 15, barely half of its strength.

2652:) and was vastly superior to the original 150 cm (59 in) (200 MHz) high VHF-band and the equivalent 10 cm (3.9 in) (3 GHz) AI Mk. VIII, which could be detected by German FuG 350ZR 4683:

into action with their He 177. These units could field only 15 of the heavy bombers for the night's mission. Most, if not all of the He 177s were loaded with four SC1000s. The formation proceeded to

5523:

for navigation. Heavy mist, a smoke screen and the failure of KG 66 to light the target on time contributed to the failure. 27 civilians were killed in the attack. The attack was costly for KG 100.

5210:

Hall were damaged by bombs. 56 fire engines were required in this location of the city alone. In Beckenham, 60 fires were counted. The fires were so serious that only a firezone was maintained to contain it.

1588:(chaff) techniques to confound British ground radar as they approached the British coast. The tin foil strips swamped the radar screens and masked the true height, direction and speed of approaching bombers. 2282:

defences under maximum strain and also inflict greater psychological damage to the civilian population. This kind of tactic was effective in 1940 when German crews understood they faced little threat from

4540:

tail-warning radar and the ordnance on board. Personnel losses amounted to none killed or missing, four wounded and six captured. Fighter Command claimed one destroyed one probably destroyed this night.

2461:, bombers were to use the heavy bombs primarily. Bombs of lesser power, such as the 500 kg, were only to be used to bring each aircraft's bomb load to maximum capacity. The Luftwaffe did have some 1437:

It was hoped that the operation would commence during December, and though this proved unrealistic, by the third week of January 1944 a force approaching 600 aircraft had been amassed by stripping five

1096: 2251: 5357:

German air groups flew few sorties in the first few days of April but sustained a small number losses on non-operational flights. On 12/13 April 1944 an Me 410 from 3./KG 51 was shot down by

3114:

418 was unique among units seconded to the RAF. Though allotted to the intruder role, the squadron was not equipped with aircraft interception radar as it targeted German night fighter airfields.

2541:

operators to the plotting table. The plotting table was a transparent map of the operations area laid on a glass screen. The bomber was represented by a red spot from a projector connected to the

9317: 9307: 4934:

Peltz committed II./KG 30 to the attack but omitted its sister group from the night's mission because of losses sustained in the previous attack. Only I./KG 6 was committed from that

1305:

commanders and the failure of the Luftwaffe frequently drew Hitler's ire. At one conference Göring attempted to placate Hitler by suggesting that the destruction of German cities worked in the

3590:

set aboard his Ju 188 as he followed the bomber stream northward. An estimated 230 aircraft, carrying a total load of 500 tons of bombs and incendiaries, took off between 19:30 and 20:00

3601:

and pathfinders, German navigation errors were rife: only 15 bombers attacked London. Thirty tons were estimated to have fallen on the capital, with most other bombs scattered throughout the

1507:. The Do 217 could carry a heavier bomb load than its predecessor owing to a deepened fuselage. However, the German practice of using external bomb racks meant nearly 40 percent of the 4,000 3442:

was formally initiated. The first intrusions into British airspace in 1944 occurred on the night of the 2/3 January. Me 410s from KG 2 and Fw 190s from SKG 10 penetrated into

5328:

and several hundred unexploded bombs were reported. These sites caused disruption to road traffic as the devices were found and the area was not fully cleared until the end of the year.

4537: 5664:

Hermann Heinrich Greeve was killed. KG 2 lost two one Do 217s were their crews. 1./KG 66 lost two Ju 88S-1s with their crews. Three of the four the bomber crews perished.

3841:

near the German–Dutch border. From there, they used navigational aids. This formation was to return to Varrelbusch in Germany and were to land in France only if bad weather intervened.

2239: 500: 5042:

Nine German bombers failed to return. Two are confirmed to have been shot down by Mosquitos from 307 and 264 Squadrons—which accounted for a He 177 from 2./KG 100 flown by

5475:(Long Range Reconnaissance Group 121), equipped with Me 410s, to fly from bases near Paris and observe the results of raids by night. These operations failed. Nevertheless, 1./ 4532:

Hermann Stemann ordered the crew to abandon the aircraft over Wembley and they were promptly captured. The bomber flew on for 60 miles making a near-perfect forced landing north of

1228:, but they could not prevent widespread destruction of industrial cities. Only once did the RAF lose as many as nine percent of the attacking force over Germany—during an attack on 5257:

which made it an important embarkation point for materials and supplies shipped over from the United States. The port had become a bastion for storing equipment in the build-up to

3913:

crews quickly got lost. Reconnaissance flights over England had also stopped, which prevented the Luftwaffe from gathering intelligence on British radar and radio frequency bands.

4093:) were marked on their maps. Crews reported rocket salvos in an area of 1.5 to two miles in diameter over central London which were repeated at four-minute intervals but only the 3653:

The experience of I./KG 76, perhaps underlined the problems crews faced on the night. After take-off from Laon/Couvron, their route was fixed at 232° true to a radio beacon (

2724:

direction the fighter was to head in the hope of achieving an interception. The radar equipped-night fighters improved the chances of detecting the enemy and GCI could also help.

5640:

sets were unusable by late 1943. By the following spring, technical and production improvements made it effective and available in quantity. The 1000th set was built in May 1944.

5276:

was chosen as the rendezvous point for the bomber force and it was marked by a cone of six searchlights. A north west route was maintained and landfall was ordered to be made at

3569:

tactics—with the target marked with incendiaries. Pathfinders were expected to carry out plotting easily, since the weather forecast the necessary visibility. On the first night

1714:) bombs and mines for maximum destruction. German bombers were to be well-dispersed and parked in revetments. Dummy airfields were set up in accordance with Göring's orders. The 3553:

II./KG 54 and I./KG 76 were an example of this caution, moving out from Marx to Laon and Varrelbusch to Laon respectively. The nomadic methods of the Luftwaffe during

1312:

Göring was also reluctant to allocate resources to the defence of Germany for other reasons. He argued that the German people had survived before there were cities and that the

262: 3614:

coasts. British radar picked the first wave up at approximately 20:30 CET. Over 100 aircraft were recorded over the next ninety minutes from ground control radar sites between

4621:, while the final American large strategic daytime raid of "Big Week" occurred on the 25th, with some 700 four-engined American "heavies" hitting daylight targets in Germany. 4522:

A total of 185 sorties were flown. Five bombers were lost; one to ground fire and another to a 605 Squadron Mosquito. Amongst the losses this night was Do 217M-1, code U5+DK,

4511:

where four red flares would mark a turn to the south east across London. This time the target codename "Hamburg", which placed the centre of the attack in the vicinity of the

2278:

had been briefed to take off and bomb the target over a period of time extending anywhere up to ten hours. The intention was to place the British Civil Defence Authority and

3763:

On 28/29 January 16 Me 410s and 10 Fw 190s made attacks without effect and loss. One Mosquito was lost when it crashed into the sea after an engine caught fire. A

4724:

stations and proceed to the target by dead reckoning. German airmen were helped to identify the London area by large concentrations of searchlights and anti-aircraft fire.

4503:

flares which were set to burst at 10,000 ft above the cloud layer. All the formations except III./KG 6, which was flying from Belgium, were routed via Evreux and

1236:

on 17 May 1943. This was below the ten percent required to force the British to abandon operations, though RAF losses increased to a peak of 7.14 percent in December 1943.

1134:

was gathering momentum against Germany. The Allied air forces were conducting a strategic bombing campaign day and night against German industrial cities. In retaliation,

4043:

Around 70 percent of the German force was tracked by the British but once again only 15 of the dispersed bombers hit the London area. On this night the holiday resort of

3751:

stores; severed the gas and sewage mains outside the works and cut the telephone lines. Gas supplies were reduced to 50 percent and two days of production were lost. The

8045:

Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg Band 7: Das Deutsche Reich in der Defensive: Strategischer Luftkrieg in Europa, Krieg im Westen und in Ostasien, 1943–1944/45

3821:

as a reference point. A descent to 3,000 metres (9,800 feet) for the bomb run was made and the crew retreated out over the Essex coast. It appears the unit operated the

3246:

Moved to West Malling in October 1943. Operated exclusively in Home Defence roles in 1943 and 1944. 410 transferred to the RAF Second Tactical Air Force on 12 May 1944.

1279:. Göring deflected the blame for British attacks on his subordinates and his relations with them deteriorated. In August 1943 Jeschonnek killed himself after the failed 5091:

problem. The campaign was having little to zero effect on the Allied war effort nor upon civilian morale. The Luftwaffe effort was not even yielding short-term gains.

5476: 4437: 4023:

was not materialising as Hitler and Göring had hoped. He personally visited I./KG 100 which had prepared its He 177s as to be mostly operational. He spoke with

5545:

another report shows that around 80 aircraft were tracked over Britain. It concluded that no appreciable damage was done. It recorded 23 casualties; three serious.

5000:

from the assembly point and made a right turn north west up the estuary. The only exception was I./KG 100. They were instructed to head further north, between

2312:(crooked leg) stations, produced two intersecting beams. The bomber flew along one beam and released the bomb load where the two beams joined. This was followed by 5308: 4927:

in 1941 after suffering little in the 1939 to 1940 period. The city had seen sporadic attacks in 1942 and 1943. The location of the sea hub near the mouth of the

3665:

which took them due north to London. The bomb-run commenced at 14,000 ft (4,300 m) and was scheduled for completion at 5:30. North-westerly winds of 40

2714:

to avoid the worst effects of the bomber slipstream. It became standard practice for the pilot to close on the bomber and match its speed, then lift the nose and

1492:

The Do 217 and Ju 88A-4 carried the burden of operations. These designs had been in use for operations over Britain from 1941/42 and had been used extensively by

5249:

Operations against London were suspended for the night of 27/28 March. Despite the failure of the Hull attack, another alternative target was selected by Peltz:

7949: 9322: 5456:

to ground-fire. The fate of the remaining 10 are unknown, however Fighter Command pilots claimed another four which cannot be attributed to a particular loss.

4275: 4035:

The temperature at Châteaudun was chilly but Peltz observed the He 177s being readied for take-off. Because of the conditions, the ground crews began the

3905:

that the failures owed as much to the Luftwaffe's lack of interference-free radio and navigational aids as to untrained crews, and that the British with their

493: 4379:, Putney and Chiswick bore the brunt and most of the 216 fatalities occurred in those boroughs. Had more of the bombers got through, they may have created a 3755:

at Woolwich was also damaged, causing fires. Some railway lines were damaged or threatened by unexploded bombs, which forced speed restrictions of five mph.

3492:

The first attack on London was mounted on the night of 21/22 January. Just twenty-four hours earlier nearly 800 British bombers had struck Berlin. Codenamed

2635:. Most squadrons flew Mosquito Mk. XIIIs or Beaufighter Mk. VIfs, all equipped with AI radar. Both types were effective night fighters, fast and well-armed. 2291:

In 1944, in contrast to British crews who climbed to operating altitude over Britain and maintained it until back in British skies, German crews crossed the

1371:

between the General Staff and the war industry, no rivalry between bombers and fighters; only the common will to do everything in this critical hour for the

4931:

provided a sound geographical reference point for aviators, but German crews faced the prospect of a long, arduous journey over the featureless North Sea.

3138:

Formed on 25 June 1942 as a night fighter unit. It remained on Home Defence until 12 May 1944, when it was allocated to the RAF Second Tactical Air Force.

2123: 5532:

Herbert Pfeffer was killed with his crew after being shot down by Squadron Leader D. J. Williams of 406 Squadron, the latter's second victory that night.

3217:

141 Squadron was a former day fighter squadron converted to night fighters in 1941. It was a veteran formation operating in the intruder capacity. Joined

5071:

KG 6 could field 14 of 11 Ju 188s and 27 of 40 Ju 88s; KG 30 31 of 41 Ju 88s; KG 40 12 of 28 He 177s and 8 of 53

255: 1338:(OKL or High Command of the Air Force) sought to change the Luftwaffe procurement priorities and posture to one purely rooted in defensive air warfare. 1251:, commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe. Göring's poor understanding of the technicalities of air warfare was mirrored by the Chief of the General Staff, 4848:

fifteen minutes ahead of the planned attack. Fw 190 pilots carried flares to encourage the British to think that the port town was the primary target.

3747:. The factory was producing shells and fuse fillings. Three high explosives destroyed the General Store; destroyed a light fitting shop; destroyed the 1271:. Göring's interference in air defence was disastrous. On the night of 22/23 October 1943, he took personal command of the night fighters. The British 5094:

I., II. and III./KG 30 were mustered for operations and fielded 40 crews despite previous losses. They were briefed that the Isle of Dogs in the

4942:

took part in the Hull raid. I. and II./KG 2 and I./KG 100 flew out at three separate points approximately 40 miles apart between Noordwijk,

3942:

and Suffolk being bombed, indicating the wayward standards of German navigation. Peltz was ordered to brief Göring on the night's operation. When the

3458:

and Hertfordshire and one person was killed by scattered bombs. The intruders suffered for their efforts: four Fw 190s were shot down with two pilots

3412: 2320:

provided information to the pilot and observer as to the distance to the target which culminated in the automatic release of the bombs when overhead.

8797: 4720:

position. This belief was pervasive at this time but post-war analysis shows this to be a myth. Navigators preferred to abandon cooperation with the

486: 1559:, which could detect approaching RAF night fighters from the rear. To confuse British radars further various medium bomber types were equipped with 4756:

The heavy bombs caused significant damage considering the size of the German force. 900 houses were damaged and 500 people were made homeless. The

4591:

area of London. Railways were damaged and severe restrictions were placed on freight movements in the following days. Bombs just missed the SHAEF (

4375:

radar reached the capital. The attack started more than 600 fires, caused by a mixture of incendiaries and SC-type bombs ranging from 500 to 1000.

8817: 5649:

Average Bomber Command losses rose from 3.98 percent in January to July 1943 to 5.76 in August to December which reached 7.14 in the later month.

4592: 3070:. In April it received Mosquitos which operated alongside the older Beaufighters. Transferred to RAF Second Tactical Air Force on 26 April 1944. 1409:

had lost faith in him. All the suggestions from which he had expected a radical change in the situation of war in the air had been rejected; the

3109: 2996: 2561:

equipment and superimposed on the plotting table. Further improvements were made to combat British counter-measures with the introduction of a

2545:. The pathfinder's course could be observed and corrected. Course correction instructions were picked up in the aircraft through a FuG 16 set. 1349: 248: 8071:

Germany and the Second World War, Volume IX/I: German Wartime Society 1939–1945: Politicization, Disintegration, and the Struggle for Survival

2358:. A coding device identified each aircraft and their progress was continuously plotted by range and bearing information supplied by the first 2537:

plotted the aircraft's course using the single letter recognition code transmitted from the bomber. The range and bearing was passed by the

9049: 9044: 9039: 5447:

stations to assist the bombers. The bomber stream was assigned an altitude of 16,000 ft (4,900 m) and was to bomb at that level.

4869: 4117:

Integral to the night's operations were I./KG 100 and II. and III./KG 2. The former unit appears to have been relocated from the

4563:

Most of the 100 tons of bombs fell on London, starting around 250 fires and killing 75 people. Most casualties occurred in the borough of

3989:

KG 54 lost two respectively and KG 6 lost one machine. One of the missing aircraft, Ju 88, 2./KG 54, code B3+EK piloted by

9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 5234:

Fighter Command night fighters made three additional claims which cannot be matched to a particular loss. Successful night fighter pilot

5227:

armoury set an entire street ablaze. Total civilian casualties amounted to 20 dead—16 deaths occurring in Croydon. 78 more were injured.

2383:

The pilot glided to approach and released the bombs via stop-watch; the time of delay was decided at the briefing. This was known as the

1068: 799: 4624:

There would be no attack for several days, after the American daytime and RAF nocturnal attacks of the Allies' "Big Week" campaign, but

4300: 2736:: All units participated in Home Defence, with some also operating as intruder squadrons in support of Bomber Command and also against 3466:. One of the machines fell to a Mosquito from 96 Squadron. One Ju 188 from 2./KG 66 was lost and two Me 410s (from 14. 1413:

had announced that the Luftwaffe had disappointed him too often, and a change over from the offensive to defensive in the air against

1356:

should concentrate resources on defensive efforts against the Allied Air Forces. After a meeting with senior Luftwaffe staff officers

8720: 5098:

was to be the focus of their attack. As before, pathfinders from KG 66 were made available to mark the target. Searchlights and

1534: 1474:

was derived from it and was available in 1943. The other main medium bomber was Dornier Do 217, a larger and upgraded version of the

1320: 4081:

Egon Ruhland and his crew were killed. KG 66 lost five this night. 33 German airmen were killed, two wounded and two captured.

8976: 4545:

German records say exactly 170 crews participated. Some German crews had been trained in new bombing techniques. A small number of

2609: 1563:

radar jammers, specifically carried in the Ju 88, which had some effect in jamming the upper-VHF band, 205 MHz frequency

4832:

and turn south using Cambridge as a waypoint. Once the bombs had been dropped the pilots were ordered to exit British airspace at

1309:

favour, as he perceived it created a body of people with nothing to lose and who "will therefore fight on with utter fanaticism."

1280: 1255:. Göring had neglected his command since the outbreak of war but sought to meet his responsibilities in 1943 as his prestige with 1127:

and lasted from January to May 1944. Steinbock was the last strategic air offensive by the German bomber arm during the conflict.

8971: 2584:. The Germans had been hoping to use V-1 flying bombs but the attack on Kassel in October 1943 had forced the abandonment of the 2325:

British GEE sets and by 2 January 1944 five of these devices were fitted to the unit's aircraft. The Luftwaffe named the devices

3661:. The route sent them north-west to searchlights at Valery-en-Caux and continued across the Channel. A third alteration came at 1177:. The offensive was the last large-scale bombing campaign against England using conventional aircraft, and thenceforth only the 8966: 4820:

On the night of the 14/15 March 1944 bomber crews were briefed to attack London again. This time the target was Whitehall with

4007:. In total 50 German airmen were reported missing and five were confirmed killed. None were known to have been captured alive. 4808:

20 homes were destroyed and 100 damaged. Around 300 people were made homeless in the worst attack on the town during the war.

3020:

An experienced night fighter squadron since 1940. In 1943 and 1944 it flew day and night intruder flights over France and the

8692: 8678: 8664: 8650: 8618: 8604: 8589: 8562: 8543: 8524: 8502: 8483: 8464: 8445: 8419: 8397: 8375: 8356: 8334: 8315: 8296: 8277: 8258: 8222: 8203: 8184: 8165: 8142: 8123: 8097: 8078: 8052: 8026: 8007: 7984: 7938: 5492: 4064: 3160: 3032: 1063: 650: 539: 5460:

made six claims this night. Wing Commander Hampshire of 456 made another claim as did a No. 406 Squadron RCAF Beaufighter.

5138: 4769: 4279:

An 85 Squadron Mosquito destroyed a Ju 88S-1, Z6+HH from 1./KG 66 but was caught in the explosion which burnt off the

40: 3712:

was struck by some of these bombs and the medieval beams in the building caught fire but these were quickly extinguished.

3692:

The damage done was small: four fires, 74 civilians killed, 12 seriously injured and five wounded. A notable fatality was

1216:, the Luftwaffe night fighter force expanded and adapted to the threat. The development of and eventual widespread use of 9254: 9065: 8582:

Deutsche Nachtjagd: Materialverluste in Ausbildung un Einsatz, Ergänzungen zu Personalverlusten in Ausbildung und Einsatz

4126: 3619: 4133:

opposed to their Dutch airfields at Soesterberg and Gilze–Rijen. All other units operated from their normal aerodromes.

1434:

were still adequate for bombing operations. Peltz replied that he would be happy with anything that could carry a bomb.

854: 4864:

district, some damage was done by exploding high explosives. One notable casualty was Muriel Wright, the girlfriend of

4757: 2678: 2450:, was 8 feet 8 inches (2.64 metres) long and weighed 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). AB types were also used ( 2270:

The nature of the air war had changed significantly since 1941 and German bomber crews implemented new tactics. In the

1301: 917: 567: 5482:(Long Range Reconnaissance Group 121) was ordered to support and record the damage of four consecutive night raids on 4953: 3739:

British reports stated minor damage was done to essential locations. The most serious damage to a factory occurred to

8635: 7964: 3646:

A second wave was dispatched in the early hours of the morning. The weather deteriorated and cloud led to the use of

1276: 616: 8251:

No Place for Chivalry: RAF Night Fighters Defend the East of England Against the German Air Force in Two World Wars

5131:

sustained a direct hit and was severely damaged. With the 61/62 fatalities, 250 civilians were seriously injured.

1719:

and German losses would have been higher if operations not been restricted to coastal rather than inland targets.

1552: 1443: 1284: 1147: 4028:

booster rather than rooted in fact. It was true that Fighter Command night fighter forces were smaller than its

3708:

500–600 incendiaries were reported to have fallen in a 220,000 square yard area, though 100 did not ignite. The

2592:

In late 1943, the RAF was reorganised and night fighter duties were made the responsibility of Fighter Command (

1522:

in its nose) – the confined space and 75-round magazines made it difficult to sustain concentrated fire against

9080: 8802: 5337: 5143: 4824:

being marked out as a special target. The bombers were ordered to congregate over the North Sea, north west of

3336: 2933:

Reformed from day to night fighters, November 1940. It operated in the escort, Home Defence and intruder role.

2617: 2288:

operating heights of 10 to 20,000 ft (6,100 m) put one raider in every 345 cubic miles of air space.

1551:

radar system, usable both as an airborne intercept system (as a replacement for the post-July 1944 compromised

5340:, commanding 456 Squadron RAAF accounted for two enemy aircraft this night—he achieved three successes during 4700:

and the surrounding area, which were marked by red flares. Assisting the bomber crews on the night were three

3545: 9259: 8713: 5146:, 456 Squadron RAAF (left), and radar operator T Condon, survey the Ju 88 they shot down on 27/28 March 1944. 4950:. The altitude varied. Some units were ordered to begin climbing when they had reached the assembly point at 4445: 4326:

II./KG 54, I./KG 100, I./KG 54, I. and II./KG 2 rendezvoused over the Dutch coast at the

4200: 4145: 3474: 2857: 2809: 2369:

Once crews had reached the target area they would find it marked. The first method of target–marking was the

1190: 553: 4130: 8877: 8729: 8698: 5405:

stations were also in use for this operation as the Luftwaffe made greater attempts to improve navigation.

5295:

stations were available. One of the beams ran south of Bristol the other intersected it at a point between

2502: 1268: 510: 3638:

and 27 German airmen were posted missing, 23 were killed and eight captured. A further five were wounded.

1275:

helped confuse the defences and Göring's mishandling of the night fighter force allowed Bomber Command to

1021: 402: 5224: 3067: 2720: 2632: 2613: 609: 5540:

From the 3 to 12 May the air offensive came to a halt with the exception of a few sporadic attacks. The

5303:. The plan was sound, but replacement aircraft, in particular the Ju 88s, were not fitted with the 4110:

February. The degree of material damage and human casualties this night reached an all-time high during

2974:

The first unit to be equipped with Mosquito night fighters. Began Home Defence duties on 27 April 1943.

1511:

load was carried outside the aircraft. The Ju 88 carried nearly two-thirds of its load externally.

866: 9272: 4212: 3340: 1344: 1334: 1292: 1036: 1031: 1001: 893: 725: 4888:, 26 people were killed, more than half the night's total fatalities. Two bombs damaged 100 houses in 4267:

from KG 2 and two from KG 6. The Luftwaffe lost 20 men killed, 12 missing and four wounded.

1446:

and by rebuilding existing bomber units in the West. On 3 December 1943 Göring issued a directive for

5507: 4748:

Helmut Barbauer and Friedrich Schork were taken prisoner. Hugo Muhlbauer and Fritz Gotze were killed.

4727: 4220: 3930:

The report was exaggerated. British sources showed the attacks to be scattered, with areas as far as

3790: 3480:

On the night of the 4/5 January six children and four adults were killed when the Luftwaffe targeted

2206: 1518:

in the Ju 88 and six to seven in the Do 217 (the K variant possessed a twin-mount of 7.9mm

1202: 1131: 900: 640: 623: 604: 529: 4526:

56051. At 10,000 ft over London the aircraft was hit by predictive fire from the ground. Pilot

2501:

which inhibited its use as a bombing aid. A similar adaptation of existing equipment in the form of

2307: 8752: 8706: 5336:. German casualties amounted to 13 killed, one wounded, 16 missing and 19 captured. Wing Commander 4395: 4280: 1486: 964: 645: 599: 372: 5469: 5241:, of 85 Squadron filed two claims for an enemy destroyed and one probably destroyed on this raid. 2673:

with 2,729 anti-aircraft guns, which had risen 31 percent from 2,088 in January 1943. Many of the

1519: 4989:

buoys were dropped into the sea; the lead formations used red sky markers for marking waypoints.

4697: 4519:

were needed to extinguish the flames. There was only one casualty in the town and no fatalities.

4036: 2955:

Initially assigned to protecting shipping. On 21 February 1940, was converted to night fighters.

2715: 2279: 1362: 1026: 859: 849: 674: 240: 8368:

The Last Blitz: Operation Steinbock, the Luftwaffe's Last Blitz on Britain – January to May 1944

5365:

of No. 96 Squadron RAF and a handful of losses were incurred by friendly fire and in accidents.

4658:

Alfred Schubert, Alfons Eichschmidt, Walter Rehfeldt, Wilhelm Schachtshabel and Arnold Büttner.

2833:

Formed on 7 February 1941 and remained on Home Defence duties until disbanded on 20 April 1945.

2438:

were also used, and had been since 1940. These devices were classified as SC and referred to as

8807: 5320:

when pitted against British jamming measures and were inclined to rely upon visual assistance.

5187: 4188: 4032:

counterpart defending the continent, but German bombers were arriving in much smaller numbers.

3124: 1583: 1073: 689: 679: 664: 2493:

although results were disappointing, partly because of British countermeasures spearheaded by

2446:, weighing 500 kg (1,100 lb), and 5 feet 8 inches (1.73 metres) long. The 9286: 9182: 8915: 8900: 8851: 8835: 8437: 8429: 8344: 5050:

Hans Jakob respectively. Neither crew survived. Humber anti-aircraft batteries accounted for

4617:

In contrast, the "Big Week" campaign's RAF contribution sent some 700 bombers to Schweinfurt

3709: 3591: 3355: 3321: 3233: 3100: 3078: 2805: 2659: 2624: 1332:

The strategic dilemma facing the Luftwaffe in the winter of 1943–1944 was a serious one. The

945: 883: 761: 713: 316: 161: 5381:. The bomb run was to take place at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) with a gradual descent to 4304: 3066:

Developed as a night fighter squadron in September 1940. It was one of the first to receive

2366:

interjected to issue bombing instructions when it predicted the bomber was over the target.

9249: 9187: 9167: 9075: 7960: 5457: 5418: 5195: 4885: 4643: 4572: 4546: 4334:. The force numbered from 90 to 100 bombers. Landfall was made on the Essex coast near the 4086: 4060: 3846: 3635: 3627: 3512: 3283: 3268: 3254: 3204: 3179: 3055: 3007: 2982: 2963: 2941: 2916: 2891: 2653: 2580: 2411: 1957: 1634: 1614: 1601: 1527: 1372: 1300:) there was little understanding or appreciation for air defence, even in the aftermath of 1058: 953: 787: 669: 584: 574: 460: 287: 5265:

forces in England were based there. Bristol was specifically chosen with this in mind and

4860:

The bombers reached the target and dropped their bombs but little damage was done. In the

8: 9218: 9162: 8986: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8157: 7999: 5414: 5410: 5118:

The Luftwaffe effort was spread over a large area dissipating the effect. Hammersmith to

5020: 4568: 4487: 4425: 4421: 4161: 4136:

The German bomber stream reached the city and bombed accurately. High explosives fell on

4056: 3631: 3522: 3329: 3146: 2868: 2843: 2828: 2820: 2787: 2766: 2732:

A list of the squadrons operating Mosquito and Beaufighter night fighters at the time of

2694: 2628: 2284: 2180: 1685: 1385: 1016: 978: 931: 924: 888: 708: 589: 4923:

this night. The port city was a commercial seaport on the eastern seaboard. It had been

4319:, although Juvincourt, Coulommiers and Soesterberg were used by these formations during 3954:

Only 25 of the 190 ton of bombs released fell on London. Fires were started in Hackney,

3853:

camp and depending on the numerous reports, the number of dead ranged from three to 23.

2999:

on 15 June 1942 as a tactical reconnaissance unit. Converted to night fighting in 1943.

2362:. Course corrections and flare release orders were usually passed on by R/T. The second 1530:, spread the crew throughout the aircraft and allowed for a greater chance of survival. 9127: 8905: 8856: 5633: 5378: 5362: 5262: 5258: 5128: 4916: 4877: 4607: 4343: 4228: 4216: 4149: 3262: 3192:

Reformed on 16 June 1941 the squadron was assigned to Home Defence for the duration of

2990: 2674: 2566: 2406:) were general purpose weapons, thin-cased to cause maximum damage on the surface. SD ( 2157: 2043: 2013: 1987: 1692: 1667: 1660: 1653: 1556: 1225: 1041: 835: 828: 766: 699: 684: 545: 321: 5498:

and the ship was to become the focus of the attack. III./KG 100 was ordered from

5377:

buoys were dropped en route to mark the bomber's path. A turning point was ordered at

4618: 1533:

The German bombers were afforded some protection in the form of the new, mid-VHF band

9104: 8757: 8688: 8674: 8660: 8646: 8631: 8614: 8600: 8585: 8558: 8539: 8520: 8498: 8479: 8460: 8441: 8415: 8393: 8385: 8371: 8352: 8330: 8311: 8292: 8273: 8254: 8237: 8218: 8199: 8180: 8161: 8138: 8119: 8111: 8093: 8074: 8048: 8022: 8003: 7980: 7934: 5235: 5072: 4821: 4630: 4584: 4496: 4429: 4417: 4094: 3977: 3955: 3740: 3678: 3463: 3403: 3218: 3015: 2880: 2686: 2640: 2558: 2528:

took over for the final bomb/flare release run. Operators transmitted information by

2341: 2140: 1888: 1755: 1678: 1618: 1450:(Operation Capricorn), with the objective of "avenging terror attacks of the enemy." 1260: 1112: 992: 985: 959: 938: 842: 739: 694: 594: 407: 347: 294: 62: 8234:

The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939–1945, Volume II: Endeavour, Part 4

7979:. Crowood Aviation series. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press. 5426:

of KG 51. Branse Burbridge of 85 Squadron also brought down an enemy aircraft.

4896:

from German aircraft with incendiary rounds which burnt out a furniture depository.

1248: 1146:

value for the German public and domestic consumption. The operation ran parallel to

9223: 9172: 9143: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8476:

Adler Gegen England: The Luftwaffe's Air Campaign against the British Isles 1941–45

5333: 5238: 5108: 4912: 4004: 3733: 3610: 3587: 3497: 3481: 3459: 3373: 3291: 3272: 3241: 3212: 3044: 2779:

Squadron used mainly for intruder and escort operations supporting Bomber Command.

2690: 2605: 2601: 2562: 2462: 2425: 2374: 2345: 1381: 1272: 1120: 971: 910: 871: 657: 628: 465: 392: 342: 9213: 9135: 9070: 8923: 8784: 8747: 5358: 5220: 5219:

took 6,000 incendiary hits and 2–3,000 fell on Croydon causing over 80 fires. In

4805: 4735: 4248: 4137: 4000: 3963: 3931: 3858: 3717: 2494: 2373:(final approach) method. It was used only when the target was fully visible. The 2292: 1252: 1221: 1213: 1208: 1178: 1154: 1100: 1011: 876: 804: 756: 718: 633: 453: 412: 387: 362: 311: 4828:

at 16,400 ft (5,000 m). The attacking force was to cross the coast at

1328:, 10 August 1943. Göring favoured the bomber over the fighter even at this time. 9197: 9192: 9177: 9114: 6499: 5300: 5296: 5272:

The participating groups were dispatched to airfields in north western France.

5216: 5203: 5183: 5175: 5076: 5064: 5035: 4738:

W Patterson, 96 Squadron, survey the wreckage of a Ju 88A-4. It belonged to 6.

4639: 4391: 4387: 4335: 4260: 4204: 4044: 3866: 3670: 3606: 3534: 3471: 3369: 3363: 2928: 2774: 2740:

incursions. The following claims were made between 21 January and 29 May 1944.

2706: 2670: 2666: 2498: 2466:

bomb was specifically designed to destroy buildings and it had a high-pressure

2435: 2419: 2399: 1851: 1611: 1545: 1482: 1471: 1431: 1397: 1233: 1217: 1186: 1158: 1139: 794: 579: 534: 478: 424: 397: 367: 172: 129: 124: 97: 55: 5054:

Walter Schmitt's Ju 188. The 2./KG 66 aircraft crashed north of the

4884:

were damaged. Bombs also fell in Hyde Park. In Drayton Park, Highbury, in the

4398:

was severely damaged. Fires broke out in Gloucester Gardens, Porchester Mews,

2516:

The system was based upon signals radiated by the FuG 25 and picked up by two

2299:

at low altitude to designated crossing points in loose formation known as the

1352:

to strengthen defences. The overwhelming consensus in the OKL was that German

9296: 8762: 8623: 8407: 8241: 5207: 5167: 5060: 4968: 4955: 4785: 4744: 4731: 4550: 4528: 4492: 4403: 3991: 3967: 3854: 3764: 3752: 3693: 3602: 3538: 3395: 3021: 2682: 2378:

supplement the pathfinder flares. If the airspace was semi-over cast or when

2355: 2300: 2274:, German bombers were dispatched individually rather than in formation. Each 2114: 2061: 1879: 1607: 1579: 1523: 1515: 1475: 1467: 1463: 1357: 905: 730: 560: 439: 357: 352: 337: 68: 8728: 8597:

Nachtjagd: the night fighter versus bomber war over the Third Reich, 1939–45

4308: 3515:

in the Netherlands, St. Trond east of Brussels, Belgium and Montdidier near

3438:

The Luftwaffe was already in action on night operations over Britain before

2428:

were used and were highly effective against human targets (anti-personnel).

2034: 1220:

in the Luftwaffe enabled the German air defences to inflict heavy losses on

8827: 8792: 8733: 8066: 8040: 5191: 5031: 4635: 4512: 4508: 4368: 4170: 4157: 3939: 3874: 3850: 3786: 3768: 3697: 3696:

Jack Goodhart who was killed with his family when a bomb hit their home in

2597: 2004: 1727:

The following is a list of the German bomber units ready to participate in

1642: 1638: 1493: 1478: 1389: 1339: 1325: 1256: 1135: 780: 429: 273: 177: 156: 141: 136: 51: 32: 9313:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

9303:

World War II aerial operations and battles of the Western European Theatre

4844:. Peltz ordered the Fw 190s of SKG 10 to fly a diversion sortie over 4235:

was hit by a concentration of incendiaries. Water mains were shattered in

3973: 8107: 7950:"The Luftwaffe and the Battle for Air Superiority: Blueprint or Warning?" 5541: 5199: 5055: 4865: 4833: 4797: 4773: 4772:

was badly damaged by incendiary bombs. A string of other areas were hit:

4588: 4536:. The intact bomber enabled British intelligence to examine both it, the 4441: 4407: 4351: 4224: 4184: 3882: 3814: 3295: 3154: 3086: 2949: 2924: 2905: 2593: 2431: 2379: 2349: 1776: 1570:

radar used by anti-aircraft artillery, but was ineffective in countering

1006: 809: 382: 47: 5373:

at Noordwijk on the Dutch coast. Landfall was marked at Leiston and six

1933: 9227: 8958: 8812: 8512: 8062: 8036: 7996:

Mosquito Mayhem: de Havilland's Wooden Wonder in Action in World War II

5483: 5390: 5150:

On the next nights the Luftwaffe resorted to hit-and-run tactics using

5005: 5001: 4924: 4881: 4873: 4600: 4596: 4580: 4479: 4433: 4252: 4208: 4153: 4141: 3970:

was ablaze when it became the target of a sustained incendiary attack.

3890: 3818: 3713: 3662: 3187: 2851: 2710: 2529: 2467: 1567: 1264: 1247:

Kammhuber's efforts were damaged by the amateurish leadership style of

1182: 1143: 746: 523: 434: 377: 301: 4840:. Until this operation, deception was limited to the wholesale use of 4312: 4177:

around 120 of the raiders were plotted and detected by British radar.

3418:

A mobile GL Mk. III radar set, capable of gun laying (predictive fire)

2306:

Navigational aids were available to crews in 1944. The 1940 original,

1823: 9233: 9109: 8517:

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

8434:

Blitz on Britain: the bomber attacks on the United Kingdom, 1939–1945

5660: 5561:(7) available as an Allied attack on the base at Achmer depleted it. 5382: 5281: 5254: 5119: 4861: 4825: 4801: 4685: 4556: 4533: 4436:

were also damaged and had windows blown out. One of six bombs to hit

4380: 4331: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4196: 4180: 4090: 3996: 3935: 3906: 3748: 3725: 3658: 3582: 3565:—the Waterloo area of London. The attack was to be carried out using 3455: 3133: 2296: 1909: 1799: 1711: 1571: 1353: 1166: 1116: 1053: 330: 6790: 6199: 5034:, well to the south of Hull. KG 54 crews reported reaching the 4173:

forces reported black strips all over Essex. But despite the use of

3577:

were available to pinpoint the target with flares. From Montdidier,

1514:

The two machines mounted adequate defensive firepower – four to six

1348:("Reich Aviation Ministry"—RLM) for production—recommended doubling 8767: 5854: 5499: 5325: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5212: 5095: 5016: 4943: 4893: 4889: 4845: 4804:

was struck by bombs which struck and destroyed several hangars. In

4793: 4761: 4504: 4399: 4292: 4244: 4165: 4114:. It was the most damaging single attack since 31 May/1 June 1941. 4077: 4048: 3947: 3886: 3744: 3729: 3701: 3615: 3168: 2899: 2799: 2795: 2616:) who were responsible for the defence of southern England and the 2585: 2245:

The Ju 88 was still the mainstay of the German bomber force in 1944

2085: 1905: 1157:

for the offensive. The attacks were mainly aimed at and around the

751: 306: 6358: 6346: 6334: 6322: 6310: 6298: 6271: 6259: 4383:. Aside from the dead, another 417 people were seriously injured. 4140:

and two AB1000 containers and eight SC50 bombs fell just short of

2233:, KG 6 were redeployed to support the occupation of Hungary. 1229: 270: 8154:

Bomber Command: 1936–1968: An Operational & Historical Record

7291: 7289: 6247: 6235: 6223: 6211: 6187: 6175: 6163: 6151: 5554: 5503: 5402: 5250: 5171: 5123: 5024: 4997: 4836:. For the first time, the Luftwaffe attempted a diversion during 4829: 4789: 4777: 4765: 4693: 4604: 4564: 4499:

Townsin failed to return after a patrol and were posted missing.

4483: 4316: 3959: 3721: 3716:

was struck by unexploded bombs and the following areas were hit:

3705: 3275:

until December 1943. Equipped with Mosquitos at the end of 1943.

2663: 2578:

The RAF was warned of an impending attack on 23 December 1943 by

2509:, a ground-control procedure for crews on bomber operations. For 2148: 1827: 1564: 1504: 1414: 1138:

ordered the Luftwaffe to prepare a bombing operation against the

1124: 8116:

The Luftwaffe's Way of War: German Air Force Doctrine, 1911–1945

7819: 4696:, and from that way point, south east to London. The target was 3700:. Of the 268 tonnes of bombs dropped, 32 fell on London. In the 1641:

was to carry out the bulk of the operation. Göring ordered that

9318:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Germany

6288: 6286: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5682: 5680: 5520: 5394: 4947: 4928: 4781: 4576: 4376: 4232: 4122: 4118: 3878: 3833: 3826: 3810: 3528: 3505: 3451: 3447: 3399: 3304:

and the Far East from 1942 before returning to Britain. During

3224:

12 claims on intruder operations (two possible claims opposing

1597: 1500: 1313: 9308:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Canada

7286: 4299:

had begun the day before, with a RAF Bomber Command attack on

3677:

operation until March. The first operation coincided with the

3394:

Mosquito NF Mark XIII, HK382 'RO-T', 29 Squadron, at Hunsdon,

2860:. 85 Squadron was veteran night fighter formation since 1940. 2808:. Converted from Beaufighters in May 1943. Transferred to the 8236:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 260–261. 7797: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7776: 7774: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7704: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 5452: 4647: 4296: 4192: 3896:

Seven KG 6 bombers were lost—with only one crew from 4.

3870: 3806: 3799: 3771:

with the loss of 23 ground personnel belonging to KG 6.

3516: 3301: 2908:

on 16 June 1941. Operated as Home Defence and intruder unit.

2144: 2089: 1772: 1707: 1393: 1174: 72: 8685:

Night Fighter: A Concise History of Nightfighting Since 1914

8135:

AA Command: Britain's Anti-aircraft Defences of World War II

7240: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7232: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6283: 5758: 5746: 5692: 5677: 2513:

it was made available to the pathfinder unit I./KG 66.

2336:

At the beginning of 1944 a similar navigation aid codenamed

2229:

Ju 188, while III./KG 30, along with II. and III.

1485:

A was the only genuine heavy bomber in the fleet, which had

8196:

Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945; A Reference Source

8177:

Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945; A Reference Source

8047:(in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. 7692: 7100: 7098: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7068: 7066: 7064: 6982: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5398: 5166:

beginning of the barrage. The attack seemed to be aimed at

5015:

picked up the use of düppel being dropped 90 miles east of

5012: 4461:

II./KG 54 which stood down for the evening. All three

3995:

Helmut Friedrich Weihs was discovered with its crew in the

3909:

and Gee systems were technologically ahead of the Germans.

3785:

I./KG 54 were ordered to attack the districts east of

3666: 3443: 2454:, large cluster bombs) and could also weigh 1,000 kg. 2348:

in the aircraft was activated by pulses transmitted by two

1875: 1306: 1205:

had taken a heavy toll on Germany. Under the leadership of

7867: 7855: 7843: 7831: 7786: 7771: 7747: 7735: 7716: 7671: 7628: 7585: 7573: 7561: 7537: 7504: 7487: 7450: 7407: 7356: 7320: 7301: 7274: 7195: 7193: 7151: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6117: 6115: 6113: 5782: 4742:

of KG 6. The machine was code 3E+BP Werknummer 2537.

4619:

on the same night as the Luftwaffe's Westminster-area raid

3681:

the Allied landings at Anzio and immediately three of the

2505:

sets (FuG 25 and FuG 25a Erstling) brought into existence

1462:, the Luftwaffe still possessed a mix of first-generation 7908: 7906: 7807: 7759: 7659: 7525: 7229: 6670: 6658: 6544: 6532: 5818: 5127:

recorded with major incidents in Islington and Dagenham.

5079:

and III./KG 26 with 20 of 27 Ju 88s available.

2649: 2645: 2474:

and were carried by the He 177A-3s used in the campaign.

1575: 8536:

Pfadfinder: Luftwaffe Pathfinder Operations Over Britain

7205: 7127: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7095: 7078: 7061: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7018: 6994: 6646: 6511: 6475: 6439: 6127: 5970: 5968: 5883: 5881: 5719: 5046:

Heinrich Müller and the Do 217 of 2./KG 2 flown by

3825:

navigational aid on the operation, using the station at

3605:. In the case of II./KG 54, the crews proceeded by 3343:

unit, formed in June 1941 and deactivated in June 1945.

3339:, the squadron's leading night fighter pilot. 456 was a 1165:

due to the much smaller scale of operations compared to

8194:

de Zeng, Henry; Stankey, Douglas; Creek, Eddie (2008).

8090:

The Little Blitz: The Luftwaffe's Last Attack on London

7647: 7616: 7549: 7475: 7426: 7190: 7180: 7178: 7049: 6946: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6610: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6451: 6403: 6382: 6110: 6064: 6062: 6011: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5931: 5929: 5311:

could detect the beams. Additionally, the range of the

4868:

the future novelist, who at that time was serving as a

4654:. All aboard were killed including his two boxer dogs; 4575:

26 people were killed and another 22 civilians died in

3946:

discovered the results, he ordered Peltz to operate on

3047:

personnel, it was a night fighter unit from formation.

2705:

Mosquito and Beaufighter night fighters approached the

2639:

altitude to intercept a contact until in visual range.

1508: 8019:

Kampfflieger: 1944–1945 v. 4: Bombers of the Luftwaffe

7903: 7891: 7879: 7604: 7438: 7250: 7139: 6634: 6463: 6074: 5011:

RAF controllers detected activity when a radar set at

9270: 7395: 7217: 7163: 7110: 7030: 7006: 6970: 6958: 6922: 6910: 6898: 6886: 6874: 6862: 6850: 6838: 6826: 6814: 6802: 6778: 6745: 6733: 6622: 6487: 6415: 6035: 6023: 5965: 5953: 5905: 5898: 5896: 5878: 5866: 5842: 5830: 5806: 5770: 1422:

necessary resources together for retaliatory action.

7931:

History of the German Night Fighter Force, 1917–1945

7383: 7344: 7332: 7262: 7175: 6934: 6757: 6579: 6370: 6139: 6098: 6086: 6059: 6047: 5992: 5941: 5926: 3549:

Ju 188, from KG 6 being prepared for operations

3511:

Peltz ordered the units, based on 14 airfields from

2340:

was available to the Luftwaffe which was similar to

8193: 8174: 6567: 6427: 6364: 6352: 6340: 6328: 6316: 6304: 6277: 6265: 6253: 6241: 6229: 6217: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6169: 6157: 5980: 5636:. Production of sets was well behind and the later 4003:excavating the wreck when the area was drained for 3966:in Gloucestershire received 2,000 incendiary hits. 2489:blind-landing equipment had been the basis for the 1193:respectively – were used to strike British cities. 8175:de Zeng, H.L.; Stankey, D.G.; Creek, E.J. (2007). 5893: 5794: 4125:on the day of the attack. KG 2 operated from 8611:The Luftwaffe over Germany – Defense of the Reich 5658:One Fw 190G-3 was lost from 3./SKG 10; 4063:Mosquitos and two to ground-fire. Wing Commander 3586:Schmidt, 2./KG 66, took off with a captured 2565:linked to the FuG 25 set, similar in size to the 9294: 8231: 5860: 4231:was also damaged and the surrounding borough of 3308:it operated in Home Defence and intruder roles. 2524:plotted the course of the bomber and the second 508: 8609:Caldwell, Donald & Muller, Richard. (2007) 8497:. Phoenix Mill, Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. 5606:14 lost on intruder operations January–May 1944 5502:to participate. The Do 217K-2s were armed with 4638:Helmut Fuhrhop was shot down and killed by RAF 4593:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force 8061: 8035: 7295: 5764: 5752: 5713: 5686: 4692:acted as a rallying point for a turn north to 9323:United Kingdom home front during World War II 8714: 8305: 8198:. Vol. 2. Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing. 6292: 2669:) was responsible for the ground defences of 2257:The Do 217 was also available in numbers for 494: 256: 8459:. After the Battle; First Editions edition. 5307:blind approach equipment. Only bombers with 5284:, flares were to signal a 90-degree turn to 4571:where 100 houses were damaged. In Acton and 1283:. In November 1943 Bomber Command began the 1206: 59: 8390:Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–45 8232:Frankland, Noble; Webster, Charles (1961). 8106: 2879:Returned to England in May 1944 and joined 8721: 8707: 8327:Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe 8306:Griehl, Manfred; Dressel, Joachim (1998). 4903: 3477:accounting for one of the Messerschmitts. 1470:. The Junkers design was upgraded and the 1287:and Kammhuber was dismissed from command. 501: 487: 263: 249: 8533: 8289:German Elite Pathfinders KG 100 in Action 8212: 7813: 7710: 7665: 7531: 6517: 6505: 6481: 6445: 6409: 6133: 5102:buoys were also provided for navigation. 5030:The 131 bombers made landfall over north 4646:while on a transfer flight from Paris to 4448:' residence but killed two of her staff. 4101: 3802:. Further aids were rendered by dropping 3311:6 intruder claims over Belgium and France 2623:Fighter Command had sixteen squadrons of 2557:(PeilG) 6 (codenamed "Alex Sniatkowski") 2477: 8473: 8132: 7055: 6616: 6604: 6469: 5253:. The city possessed a large seaport at 5137: 4768:works were hit by 700 incendiaries. The 4726: 4274: 4055:10 German bombers were lost—one each to 3972: 3885:. Around 7,000 incendiary bombs fell in 3544: 2697:fire accurate at night, in bad weather. 2398:was similar to that in the RAF armoury. 1319: 1148:Bomber Command's campaign against Berlin 8492: 8248: 7947: 7698: 6640: 6628: 6421: 6080: 5439:. This problem was not uncommon on the 3043:Formed on 5 September 1940 from former 1290:At the top of the German High Command ( 1239: 1142:. The bombing offensive also served as 9295: 8454: 8384: 8365: 8324: 8310:. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing. 8286: 8267: 7993: 7974: 7912: 7897: 7885: 7873: 7861: 7849: 7837: 7825: 7801: 7780: 7753: 7741: 7729: 7686: 7641: 7610: 7598: 7579: 7567: 7543: 7519: 7498: 7469: 7444: 7420: 7401: 7377: 7326: 7314: 7280: 7256: 7244: 7223: 7211: 7169: 7157: 7145: 7133: 7121: 7104: 7089: 7072: 7024: 7012: 7000: 6988: 6952: 6940: 6796: 6772: 6727: 6664: 6592: 6561: 6538: 6508:, pp. 78, 117, 149, 168–169, 180. 6493: 6457: 6433: 6397: 6145: 6121: 6104: 6092: 6053: 6041: 6029: 6017: 6005: 5986: 5974: 5959: 5947: 5911: 5887: 5872: 5848: 5836: 5824: 5812: 5740: 5269:intended to hinder Allied activities. 4675:KG 100 was able to get 2. and 3. 4583:was damaged and 20 homes destroyed in 4259:, over 200 houses were damaged and in 3767:was shot down by a night fighter over 2354:radar from stations in France and the 1366:(General of the Fighter Force)—wrote: 1161:area. In Britain, it was known as the 1115:campaign by the German Air Force (the 16:WWII German strategic bombing campaign 8702: 8552: 8511: 8428: 8406: 8343: 8270:Do 217-317-417: An Operational Record 8179:. Vol. 1. Ian Allan Publishing. 8151: 8087: 8016: 7928: 7765: 7653: 7622: 7555: 7481: 7432: 7389: 7350: 7338: 7268: 7199: 7184: 7043: 6976: 6964: 6928: 6916: 6904: 6892: 6880: 6868: 6856: 6844: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6784: 6751: 6739: 6652: 6573: 6376: 6068: 5935: 5800: 5788: 5776: 4486:. 230 fires were reported and one at 3921: 3832:KG 6 began their operation from 3033:No. 307 Polish Night Fighter Squadron 482: 244: 8671:Building German Airpower, 1909–1914. 8643:German Bombers Over England, 1940–44 5443:units. Peltz ordered at least three 5244: 4770:City and Guilds of London Art School 4628:suffered a blow on 29 February when 4587:. There were also many fires in the 3817:at 5,000 metres (16,000 feet) using 2727: 2520:stations. The operator of the first 2329:(hyperbola device), but marked them 2316:which was also a multi-beam system. 8613:. Greenhill books, MBI Publishing. 8329:. London: Arms & Armour Press. 5463:By April 1944 the preparations for 5082: 4981:. To assist the bomber stream, two 4603:. Bombs also fell near the home of 3758: 3267:Formed on 1 October 1942. Operated 2693:gun-laying radar, which made their 2573: 13: 8573: 8555:Royal Air Force Handbook 1939-1945 8215:German Air-Dropped Weapons to 1945 4758:Royal Arsenal Co-operative Society 4708:stations. They were also afforded 4567:. Over 2,000 incendiaries fell on 4386:Kensington was badly damaged, and 4010: 3470:and 16./KG 2) were shot down— 1722: 39: 14: 9334: 8584:. VDM Heinz Nickel, Zweibrücken. 6365:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2008 6353:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2008 6341:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2008 6329:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007 6317:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007 6305:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007 6278:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007 6266:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007 6254:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007 6242:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007 6230:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007 6218:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007 6206:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007 6194:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007 6182:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007 6170:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007 6158:de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007 5632:establishment) was equipped with 4650:in Ju 188 3E+KH, belonging to 1. 4478:The attack affected Hammersmith, 4455: 4303:the night before, followed by an 4270: 4085:heavy concentrations of guns and 3869:was damaged and lost some of its 3793:the epicentre of the bombing. An 2620:(GCI) operations in these areas. 2410:) had some penetrative power for 1384:operating out of England and the 67:(Bomber Wing 6) which crashed in 9280: 8457:The Blitz Then and Now, Volume 3 5652: 4560:13,000 ft over the target. 4394:and Paddington were hit and the 4263:a chemical plant was destroyed. 3423: 3411: 3387: 3376:) to operate as night fighters. 3313:A further 6 claims unrelated to 3068:aircraft interception (AI) radar 2721:aircraft interception (AI) radar 2633:aircraft interception (AI) radar 2250: 2238: 1610:, and a number of single-engine 1453: 135: 123: 9255:RAF strategic bombing offensive 8673:University of Tennessee Press. 7921: 6523: 5917: 5643: 5361:A. Parker or Flight Lieutenant 4915:for the 19/20 March operation. 4187:, the anti-aircraft battery at 3487: 3433: 2838:4 claims by Beaufighter pilots 2689:were equipped with IFF and new 1487:serious powerplant difficulties 7948:Andrews, William (Fall 1995). 6799:, pp. 108, 116, 226, 280. 5625: 5397:supported the operations. The 4911:Peltz turned his attention to 4815: 4712:buoys dropped in the Channel. 4307:thousand-bomber daylight raid 4071:of II./KG 6, code 3E+DC, 3641: 3119:36 claims on intruder sorties 2618:Ground-controlled interception 1259:waned in the aftermath of the 1201:By the end of 1943 the Allied 1191:short-range ballistic missiles 1150:(November 1943 – March 1944). 272:British home front during the 1: 9260:United States Army Air Forces 5613: 5604:1 destroyed by friendly fire 5352: 5162:—the codename for Whitehall. 4666: 4446:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 4146:United States Army Air Forces 3881:were also sunk or damaged at 3597:Despite the extensive use of 2810:RAF Second Tactical Air Force 2631:night fighters equipped with 1196: 1185:– the pioneering examples of 1175:invasion began on 6 June 1944 8730:Air Defence of Great Britain 8213:Fleischer, Wolfgang (2004). 7296:Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2008 5861:Frankland & Webster 1961 5765:Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2001 5753:Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2008 5714:Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2001 5687:Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2001 5671: 5600:1 destroyed by enemy action 5572: 5569:fell to RAF night fighters. 5190:church was damaged by fire. 4892:while there were reports of 4287:On 20/21 February the sixth 2836:No claims by Mosquito pilots 2700: 2600:) which in January 1944 had 2346:high-powered IFF transponder 1981:Brussels–Melsbroek, Belgium 1153:The Luftwaffe assembled 474 7: 9081:Women's Auxiliary Air Force 9066:Battle of Britain airfields 8118:. Nautical & Aviation. 8073:. Oxford University Press. 5261:and a large portion of the 4857:its diversionary function. 3916: 3813:. The bombers crossed over 3406:centimetric radar is fitted 3368:The squadron was formed at 1582:. German bombers also used 54:inspects the wreckage of a 10: 9339: 8683:Robinson, Anthony (1988). 8628:Fighter Command: 1936–1968 8308:Heinkel He 177 – 277 – 274 8249:Goodrum, Alastair (2005). 5385:and over to Boulogne. Two 4870:naval intelligence officer 4215:was destroyed cutting the 4213:Goldhawk Road tube station 4211:were all hit. A bridge at 4201:St Cuthbert's, Earls Court 4067:claimed the Ju 88 of 3428: 3341:Royal Australian Air Force 2265: 1698:were also sequestered for 1345:Reichsluftfahrtministerium 1335:Oberkommando der Luftwaffe 1293:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 1069:Raids on the Atlantic Wall 1064:Strategic Bombing Campaign 288:Air Raid Precautions (ARP) 9242: 9206: 9155: 9093: 9058: 8985: 8957: 8914: 8876: 8869: 8844: 8826: 8783: 8776: 8740: 8657:The de Havilland Mosquito 8599:. Crowood Press, London. 8392:. Washington: Brassey's. 8268:Griehl, Manfred (1991) . 7828:, pp. 267, 281, 283. 6293:Griehl & Dressel 1998 5602:5 damaged by enemy action 5591:27 Messerschmitt Me 410s 5122:extending to Lambeth and 4221:Latimer Road tube station 3609:and crossed the coast at 3060:Beaufighter and Mosquito 2131:Ju 88, Do 217 and Ju 188 1442:(bomber groups) from the 1203:Combined Bomber Offensive 1132:Combined Bomber Offensive 1130:In late 1943, the Allied 520: 283: 199: 186: 147: 116: 79: 38: 30: 25: 8753:Royal Canadian Air Force 8687:. Ian Allan Publishing. 8641:Griehl, Manfred (1999). 8630:. Patrick Stephens Ltd. 8478:. Airfile Publications. 8455:Ramsey, Winston (1990). 8287:Griehl, Manfred (2000). 8133:Dobinson, Colin (2001). 8021:. Classic Publications. 5618: 5347: 4661: 4444:, narrowly missed Queen 4227:until 9 March 1944. The 4144:. More bombs struck the 3685:were returned to Italy. 2421:Sprengbombe Dickwandig 2 2412:armour-piercing purposes 2387:(path of light) method. 1648:transfer control of two 1632:3, under the command of 1596:undernose gondola — the 1499:(Air Fleet 3), based in 1417:was out of the question. 1107:), sometimes called the 87:21 January – 29 May 1944 8655:Hardy, Michael (1977). 8580:Balss, Michael (1999). 8534:Wakefield, Ken (1999). 8474:Robinson, Neil (2013). 8253:. London: Grub Street. 7998:. Barnsley, Yorkshire: 7994:Bowman, Martin (2010). 7975:Bowman, Martin (2005). 7929:Aders, Gebhard (1978). 4985:beams were used and 29 2416:Panzerbombe Cylindrisch 2404:Sprengbombe Cylindrisch 2280:anti-aircraft artillery 1363:General der Jagdflieger 1324:Göring with Hitler and 1123:. It targeted southern 220:22 lost to other causes 217:1 lost to friendly fire 8808:Trafford Leigh-Mallory 8519:. London: Allen Lane. 8493:Spooner, Tony (1997). 8412:The Air War: 1939–1945 8325:Hooton, E. R. (1997). 8217:. Midland Publishing. 8137:. Methuen Publishing. 7963:: 1–12. Archived from 5791:, pp. 77–81, 123. 5593:25 Focke-Wulf Fw 190s 5557:, but it had only one 5535: 5188:St Dunstan-in-the-West 5147: 5115:were to land at Orly. 4996:took a direct path to 4749: 4390:suffered fire damage. 4284: 3985: 3877:also reported damage. 3561:The first raid was on 3550: 3335:Led by Wing commander 3159:Led by Wing commander 3125:No. 488 Squadron RNZAF 2856:Led by Wing commander 2804:Led by Wing commander 2408:Sprengbombe Dickwandig 2208:Schnellkampfgeschwader 1458:Three years after the 1419: 1377: 1329: 1302:the bombing of Hamburg 1207: 1104: 225:1,556 civilians killed 148:Commanders and leaders 60: 44: 8901:Anti-Aircraft Command 8669:Morrow, John (1976). 8595:Boiten, Theo (1997). 8557:. The History Press. 8553:Wragg, David (2007). 7977:de Havilland Mosquito 5141: 4919:became the focus for 4730: 4278: 4019:Peltz was aware that 3976: 3710:Palace of Westminster 3548: 3356:No. 406 Squadron RCAF 3322:No. 456 Squadron RAAF 3234:No. 410 Squadron RCAF 3209:Mosquito/Beaufighter 3101:No. 418 Squadron RCAF 3083:Mosquito/Beaufighter 3079:No. 409 Squadron RCAF 2825:Mosquito/Beaufighter 2806:George Powell-Shedden 2660:Anti-Aircraft Command 2625:de Havilland Mosquito 2497:under the command of 2394:The weaponry used in 1617:Gs and longer-ranged 1489:from its beginnings. 1448:Unternehmen Steinbock 1425:On 28 November 1943, 1402: 1400:described the scene: 1368: 1323: 1281:defence of Peenemünde 1105:Unternehmen Steinbock 762:Battle of Britain Day 317:Battle of Britain Day 211:1 destroyed in combat 200:Casualties and losses 162:Frederick Alfred Pile 43: 9250:Air Raid Precautions 9076:Royal Observer Corps 8366:Mackay, Ron (2011). 8088:Conen, John (2014). 8017:Beale, Nick (2005). 7961:Air University Press 6991:, pp. 281, 350. 5608:Civilian casualties: 5598:7 to unknown causes 5589:46 Heinkel He 177As 5585:121 Dornier Do 217s 5223:, a direct hit on a 4886:borough of Islington 4734:J Allen (right) and 4644:No. 609 Squadron RAF 3999:in the 1970s by the 3847:Ramsden Heath, Essex 3778:was renewed with 11 3542:and Allied bombers. 3398:with "thimble" nose 3284:No. 605 Squadron RAF 3269:Boulton Paul Defiant 3255:No. 515 Squadron RAF 3221:on 4 December 1943. 3205:No. 141 Squadron RAF 3180:No. 125 Squadron RAF 3056:No. 604 Squadron RAF 3008:No. 264 Squadron RAF 2983:No. 169 Squadron RAF 2964:No. 157 Squadron RAF 2942:No. 219 Squadron RAF 2917:No. 151 Squadron RAF 2892:No. 125 Squadron RAF 2876:Returning from Malta 2707:six o'clock position 2654:Naxos radar detector 2113:Marx, south-west of 2060:Marx, south-west of 1731:on 20 January 1944: 1635:Generalfeldmarschall 1615:Messerschmitt Bf 109 1602:Messerschmitt Me 410 1528:B-17 Flying Fortress 1373:Defence of the Reich 1342:—responsible to the 1059:Defence of the Reich 540:The Heligoland Bight 58:E-1 belonging to 2. 9219:Battle of the Beams 8896:RAF Coastal Command 8891:RAF Balloon Command 8886:RAF Fighter Command 8659:. Arco Publishing. 8645:. Greenhill Books. 8538:. NPI Media Group. 8291:. Greenhill Books. 8158:Pen and Sword Books 8152:Delve, Ken (2005). 8000:Pen and Sword Books 7970:on 20 January 2012. 7876:, pp. 356–366. 7864:, pp. 350–355. 7852:, pp. 315–350. 7840:, pp. 341–350. 7804:, pp. 273–284. 7783:, pp. 265–269. 7768:, pp. 105–106. 7756:, pp. 264–265. 7744:, pp. 260–261. 7732:, pp. 244–256. 7713:, pp. 217–218. 7701:, pp. 153–156. 7689:, pp. 231–244. 7644:, pp. 214–230. 7601:, pp. 203–214. 7582:, pp. 200–202. 7570:, pp. 187–192. 7546:, pp. 173–191. 7522:, pp. 165–172. 7501:, pp. 157–165. 7472:, pp. 144–155. 7423:, pp. 134–138. 7380:, pp. 118–132. 7329:, pp. 319–322. 7317:, pp. 109–112. 7283:, pp. 331–332. 7160:, pp. 175–176. 6730:, pp. 175–180. 6667:, pp. 168–171. 6655:, pp. 131–132. 6564:, pp. 297–315. 6541:, pp. 285–287. 5923:Parker 1998, p. 23. 5902:Parker 1998, p. 22. 5863:, pp. 260–261. 5827:, pp. 140–142. 5743:, pp. 427–430. 5587:35 Junkers Ju 188s 5583:270 Junkers Ju 88s 4965: / 4422:Horse Guards Parade 4396:Great Western Hotel 4162:RAF Balloon Command 4025:Geschwaderkommodore 3532:Rupprecht Heyn and 3523:Geschwaderkommodore 3330:RAF Fairwood Common 3147:No. 96 Squadron RAF 2869:No. 23 Squadron RAF 2844:No. 85 Squadron RAF 2829:RAF Fairwood Common 2821:No. 68 Squadron RAF 2788:No. 29 Squadron RAF 2767:No. 25 Squadron RAF 2629:Bristol Beaufighter 2608:(Air Vice Marshals 2402:categorised as SC ( 2285:RAF Fighter Command 2201:Châteaudun, France 1572:microwave-frequency 1520:MG 81Z machine guns 1386:Fifteenth Air Force 1092:Operation Capricorn 1088:Operation Steinbock 1048:Strategic campaigns 651:Ypres–Comines Canal 214:5 damaged in combat 26:Operation Steinbock 8906:RAF Bomber Command 8857:Robert Watson-Watt 8768:Big Wing formation 8386:Murray, Williamson 8345:Jones, Reginald V. 8092:. Fonthill Media. 8065:; Krebs, Gerhard; 8039:; Krebs, Gerhard; 7247:, pp. 98–105. 6529:Heck 1990, p. 248. 5634:Lichtenstein radar 5528:(Group Commander) 5496:V-class battleship 5363:Derek Harland Ward 5263:United States Army 5259:Operation Overlord 5148: 5129:Paddington station 5111:and Brétigny. II. 5073:Focke-Wulf Fw 200s 5067:R. L. J. Barbour. 4750: 4608:Sir Bertram Ramsay 4595:) headquarters in 4549:were to use their 4470:has shrunk from a 4285: 4229:Whitelands College 4217:London Underground 3986: 3984:raid February 1944 3922:Third major attack 3889:; among them were 3863:SS Fort Louisbourg 3774:Eight days later, 3551: 3526:(Wing Commanders) 3346:20 claims against 3263:RAF Little Snoring 3063:RAF Church Fenton 2991:RAF Little Snoring 2567:Lichtenstein radar 1842:Do 217 and Ju 188 1574:radars like the 3 1557:tail-warning radar 1350:fighter production 1330: 1074:Battle of Atlantic 45: 9268: 9267: 9105:Battle of Britain 9089: 9088: 8865: 8864: 8758:Strategic bombing 8693:978-0-71101-757-3 8679:978-0-87049-196-2 8665:978-0-66804-051-8 8651:978-1-85367-377-1 8619:978-1-85367-712-0 8605:978-1-86126-086-4 8590:978-3-925480-36-2 8564:978-0-7509-4361-1 8545:978-0-75241-692-2 8526:978-0-71-399566-4 8504:978-0-7509-3473-2 8495:Night fighter ace 8485:978-0-95755-130-5 8466:978-0-900913-58-7 8447:978-0-71-100723-9 8421:978-1-57-488716-7 8414:. Potomac Books. 8399:978-1-57488-125-7 8377:978-0-9554735-8-6 8358:978-0-14-195767-8 8336:978-1-85409-343-1 8317:978-1-85-310364-3 8298:978-1-85367-424-2 8279:978-1-85-310072-7 8260:978-1-904943-22-8 8224:978-1-85780-174-3 8205:978-1-903223-87-1 8186:978-1-85780-279-5 8167:978-1-84415-183-7 8144:978-0-41376-540-6 8125:978-1-87-785347-0 8099:978-1-78155-308-4 8080:978-0-19-928277-7 8054:978-3-42-105507-1 8028:978-1-903223-50-5 8009:978-1-84884-323-3 7986:978-1-86126-736-8 7957:Air Power Journal 7940:978-0-354-01247-8 7933:. London: Janes. 7656:, pp. 91–97. 7625:, pp. 89–90. 7558:, pp. 85–88. 7484:, pp. 65–72. 7435:, pp. 51–64. 7214:, pp. 81–87. 7202:, pp. 43–44. 7136:, pp. 87–90. 7107:, pp. 68–71. 7092:, pp. 66–67. 7075:, pp. 59–61. 7027:, pp. 57–58. 7003:, pp. 49–51. 6955:, pp. 41–45. 6460:, pp. 36–37. 6400:, pp. 43–47. 6208:, pp. 34–35. 6124:, pp. 39–40. 6020:, pp. 15–16. 5779:, pp. 55–93. 5526:Gruppenkommandeur 5478:Aufklärungsgruppe 5471:Aufklärungsgruppe 5245:Attack on Bristol 5236:Flight lieutenant 5056:Humber Light Ship 4822:Buckingham Palace 4672:against England. 4634:, I./KG 66, 4631:Gruppenkommandeur 4497:Flight Lieutenant 4418:10 Downing Street 3978:Pall Mall, London 3741:Vickers Armstrong 3679:Operation Shingle 3464:missing in action 3404:AI Mk. VIII radar 3383: 3382: 3219:No. 100 Group RAF 3016:RAF Church Fenton 2881:No. 100 Group RAF 2559:direction finding 2481:navigation system 2426:cluster munitions 2226: 2225: 2141:Montdidier, Somme 1619:Focke-Wulf Fw 190 1555:system) and as a 1553:Lichtenstein SN-2 1466:designs like the 1261:Battle of Britain 1113:strategic bombing 1082: 1081: 476: 475: 239: 238: 112: 111: 63:Kampfgeschwader 6 9330: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9276: 9234:German V weapons 8949:No. 14 Group RAF 8944:No. 13 Group RAF 8939:No. 12 Group RAF 8934:No. 11 Group RAF 8929:No. 10 Group RAF 8874: 8873: 8781: 8780: 8734:Second World War 8723: 8716: 8709: 8700: 8699: 8568: 8549: 8530: 8508: 8489: 8470: 8451: 8425: 8403: 8381: 8362: 8340: 8321: 8302: 8283: 8264: 8245: 8228: 8209: 8190: 8171: 8148: 8129: 8103: 8084: 8058: 8032: 8013: 7990: 7971: 7969: 7954: 7944: 7916: 7910: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7784: 7778: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7517: 7502: 7496: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7354: 7348: 7342: 7336: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7299: 7293: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7188: 7182: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7108: 7102: 7093: 7087: 7076: 7070: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6577: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6542: 6536: 6530: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5924: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5891: 5885: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5717: 5711: 5690: 5684: 5665: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5641: 5629: 5596:British losses: 5401:, Cherbourg and 5239:Branse Burbridge 5083:Return to London 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4913:Northern England 4698:Victoria Station 4426:St. James's Park 4087:rocket batteries 4005:land reclamation 3759:Second operation 3494:Unternehmen Mars 3482:Westcott, Surrey 3460:killed in action 3415: 3391: 3292:RAF Bradwell Bay 3273:Bristol Blenheim 3242:RAF West Malling 3213:RAF West Raynham 3132:RAF Colerne and 3045:Polish Air Force 2743: 2742: 2606:No. 11 Group RAF 2574:British defences 2333:(chest device). 2254: 2242: 1734: 1733: 1382:Eighth Air Force 1277:devastate Kassel 1273:Operation Corona 1212: 1121:Second World War 1099: 911:Atlantic Pockets 515: 511:Western Front of 503: 496: 489: 480: 479: 278: 276: 275:Second World War 265: 258: 251: 242: 241: 140: 139: 128: 127: 81: 80: 75:, 21 March 1944. 66: 23: 22: 9338: 9337: 9333: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9327: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9281: 9279: 9271: 9269: 9264: 9238: 9214:Barrage balloon 9202: 9151: 9098: 9096: 9085: 9071:Eagle Squadrons 9054: 8981: 8953: 8924:No. 9 Group RAF 8910: 8861: 8840: 8822: 8772: 8748:Royal Air Force 8736: 8727: 8697: 8576: 8574:Further reading 8571: 8565: 8546: 8527: 8505: 8486: 8467: 8448: 8422: 8400: 8378: 8359: 8349:Most Secret War 8337: 8318: 8299: 8280: 8261: 8225: 8206: 8187: 8168: 8145: 8126: 8112:Muller, Richard 8100: 8081: 8055: 8029: 8010: 7987: 7967: 7952: 7941: 7924: 7919: 7911: 7904: 7896: 7892: 7884: 7880: 7872: 7868: 7860: 7856: 7848: 7844: 7836: 7832: 7824: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7800: 7787: 7779: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7752: 7748: 7740: 7736: 7728: 7717: 7709: 7705: 7697: 7693: 7685: 7672: 7664: 7660: 7652: 7648: 7640: 7629: 7621: 7617: 7609: 7605: 7597: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7566: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7542: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7518: 7505: 7497: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7468: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7427: 7419: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7376: 7357: 7349: 7345: 7337: 7333: 7325: 7321: 7313: 7302: 7294: 7287: 7279: 7275: 7267: 7263: 7255: 7251: 7243: 7230: 7222: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7198: 7191: 7183: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7156: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7132: 7128: 7120: 7111: 7103: 7096: 7088: 7079: 7071: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7042: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7011: 7007: 6999: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6979:, p. 1915. 6975: 6971: 6967:, p. 1935. 6963: 6959: 6951: 6947: 6939: 6935: 6931:, p. 1871. 6927: 6923: 6919:, p. 1862. 6915: 6911: 6907:, p. 1942. 6903: 6899: 6895:, p. 1927. 6891: 6887: 6883:, p. 1745. 6879: 6875: 6871:, p. 1885. 6867: 6863: 6859:, p. 1882. 6855: 6851: 6847:, p. 1899. 6843: 6839: 6835:, p. 1880. 6831: 6827: 6823:, p. 1875. 6819: 6815: 6811:, p. 1839. 6807: 6803: 6795: 6791: 6787:, p. 1854. 6783: 6779: 6771: 6758: 6754:, p. 1841. 6750: 6746: 6742:, p. 1840. 6738: 6734: 6726: 6671: 6663: 6659: 6651: 6647: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6560: 6545: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6480: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6456: 6452: 6444: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6420: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6396: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6291: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6228: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6156: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6120: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6004: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5973: 5966: 5958: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5934: 5927: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5894: 5886: 5879: 5871: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5751: 5747: 5739: 5720: 5712: 5693: 5685: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5581:German losses: 5575: 5538: 5359:Squadron Leader 5355: 5350: 5338:Keith Hampshire 5247: 5144:Keith Hampshire 5142:Wing Commander 5085: 5077:Heinkel He 111s 4973: 4971: 4969:53.32°N 02.35°E 4967: 4964: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4940:Kampfgeschwader 4909: 4818: 4736:Flight Sergeant 4669: 4664: 4640:Hawker Typhoons 4458: 4295:by the RAF and 4281:fabric covering 4273: 4183:was badly hit; 4152:. Airfields at 4138:RAF Earls Colne 4107: 4013: 4011:Further failure 4001:Dutch Air Force 3964:Upper Slaughter 3944:Reichsmarschall 3932:Gloucestershire 3924: 3919: 3861:were also hit. 3859:Stoke Newington 3849:a bomb hit the 3809:in the sea off 3761: 3644: 3500:—was codenamed 3490: 3475:John Cunningham 3436: 3431: 3426: 3419: 3416: 3407: 3392: 3372:on 5 May 1941 ( 3337:Keith Hampshire 3312: 3118: 2971:RAF Predannack 2858:John Cunningham 2837: 2812:on 1 May 1944. 2730: 2728:Order of battle 2709:to attack. The 2703: 2576: 2495:No. 80 Wing RAF 2483: 2436:parachute mines 2400:High explosives 2293:English Channel 2268: 2261: 2255: 2246: 2243: 2182:Kampfgeschwader 2159:Kampfgeschwader 2125:Kampfgeschwader 2099:Kampfgeschwader 2071:Kampfgeschwader 2045:Kampfgeschwader 2015:Kampfgeschwader 1989:Kampfgeschwader 1967:Kampfgeschwader 1943:Kampfgeschwader 1919:Kampfgeschwader 1890:Kampfgeschwader 1861:Kampfgeschwader 1837:Kampfgeschwader 1809:Kampfgeschwader 1785:Kampfgeschwader 1757:Kampfgeschwader 1725: 1723:Order of battle 1716:Reichsmarschall 1694:Kampfgeschwader 1687:Kampfgeschwader 1680:Kampfgeschwader 1669:Kampfgeschwader 1662:Kampfgeschwader 1655:Kampfgeschwader 1612:fighter-bombers 1456: 1285:Berlin campaign 1253:Hans Jeschonnek 1245: 1222:Royal Air Force 1214:Josef Kammhuber 1209:Generalleutnant 1199: 1187:cruise missiles 1179:V-1 flying bomb 1155:bomber aircraft 1095: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1078: 805:St Nazaire Raid 757:The Hardest Day 624:Fort Eben-Emael 610:Rotterdam Blitz 568:The Netherlands 516: 512: 509: 507: 477: 472: 312:The Hardest Day 279: 274: 271: 269: 235: 224: 223: 192:c. 25 squadrons 182: 166: 134: 122: 108:British victory 100: 46: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9336: 9326: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9290: 9289: 9287:United Kingdom 9266: 9265: 9263: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9246: 9244: 9243:Related topics 9240: 9239: 9237: 9236: 9231: 9221: 9216: 9210: 9208: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9141: 9133: 9125: 9117: 9115:Baedeker raids 9112: 9107: 9101: 9099: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9062: 9060: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9052: 9050:12 AA Division 9047: 9045:11 AA Division 9042: 9040:10 AA Division 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8991: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8963: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8920: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8882: 8880: 8871: 8867: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8859: 8854: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8838: 8836:Frederick Pile 8832: 8830: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8820: 8818:Sholto Douglas 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8798:Charles Portal 8795: 8789: 8787: 8778: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8744: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8726: 8725: 8718: 8711: 8703: 8696: 8695: 8681: 8667: 8653: 8639: 8624:Franks, Norman 8621: 8607: 8593: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8563: 8550: 8544: 8531: 8525: 8509: 8503: 8490: 8484: 8471: 8465: 8452: 8446: 8426: 8420: 8408:Overy, Richard 8404: 8398: 8382: 8376: 8363: 8357: 8341: 8335: 8322: 8316: 8303: 8297: 8284: 8278: 8265: 8259: 8246: 8229: 8223: 8210: 8204: 8191: 8185: 8172: 8166: 8149: 8143: 8130: 8124: 8104: 8098: 8085: 8079: 8059: 8053: 8033: 8027: 8014: 8008: 7991: 7985: 7972: 7945: 7939: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7917: 7915:, p. 372. 7902: 7900:, p. 370. 7890: 7888:, p. 368. 7878: 7866: 7854: 7842: 7830: 7818: 7816:, p. 217. 7814:Wakefield 1999 7806: 7785: 7770: 7758: 7746: 7734: 7715: 7711:Wakefield 1999 7703: 7691: 7670: 7668:, p. 205. 7666:Wakefield 1999 7658: 7646: 7627: 7615: 7613:, p. 311. 7603: 7584: 7572: 7560: 7548: 7536: 7534:, p. 212. 7532:Wakefield 1999 7524: 7503: 7486: 7474: 7449: 7447:, p. 198. 7437: 7425: 7406: 7394: 7382: 7355: 7343: 7331: 7319: 7300: 7298:, p. 418. 7285: 7273: 7261: 7259:, p. 321. 7249: 7228: 7216: 7204: 7189: 7174: 7162: 7150: 7148:, p. 330. 7138: 7126: 7109: 7094: 7077: 7060: 7048: 7046:, p. 315. 7029: 7017: 7005: 6993: 6981: 6969: 6957: 6945: 6933: 6921: 6909: 6897: 6885: 6873: 6861: 6849: 6837: 6825: 6813: 6801: 6789: 6777: 6756: 6744: 6732: 6669: 6657: 6645: 6643:, p. 146. 6633: 6621: 6619:, p. 280. 6609: 6607:, p. 379. 6597: 6578: 6566: 6543: 6531: 6522: 6520:, p. 181. 6518:Fleischer 2004 6510: 6506:Fleischer 2004 6498: 6496:, p. 159. 6486: 6484:, p. 109. 6482:Fleischer 2004 6474: 6462: 6450: 6448:, p. 202. 6446:Wakefield 1999 6438: 6426: 6414: 6410:Wakefield 1999 6402: 6381: 6379:, p. 317. 6369: 6367:, p. 271. 6357: 6355:, p. 226. 6345: 6343:, p. 221. 6333: 6331:, p. 188. 6321: 6319:, p. 183. 6309: 6307:, p. 178. 6297: 6295:, p. 129. 6282: 6280:, p. 131. 6270: 6268:, p. 121. 6258: 6246: 6234: 6222: 6210: 6198: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6150: 6138: 6136:, p. 206. 6134:Wakefield 1999 6126: 6109: 6097: 6085: 6083:, p. 153. 6073: 6071:, p. 314. 6058: 6046: 6044:, p. 262. 6034: 6032:, p. 130. 6022: 6010: 5991: 5979: 5977:, p. 276. 5964: 5962:, p. 250. 5952: 5940: 5938:, p. 312. 5925: 5916: 5914:, p. 180. 5904: 5892: 5890:, p. 229. 5877: 5875:, p. 228. 5865: 5853: 5851:, p. 260. 5841: 5839:, p. 182. 5829: 5817: 5815:, p. 129. 5805: 5793: 5781: 5769: 5767:, p. 380. 5757: 5755:, p. 420. 5745: 5718: 5716:, p. 377. 5691: 5689:, p. 379. 5675: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5651: 5642: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5574: 5571: 5537: 5534: 5515:station and a 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5297:Shepton Mallet 5246: 5243: 5184:city of London 5176:Thornton Heath 5084: 5081: 5065:Flying Officer 5036:Humber Estuary 4925:heavily bombed 4908: 4902: 4817: 4814: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4488:Victoria Docks 4457: 4456:22–29 February 4454: 4392:Lancaster Gate 4388:St Mary Abbots 4336:Thames Estuary 4309:on 20 February 4291:attack began. 4272: 4271:20/21 February 4269: 4205:West Hampstead 4189:Gladstone Park 4106: 4100: 4045:Clacton-on-Sea 4012: 4009: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3867:Greenland Dock 3760: 3757: 3643: 3640: 3607:dead reckoning 3579:Staffelkapitän 3535:Oberstleutnant 3489: 3486: 3472:Wing Commander 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3410: 3408: 3393: 3386: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3370:RAF Acklington 3366: 3364:RAF Predannack 3361: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3344: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3309: 3298: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3222: 3215: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3190: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3157: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3071: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2929:RAF Predannack 2922: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2802: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2775:RAF Acklington 2772: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2758:Claims during 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2729: 2726: 2702: 2699: 2671:Greater London 2667:Frederick Pile 2648:, like the US 2610:Charles Steele 2575: 2572: 2499:Edward Addison 2482: 2476: 2452:Abwurfbehälter 2327:Hyperbel Gerät 2267: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2256: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2237: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2176: 2175: 2174:Alt–Lönnewitz 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2153: 2152: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2119: 2118: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2094: 2093: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2066: 2065: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2039: 2038: 2032: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2009: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1962: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1938: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1914: 1913: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1884: 1883: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1856: 1855: 1854:, Netherlands 1852:Gilze en Rijen 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1832: 1831: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1804: 1803: 1802:, Netherlands 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1780: 1779: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1724: 1721: 1524:night fighters 1483:Heinkel He 177 1472:Junkers Ju 188 1455: 1452: 1432:Dornier Do 217 1398:Dietrich Peltz 1249:Hermann Göring 1244: 1238: 1234:Czechoslovakia 1226:Bomber Command 1218:airborne radar 1198: 1195: 1159:Greater London 1140:United Kingdom 1080: 1079: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 998: 997: 983: 976: 969: 968: 967: 962: 950: 943: 936: 929: 914: 913: 908: 903: 898: 891: 886: 881: 874: 869: 867:Hürtgen Forest 864: 857: 852: 850:Siegfried Line 847: 840: 833: 826: 815: 814: 813: 812: 807: 800:Commando Raids 797: 795:Baedeker Blitz 792: 785: 772: 771: 764: 759: 754: 749: 736: 735: 734: 733: 723: 716: 711: 706: 705: 704: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 654: 653: 648: 643: 638: 631: 626: 613: 612: 607: 602: 600:The Grebbeberg 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 564: 563: 550: 549: 542: 537: 532: 521: 518: 517: 506: 505: 498: 491: 483: 474: 473: 471: 470: 463: 458: 451: 444: 443: 442: 437: 432: 416: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 373:Graveney Marsh 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 327: 326: 319: 314: 309: 304: 291: 290: 284: 281: 280: 268: 267: 260: 253: 245: 237: 236: 234: 233: 229: 226: 222: 221: 218: 215: 212: 208: 202: 201: 197: 196: 193: 189: 188: 184: 183: 181: 180: 175: 173:Dietrich Peltz 169: 167: 165: 164: 159: 153: 150: 149: 145: 144: 132: 130:United Kingdom 119: 118: 114: 113: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 98:United Kingdom 95: 93: 89: 88: 85: 77: 76: 56:Junkers Ju 188 36: 35: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9335: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9288: 9278: 9277: 9274: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9232: 9229: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9205: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9147: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9134: 9132: 9131: 9126: 9124: 9123: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9095:Campaigns and 9092: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9057: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9035:9 AA Division 9033: 9031: 9030:8 AA Division 9028: 9026: 9025:7 AA Division 9023: 9021: 9020:6 AA Division 9018: 9016: 9015:5 AA Division 9013: 9011: 9010:4 AA Division 9008: 9006: 9005:3 AA Division 9003: 9001: 9000:2 AA Division 8998: 8996: 8995:1 AA Division 8993: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8984: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8868: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8825: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8763:Night fighter 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8724: 8719: 8717: 8712: 8710: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8637: 8636:1-85260-344-5 8633: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8578: 8566: 8560: 8556: 8551: 8547: 8541: 8537: 8532: 8528: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8500: 8496: 8491: 8487: 8481: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8462: 8458: 8453: 8449: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8430:Price, Alfred 8427: 8423: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8369: 8364: 8360: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8313: 8309: 8304: 8300: 8294: 8290: 8285: 8281: 8275: 8271: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8252: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8230: 8226: 8220: 8216: 8211: 8207: 8201: 8197: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8178: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8136: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8091: 8086: 8082: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8067:Vogel, Detlef 8064: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8041:Vogel, Detlef 8038: 8034: 8030: 8024: 8020: 8015: 8011: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7951: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7932: 7927: 7926: 7914: 7909: 7907: 7899: 7894: 7887: 7882: 7875: 7870: 7863: 7858: 7851: 7846: 7839: 7834: 7827: 7822: 7815: 7810: 7803: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7782: 7777: 7775: 7767: 7762: 7755: 7750: 7743: 7738: 7731: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7712: 7707: 7700: 7695: 7688: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7667: 7662: 7655: 7650: 7643: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7624: 7619: 7612: 7607: 7600: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7581: 7576: 7569: 7564: 7557: 7552: 7545: 7540: 7533: 7528: 7521: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7500: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7483: 7478: 7471: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7446: 7441: 7434: 7429: 7422: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7404:, p. 87. 7403: 7398: 7392:, p. 52. 7391: 7386: 7379: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7353:, p. 49. 7352: 7347: 7341:, p. 51. 7340: 7335: 7328: 7323: 7316: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7297: 7292: 7290: 7282: 7277: 7271:, p. 46. 7270: 7265: 7258: 7253: 7246: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7226:, p. 96. 7225: 7220: 7213: 7208: 7201: 7196: 7194: 7187:, p. 41. 7186: 7181: 7179: 7172:, p. 81. 7171: 7166: 7159: 7154: 7147: 7142: 7135: 7130: 7124:, p. 72. 7123: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7106: 7101: 7099: 7091: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7074: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7058:, p. 52. 7057: 7056:Robinson 2013 7052: 7045: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7026: 7021: 7015:, p. 52. 7014: 7009: 7002: 6997: 6990: 6985: 6978: 6973: 6966: 6961: 6954: 6949: 6943:, p. 46. 6942: 6937: 6930: 6925: 6918: 6913: 6906: 6901: 6894: 6889: 6882: 6877: 6870: 6865: 6858: 6853: 6846: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6817: 6810: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6786: 6781: 6775:, p. 50. 6774: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6753: 6748: 6741: 6736: 6729: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6666: 6661: 6654: 6649: 6642: 6637: 6631:, p. 70. 6630: 6625: 6618: 6617:Dobinson 2001 6613: 6606: 6605:Dobinson 2001 6601: 6595:, p. 48. 6594: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6576:, p. 42. 6575: 6570: 6563: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6540: 6535: 6526: 6519: 6514: 6507: 6502: 6495: 6490: 6483: 6478: 6472:, p. 20. 6471: 6470:Robinson 2013 6466: 6459: 6454: 6447: 6442: 6435: 6430: 6424:, p. 75. 6423: 6418: 6412:, p. 54. 6411: 6406: 6399: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6378: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6342: 6337: 6330: 6325: 6318: 6313: 6306: 6301: 6294: 6289: 6287: 6279: 6274: 6267: 6262: 6256:, p. 67. 6255: 6250: 6244:, p. 66. 6243: 6238: 6232:, p. 63. 6231: 6226: 6220:, p. 61. 6219: 6214: 6207: 6202: 6196:, p. 34. 6195: 6190: 6184:, p. 31. 6183: 6178: 6172:, p. 29. 6171: 6166: 6160:, p. 24. 6159: 6154: 6148:, p. 43. 6147: 6142: 6135: 6130: 6123: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6107:, p. 60. 6106: 6101: 6095:, p. 42. 6094: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6063: 6056:, p. 66. 6055: 6050: 6043: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6019: 6014: 6008:, p. 11. 6007: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5971: 5969: 5961: 5956: 5950:, p. 39. 5949: 5944: 5937: 5932: 5930: 5920: 5913: 5908: 5899: 5897: 5889: 5884: 5882: 5874: 5869: 5862: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5838: 5833: 5826: 5821: 5814: 5809: 5803:, p. 83. 5802: 5797: 5790: 5785: 5778: 5773: 5766: 5761: 5754: 5749: 5742: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5715: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5688: 5683: 5681: 5676: 5663: 5662: 5655: 5646: 5639: 5635: 5628: 5624: 5611: 5610:1,556 killed 5594: 5579: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5495: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5479: 5474: 5472: 5466: 5461: 5459: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5208:Middle Temple 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5186:the landmark 5185: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5168:South Croydon 5163: 5161: 5155: 5153: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5089: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5061:Pilot Officer 5057: 5053: 5049: 5048:Unteroffizier 5045: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907:turns to Hull 4906: 4901: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4802:RAF Kidbrooke 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4747: 4746: 4745:Unteroffizier 4741: 4737: 4733: 4732:Pilot Officer 4729: 4725: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4659: 4657: 4656:Oberfeldwebel 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4529:Oberfeldwebel 4525: 4520: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4493:Harrow School 4489: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4453: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4404:Hatton Garden 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4353: 4348: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4305:8th Air Force 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4277: 4268: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4243:, West Hill, 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4104: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4075:63868. Pilot 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4040:caught fire. 4038: 4033: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3992:Unteroffizier 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3969: 3968:Upper Clapton 3965: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3914: 3910: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3855:Finsbury Park 3852: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3765:Junkers Ju 52 3756: 3754: 3753:Royal Arsenal 3750: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3694:Group Captain 3690: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3636:151 Squadrons 3633: 3629: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3603:Home Counties 3600: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3539:Bernhard Jope 3537: 3536: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3424:The operation 3414: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3396:Hertfordshire 3390: 3385: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3332:and RAF Ford 3331: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108:RAF Ford and 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3023: 3022:Bay of Biscay 3019: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2683:anti-aircraft 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2614:Hugh Saunders 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2507:Egonverfahren 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356:Low Countries 2353: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2304: 2302: 2301:bomber stream 2298: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2260: 2253: 2248: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2115:Wilhelmshaven 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2062:Wilhelmshaven 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2012:I. & II./ 2011: 2010: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1880:Athies, Somme 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1621:As, known as 1620: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1608:Schnellbomber 1606: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1580:SCR-584 radar 1577: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516:MG 151 cannon 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1476:Dornier Do 17 1473: 1469: 1468:Junkers Ju 88 1465: 1464:medium bomber 1461: 1454:German forces 1451: 1449: 1445: 1444:Italian front 1441: 1435: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1405:despair. The 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1376: 1374: 1367: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1358:Adolf Galland 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269:Eastern Front 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1243: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1204: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1119:) during the 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 996: 995: 991: 990: 989: 988: 984: 982: 981: 977: 975: 974: 970: 966: 963: 961: 958: 957: 956: 955: 951: 949: 948: 944: 942: 941: 937: 935: 934: 930: 928: 927: 923: 922: 921: 920: 919: 912: 909: 907: 906:Colmar Pocket 904: 902: 899: 897: 896: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 879: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 862: 861:Market Garden 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 845: 841: 839: 838: 834: 832: 831: 827: 825: 822: 821: 820: 819: 811: 808: 806: 803: 802: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 790: 786: 784: 783: 779: 778: 777: 776: 770: 769: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 744: 743: 742: 741: 732: 731:Haddock Force 729: 728: 727: 724: 722: 721: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 703: 702: 698: 697: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 662: 661: 660: 659: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 636: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 620: 619: 618: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 572: 571: 570: 569: 562: 561:Schuster Line 559: 558: 557: 556: 555: 548: 547: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 527: 526: 525: 519: 514: 504: 499: 497: 492: 490: 485: 484: 481: 469: 468: 464: 462: 459: 457: 456: 452: 450: 449: 445: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 427: 426: 423: 422: 421: 420: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 335: 334: 333: 332: 325: 324: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 298: 297: 296: 289: 286: 285: 282: 277: 266: 261: 259: 254: 252: 247: 246: 243: 232:329 destroyed 231: 230: 227: 219: 216: 213: 210: 209: 207: 204: 203: 198: 194: 191: 190: 185: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 168: 163: 160: 158: 155: 154: 152: 151: 146: 143: 138: 133: 131: 126: 121: 120: 115: 107: 104: 103: 99: 94: 91: 90: 86: 83: 82: 78: 74: 70: 65: 64: 57: 53: 49: 42: 37: 34: 29: 24: 19: 9145: 9137: 9129: 9121: 9119: 8987:AA Divisions 8977:III AA Corps 8870:Organisation 8803:Cyril Newall 8793:Hugh Dowding 8684: 8670: 8656: 8642: 8627: 8610: 8596: 8581: 8554: 8535: 8516: 8494: 8475: 8456: 8433: 8411: 8389: 8370:. Red Kite. 8367: 8348: 8326: 8307: 8288: 8269: 8250: 8233: 8214: 8195: 8176: 8153: 8134: 8115: 8108:Corum, James 8089: 8070: 8044: 8018: 7995: 7976: 7965:the original 7956: 7930: 7922:Bibliography 7893: 7881: 7869: 7857: 7845: 7833: 7821: 7809: 7761: 7749: 7737: 7706: 7699:Goodrum 2005 7694: 7661: 7649: 7618: 7606: 7575: 7563: 7551: 7539: 7527: 7477: 7440: 7428: 7397: 7385: 7346: 7334: 7322: 7276: 7264: 7252: 7219: 7207: 7165: 7153: 7141: 7129: 7051: 7020: 7008: 6996: 6984: 6972: 6960: 6948: 6936: 6924: 6912: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6864: 6852: 6840: 6828: 6816: 6804: 6792: 6780: 6747: 6735: 6660: 6648: 6641:Goodrum 2005 6636: 6629:Spooner 1997 6624: 6612: 6600: 6569: 6534: 6525: 6513: 6501: 6489: 6477: 6465: 6453: 6441: 6436:, p. 8. 6429: 6422:Goodrum 2005 6417: 6405: 6372: 6360: 6348: 6336: 6324: 6312: 6300: 6273: 6261: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6213: 6201: 6189: 6177: 6165: 6153: 6141: 6129: 6100: 6088: 6081:Goodrum 2005 6076: 6049: 6037: 6025: 6013: 5989:, p. 9. 5982: 5955: 5943: 5919: 5907: 5868: 5856: 5844: 5832: 5820: 5808: 5796: 5784: 5772: 5760: 5748: 5659: 5654: 5645: 5637: 5627: 5595: 5580: 5576: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5550: 5547: 5539: 5529: 5525: 5516: 5512: 5493: 5489: 5477: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5458:125 Squadron 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5428: 5423: 5417:, 96 (two), 5407: 5389:stations at 5386: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5356: 5341: 5330: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5304: 5292: 5290: 5271: 5266: 5248: 5233: 5229: 5196:Essex Street 5192:Fleet Street 5181: 5172:East Croydon 5164: 5159: 5156: 5151: 5149: 5133: 5117: 5112: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5069: 5063:J Brochocki 5051: 5047: 5043: 5041: 5032:Lincolnshire 5029: 5010: 4993: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4974:53.32; 02.35 4939: 4935: 4933: 4920: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4841: 4837: 4819: 4810: 4760:building in 4755: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4689: 4688:, where the 4680: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4655: 4651: 4629: 4625: 4623: 4616: 4612: 4599:and damaged 4573:Bedford Park 4562: 4551: 4543: 4527: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4513:Isle of Dogs 4509:High Wycombe 4501: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4466:He 177 4462: 4459: 4450: 4412: 4385: 4373: 4369:area bombing 4363: 4359: 4354: 4344: 4339: 4327: 4325: 4320: 4288: 4286: 4265: 4179: 4174: 4171:Essex Police 4158:Nuthampstead 4135: 4116: 4111: 4108: 4105:takes effect 4102: 4083: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4061:410 Squadron 4054: 4042: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4018: 4014: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3953: 3943: 3940:Bedfordshire 3929: 3925: 3911: 3903: 3897: 3895: 3875:Surrey Docks 3862: 3851:British Army 3843: 3838: 3831: 3822: 3803: 3794: 3787:Tower Bridge 3784: 3779: 3775: 3773: 3769:Spa, Belgium 3762: 3738: 3698:East Hoathly 3691: 3687: 3683:Kampfgruppen 3682: 3674: 3654: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3624: 3598: 3596: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3554: 3552: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3510: 3501: 3493: 3491: 3488:First attack 3479: 3467: 3439: 3437: 3434:2–15 January 3374:No. 12 Group 3360:Beaufighter 3347: 3314: 3305: 3225: 3193: 3164: 3110:RAF Holmsley 2997:RAF Twinwood 2952:and Colerne 2759: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2704: 2658: 2637: 2622: 2598:Roderic Hill 2591: 2579: 2577: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2490: 2486: 2484: 2478: 2471: 2458: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2432:Aerial mines 2430: 2420: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2370: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2350: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2305: 2290: 2275: 2271: 2269: 2258: 2230: 2227: 2207: 2195: 2181: 2158: 2124: 2098: 2070: 2044: 2028: 2014: 2005:Sint-Truiden 1988: 1966: 1942: 1918: 1889: 1860: 1836: 1808: 1784: 1756: 1728: 1726: 1715: 1704: 1699: 1693: 1686: 1679: 1674: 1668: 1661: 1654: 1652:(groups) of 1649: 1643: 1639:Hugo Sperrle 1633: 1629: 1628: 1622: 1604: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1560: 1547: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1513: 1494: 1491: 1481:design. The 1479:light bomber 1459: 1457: 1447: 1440:Kampfgruppen 1439: 1436: 1427:Generalmajor 1426: 1424: 1420: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1390:North Africa 1378: 1369: 1361: 1343: 1340:Erhard Milch 1333: 1331: 1326:Albert Speer 1311: 1297: 1291: 1289: 1257:Adolf Hitler 1246: 1241: 1200: 1171: 1162: 1152: 1136:Adolf Hitler 1129: 1108: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1047: 1046: 993: 986: 979: 972: 952: 946: 939: 932: 925: 916: 915: 894: 877: 860: 843: 836: 829: 823: 817: 816: 788: 781: 774: 773: 767: 738: 737: 719: 700: 656: 655: 634: 615: 614: 566: 565: 552: 551: 544: 522: 513:World War II 466: 454: 447: 446: 418: 417: 329: 328: 322: 293: 292: 205: 178:Hugo Sperrle 157:Roderic Hill 117:Belligerents 52:Roderic Hill 33:World War II 18: 9163:Beaufighter 9059:Other units 8972:II AA Corps 8852:R. V. Jones 8732:during the 8513:Tooze, Adam 8351:. Penguin. 8272:. Airlife. 8063:Boog, Horst 8037:Boog, Horst 7913:Mackay 2011 7898:Mackay 2011 7886:Mackay 2011 7874:Mackay 2011 7862:Mackay 2011 7850:Mackay 2011 7838:Mackay 2011 7826:Mackay 2011 7802:Mackay 2011 7781:Mackay 2011 7754:Mackay 2011 7742:Mackay 2011 7730:Mackay 2011 7687:Mackay 2011 7642:Mackay 2011 7611:Mackay 2011 7599:Mackay 2011 7580:Mackay 2011 7568:Mackay 2011 7544:Mackay 2011 7520:Mackay 2011 7499:Mackay 2011 7470:Mackay 2011 7445:Mackay 2011 7421:Mackay 2011 7402:Bowman 2010 7378:Mackay 2011 7327:Ramsey 1990 7315:Mackay 2011 7281:Ramsey 1990 7257:Ramsey 1990 7245:Mackay 2011 7224:Mackay 2011 7212:Mackay 2011 7170:Mackay 2011 7158:Bowman 2005 7146:Ramsey 1990 7134:Mackay 2011 7122:Mackay 2011 7105:Mackay 2011 7090:Mackay 2011 7073:Mackay 2011 7025:Mackay 2011 7013:Mackay 2011 7001:Mackay 2011 6989:Mackay 2011 6953:Bowman 2005 6941:Bowman 2005 6797:Mackay 2011 6773:Bowman 2005 6728:Bowman 2005 6665:Bowman 2005 6593:Mackay 2011 6562:Mackay 2011 6539:Mackay 2011 6494:Griehl 1991 6458:Mackay 2011 6434:Griehl 2000 6398:Mackay 2011 6146:Mackay 2011 6122:Mackay 2011 6105:Griehl 1991 6093:Mackay 2011 6054:Griehl 2000 6042:Hooton 1997 6030:Griehl 1991 6018:Griehl 1991 6006:Mackay 2011 5987:Mackay 2011 5975:Hooton 1997 5960:Murray 1983 5948:Mackay 2011 5912:Murray 1983 5888:Murray 1983 5873:Murray 1983 5849:Hooton 1997 5837:Murray 1983 5825:Hooton 1997 5813:Hooton 1997 5741:Mackay 2011 5542:Home Office 5494:King George 5280:. Over the 5200:Fetter Lane 4972: / 4866:Ian Fleming 4834:Beachy Head 4816:14/15 March 4798:Sanderstead 4774:Biggin Hill 4715:The use of 4589:Camden Town 4569:Acton Green 4552:Lotfernrohr 4547:bomb-aimers 4507:, north to 4442:South Mimms 4408:Clerkenwell 4364:Ablauflinie 4225:Hammersmith 4195:factory at 4185:Dollis Hill 4127:Coulommiers 4065:Edward Crew 3883:Canada Dock 3815:East Anglia 3795:Ablauflinie 3743:, based in 3648:Y-Verfahren 3642:Second wave 3575:Y-Verfahren 3513:Soesterberg 3350:operations 3296:RAF Manston 3161:Edward Crew 3155:RAF Cranage 3087:RAF Hunsdon 2950:RAF Honiley 2925:RAF Colerne 2906:RAF Colerne 2594:Air Marshal 2463:blockbuster 2380:cloud cover 2371:Ablauflinie 2331:Truhe Gerät 2322:Y-Verfahren 2318:X-Verfahren 2314:X-Verfahren 1777:Netherlands 1746:Serviceable 1659:, one from 1578:frequency, 1240:Genesis of 1183:V-2 rockets 947:Blockbuster 855:Netherlands 810:Dieppe Raid 605:Afsluitdijk 530:River Forth 408:Southampton 348:Bournemouth 195:524 bombers 48:Air Marshal 9297:Categories 9228:Chain Home 9207:Technology 9144:Operation 9136:Operation 9128:Operation 9120:Operation 9097:operations 8967:I AA Corps 8845:Scientists 8813:Keith Park 7766:Conen 2014 7654:Conen 2014 7623:Conen 2014 7556:Conen 2014 7482:Conen 2014 7433:Conen 2014 7390:Conen 2014 7351:Conen 2014 7339:Conen 2014 7269:Conen 2014 7200:Conen 2014 7185:Conen 2014 7044:Beale 2005 6977:Wragg 2007 6965:Wragg 2007 6929:Wragg 2007 6917:Wragg 2007 6905:Wragg 2007 6893:Wragg 2007 6881:Wragg 2007 6869:Wragg 2007 6857:Wragg 2007 6845:Wragg 2007 6833:Wragg 2007 6821:Wragg 2007 6809:Wragg 2007 6785:Wragg 2007 6752:Wragg 2007 6740:Wragg 2007 6653:Price 1977 6574:Jones 2009 6377:Beale 2005 6069:Beale 2005 5936:Beale 2005 5801:Aders 1978 5789:Aders 1978 5777:Aders 1978 5614:References 5513:Knickebein 5484:Portsmouth 5445:Knickebein 5391:Den Helder 5387:Knickebein 5353:5–26 April 5318:Knickebein 5313:Knickebein 5293:Knickebein 5225:Home Guard 5104:Knickebein 5006:Withernsea 5002:Spurn Head 4983:Knickebein 4936:Geschwader 4882:Bloomsbury 4878:St Pancras 4874:Marylebone 4722:Knickebein 4717:Knickebein 4702:Knickebein 4667:1–15 March 4601:Teddington 4597:Bushy Park 4581:Kew Bridge 4557:bombsights 4524:Werknummer 4480:Camberwell 4468:Geschwader 4438:The Grange 4434:War Office 4360:Leuchtpfad 4340:Knickebein 4253:Wandsworth 4209:Kensington 4154:Panshanger 4150:Willingale 4142:RAF Debden 4073:Werknummer 4037:cold start 3891:phosphorus 3823:Knickebein 3819:Colchester 3714:RAF Kenley 3663:Eastbourne 3567:Leuchtpfad 3454:, London, 3300:Served in 3188:RAF Valley 3117:Two claims 3095:No claims 2995:Formed at 2904:Formed at 2886:No claims 2852:RAF Debden 2716:fire ahead 2711:slipstream 2691:GL Mk. III 2641:AI Mk VIII 2530:Morse code 2491:Knickebein 2468:blast wave 2448:Luftmine B 2444:Luftmine A 2414:. The PC ( 2385:Leuchtpfad 2375:pathfinder 2309:Knickebein 2188:He 177A-3 2117:, Germany 2092:, Germany 2064:, Germany 2035:Châteaudun 2021:He 177A-3 2007:, Belgium 1960:, Belgium 1936:, Belgium 1912:, Belgium 1830:, Germany 1712:short tons 1675:Luftflotte 1644:Luftflotte 1630:Luftflotte 1568:gun laying 1561:Kettenhund 1537:Funk-Gerät 1495:Luftflotte 1265:Stalingrad 1197:Background 1163:Baby Blitz 1144:propaganda 1109:Baby Blitz 954:Lumberjack 824:Baby Blitz 789:Donnerkeil 747:Kanalkampf 670:Montcornet 575:Maastricht 554:Luxembourg 524:Phoney War 403:Portsmouth 393:Manchester 343:Birmingham 302:Kanalkampf 9173:Hurricane 9122:Steinbock 9110:The Blitz 8438:Ian Allan 8410:(2005) . 8242:163349883 5672:Citations 5661:Feldwebel 5573:Aftermath 5530:Hauptmann 5517:Funkfeuer 5441:Steinbock 5383:Dymchurch 5379:Newmarket 5371:Funkfeuer 5342:Steinbock 5282:River Usk 5267:Steinbock 5255:Avonmouth 5120:Orpington 5109:Melsbroek 5088:Steinbock 5052:Hauptmann 5044:Hauptmann 4921:Steinbock 4905:Steinbock 4862:Belgravia 4838:Steinbock 4826:Rotterdam 4806:Rochester 4690:funkfeuer 4686:Cherbourg 4626:Steinbock 4585:Southgate 4534:Cambridge 4430:Admiralty 4381:firestorm 4332:Noordwijk 4328:Funkfeuer 4321:Steinbock 4289:Steinbock 4257:Chingford 4241:Battersea 4237:Whitehall 4197:Harlesden 4181:Willesden 4148:airfield 4112:Steinbock 4103:Steinbock 4095:Hyde Park 4091:Z Battery 4030:Nachtjagd 4021:Steinbock 3997:Zuiderzee 3982:Steinbock 3956:Wimbledon 3936:Wiltshire 3839:Funkfeuer 3776:Steinbock 3749:magnesium 3726:Beckenham 3675:Steinbock 3659:Luzarches 3655:funkfeuer 3620:Dungeness 3583:Hauptmann 3555:Steinbock 3456:Berkshire 3440:Steinbock 3402:in which 3348:Steinbock 3326:Mosquito 3315:Steinbock 3306:Steinbock 3259:Mosquito 3238:Mosquito 3226:Steinbock 3194:Steinbock 3184:Mosquito 3165:Steinbock 3151:Mosquito 3134:RAF Zeals 3129:Mosquito 3105:Mosquito 3040:RAF Drem 3037:Mosquito 3012:Mosquito 2987:Mosquito 2968:Mosquito 2946:Mosquito 2921:Mosquito 2896:Mosquito 2883:in June. 2873:Mosquito 2848:Mosquito 2792:Mosquito 2771:Mosquito 2760:Steinbock 2738:Steinbock 2734:Steinbock 2687:batteries 2555:Peilgerät 2511:Steinbock 2472:Steinbock 2459:Steinbock 2440:Minebombe 2396:Steinbock 2297:North Sea 2259:Steinbock 2151:, France 2037:, France 1910:Melsbroek 1882:, France 1800:Eindhoven 1749:Location 1729:Steinbock 1700:Steinbock 1600:-powered 1535:prefixed 1388:based in 1354:air power 1242:Steinbock 1167:the Blitz 1117:Luftwaffe 1097:‹See Tfd› 1054:The Blitz 1037:Nuremberg 1032:Heilbronn 1017:Frankfurt 1002:Paderborn 980:Undertone 933:Veritable 926:Blackcock 818:1944–1945 775:1941–1943 709:Abbeville 590:Rotterdam 585:The Hague 448:Steinbock 419:1942–1945 413:Sheffield 388:Liverpool 363:Clydebank 331:The Blitz 206:Aircraft 96:Southern 9188:Spitfire 9183:Mosquito 9156:Aircraft 9130:Crossbow 8959:AA Corps 8878:Commands 8741:Overview 8626:(1992). 8515:(2006). 8432:(1977). 8388:(1983). 8347:(2009). 8114:(1998). 8069:(2008). 8043:(2001). 5506:gravity 5500:Toulouse 5465:Overlord 5432:Staffeln 5334:Portland 5326:Somerset 5286:Chepstow 5278:Lyme Bay 5274:Guernsey 5213:Coulsdon 5096:East End 5017:Skegness 4992:All the 4944:Ijmuiden 4938:. Eight 4894:strafing 4890:Worthing 4846:Plymouth 4794:Lewisham 4764:and the 4762:Woolwich 4679:from I. 4677:Staffeln 4505:Le Havre 4400:Highgate 4355:Hermanns 4342:and two 4293:Big Week 4245:Highbury 4219:between 4166:Chigwell 4160:and the 4131:Brétigny 4078:Leutnant 4049:St Osyth 3980:after a 3948:moon lit 3917:February 3887:Dagenham 3745:Dartford 3734:Sydenham 3730:Brockley 3704:area of 3702:Alperton 3616:Hastings 3498:Waterloo 3462:and two 3288:Mosquito 3169:Far East 2900:RAF Hurn 2800:RAF Drem 2796:RAF Ford 2752:Location 2679:4.5 inch 2675:3.7 inch 2586:Fieseler 2196:Staffeln 2086:Wittmund 1958:Le Culot 1934:Chièvres 1906:Brussels 1743:Strength 1605:Hornisse 1546:FuG 216 1111:, was a 1022:Würzburg 901:2nd Alps 895:Nordwind 837:Chastity 830:Overlord 782:Cerberus 768:Sea Lion 752:Adlertag 726:1st Alps 685:Boulogne 641:Gembloux 546:Wikinger 425:Baedeker 398:Plymouth 368:Coventry 323:Sea Lion 307:Adlertag 228:Aircraft 187:Strength 92:Location 69:Shopland 61:Staffel 31:Part of 9198:Typhoon 9193:Tempest 9168:Defiant 5559:Staffel 5555:Lorient 5504:Fritz X 5437:Staffel 5424:Staffel 5413:(two), 5403:Morlaix 5251:Bristol 5221:Shirley 5182:In the 5160:Hamburg 5124:Croydon 5025:Spilsby 4998:Grimsby 4994:Gruppen 4957:53°19′N 4830:Leiston 4790:Catford 4786:Norwood 4778:Welling 4766:Siemens 4740:Staffel 4694:Watford 4652:Staffel 4605:Admiral 4565:Lambeth 4538:FuG 214 4484:Feltham 4472:Staffel 4463:Gruppen 4413:Hermann 4317:Handorf 4313:Münster 4301:Leipzig 4249:Chelsea 3960:Tilbury 3898:Staffel 3893:types. 3873:cargo. 3791:Hackney 3780:Gruppen 3722:Bromley 3718:Downham 3706:Wembley 3563:München 3502:München 3468:Staffel 3429:January 3163:during 2701:Tactics 2695:barrage 2664:General 2266:Tactics 2231:Gruppen 2214:Fw 190 2149:Bourges 2029:Staffel 1972:Do 217 1924:Ju 188 1896:Ju 188 1866:Me 410 1828:Handorf 1824:Münster 1814:Ju 188 1790:Do 217 1763:Do 217 1706:1 1691:and I./ 1677:3. II./ 1650:gruppen 1565:SCR-268 1505:Belgium 1415:England 1267:on the 1125:England 1042:Hamburg 1012:TF Baum 994:Varsity 987:Plunder 965:Cologne 960:Remagen 940:Grenade 918:Germany 884:Scheldt 844:Dragoon 740:Britain 695:Dunkirk 617:Belgium 595:Zeeland 440:Norwich 358:Cardiff 353:Bristol 338:Belfast 295:Britain 142:Germany 9273:Portal 9178:Meteor 9146:Gisela 8916:Groups 8777:People 8691: 8677: 8663: 8649: 8634: 8617: 8603: 8588: 8561: 8542: 8523: 8501: 8482: 8463: 8444: 8418: 8396: 8374: 8355: 8333: 8314: 8295: 8276: 8257: 8240: 8221: 8202: 8183: 8164: 8141: 8122: 8096: 8077: 8051: 8025: 8006: 7983: 7937: 5551:Gruppe 5521:Rennes 5395:Bergen 5305:Lorenz 5217:Purley 5204:Temple 5113:Gruppe 4960:2°21′E 4948:Petten 4929:Humber 4854:Düppel 4842:Düppel 4782:Sidcup 4681:Gruppe 4577:Balham 4432:, the 4428:, the 4377:Fulham 4352:SC1000 4261:Barnes 4233:Putney 4191:, the 4175:Düppel 4123:Evreux 4119:Rheine 3879:Barges 3834:Vechta 3827:Calais 3811:Ostend 3599:Düppel 3529:Oberst 3506:Munich 3452:Surrey 3448:Sussex 3400:radome 2487:Lorenz 2424:(SD2) 2276:Gruppe 2194:27 (2 2165:Ju 88 2156:Stab./ 2104:Ju 88 2076:Ju 88 2051:Ju 88 2042:Stab./ 2027:15 (1 1995:Ju 88 1948:Ju 88 1887:Stab./ 1754:Stab./ 1666:, and 1598:DB 603 1585:Düppel 1548:Neptun 1501:France 1411:Führer 1407:Führer 1314:Soviet 1230:Pilsen 1224:(RAF) 1101:German 1027:Kassel 973:Gisela 872:Aachen 701:Dynamo 690:Calais 675:Saumur 658:France 646:La Lys 629:Hannut 467:Gisela 430:Exeter 105:Result 9224:Radar 9138:Diver 7968:(PDF) 7953:(PDF) 5619:Notes 5549:III. 5453:Poole 5348:April 5152:jabos 5021:Louth 4706:Sonne 4662:March 4648:Dreux 4642:from 4636:Major 4347:units 4345:Sonne 4297:USAAF 4255:. In 4193:Heinz 3871:copra 3807:buoys 3800:Dalen 3789:with 3657:) at 3517:Paris 3302:India 2755:Notes 2685:(AA) 2581:Ultra 2543:Freya 2539:Freya 2535:Freya 2526:Freya 2522:Freya 2518:Freya 2503:I.F.F 2364:Freya 2360:Freya 2351:Freya 2272:Blitz 2145:Avord 2090:Jever 1965:III./ 1835:III./ 1773:Zeist 1710:(1.1 1684:, I./ 1623:Jabos 1460:Blitz 1394:Italy 889:Bulge 878:Queen 720:Paula 714:Lille 680:Arras 665:Sedan 635:David 455:Diver 383:Leeds 73:Essex 8828:Army 8689:ISBN 8675:ISBN 8661:ISBN 8647:ISBN 8632:ISBN 8615:ISBN 8601:ISBN 8586:ISBN 8559:ISBN 8540:ISBN 8521:ISBN 8499:ISBN 8480:ISBN 8461:ISBN 8442:ISBN 8416:ISBN 8394:ISBN 8372:ISBN 8353:ISBN 8331:ISBN 8312:ISBN 8293:ISBN 8274:ISBN 8255:ISBN 8238:OCLC 8219:ISBN 8200:ISBN 8181:ISBN 8162:ISBN 8139:ISBN 8120:ISBN 8094:ISBN 8075:ISBN 8049:ISBN 8023:ISBN 8004:ISBN 7981:ISBN 7935:ISBN 5638:SN-2 5399:Caen 5393:and 5309:FuBL 5301:Bath 5299:and 5291:Two 5215:and 5206:and 5170:and 5023:and 5013:Orby 5004:and 4946:and 4917:Hull 4880:and 4796:and 4704:and 4482:and 4362:and 4315:and 4251:and 4223:and 4156:and 4129:and 4089:(or 4069:Stab 4059:and 4047:and 3958:and 3857:and 3732:and 3669:(25 3667:km/h 3634:and 3618:and 3573:and 3571:Egon 3444:Kent 3294:and 3271:and 2927:and 2798:and 2749:Type 2746:Unit 2681:gun 2677:and 2627:and 2612:and 2604:and 2596:Sir 2485:The 2479:EGON 2457:For 2434:and 2344:. 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Knowledge

Operation Steinbock

Index