Opposition to the Partition of India

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Christians' opposition to the arrests of Congress leaders, dedication for swaraj, commitment for an indivisible and strong India, and their continued support for Gandhi, barring his noncooperation movement, attracted a great deal of attention and appreciation from Congress leaders like H.N. Kunzru. Addressing the 1943 session of the All-India Christian Conference in New Delhi, Kunzru applauded that: 'it was heartening to find that the Christians are struggling for unity, when threats of division are overwhelming.' Expressing his gratitude to the community for its anti-communal approach throughout the freedom struggle, Kunzru expressed that he was glad that Christians willingly took part in the national movement for securing a self-ruled and self-reliant India by placing the national interests above communal considerations. At the 1943 conference, Christians held a range of discussions on the political situation in the country and strongly opposed Muslim League's call for partition. It condemned communal violence in August 1942 in Bengal. The conference urged the British to publicly declare that India would be given full freedom (without partition) within two years. It also appealed to the principal political parties and communities to come to an agreement on the communal problem. Christian nationalists continued to demand that the constitution of independent India should have the provisions of right to profess, propagate and practise one's religion and that change of religion should not involve any civil or political disability. The political objectives of Christians in 1945 included immediate grant of swaraj, unconditional release of Congress leaders, opposition to partition and making of freedom. In the 1945 national conference held in Hyderabad, under the presidentship of S. Balasingam Satya Nadar, Christians discussed a series of resolutions on the country and called for the making of a unified political body representing all religions. The conference resolved that all regions of India should be united into one unified political body so that people would be able to have self-rule. The leaders urged that the Hindus, Muslims, Christians and others should have a common bond of brotherhood and fellowship. Articulating Christians' commitment to the idea of self-rule, Balasingam appealed to the community to intensify their nonviolent struggles for the immediate grant of swaraj. The Indian Christian Association and the Catholic Indian Association made it clear in Madras on 5 December 1946 that they would strive to bring about communal harmony across the nation. They indicated that the community would never cast a shadow between the country and its freedom. They underlined that Christians were completely against the idea of separate (communal) electorate. As a result of their 'selfless commitment' for national cause, the members of constituent assembly decided to fulfill the demands made by the Christians with regard to right to propagation in January 1947.

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Muslims. ... The partition of India could not solve and did not solve a single problem including the Hindu-Muslim problem. On the contrary it intensified the religious differences, especially in connection with the partition of the province of the Punjab, and facilitated the incitement of bloody conflicts between the Hindus, Sikhs and Musulmans. Millions of refugees rushed from one dominion to another. Hindus and Sikhs fled to Hindustan and Muslims to Pakistan. Whole villages were depopulated, harvests were not gathered, fields were not sown. ... armed bands organised on fascist lines, flooded with agents of the British secret police, organised massacre of Musulmans in Hindustan, and of Hindus and Sikhs in Pakistan. Fratricidal clashes in Hindustan and Pakistan were handy to British imperialism and its agents. The partition of India was effected with a view to maintain political and economic domination of British imperialism in the country divided into parts. ... The partition of India was accomplished by the Labour Government which is more supple and more capable of making use of social and national demagogy, than the previous Conservative Government. It was easier for the Labour Party to accomplish this manoeuvre because the leaders of the Indian National Congress had always been maintaining with them a certain contract and more willingly came to a compromise with the Labour Cabinet. It is characteristic that the Conservative Party supported the plan of partitioning India, proposed by the Labour Government. This testifies to the fact that the whole of this plan is a British imperialist plan and corresponds with its interests and its calculations. It is not without reasons that during the debate on the Bill in the British House of Commons and the House of Lords, the leaders of the Conservative Party greeted the Government's plan as one which came to the rescue of the British imperialism, and the Labour Government as the loyal defender of the interests of the British Empire. Having divided India and conferred on Hindustan and Pakistan “the title of dominion”, British imperialism there by maintained its colonial domination over India. British capital fully and completely as in the past occupies a commanding position in the economy of Hindustan and Pakistan. A powerful lever of the colonial exploitation of India is the banking system. All the big banks in India, with the exception of two, are managed by British monopolists. Thus they are holding in their hands the largest amount of capital which they can invest in industries, Railways, Ports etc. Indian industry is fully dependent on the British bankers. More than half of jute and tea industry of Hindustan, 1/3rd of iron and steel industry, the whole mineral output, rubber plantations etc. belong to British capital.

1265:, a poet, saw the partition of India as a "monstrosity" and on 15 August 1947, stated that he hoped "the Nation will not accept the settled fact as for ever settled, or as anything more than a temporary expedient." He further said that "if it lasts, India may be seriously weakened, even crippled; civil strife may remain always possible, possible even a new invasion and foreign conquest. The partition of the country must go...For without it the destiny of India might be seriously impaired and frustrated. That must not be." Aurobindo saw the two-nation theory as "new-fanged", "contrary to the facts" and being "invented by Jinnah for his purposes"; Aurobindo wrote that "More than 90% of the Indian Muslims are descendants of converted Hindus and belong as much to the Indian nation as the Hindu themselves. Jinnah is himself a descendant of a Hindu named Jinnahbhai" (cf. 1420:

Mashriqi, a nationalist Muslim, thus saw Jinnah as "becoming a tool in British hands for his political career." Besides the pro-separatist Muslim League, Islamic leadership in British India rejected the notion of partitioning the country, exemplified by the fact that most Muslims in the heartland of the subcontinent remained where they were, rather than migrating to newly created state of Pakistan. India and Pakistan are currently allocating a significant amount of their budget into military spending—money that could be spent in economic and social development. Poverty, homelessness, illiteracy, terrorism and a lack of medical facilities, in Yousaf's eyes, would not be plaguing an undivided India as it would be more advantaged "economically, politically, and socially." Yousaf has stated that Indians and Pakistanis speak a common lingua franca,

251: 1463:), has stated that the malaise and sectarian violence within South Asia is a consequence of the partition of India, which took place without a referendum in pre-1947 colonial India; these professors have stated that "Inhabitants of the subcontinent of India are poignantly reminded at this moment of the grave injustice that was done to them in 1947, when British India was partitioned without taking the wishes of its inhabitants into account." Sharma, Cox, Ahmad and Singh further wrote that "We regret that the fate of a quarter of the population of the globe was decided arbitrarily by the representative of an imperial power and by those who were not even duly elected by adult franchise." As such, Sharma, Cox, Ahmad and Singh in 20: 445: 1348: 693:, a pharmaceutical chemist, opposed the partition of India and suggested "an armed struggle against the Muslim League to keep India united". He felt that Muhammad Ali Jinnah's views were held only by a minority of Muslims in India. Khwaja Abdul Hamied was against the idea of separate electorates based on the religious faith of an individual, declaring that they were a manifestation of divisive communalism. He taught that "if people were told that those who vote for Pakistan had to go to that country then nobody would vote for the partition." 467: 1157:, a French historian, saw the partition of India as a "great mistake" both "on the human level as well as on the political one". Daniélou stated that it "burdened India" and added to the region Pakistan, which he called an "unstable state". He said that as a result of the division of India, "India whose ancient borders stretched until Afghanistan, lost with the country of seven rivers (the Indus Valley), the historical centre of her civilisation." 462:

He argued that if India were divided into two states, "there would remain three and half crores of Muslims scattered in small minorities all over the land. With 17 per cent in UP, 12 per cent in Bihar and 9 per cent in Madras, they will be weaker than they are today in the Hindu majority provinces. They have had their homelands in these regions for almost a thousand years and built up well known centres of Muslim culture and civilisation there."

119:, to condemn the partition of India. They also argued that the economic development of Muslims would be hurt if India was partitioned, seeing the idea of partition as one that was designed to keep Muslims backward. They also expected "Muslim-majority provinces in united India to be more effective than the rulers of independent Pakistan in helping the Muslim minorities living in Hindu-majority areas." Deobandis pointed to the 152:

of the border. Mashriqi thought that "Muslim majority areas were already under Muslim rule, so if any Muslims wanted to move to these areas, they were free to do so without having to divide the country." To him, separatist leaders "were power hungry and misleading Muslims in order to bolster their own power by serving the British agenda." All of Hindustan, according to Mashriqi, belonged to Indian Muslims.

603:, "vociferously opposed Partition". If India were to be divided, the regions that separatists wished to become Pakistan would contain a “considerable number of non-Muslims, and a large number of Muslims would also remain in India.” Furthermore, the partition of India would jeopardise the interests of the minority communities. He held that the plan proposed by the All India Muslim League would cause the 648:

that since the Muslims had ruled India for a long time, abandoning the land where many Muslims continued to live and allowing solely Hindus to rule a major part of the land, should be opposed. Nevertheless, once the partition plan had been formalized, Mashriqi felt that at least Delhi, the old seat of Muslim power, should be part of Pakistan, and opposed Punjab's partition plan.

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India. A state dominated by the Muslim League would offer a permanent sphere of influence to the British. This was also bound to influence the attitude of India. With a British base in Pakistan, India would have to pay far greater attention to British interests than she might otherwise do. ... The partition of India would materially alter the situation in favour of the British.

755:: "There are Hindu and Sikh Tiwanas who are my relatives. I go to their weddings and other ceremonies. How can I possibly regard them as coming from another nation?" March 1 was proclaimed by Tiwana as Communal Harmony Day, with the Communal Harmony Committee being established by him in Lahore, with Raja Narendra Nath as its president and Maulvi Mahomed Ilyas as its secretary. 945:, was strongly opposed to the partition of India, calling it "a surrender of nationalism in favour of communalism". Kitchlew was an Indian nationalist who opposed British colonial rule and held "that a divided India would only debilitate the Muslim cause, in terms of its political emancipation and economic prosperity." 233:; the very concept of dividing the country of India has criticized for its implication "that people with different backgrounds" cannot live together. After it occurred, critics of the partition of India point to the displacement of fifteen million people, the murder of more than one million people, and the 4574:

The partition was brutal and bloody, and to Saadat Hasan Manto, a Muslim journalist, short-story author and Indian film screenwriter living in Bombay, it appeared maddeningly senseless. Manto was already an established writer before August 1947, but the stories he would go on to write about partition

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Similarly, congratulating Gandhi on the successful termination of his fast in 1943, Raja Sir Maharaja Singh, the president of the New Delhi session of the Indian national Christian conference, appealed to the British that it should make every effort to release all the political prisoners immediately.

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India to be Pakistan. The Muslims had ruled India for a long time; it was not easy to abandon this and let the Hndus rule a major part of the land and the Muslims living there. He firmly believed that India should be returned to the Muslims because it belonged to the Muslims. He further believed that

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If a united India had become free...there was little chance that Britain could retain her position in the economic and industrial life of India. The partition of India, in which the Muslim majority provinces formed a separate and independent state, would, on the other hand, give Britain a foothold in

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of India that would lead to “potentially ‘emasculating’ India” as a global leader. Anthony stated that India was unlike Europe in that “India had achieved a basic ethnic and cultural unity.” Lastly, Anthony held that “the division of India would lead to war between the two countries” and give rise to

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of India that would lead to "potentially ‘emasculating’ India" as a global leader. Anthony stated that India was unlike Europe in that “India had achieved a basic ethnic and cultural unity.” Lastly, Anthony held that “the division of India would lead to war between the two countries” and give rise to

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In South Asia, recent years have seen the subject of reunification being considered by people in both India and Pakistan. Inevitably, there is a diversity of views on such a subject. Among Indians and Pakistanis who generally agree on the merits of reunification, some regard it as feasible only when

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Among these new immigrants was the first generation of educated, socially-mobile Muslims; graduates of Aligarh or Osmania University who had played an important role in the Pakistan movement. As Jaun Alia once acidly remarked, "Pakistan ... ye sab Aligarh ke laundon ki shararat thi" (Pakistan — this

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said that partitioning India was "absurd" and "chimerical". Criticising the partition of the province of Bengal and India as a whole, Syed Habib-ul-Rahman said that "the Indian, both Hindus and Muslims, live in a common motherland, use the offshoots of a common language and literature, and are proud

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in 1857, the British government implemented a divide and rule policy to cause them to fight one another rather than rise up to fight against colonial rule. He also claims that the British government orchestrated the partition of India in order to prevent a united India from emerging as an industrial

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Both Sikander Hayat Khan and his successor, Khizr Hayat Khan Tiwana, vehemently opposed the idea Partition when it was mooted in the early 1940s, partly because as Punjabi Muslims they did not agree with Jinnah on the need for a Pakistan and largely because the thought of partitioning Punjab, as an

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revolution and called everyone to "all rise against" the "conspiracy" of a partition plan. Mashriqi saw the two-nation theory as a plot of the British to maintain control of the region more easily, if India was divided into two countries that were pitted against one another. Mashriqi, however, said

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that "as a Muslim, I for one am not prepared for a moment to give up my right to treat the whole of India as my domain and share in the shaping of its political and economic life. To me it seems a sure sign of cowardice to give up what is my patrimony and content myself with a mere fragment of it."

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saw itself as articulating the interests of common, rather than upper-class Muslims and passed a resolution against the partition of India in 1940. It said: “the Partition scheme was not only impracticable and unpatriotic but altogether un-Islamic and unnatural, because the geographical position of

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opposed the partition of India because he felt that if Muslims and Hindus had largely lived peacefully together in India for centuries, they could also do so in a free and united India. He reasoned that a division of India along religious lines would breed fundamentalism and extremism on both sides

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Later, K.M. Munishi, with Gandhi's blessing, also resigned from the Congress to plead for Akhand Hindustan as a counter blast to Pakistan. Gandhi, who previously thought that swaraj was impossible without Hindu-Muslim unity, subsequently came to the conclusion that as Britain wanted to retain her

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Because of the fear of the peasant revolution, the leaders of the Muslim League in full agreement with British imperialism favoured the partition of India and maintenance of British domination. They demanded formation of the Muslim State, by kindling religious animosity between the Hindus and the

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who opposed the partition of India, felt that the British decided to deliberately divide India in order to weaken it in hopes that Indians would ask the British to lengthen their rule in India. Singh said that the armed forces of undivided India were not affected by the "virus of communalism" and

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views the British as bearing responsibility for the partition of India; he regards Jinnah as a British agent who advocated for the creation of Pakistan in order "to satisfy his ambition to become the ‘Quaid-e-Azam’, regardless of the suffering his actions caused to both Hindus and Muslims." Katju

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held that "Whatever our faiths we must live together in our country in an atmosphere of perfect amity and our relations should be the relations of the several brothers of a joint family, various members of which are free to profess their faith as they like without any let or hindrance and of whom

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The partition of the Indian subcontinent was based on the formula of religious segregation. Many Muslims migrated to Pakistan, but many more also decided to stay back. The country had an obligation to protect Islamic interests as Muslims in India tied their destiny with the rest. There were also

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was a champion of Hindu-Muslim unity and a united India. He "argued that the idea that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations was ahistorical" and held that outside of the subcontinent, Indian Muslims faced discrimination. With respect to Indian civilization, Rezaul Karim declared that "Its

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opposed the partition of India, advocating unity, stating that "Acceptance of the resolution will be an abject surrender to the British and the Muslim League. The admission of the Working Committee was an admission of weakness and the result of a sense of despair. The Partition would not benefit

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The politics of Muslim separatism was institutionalised in Aligarh, which, by the 1940s, had become, in Jinnah's words, "the arsenal of Muslim India". Later, poet Jaun Elia would quip that Pakistan was a prank played by the juveniles of Aligarh ("Pakistan — ye sab Aligarh ke laundon ki shararat

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He went on to say, "To welcome Partition is to imply that people with different backgrounds and different blood-lines cannot live together in one nation. A regressive suggestion." He lamented that the "Muslim majorities who got Pakistan did not need it; Muslim minorities remaining in India who

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between the same people. Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana, himself a Muslim, remarked to the separatist leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah: "There are Hindu and Sikh Tiwanas who are my relatives. I go to their weddings and other ceremonies. How can I possibly regard them as coming from another nation?" Tiwana

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Soon thereafter, in 1943, the Ahrar passed a resolution officially declaring itself against partition, which posed a problem in that it put the Ahrar in direct opposition to the Muslim League. The Ahrar introduced a sectarian element into its objections by portraying Jinnah as an infidel in an

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Anthony was vocally critical of the British Raj in India for its racial discrimination in matters of pay and allowances, and for failing to acknowledge the sterling military and civil contributions made by Anglo-Indians to the Raj. Anthony vociferously opposed Partition and fought for the best

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We are indeed informed about the strong opposition by Congress stalwart Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and the leader of the Jamiat-Ulema-e-Islam, Maulana Hussain Ahmed Madni, to the demand for a separate Muslim state made by the All-India Muslim League, but the general impression in both India and

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Upon the assurances of the Congress Party that Sikh interests would be respected as an independent India, Sikh leadership agreed to support the Congress Party and its vision of a united India rather than seeking a separate state. When Partition was announced by the British in 1946, Sikhs were

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Here, not only anti-colonial Muslims were opposed to the Partition – and there were many all over Punjab – but also those who considered the continuation of British rule good for the country – Sir Fazl-e-Hussain, Sir Sikander Hyat and Sir Khizr Hayat Tiwana for instance – were opposed to the

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Yousaf holds that "Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the President of the All-India Muslim League and later founder of Pakistan, had been misleading the Muslim community in order to go down in history as the saviour of the Muslim cause and to become founder and first Governor General of Pakistan." Allama

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between the Soviet Union and India to prevent the spread of Communism, as well the fact that a "division of the people and territory would prevent a united India from emerging as a world power and keep the two nations dependent on pivotal powers." Yousaf cited former Indian National Congress

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cited several reasons for opposing the partition of India. If India were to be divided, the regions proposed to become Pakistan would still contain a “considerable number of non-Muslims, and a large number of Muslims would also remain in India" thus rendering the partition to be useless.

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The brother of the Nawab of Dhaka, Khwajah Atiqullah collected 25,000 signatures and submitted a memorandum opposing the partition (Jalal 2000: 158). The anti-partition movement was 'actively supported' by 'Abdul Rasul, Liakat Hassain, Abul Qasim, and Ismail Hussain Shirazi' (Ahmed 2000:

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When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre if he would have sabotaged Pakistan if he had known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, his answer was instructive. There was no doubt in his mind about the legality or morality of his position on Pakistan. 'Most probably,' he said

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stated that the creation of a Pakistan would only benefit upper class Muslims who would come to monopolize the economy of the separate state; he warned that if it would be created, it would be controlled by international powers, "and with the passage of time this control will become

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advocated for amity between the religious communities of undivided India, proclaiming March 1st as Communal Harmony Day and aiding in the establishment of a Communal Harmony Committee in Lahore presided over by Raja Narendra Nath with its secretary being Maulvi Mahomed Ilyas of

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school of thought regarded the proposed partition and formation of a separate, majority Muslim nation state (i.e. the future Pakistan) as a "conspiracy of the colonial government to prevent the emergence of a strong united India". Deobandis therefore helped to organize the

1279:"was sliced in two by the departing British to create the new state of Pakistan." He states that the British government partitioned India so that they would be able to combat Soviet influence through the establishment of British military installations in what was then 2662:

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1891–1991): the "Frontier Gandhi"; Congress leader of the North-West Frontier Province, organized nonviolent resistance group called the Khudai Khidmatgars; opposed partition and was repeatedly jailed for long periods by the government of

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and coming from Bihar and Eastern U.P. descended in Delhi demonstrating against the proposed two-nation theory. A gathering of more than fifty thousand people from an unorganized sector was not usual at that time, so its importance should be duly recognized. The

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Vedas, its Upanishads, its Rama, Sita, its Ramayana, and Mahabharat, its Krishna and Gita, its Asoka and Akbar, its Kalidas and Amir Khusru, its Aurangzeb and Dara, its Rana Pratap and Sitaram—all are our own inheritance." In 1941, Rezaul Karim published a book

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and for spreading communal strife: “the hatred was really started by Jinnah, there's no doubt about it.” To this end, Frank Anthony charged the pro-separatist All India Muslim League with being "born in hatred" and being "responsible for an inevitable cycle of

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Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (a Pathan or Pashtun leader from India's northwest frontier), opposed Jinnah's demand to partition India as un-Islamic and contrary to the history of Muslims in the subcontinent, who had for over a millennium considered India their

2866: 1075:, heavily criticized the partition of India, calling it "a crime carried out by British Imperialism" that was done in order "to divide the subcontinent to make it easier to control from outside once they had been forced to abandon a military presence." 2852:"In Prophetic Historical Interview, Indian Islamic Scholar Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Warned Against Creation Of Pakistan Based On Hindu-Muslim Disunity: 'We Must Remember That An Entity Conceived In Hatred Will Last Only As Long As That Hatred Lasts'" 3364:

Dr. Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan and his brother Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan were also opponents of Mr. Jinnah and the Muslim League. The Khan Brothers were close to the Congress and thought that in an independent United India their interests were more

717:, which he stated would heal continuing wounds and solve the Kashmir conflict. Advocating for a common revolution, Khan declared that "Five thousand years of common history, culture and society is too strong to be cleavaged by this partition." 1381:

has advocated the reunification of India with Pakistan under a secular government. He stated that the cause of the partition was the divide and rule policy of Britain, which was implemented to spread communal hatred after Britain saw that

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the different provinces of India and the intermingled population of the Hindus and Muslims are against the proposal and because the two communities have been living together for centuries, and they have many things in common between them.”

1424:, "wear the same dress, eat the same food, enjoy the same music and movies, and communicate in the same style and on a similar wavelength". He argues that uniting would be a challenge, though not impossible, citing the fall of the 4256:

The official record on British policy confirm that in early 1947 Britain opposed the Partition of India. Mountbattan, the last Viceroy of India, was especially opposed to divide this 'first rate establishment' specially the Armed

751:. He felt that Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus of the Punjab all had a common culture and was against dividing India on the basis of religious segregation. Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana, himself a Muslim, remarked to the separatist leader 1099:

to stand against the separatist campaign to create Pakistan, stating "if such schemes were considered realistically, it would be apparent at once how damaging they would be not only for Indian Muslims but for the whole Islamic

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Momins' Conference, Anjuman-I-Watan (Baluchistan) and All-India Shia Conference also expressed their opposition. The Deobandi School of Islam was against the Two-Nation Theory and "played a glorious role in the freedom

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thi"). That this practical joke, by its sheer thoughtless adventurism, turned out to be a monumental tragedy, which sundered the country into two and the Muslim community into three, is yet to be confronted by Aligarh.

771:, which passed a resolution in 1943 declaring itself to be against the partition and "introduced a sectarian element into its objections by portraying Jinnah as an infidel in an attempt to discredit his reputation." 3033:"The division of the sub-continent was the greatest blunder," he thundered to cheers from the audience. "It was the division of blood, culture, brotherhood, relationships," he said, switching from English to Urdu. 173:, the Muslim League got the support mostly from Ashrafs, the upper class Muslims. Lower class Indian Muslims opposed the partition of India, believing that "a Muslim state would benefit only upper-class Muslims." 213:

Critics of the partition of India argue that an undivided India would have boasted one of the strongest armies in the world, had more competitive sports teams, fostered an increased protection of minorities with

2870: 141:(Composite Nationalism and Islam), promulgating the idea that different religions do not constitute different nationalities and that the proposition for a partition of India was not justifiable, religiously. 1134:"were capable of holding the country together and thereby avoiding Partition." Singh was unable to forgive the politicians for failing to consult with the Indian Army before accepting the partition of India. 412:

passed a resolution in 1943 declaring itself to be against the partition and "introduced a sectarian element into its objections by portraying Jinnah as an infidel in an attempt to discredit his reputation."

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My father's half-brother, Sir Fazl-i-Hussain, was a found member, along with Sir Sikander Hyat Khan and others who were opposed to the Quaid-e-Azam's vision of Pakistan as an independent nation of Muslims.

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Mufti Mahmud, in his speech on the occasion, pointed out that "the JUIP was against a division of the country". He said that since the party had opposed the partition of India (linking with the stance of

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criticized the partition of India, opining that a united India with a liberal democracy and proportional representation would have been better for the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent. Khurshid praised

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advocated for the same; he held that Hindu-Muslim unity in India as opposed to unity between Indian Muslims and foreign Muslims, would effectively combat British colonial rule, leading to an independent

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to advocate for a united and independent India. Allah Bakhsh Soomro proclaimed that the very concept of "The Muslims as a separate nation in India on the basis of their religion, is un-Islamic."

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strongly opposed the partition of India, which he saw as an "overwhelming tragedy" and "maddeningly senseless". The literature he is remembered for is largely about the partition of India.

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would come to cement his reputation. ... But it is for his stories of partition that he is best remembered: as the greatest chronicler of this most savage episode in the region's history.

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Raja Ram Mohun Roy; Keshab Chandra Sen; Surendranath Banerjea; V.O. Chidambaram Pillai; Srinivasa Ramanujan; Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan; Rajkumari Amrit Kaur; Jayaprakash Narayan (1990).

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considered a Hindu sect for Partition purposes. They violently opposed the creation of Pakistan since historically Sikh territories and cities were included in the new Muslim homeland.

284:, which represented the religiously observant Muslim working class; in one of the largest gatherings of Muslims in colonial India, it rallied in Delhi to oppose the partition of India. 4652:

Even the Darul Uloom Deoband, although it supported Indian independence, opposed and opposes the Muslim League's theory of two nations, and therefore opposed and opposes partition.

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Muslims and Hindus could continue to live together as they had been living. Mashriqi being a visionary was aware that there were far more negatives than this in the partition plan.

435:, which had a base of Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs, opposed the partition of India from the perspective of seeing the Punjabi identity as more important than one's religious identity. 2584:

The Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind was uncompromisingly against the formation of Pakistan and remained in India after the partition, while the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam came to be in Pakistan.

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Muslims constituting a majority of Indian Muslims were opposed to partition but sadly they were not heard. They were firm believers of Islam yet they were opposed to Pakistan.

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Much before Madani, Jamaluddin Afghani argued that Hindus and Muslims must come together to overthrow the British. Husain Ahmad would argue the same thing after five decades.

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Furthermore, the partition of India would jeopardise the interests of the minority communities. He held that the plan proposed by the All India Muslim League would cause the

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Three nationalist Muslims were among those who opposed the resolution: Ansar Harwani, Maulana Hifzur Rahman and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew. "This is a surrender", Kitchlew said.

838:. Maulana Maududi saw the partition as creating a temporal border that would divide Muslims from one another. He advocated for the whole of India to be reclaimed for Islam. 4058:

Dr. Kitchlew, President of the Punjab Provincial Congress Committee, opposed the resolution and characterized it as a surrender of 'nationalism in favour of communalism'.

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Khizr Hayat Khan Tiwana, a Unionist, who was the last Premier of the unified Punjab opposed Jinnah and the 1947 partition of India from a Punjabi nationalist perspective.

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has criticized the partition of India, stating that it "has become a cause of destruction and ruin, not just for a particular community, but for both Hindus and Muslims."

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of Mecca, that "promoted mutual interaction between the two communities thus allowing more opportunities for Muslims to preach their religion to Qureysh through peaceful

4967: 684:. He stood against communalism and battled the Muslim League after it became apparent that a Pakistan would be created out of the provinces of northwest colonial India. 336:

Central Khalsa Young Men Union declared its "unequivocal opposition" to the creation of a separate Muslim state in northwestern India, as with other Sikh organisations.

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However, many Indian Muslims regarded India as their permanent home and supported the concept of a secular, unified state that would include both Hindus and Muslims.

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to agitate against their colonial rule in India. Katju serves as the chairman of the Indian Reunification Association (IRA), which seeks to campaign for this cause.

1275:, a Pakistani Canadian author and journalist, has criticized the partition of India, calling the division of the country "tragic" and lamenting that his homeland of 3378: 2213:

needed security became more insecure." "If tyranny had ended with partition, I would have welcomed division. In fact, however, tyranny was multiplied by partition."

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of colonial India, which contained Sikhs, Muslims and Hindus who lived peacefully. According to him, a secular and united India would have been a global superpower.

1334:"played a stellar role in ideologically countering the Muslim League and Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s demand for Pakistan, besides campaigning vigorously on the plank of 637:

lauded the All India Indian Christian Association's commitment to interfaith solidarity against imperialism, as well as their opposition to the partition of India.

523:

of colonial India, declared that he would resist the partition of India with his own blood; he reversed his position in 1945 and joined the All India Muslim League

100:

viewed the proposal to partition India as un-Islamic and contradicting a common history in which Muslims considered India as their homeland for over a millennium.

1140:

opposed partition. He later admitted that he would have "most probably" sabotaged the proposal to create Pakistan if he had been aware that Jinnah was dying of

429:

saw the idea of the creation of a Muslim state as inviting possible persecution of Sikhs, who thus "launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution".

4593:

One can, however, assert that the finest short/ stories about the period were written by Saadat Hasan Manto. For him the partition was an overwhelming tragedy.

1469:

in 1992 demanded that "a plebiscite be held over the entire territory that comprised British India on the question of its partition into India and Pakistan."

2851: 1163:, Indian educationalist and historian, opposed the partition of India and campaigned against the idea of separate electorates based on religion. He authored 1053:

has exited throughout history and that in his travels to Pakistan and Bangladesh, the people there expressed a “close affinity with Indians”. Vijay praised

1045:

due to the “same cultural thread” that he states runs throughout the subcontinent. Vijay believes that nature has established one contiguous entity known as

4958: 4931: 4368: 3212: 2615:

The resolution was a bad omen to all those parties, including the Khaksars, which were, in one way or the other, opposing the partition of the subcontinent.

1525: 234: 844:

opposed the partition of India, creating the "United Party of India (UPI) with the aim of removing the chasm between the Congress and the Muslim League."

1401:; Yousaf stated that the partition of India itself was a result of the divide and rule policies of the British government that sought to create another 2139: 3045: 3432: 571:

political party, called the partition of India the "greatest blunder" that resulted in "the division of blood, culture, brotherhood, relationships".

3850: 1218:(translation: "Long live the revolution!") was against the two-nation theory and chose to remain in independent India after the partition occurred. 4774: 3412:

Khwaja Abdul Majid (1875–1962) was a lawyer, educationalist, and social reformer who supported Gandhi in his opposition to the partition of India.

104:

opined that "Hindus and Muslims were sons of the same soil of India; they were brothers who therefore must strive to keep India free and united."

4609: 2753:

Partition. The campaign against Sir Khizr during the Muslim League agitation was most intimidating and the worst type of abuse was hurled at him.

2251:

Sajjad, Mohammad (January 2011). "Muslim resistance to communal separatism and colonialism in Bihar: nationalist politics of the Bihar Muslims".

2538:

As a protest against Partition, the Hindu Mahasabha and the Communist Party of India (CPI) did not participate in the celebrations of 15 August.

65:

in the 20th century and it continues to remain a talking point in South Asian politics. Those who opposed it often adhered to the doctrine of

3074: 2902: 1184:

criticized the partition of India, calling it an "unspeakable tragedy" that "separated people who at one time could live together in peace".

4665: 4003: 342:

declared its "unequivocal opposition" to the creation of a separate Muslim state in northwestern India, as with other Sikh organisations.

4071: 3823: 485:

were divided. He felt that Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus of the Punjab all had a common culture and was against dividing India to create a

1938: 4996: 1293: 287: 250: 177: 4556: 4176:

We have to understand that the partition of the subcontinent into Pakistan and India was a crime carried out by British Imperialism.

3231: 4873: 985: 820: 4962: 4949: 4497:"Despite Its Characteristic Boast, Aligarh Muslim University Could Not Chart a Path for Modernity and Progress of Indian Muslims" 4397: 568: 4756: 323:

protested the idea of creating a Pakistan, being against the partition of colonial India. It also supported common electorates.

4699: 4323: 4280: 4232: 4144: 4051: 4026: 3980: 3953: 3910: 3800: 3746: 3625: 3195: 3137: 2995: 2935: 2531: 2502: 2446: 2385: 2365: 2337: 2175: 2118: 2033: 2008: 1981: 1721: 1685: 1621: 3062:"The said theory was invented by the British Empire to deceive and divide the people of the Indian Sub-Continent," he added. 1628:

The Jamiya-i-ulama-Hind founded in 1919, strongly opposed partition in the 1940s and was committed to composite nationalism.

1194:

Ashis Ray, president of the Indian Journalists' Association, criticized the partition of India at a debate organized by the

3338:

empire by pursuing a policy of divide and rule, Hindu-Muslim unity could not be achieved as long as the British were there.

942: 564: 4821: 3506: 4538: 1912: 378:

was "uncompromisingly against the formation of Pakistan", rejecting the idea of the partition and instead advocating for

320: 4169: 1027:

of the noble heritage of a common Hindu and Muslim culture, developed through centuries of residence in a common land".

687:

Khwaja Abdul Majid was a social reformer and lawyer "who supported Gandhi in his opposition to the partition of India."

600: 535:

opposed two-nation theory after 1942 and made and attempts to mobilise non-Muslim League leaders against the partition.

267: 201: 4940: 4342: 4986: 4906: 4645: 3596: 3568: 3536: 3459: 3405: 3330: 3241: 3112: 2808: 2710: 2655: 2608: 2559: 2477: 2421: 2309: 1948: 1886: 1846: 1649: 1592: 1560: 1520: 2676: 546: 369: 277: 196:

condemned the call by separatists to create Pakistan, viewing it as a movement that would possibly persecute them.

170: 82: 19: 2226: 1762: 1484: 1439:

have expressed the view that Indian reunification would solve the conflict in the region of Jammu & Kashmir.

1371:

The subject of undoing the partition and reunifying India has been discussed by both Indians and Pakistanis. In

1328:. The Jamaat-e-Islami saw the partition as creating a temporal border that would divide Muslims from one another. 1005: 815: 482: 384: 3807:

Mawdudi (d. 1979) was opposed to the partition of India, preferring that Muslims reclaim all of India for Islam.

2549: 2183:

Christians, Jews, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains and other communities which were living mostly in peace for centuries.

1296:

opposed the partition of India, as well as the creation of separate electorates based on religion; it supported

290:

opposed the partition of India, as well as the creation of separate electorates based on religion; it supported

5006: 4423: 2277:

Maghfoor Aijazi had set up the All India Jamhoor Muslim League, in 1940, to oppose Jinnah's scheme of Pakistan.

1773:

Many Indian Muslims, including religious scholars, ferociously opposed the Muslim League's demand for Pakistan.

1072: 834:, actively worked to prevent the partition of India, arguing that concept violated the Islamic doctrine of the 724: 301: 255: 3766: 3396:

McDermott, Rachel Fell; Gordon, Leonard A.; Embree, Ainslie T.; Pritchett, Frances W.; Dalton, Dennis (2014).

2453:

Consequently, the Shia Political Conference also participated in the Muslims' protest against Jinnah's scheme.

733:

opposed the partition of India, seeing it as contradicting his vision of unity among Indians of all religions.

5001: 1394: 3705: 400:

stood out against the partition of India, using nonviolent principles to resist British rule in the country.

4189: 3543:

As a rule, Gandhi was opposed to the concept of partition as it contradicted his vision of religious unity.

3351: 3266:

most of India, including Nehru, opposed partition and would welcome an opportunity to reintegrate Pakistan.

1505: 1366: 1352: 1280: 1168: 1009: 520: 452: 137: 89: 4109: 5011: 1460: 1038: 855: 806: 764: 624: 491: 326: 358:

firmly opposed the partition of India, though it later reluctantly accepted it after the failure of the

1728:

No sooner was it made public than the Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution.

657: 307: 215: 1106:

opposed the partition of India, believing that it would divide the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent.

674:

opposed the partition of India and campaigned against British rule in the country through nonviolence.

4991: 4922: 3709: 1553:

Dirty Hands and Vicious Deeds: The US Government's Complicity in Crimes against Humanity and Genocide

1109: 736: 640: 526: 470: 444: 3379:"On Frontier Gandhi's death anniversary, a reminder of how the Indian subcontinent has lost its way" 992:, was opposed to the partition of India as he saw the consequence of dividing the Punjab as painful. 4953: 3298: 3257: 3049: 3015: 1613: 1236:. Elia said that the formation of Pakistan was a prank played on the people by elites from Aligarh. 989: 963: 894: 890: 779: 740: 681: 474: 355: 349: 345: 330: 47: 4726: 4401: 3560: 3187: 1974:

Nation-state and Minority Rights in India: Comparative Perspectives on Muslim and Sikh Identities

1478: 1407: 898: 871:, a peace activist, "mobilised the Muslim masses against the two-nation theory of Muslim League." 858:, declared in November 2021 that "The only solution to the pain of Partition lies in undoing it." 768: 671: 628: 609: 542: 478: 448: 432: 409: 314: 93: 39: 1198:

in 2018, holding that Hindus and Muslims could have lived together peacefully in a united India.

3448: 1495: 1383: 1347: 904: 868: 758: 744: 677: 545:, was vehemently opposed to partitioning India on the basis of religious lines; he chaired the 116: 4524: 4270: 2769: 1998: 593:

was opposed to the separatist campaign to create a Muslim state through the division of India.

4730: 3690: 3651:

Maulana Mazhar Ali Azhar, 81, a leader in the Ahrar party, opposed to the partition of India.

2925: 1373: 1335: 1311: 1301: 1160: 927: 810: 710: 506: 486: 379: 295: 230: 181: 120: 73:. The Hindu, Christian, Anglo-Indian, Parsi and Sikh communities were largely opposed to the 66: 3734: 3686: 3447: 2867:"View: The lesser known Maulana Abul Kalam Azad who sought 'United India' to the bitter end" 908:

either community – the Hindus in Pakistan and the Muslims in India would both live in fear."

3213:"Justification of Partition in Books & Educational Syllabi Breeds Hatred and Terrorism" 2524:

Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52

1456: 1360: 1321: 1082: 1042: 884: 827: 720: 714: 580: 359: 259: 4932:

Facts Don't Back The Argument That Most Indian Muslims Wanted Partition by Rupa Subramanya

4072:"Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew, the freedom fighter who is hailed as the hero of Jallianwala Bagh" 3286:

Nehru opposed the partition scheme as it was not calculated to bring about communal peace.

2071:"Anglo-Indians and the Punjab Partition: Identity, Politics, and the Creation of Pakistan" 1016:, opposed the two-nation theory and was imprisoned in the same jail cell as Mahatma Gandhi 240: 8: 4935: 4779: 3483: 2566:

The Indian National Congress and the nationalists of Bengal firmly opposed the partition.

1421: 1307: 1209: 1130: 1126: 1023: 1019: 878: 790: 752: 690: 613: 513:

and opposed the partition of India, being a prominent Muslim leader in eastern Hindustan.

422: 403: 375: 281: 189: 132: 70: 4311: 1432: 1041:, is critical of the partition of India, faulting the British for it, and advocates for 4971: 4878: 4373: 3855: 3601: 3258:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, Asia and the Pacific, Volume VI, Part 2" 2268: 1767: 1510: 1465: 1452: 1398: 1256: 1062: 938: 644: 510: 457: 339: 185: 74: 51: 4902: 4695: 4641: 4346: 4319: 4276: 4228: 4165: 4140: 4047: 4022: 3976: 3949: 3906: 3796: 3742: 3664: 3621: 3564: 3532: 3455: 3401: 3326: 3309:

Jawaharlal Nehru was opposed to partition of the country and opposed it with passion.

3237: 3216: 3191: 3157: 3133: 3108: 2991: 2931: 2804: 2743: 2706: 2651: 2644: 2604: 2555: 2527: 2498: 2473: 2442: 2417: 2389: 2361: 2333: 2305: 2272: 2171: 2114: 2029: 2004: 1977: 1944: 1882: 1842: 1793: 1717: 1681: 1645: 1617: 1588: 1556: 1444: 1214: 1137: 1092: 995: 921: 911: 803:("The Great Kafir"). He, as with other Ahrar leaders, opposed the partition of India. 793:

would fight "tooth and nail" against the partition of India and creation of Pakistan.

786: 617: 516: 426: 415: 397: 219: 193: 97: 78: 35: 1154: 4968:

Why a majority of Muslims opposed Jinnah’s idea of Partition and stayed on in India

4476: 3879: 3668: 3161: 2773: 2747: 2260: 2082: 1797: 1086: 1078: 796: 696: 651: 538: 532: 394:

opposed the partition of India and were "outspoken critics of the Pakistan scheme".

157: 144: 54:

lived together peacefully for centuries and shared a common history in the country.

4864: 2087: 2070: 809:

strongly opposed the campaign for a separate Muslim state, instead advocating for

703:, "collected 25,000 signatures and submitted a memorandum opposing the partition". 481:, opposed the partition of India, referencing the pain that it would cause if the 156:

In 1941, a CID report states that thousands of Muslim weavers under the banner of

4770: 4722: 4249: 4224: 3970: 3592: 3302: 3279: 2967: 2264: 2199: 1390: 1378: 1331: 1317: 1181: 1054: 969: 948: 831: 774: 661: 552: 499: 466: 148: 4427: 2231: 1113: 1103: 973: 953: 915: 851: 748: 730: 700: 590: 584: 226:, and offered a "focus on education and health instead of the defence sector". 101: 43: 24: 3735: 2903:"Meet the Muslim freedom fighters who strongly opposed the Partition of India" 660:

saw the idea of the partition of India as one that catered to the policies of

4980: 4926: 4865: 4501: 2140:"How India Would Have Looked Like Today If The Partition Had Never Happened?" 1743: 1548: 1440: 1266: 1262: 1201: 1058: 1050: 979: 935:

that firmly rejected the two-nation theory and opposed the division of India.

847: 604: 596: 574: 558: 271: 206: 197: 4561: 2024:

Rabasa, Angel; Waxman, Matthew; Larson, Eric V.; Marcum, Cheryl Y. (2004).

1402: 1195: 1141: 957: 924:

opposed partition in line with Mahatma Gandhi's path of Hindu-Muslim unity.

874: 634: 365: 107: 4666:"The forgotten story of two Maulanas who mocked Jinnah's idea of Pakistan" 664:

by the British government and he thus strongly opposed it, calling for an

608:

the spread of extremist ideologies. Anthony criticized the pro-separatist

4614: 4216: 1425: 1393:, has also championed Indian Reunification and presented the idea at the 1272: 1034: 1030: 999: 841: 352:

celebrations of 15 August 1947 in protest of the division of the country.

62: 4692:

Christians and Muslims in the Commonwealth: A Dynamic Role in the Future

761:, a nationalist Muslim, voted against the resolution to partition India. 631:

from 1937–1938 and also 1942–1947, rejected the idea to partition India.

561:, a nationalist Muslim, voted against the resolution to partition India. 4869: 3618:

Sheikh Abdullah-A Biography: The Crucial Period 1905-1939. 2019 Edition

2144: 1515: 1448: 1096: 1013: 241:

Organisations and prominent individuals opposing the partition of India

223: 778:

claimed that after witnessing Hindus and Muslims joining hands in the

616:, holding them to be responsible for the murders that occurred during 4944: 4669: 4529: 3828: 3382: 3020: 1839:

The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies

1500: 1241: 1225: 1221: 1068: 1046: 50:, strongly opposed the partition of India, citing the fact that both 4471: 4448: 3880:"20 Muslim Leaders who opposed Pakistan Movement & Quaid-e-Azam" 3398:

Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh

2302:

Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan

1748:

Britain's Betrayal in India: The Story of the Anglo-Indian Community

743:, opposed the partition of India, seeing it as a ploy to divide the 229:

Pakistan was created through the partition of India on the basis of

4075: 4044:

Education and National Integration in India: Historical perspective

3674:

Pakistan is that Indian Muslims as a whole supported the Partition.

2439:

The Shadow of the Great Game: The Untold Story of India's Partition

1490: 1436: 1320:

actively worked to prevent the partition of India, with its leader

706: 391: 111: 4899:

Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India

4707:

national prejudices of one country against the other are overcome.

2703:

From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia

1310:

continues to oppose the two-nation theory, instead advocating for

1081:

stated his opposition to the partition of India and advocates for

3933:, vol. 55–56, Pakistan Historical Society, 2007, p. 166 1245:

less than one year after the partition of India occurred, stated:

1233: 862: 124: 3046:"'Two-Nation Theory' a complete fraud: MQM leader Altaf Hussain" 654:

opposed partition and believed it couldn't bring communal peace.

4162:

Crisis in the Indian Subcontinent, Partition: Can it be Undone?

3770: 3433:"CIPLA founder Hamied wanted to take up arms to stop Partition" 1297: 1276: 1229: 529:

argued against the two-nation theory, favouring a united India.

406:

condemned idea of a partition plan as "absurd and meaningless".

291: 31: 4557:"Saadat Hasan Manto: 'He anticipated where Pakistan would go'" 3737:

The Rights of God: Islam, Human Rights, and Comparative Ethics

3395: 1608:

Na, Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im; Naʻīm, ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad (2009).

348:

opposed the partition of India and did not participate in the

4272:

Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin

4221:

Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers

1325: 835: 362:. According to Congress it was unavoidable from India's side. 304:

was erected "in 1940, to oppose Jinnah's scheme of Pakistan".

3903:

The Politics of the Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam Pakistan: 1971-1977

3851:"Solution to pain of Partition is undoing it: Mohan Bhagwat" 4959:

Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947

4860: 4858: 4856: 4757:"Mission Statement of the Indian Reunification Association" 4113: 2196:"Oxford Union debate: House regrets the partition of India" 1205: 4587:

Bhalla, Alok; Study, Indian Institute of Advanced (1997).

3791:

Esposito, John L.; Sonn, Tamara; Voll, John Obert (2016).

3130:

Remnants of Partition: 21 Objects from a Continent Divided

3075:"Partition was a loss for both Hindus and Muslims: Madani" 2414:

Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India

2227:"The Great Divide: The Violent Legacy of Indian Partition" 1324:

arguing that concept violated the Islamic doctrine of the

222:, possessed extended maritime borders, projected elevated 4683: 3901:

Pirzada, Sayyid A. S.; Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin (2000).

4853: 4525:"Indian Union and Pakistan After the Partition of India" 3297: 2023: 1642:

War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict

783:

power that would rival the economy of any western state.

200:, a Christian leader who served as the president of the 4775:"India And Pakistan Must Reunite For Their Mutual Good" 3507:"Can Partition be Undone? – An Interview with Lal Khan" 2969:

History of Indian Nation : Post-Independence India

2677:"Saying No to Partition: Muslim leaders from 1940-1947" 1428:

and the consequent German Reunification as an example.

81:), as were many Muslims (these were represented by the 4820:. New York Conference on Asian Studies. Archived from 4815:"Pakistan and India: The Case for Unification (NYCAS)" 3177: 3175: 2126:

interests of his community as Indians, not Britishers.

1459:) and Rajendra Singh (Professor of Linguistics at the 1287: 713:, criticized the partition of India and advocated for 4872:; Manzoor Ahmad; Rajendra Singh (December 16, 1992). 2386:"Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims" 1913:"Why Allama Mashriqi opposed the partition of India?" 4689: 4316:

A Western Journalist on India: The Ferengi's Columns

4004:"Rezaul Karim fought against the Partition of India" 1680:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. pp. 106–110. 1585:

Gandhi's Pilgrimage of Faith: From Darkness to Light

1526:

Violence against women during the partition of India

1300:

and helped to secure to rights of minorities in the

1057:

for refusing to accept separatist tendencies in the

294:

and helped to secure to rights of minorities in the

4591:. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 113. 3172: 3016:"Accept Line of Control temporarily: Altaf Hussain" 4251:The Ahmadiyya Movement: British-Jewish Connections 3484:"Indian review of 'Partition - can it be undone?'" 2643: 2601:Allama Inayatullah Mashraqi: A Political Biography 2330:India after the 1857 Revolt: Decolonizing the Mind 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1389:Pakistani historian Nasim Yousaf, the grandson of 1085:, citing the communal harmony that existed in the 317:opposed the partition of India "as impracticable". 280:was an organisation headed by the Premier of Sind 4137:Partition and Aftermath: Memoirs of an Ambassador 2515: 1342: 1148: 4978: 4518: 4516: 4398:"At Oxford, a stereotype on Partition is busted" 4369:"Pak was born in a state of confusion: Hoodbhoy" 4310: 3790: 3439: 3181: 2571: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2075:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 941:, a Kashmiri Muslim leader and President of the 184:, along with Sikh political parties such as the 4769: 4721: 4550: 4548: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 3591: 3548: 3477: 3475: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 2981: 2979: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 1694: 723:opposed the partition of India and founded the 680:favoured a united India and was an ally of the 237:to demonstrate the view that it was a mistake. 4950:At Oxford, a stereotype on Partition is busted 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4690:O'Mahony, Anthony; Siddiqui, Ataullah (2001). 3975:. S CHAND & Company Limited. p. 266. 3900: 3505:Khan, Lal; Ghosh, Paramita (24 October 2007). 2637: 2635: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 1864:The Deoband School and the Demand for Pakistan 1578: 1576: 893:, coming from the background with ties to the 865:scholar who wrote against Jinnah in his books. 419:enjoy equal benefits of their joint property." 4717: 4715: 4603: 4601: 4513: 4211: 4209: 4207: 3824:"Passionate advocate of subcontinental amity" 3498: 3450:The Partition Motif in Contemporary Conflicts 3445: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2521: 2463: 2461: 2411: 2358:The Partition Motif in Contemporary Conflicts 2282: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2218: 1932: 1930: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1547: 933:Pakisthan Examined with the Partition Schemes 4838: 4629: 4545: 4293: 3817: 3815: 3760: 3758: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3472: 3446:Jassal, Smita Tewari; Ben-Ari, Eyal (2007). 3121: 3089: 2976: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2787: 2594: 2592: 2577: 2486: 2396: 2300:Qasmi, Ali Usman; Robb, Megan Eaton (2017). 2168:Psycho-Social Analysis of the Indian Mindset 1936: 1763:"India's Muslims and the Price of Partition" 1711: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1543: 1541: 1167:(روح روشن مستقبل), which argued against the 1002:in his opposition to the partition of India. 567:, a Pakistani politician and founder of the 4787: 4749: 4657: 4586: 4580: 4337: 4335: 4215: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4046:. Akashdeep Publishing House. p. 294. 3972:A History of Economic Thought, 10th Edition 3894: 3741:. Georgetown University Press. p. 45. 3609: 3554: 3343: 3182:Charlton-Stevens, Uther (1 December 2022). 2944: 2696: 2694: 2632: 2412:Chhibber, Pradeep K.; Verma, Rahul (2018). 2323: 2321: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2045: 2000:Muslim Politics in Bihar: Changing Contours 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1640:Shaw, Jeffrey M.; Demy, Timothy J. (2017). 1573: 16:Political viewpoint in South Asian politics 4941:Gandhi opposed Partition by Mohammed Ayoob 4763: 4712: 4598: 4415: 4318:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 74–75. 4204: 4063: 4035: 4010: 4001: 3931:Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society 3555:Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). 3430: 3400:. Columbia University Press. p. 906. 3370: 3350:Hamdani, Yasser Latif (21 December 2013). 3204: 3007: 2990:. National Book Trust, India. p. 91. 2821: 2763: 2761: 2620: 2458: 2430: 2379: 2377: 2239: 2017: 1927: 1895: 1866:. Asia Publishing House. pp. 106–108. 1855: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1733: 1224:opposed the partition of India due to his 982:argued against Jinnah's two-nation theory. 966:argued against Jinnah's two-nation theory. 887:argued against Jinnah's two-nation theory. 4874:"Time to Undo Damage of Indian Partition" 4164:. The Struggle Publications. p. 12. 3995: 3937: 3812: 3793:Islam and Democracy After the Arab Spring 3755: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3697: 3580: 3504: 3314: 2885: 2858: 2844: 2735: 2705:. Indiana University Press. p. 148. 2668: 2589: 2304:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 2299: 2224: 2159: 2086: 1990: 1965: 1754: 1712:Kudaisya, Gyanesh; Yong, Tan Tai (2004). 1662: 1538: 1294:All India Conference of Indian Christians 288:All India Conference of Indian Christians 178:All India Conference of Indian Christians 123:, which was made between the Muslims and 4522: 4389: 4332: 4153: 4089: 3905:. Oxford University Press. p. 115. 3871: 3481: 3454:. SAGE Publications India. p. 246. 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3229: 3132:. Oxford University Press. p. 292. 3127: 3102: 2985: 2798: 2691: 2603:. Oxford University Press. p. 131. 2492: 2318: 2108: 2095: 1778: 1714:The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia 1639: 1582: 1346: 1079:Tikka Raja Shatrujit Singh of Kapurthala 821:Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani Asadabadi 709:, a Pakistani politician and founder of 465: 443: 249: 30: 18: 4963:Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee 4844: 4635: 4554: 4483:was the mischief of boys from Aligarh). 3795:. Oxford University Press. p. 96. 3615: 3349: 2988:Aruna Asaf Ali: A Compassionate Radical 2950: 2816:inevitable consequence, was so painful. 2758: 2641: 2416:. Oxford University Press. p. 81. 2374: 2068: 1940:Pakistans Freedom & Allama Mashriqi 1870: 1823: 1607: 1443:, Professor of Comparative Religion at 372:, which opposed the partition of India. 4979: 4849:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 206. 4812: 4663: 4638:Confessions of an Old Labour High Tory 4610:"Pakistan: The demon the West created" 4241: 4139:. Vikas Publishing House. p. 30. 4069: 4041: 4016: 3719: 3679: 3620:. Syed Taffazull Hussain. p. 90. 3482:Samaddar, Ranabir (27 February 2008). 3376: 3250: 3210: 3013: 2965: 2723: 2497:. India First Foundation. p. 29. 2467: 2436: 2328:Doss, M. Christhu (23 November 2022). 2250: 2188: 2137: 1996: 1910: 1861: 1760: 1675: 956:for refusing to accept a partition of 135:argued for a united India in his book 4737:from the original on 10 November 2013 4607: 4469: 4421: 4275:. Taylor & Francis. p. 209. 4268: 4247: 4134: 3943: 3821: 3764: 3703: 3662: 3641:"Impact: International Fortnightly". 3417: 3320: 3277: 3271: 3233:1947. A Memoir of Indian Independence 3155: 3149: 2923: 2900: 2864: 2741: 2674: 2598: 2165: 2003:. Taylor & Francis. p. 221. 1971: 1791: 1228:ideology, remembering his birth city 4589:Life and works of Saadat Hasan Manto 4494: 4470:Naqvi, Sibtain (November 20, 2016). 4254:. Islamic Study Forum. p. 248. 4159: 4002:Salim, Saquib; Khosa, Aasha (2022). 3948:. Standard Publishers. p. 453. 3877: 3431:Khosa, Aasha; Salim, Saquib (2022). 3284:. Sterling Publishers. p. 213. 2869:. The Economic Times. Archived from 2718:attempt to discredit his reputation. 2700: 2327: 1395:New York Conference on Asian Studies 1120: 943:Punjab Provincial Congress Committee 245: 210:the spread of extremist ideologies. 59:Opposition to the Partition of India 4539:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 4395: 4187: 4021:. Mohan B. Daryanani. p. 211. 3822:Goyal, Purshottam (25 April 2013). 3557:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies 2767: 2383: 2225:Dalrymple, William (29 June 2015). 1881:. Sterling Publishers. p. 61. 1876: 1836: 1288:Religious leaders and organizations 765:Maulana Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari 333:and opposed the partition of India. 321:All India Shia Political Conference 13: 4495:Hoda, Najmul (December 21, 2020). 4472:"History: The city of lost dreams" 3732: 3325:. Allied Publishers. p. 315. 3307:. National Book Club. p. 22. 2768:Ali, Asghar Ali (15 August 2010). 2675:Islam, Shamsul (4 December 2015). 2580:Mainstream, Volume 42, Issues 1-10 1384:Hindus and Muslims worked together 1095:organised a conference in 1940 in 807:Maulana Sayyid Husain Ahmad Madani 601:All India Anglo-Indian Association 268:All India Anglo-Indian Association 202:All India Anglo-Indian Association 14: 5023: 4916: 4664:Ashraf, Ajaz (6 September 2016). 4555:Manzoor, Sarfraz (11 June 2016). 4424:"Master of loneliness and frenzy" 4070:Sharma, Unnati (9 October 2019). 3968: 3643:Impact: International Fortnightly 3184:Anglo-India and the End of Empire 3105:At Home in India: The Muslim Saga 2955:. Allied Publishers. p. 121. 2865:Naqvi, Saeed (10 November 2018). 2552:Remembering Our Leaders, Volume 3 1750:. Allied Publishers. p. 157. 1676:Thomas, Abraham Vazhayil (1974). 1521:Partition Horrors Remembrance Day 1232:with nostalgia after he moved to 1161:Maulvi Syed Tufail Ahmad Manglori 881:, opposed the partition of India. 274:"vociferously opposed Partition". 262:to support a united India (1940). 4997:History of the Republic of India 4890: 4813:Yousaf, Nasim (9 October 2009). 4488: 4463: 4441: 4361: 4262: 3946:History of India: a new approach 3616:Hussain, Syed Taffazull (2019). 3377:Ashraf, Ajaz (20 January 2018). 3321:Ghose, Sankar (1 January 1991). 2972:. K.K. Publications. p. 49. 2927:Great Muslims of undivided India 2138:Tiwari, Anuj (August 14, 2021). 1943:. AMZ Publications. p. 35. 1911:Yousaf, Nasim (31 August 2018). 780:First War of Indian Independence 668:(Hindi-Urdu for "united India"). 547:All India Azad Muslim Conference 370:All India Azad Muslim Conference 278:All India Azad Muslim Conference 171:1946 Indian provincial elections 83:All India Azad Muslim Conference 4759:. Indica News. 7 February 2019. 4608:Fatah, Tarek (21 August 2012). 4422:Jalil, Xari (5 November 2011). 4181: 4128: 3962: 3923: 3878:Raza, Atrooba (21 March 2020). 3843: 3784: 3765:Gupta, Shekhar (18 July 2016). 3656: 3634: 3521: 3389: 3304:Jawaharlal Nehru: Life and Work 3291: 3223: 3067: 3038: 2959: 2917: 2543: 2437:Sarila, Narendra Singh (2017). 2350: 2253:South Asian History and Culture 2131: 2113:. Scarecrow Press. p. 61. 1804: 1761:Ashraf, Ajaz (17 August 2017). 1555:. University of Toronto Press. 1485:Composite Nationalism and Islam 1455:), Manzoor Ahmad (Professor at 1006:Syed Mohammad Sharfuddin Quadri 861:Muhammad Tayyab Danapuri was a 727:to advocate for a united India. 4190:"Mr Jinnah's Muslim opponents" 3704:Aslam, Arshad (28 July 2011). 3663:Ahmad, Ishtiaq (27 May 2016). 3352:"Mr Jinnah's Muslim opponents" 3281:Nehru and the Freedom Movement 3211:Yousaf, Nasim (26 June 2012). 3156:Ahmed, Ishtiaq (27 May 2016). 2901:Naqvi, Raza (14 August 2017). 2801:Historical Dictionary of India 2742:Ahmed, Ishtiaq (27 May 2016). 2599:Malik, Muhammad Aslam (2000). 2522:Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2009). 2111:Historical Dictionary of India 1862:Faruqi, Ziya-ul-Hasan (1963). 1792:Ahmed, Ishtiaq (27 May 2016). 1633: 1601: 1410:, who wrote in the same vein: 1343:Indian Reunification proposals 1149:Historians and other academics 1073:International Marxist Tendency 725:All-India Jamhur Muslim League 439: 302:All-India Jamhur Muslim League 256:All-India Jamhur Muslim League 1: 4523:Alexeyev, M. (15 June 1948). 3767:"Why Zakir Naik is dangerous" 3649:. News & Media: 5. 1974. 2646:Nehru: The Invention of India 2088:10.1080/03086534.2022.2086202 2069:Bangash, Yaqoob Khan (2023). 1531: 1377:, Kashmiri Indian politician 1351:Map of India produced by the 1175: 789:declared that his party, the 4451:. The GK Guide. 3 March 2019 4343:"Syed Tufail Ahmad Manglori" 3236:. FriesenPress. p. 89. 2770:"Maulana Azad and partition" 2441:. Little, Brown Book Group. 2265:10.1080/19472498.2011.531601 1841:. Anthem Press. p. 84. 1506:Indian independence movement 1367:Indo-Pakistani Confederation 1353:British Information Services 1239:M. Alexeyev, writing in the 1169:Pakistan separatist movement 1116:'s vision of a united India. 1010:Indian independence movement 976:'s vision of a united India. 918:'s vision of a united India. 901:, opposed the Muslim League. 816:Muttahida Qaumiyat aur Islam 587:'s vision of a united India. 521:North-West Frontier Province 453:Indian independence movement 385:Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam 182:Christians of colonial India 138:Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam 7: 4896: 4396:Roy, Amit (26 March 2018). 3597:"The truth about partition" 3014:Baruah, Amit (2004-11-07). 2986:Raghavan, G. N. S. (1999). 2838: 2729: 2701:Khan, Adil Hussain (2015). 2626: 2384:Ali, Afsar (17 July 2017). 2360:. SAGE. 2007. p. 265. 2026:The Muslim World After 9/11 1955:In fact, he had wanted the 1879:Islam in Contemporary World 1678:Christians in Secular India 1610:Islam and the Secular State 1472: 1281:northwestern colonial India 1039:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 856:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 625:Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah 327:Anjuman-i-Watan Baluchistan 258:, which was established by 10: 5028: 4845:Gautier, François (2008). 4727:"The truth about Pakistan" 4019:Who's who on Indian Stamps 3531:. JSC Publications. 2015. 3128:Malhotra, Aanchal (2019). 2905:. IE Online Media Services 2854:. Memri. 21 February 2014. 1976:. Routledge. p. 162. 1716:. Routledge. p. 100. 1451:(Professor of Divinity at 1364: 1358: 1188: 1008:, a leader who joined the 658:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 368:was a member party of the 308:All India Momin Conference 133:Sayyid Husain Ahmad Madani 131:." Deobandi Sunni scholar 4042:Sharma, Sita Ram (1992). 3706:"The Politics Of Deoband" 3230:M. Zahir (18 July 2017). 3103:Khurshid, Salman (2014). 2799:Mansingh, Surjit (2006). 2578:Chakravartty, N. (2003). 2554:. Children's Book Trust. 2468:Mainyu, Eldon A. (2011). 2170:. Springer. p. 190. 2166:Sinha, Jai B. P. (2014). 2109:Mansingh, Surjit (2006). 1997:Sajjad, Mohammad (2014). 1811:"Asia and the Americas". 1644:. ABC-CLIO. p. 371. 1435:and Pakistani politician 1322:Maulana Abul A'la Maududi 819:). Five decades earlier, 737:Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana 641:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 627:, who was elected as the 527:Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai 471:Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana 4987:Ethnic cleansing in Asia 4923:The tragedy of Partition 4449:"Biography of Jaun Elia" 3299:Manikonda Chalapathi Rau 3050:Asian News International 2642:Tharoor, Shashi (2003). 2493:Kashikar, S. G. (2004). 2332:. Taylor & Francis. 1819:. Asia Press: 212. 1946. 1614:Harvard University Press 1165:Rooh-e-Raushan Mustaqbil 990:Prime Minister of Punjab 964:Shaukatullah Shah Ansari 895:Indian National Congress 891:Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan 828:Maulana Abul Ala Maududi 797:Maulana Mazhar Ali Azhar 682:Indian National Congress 569:Muttahida Qaumi Movement 356:Indian National Congress 346:Communist Party of India 331:Indian National Congress 48:Indian National Congress 46:, both belonging to the 4636:Lindsay, David (2012). 4188:Hamdani, Yasser Latif. 4017:Suresh, Sushma (1999). 3882:(in Urdu). Election Box 3561:Oxford University Press 3486:. In Defence of Marxism 3262:Office of the Historian 3188:Oxford University Press 2966:Others, M.H.S. (2022). 2951:Malkani, K. R. (1984). 1972:Fazal, Tanweer (2014). 1408:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 1061:during the time of the 899:Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam 813:in a united India (cf. 769:Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam 767:was the creator of the 672:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 610:All India Muslim League 519:, a barrister from the 449:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 433:Unionist Party (Punjab) 410:Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam 382:in a united India (cf. 329:allied itself with the 315:All India Muslim Majlis 94:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 88:Pashtun politician and 40:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 4847:A new history of India 3687:"AFḠĀNĪ, JAMĀL-AL-DĪN" 3077:. Awaz. 18 August 2022 2930:. Kalpaz. p. 58. 2495:Dialogue With Pakistan 1915:. Global Village Space 1837:Moj, Muhammad (2015). 1583:Majmudar, Uma (2012). 1461:Université de Montréal 1417: 1356: 1253: 905:Purushottam Das Tandon 877:, associated with the 869:Mohammed Abdur Rahiman 799:referred to Jinnah as 678:Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan 629:Chief Minister of Sind 555:opposed the partition. 543:Chief Minister of Sind 495: 463: 451:, a key player in the 263: 167: 117:Azad Muslim Conference 55: 28: 5007:1947 in British India 4694:. The Altajir Trust. 4135:Singh, Kewal (1991). 4110:"An undivided India?" 3944:Reddy, Kittu (2003). 3691:Encyclopaedia Iranica 2650:. Arcade Publishing. 2470:Abdul Matlib Mazumdar 1937:Nasim Yousaf (2004). 1813:Asia and the Americas 1412: 1397:on 9 October 2009 at 1365:Further information: 1350: 1336:composite nationalism 1312:composite nationalism 1302:Constitution of India 1248: 811:composite nationalism 759:Maulana Hifzur Rahman 711:The Struggle Pakistan 699:, the brother of the 507:Abdul Matlib Mazumdar 487:religious segregation 469: 447: 380:composite nationalism 296:Constitution of India 270:led by its president 253: 231:religious segregation 218:, championed greater 154: 121:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah 67:composite nationalism 34: 22: 5002:Partition (politics) 4897:Talbot, Ian (2013). 3278:Patil, V.T. (1977). 2028:. Rand Corporation. 1877:Ali, Asghar (2007). 1457:Concordia University 1361:Indian reunification 1208:poet who coined the 1129:, an officer of the 1083:Indian reunification 1043:Indian reunification 1020:Syed Habib-ul-Rahman 885:Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari 721:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 715:Indian reunification 581:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 360:Cabinet Mission Plan 260:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 235:rape of 75,000 women 77:(and its underlying 4936:The Huffington Post 4780:The Huffington Post 2803:. Scarecrow Press. 1479:Madani–Iqbal debate 1314:and a united India. 1308:Darul Uloom Deoband 1210:Hindustani language 1131:British Indian Army 1024:Krishak Praja Party 1012:at the time of the 986:Sikandar Hayat Khan 879:Darul Uloom Deoband 791:Shiromani Akali Dal 753:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 691:Khwaja Abdul Hamied 614:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 599:, president of the 539:Allah Bakhsh Soomro 423:Shiromani Akali Dal 404:Krishak Praja Party 376:Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind 282:Allah Bakhsh Soomro 190:Shiromani Akali Dal 180:, representing the 90:Indian independence 71:Indian subcontinent 5012:Partition of India 4972:The Indian Express 4879:The New York Times 4374:The Times of India 4349:. 26 November 2013 4269:Ahmed, A. (2005). 4248:Ahmad, B. (1994). 4160:Khan, Lal (2005). 3859:. 26 November 2021 3856:The Indian Express 3733:Oh, Irene (2007). 3602:The Times of India 3107:. Hay House, Inc. 3052:. 24 February 2019 2924:Ekbal, N. (2009). 2472:. Aud Publishing. 1768:The New York Times 1511:Indian nationalism 1496:Hindu–Muslim unity 1466:The New York Times 1453:Harvard University 1431:French journalist 1399:Cornell University 1357: 1257:Saadat Hasan Manto 1063:American Civil War 1033:, a member of the 939:Saifuddin Kitchlew 643:advocated a joint 635:Hridya Nath Kunzru 511:Hindu-Muslim unity 496: 477:and leader of the 464: 458:India Wins Freedom 366:Jamiat Ahl-i-Hadis 340:Chief Khalsa Diwan 264: 186:Chief Khalsa Diwan 75:Partition of India 61:was widespread in 56: 52:Muslims and Hindus 29: 4773:(10 April 2017). 4701:978-1-901435-08-5 4377:. 10 January 2016 4347:The Milli Gazette 4325:978-81-241-0795-9 4282:978-1-134-75022-1 4234:978-93-5280-566-2 4146:978-0-7069-5811-9 4053:978-81-7158-280-8 4028:978-84-931101-0-9 4006:. Awaz The Voice. 3982:978-93-5253-337-4 3955:978-81-87471-14-1 3912:978-0-19-579302-4 3802:978-0-19-514798-8 3748:978-1-58901-463-3 3627:978-1-60481-603-7 3435:. Awaz The Voice. 3217:The Milli Gazette 3197:978-0-19-767651-6 3139:978-1-78738-120-9 2997:978-81-237-2762-2 2937:978-81-7835-756-0 2533:978-1-134-01823-9 2504:978-81-89072-02-5 2448:978-1-4721-2822-5 2390:The Milli Gazette 2367:978-0-7619-3547-6 2339:978-1-000-78511-1 2177:978-81-322-1804-3 2120:978-0-8108-6502-0 2035:978-0-8330-3755-8 2010:978-1-317-55981-8 1983:978-1-317-75179-3 1723:978-1-134-44048-1 1687:978-0-8386-1021-3 1623:978-0-674-03376-4 1445:McGill University 1215:Inquilab Zindabad 1138:Louis Mountbatten 1121:Military officers 1093:Ubaidullah Sindhi 1071:, founder of the 1037:aligned with the 996:Syed Sultan Ahmed 922:Ram Manohar Lohia 912:Rafi Ahmed Kidwai 830:, the founder of 787:Master Tara Singh 741:Premier of Punjab 618:Direct Action Day 517:Abdul Qayyum Khan 475:Premier of Punjab 427:Master Tara Singh 416:Sind United Party 398:Khudai Khidmatgar 254:First Session of 246:Political parties 216:religious harmony 194:Master Tara Singh 98:Khudai Khidmatgar 79:two-nation theory 36:Khudai Khidmatgar 5019: 4992:Forced migration 4912: 4884: 4883: 4862: 4851: 4850: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4826: 4819: 4810: 4785: 4784: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4725:(2 March 2013). 4719: 4710: 4709: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4605: 4596: 4595: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4571: 4569: 4552: 4543: 4542: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4312:François Gautier 4308: 4291: 4290: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4213: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4192:. Pakistan Today 4185: 4179: 4178: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4116:. 29 August 2009 4106: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3989: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3819: 3810: 3809: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3762: 3753: 3752: 3740: 3730: 3717: 3716: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3669:The Friday Times 3665:"The dissenters" 3660: 3654: 3653: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3589: 3578: 3577: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3479: 3470: 3469: 3453: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3428: 3415: 3414: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3361: 3359: 3354:. Pakistan Today 3347: 3341: 3340: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3162:The Friday Times 3158:"The dissenters" 3153: 3147: 3146: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3100: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2898: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2873:on 18 April 2019 2862: 2856: 2855: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2819: 2818: 2796: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2765: 2756: 2755: 2748:The Friday Times 2744:"The dissenters" 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2649: 2639: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2465: 2456: 2455: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2409: 2394: 2393: 2381: 2372: 2371: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2297: 2280: 2279: 2248: 2237: 2236: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2209: 2207: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2106: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2066: 2043: 2042: 2021: 2015: 2014: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1934: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1908: 1893: 1892: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1834: 1821: 1820: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1798:The Friday Times 1794:"The dissenters" 1789: 1776: 1775: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1740: 1731: 1730: 1709: 1692: 1691: 1673: 1660: 1659: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1580: 1571: 1570: 1545: 1433:François Gautier 1087:Kapurthala State 697:Khwaja Atiqullah 666:Akhand Hindustan 652:Jawaharlal Nehru 533:A. 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Fazlul Huq 392:Khaksar Movement 350:Independence Day 158:Momin Conference 145:Khaksar Movement 5027: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5016: 4977: 4976: 4919: 4909: 4893: 4888: 4887: 4863: 4854: 4843: 4839: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4811: 4788: 4771:Markandey Katju 4768: 4764: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4723:Markandey Katju 4720: 4713: 4702: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4634: 4630: 4620: 4618: 4606: 4599: 4585: 4581: 4567: 4565: 4553: 4546: 4521: 4514: 4493: 4489: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4432: 4430: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4341: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4309: 4294: 4283: 4267: 4263: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4225:SAGE Publishing 4214: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4108: 4107: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4015: 4011: 4000: 3996: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3942: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3913: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3820: 3813: 3803: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3731: 3720: 3702: 3698: 3693:. 22 July 2011. 3685: 3684: 3680: 3661: 3657: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3614: 3610: 3595:(8 July 2014). 3593:Markandey Katju 3590: 3581: 3571: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3509:. 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Davar 440:Politicians 4981:Categories 4870:Harvey Cox 4831:2020-04-03 4741:29 January 4731:The Nation 4675:3 November 4353:3 November 4288:(1982:39). 4120:19 October 3988:2023-04-27 3863:9 December 3167:Partition. 2877:21 January 2151:12 October 2145:IndiaTimes 1919:24 January 1532:References 1516:Malerkotla 1449:Harvey Cox 1422:Hindustani 1406:president 1374:The Nation 1176:Scientists 1112:supported 1097:Kumbakonam 1014:Salt March 972:supported 914:supported 850:, the 6th 621:violence." 583:supported 509:supported 492:Bahawalpur 224:soft power 4945:The Hindu 4670:Scroll.in 4530:Bolshevik 3829:The Hindu 3383:Scroll.in 3081:18 August 3021:The Hindu 2909:22 August 2679:. 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